Glad to see all of you here tonight. We had one burning question before class. I dont know if the individual has the courage, who asked that question. Is that possible . Do you want to do that . Ok. All right. I asked if that picture was you. Well, its part of me. This is Maurice Jacob weiner, my father. And this lecture is in honor of him. My grandmother, his mother, was functionally illiterate in english. Spoke yiddish. Never really learned the language. He graduated third in his class in high school and won a scholarship to law school where he also boxed and ran track. He was drafted at age 35 when my mom was pregnant, came home. Really didnt mind the war. Now, he was a nifty guy. And i think one of the main reasons im doing this tonight is because of him, because he used to have me sit while he shaved every morning, which was quite a scene. And he would quote the gettysburg address or quote from shakespeare but above all, he would talk about world war ii. So i knew about the battle of the bulge when i was five years old. I know the differences in the airplanes, all of that stuff. And most of all, i had a passion for learning, as a result of his influence. Every time i brought home a new book of 300 pages, he would usually read it overnight before i could even open it up. And what ive had the privilege to do for the rest 50 years at Lafayette College is what he ought to have done himself, although one did not do those things 70 years ago. If you were a new immigrant in the United States. People who taught and did research at major colleges and universities were largely from the old elites. And that was even partly true when i came here, in 1969. So tonight, were gonna be continuing our discussion of europe, in this case in the 1930s. And i know that a number of you did get here in the ice to see the films from the Lawrence Reese collection on the nazis. And given what youve been doing each week and given the journals im going to give back to you later tonight, and the level of their quality, i know youre ready for tonights lecture also. And you can interrupt and ask questis and well have plenty of time also for our normal process and questions afterwards. And because of that, im going to handle the topic somewhat differently than is normally done, more in a sort of french pattern. The french in the beginning, the french diplomatic scholars often studied the underlying structures of society, the deep forces that set the context for developments in any particular age. And if diplomacy in the 1930s is a story of a perfect storm, it is largely because of those underlying structures. So im going to deal with them rather analytically and then stop along the way and give you some additional detail with respect to crises in the way that is done in the book. Now i brought along some of my toys as i usually do. You dont have to buy this and read it all immediately, but were really lucky to have the history of modern europe. In this is a new edition, 2018. And merriman received the award for Lifetime Achievement from the American Historical Association last year. And i may quote from that once today. And we have another torry, bernard wassersteen, author of about 10, 12 books or so. We may be reading this, or the second part of it, as our final book. I got into it enough to realize that its a brilliant read just like ian kershaws materials. And its a worthy followup from ian kershaws work. So diplomacy in the 1930s, and im going to give you a whole series of categories of things and talk about them not in any particular order of more important or less important but they are all interacting together so in foreign policy, the following general themes should be kept in mind for the 1930s. Domestic and International Events were inextricably combined. And the Great Depression casts a shadow over everything and over so many of the choices that people made. It doesnt mean they couldnt have made other choices. They could have made other choices. Human agency during this decade is extremely important, just look at the career of adolf hitler and the choices he made in the middle of the depression. But many other political leaders faced with a depression couldnt make radical or clear decisions because the depression touched everything that they thought about. Because of the Great Depression, there was a tremendous amount of domestic instability all over. And that domestic instability also came from the enduring impact of the russian revolution, the fear of socialism and even more the fear of communism all over europe, not just in the neighbor states to the soviet union but all the way to the west, indeed all the way to the United States, because the soviets had an International Communist organization. The common tern that sent agents all over the world to find out what was going on, to encourage domestic radicalism. And it was like the c. I. A. In a sense, as an international organization. Although the functions were what different. But they were real, even though often we overexaggerated them. So that also created a lot of domestic radicalization, fragmentation, a little bit like what we experience today in the sense of people toward one another, in the sense of politicians toward one another and the difficulty of working together and the assumptions people had and the fears they had and the suspicions they had and the stereotypes they had. So let me give you just an example of how all of that might work out in a particular crisis. In march of 1936, hitler remilitarized the rhineland, the borderline, as a result of the treaty of versailles, but also as a result of the 1925 treaty that germany had willingly agreed to, had that land remained demilitarized, that would have meant that the french would have access of 50 miles of demilitarized german territory should a conflict take place. It was an extremely, extremely Important Development and the french responded very poorly to it. One reason was the depression. The military indicated that in order to be sure that they would prevail over the germans, if they went into the rhineland and attacked, they needed to have a general mobilization. A general mobilization in the middle of a depression. It occurred when in fact there was a cabinet change in if process. France had a government, but it was a caretaker government. And that happened a number of times. It was a disastrous decision. Well go into it a little more later. But the same thing occurred in march of 1938 when the germans annexed austria, the socalled annexation of austria by germany, adding another eight, nine Million People to the reich. France, again, had a caretaker government, which means it did not have full national support. In that particular kind of structure, its very, very difficult to make choices. And there were near civil wars in many of the countries of europe and states were afraid of doing anything that could lead to a civil war or that could lead to an international conflict. Both of those things are functioning at the same time constantly. In order to survive, in fact, most states used some kind of emergency decrees, including states even like belgium. Or like france, during the popular front. Usually they were for short periods of time. And that was very, very difficult as well. The leader of the popular front, bloom, in order to carry out further social reforms, asked for emergency decree power over the economy from the French Senate. Sort of like what has been happening in the United States recently. Who has the power to govern in extraconstitutional ways. And the French Senate refused him the power, because he was a socialist. The next government is more moderate and theyre given the power to reform the economy further. Im going to talk about this at greater length in a minute. But obviously, in this kind of environment, with the continued polarization, the continued unemployment, the continued domestic instability, the dictators of any kind have an easier time really making decisions and getting things done than liberal Democratic Leaders who are always looking over their shoulders to see what are the political implications of any decision that they might make. Globally, and you cant study europe without studying the globe either. Globally the world was divided, between the haves and the havenot states. With the haves trying to keep what they had, and the biggest of the haves are britain and france and also the United States. And the havenot states trying to revise the situation to get more. Well, you might be surprised by some of the states that were revisionist. Germany obviously is revisionist, wants to get rid of treaty of versailles. But italy is also revisionist. Not content with what it had. Hungary is revisionist, not content with what it had. Japan is somewhat revisionist, although it did very well in world war i. But japan also is going through its depression, getting worse by the year, leading to the fall of the closest thing the japanese had ever had in the 1920s of the liberal Constitutional Government by the early 1930s, it was a militarily dominated government in which, in many cases, the military undertakes external aggression even, without any civilian control whatsoever, as the japanese did in nigeria in 1932. Russia was somewhat revisionist, although it was far more defensive than aggressive. The soviets expected sooner or later that the western capitalist powers would find a way to attack them. And the west feared that somehow the soviets would be successful in trying to undermine our systems of government as well, each stereotyped the other and forgot to look at the map. Ok. All the times weve talked about the impact of geography. And this is extremely, extremely important. The powers were divided, as i implied, constitutionally as well as ideologically. So constitutionally, what form of a government do you happen to have . In many, many cases, that was less important than the ideological divisions. Conservatives in england, for example, had no difficulty with forms of dictatorship in other countries, as long as those dictatorships were not hostile to the interests of the British Empire. And here again, the British Empire was overextended and had interests all over the globe. And you would think that overwhelmingly, the first and only thing on their mind would be the growing power on the continent of adolf hitler, but their military spent almost as much time, especially until the late 1930s, fearing the expansion of the japanese and their capacity to undermine the British Empire in asia. So they were overextended, especially during the depression. And their vision was divided. And areas of their empire were trying to rebel and gain more autonomy or even independence. The french faced the same kind of problem on a less intense level. There were colonial rebelians. Colonialons rebellions. The french were deeply concerned about that. But the british was so associated with empire. And even the defense was associated with empire because of the role the empire had played in world war i, especially australia, new zealand, canada. And these independent countries no longer wanted to be part of going to war again in europe. Yes . I have a question. Sure. So were there any, like, events going on throughout the world at that time that triggered the rise up of the like the small countries wanting to be independent from those oh, absolutely. Many, many. Just name the geographical area and youre gonna get things that were important and one of the other things that shadows this whole time period, which im going to deal with later is of course the enduring impact of world war i. Ok. So many tens of thousands of native soldiers come to europe, serve in the allied armies, expect to be compensated for their loyalty in some way, in the same way as africanamericans in the United States, risking their lives, giving their lives. And they go home and nothings changed. And after things settle down a bit, its as though they didnt do anything at all, when they know they risked their lives. Beside that, just the act of the bloodbath of europe. The genocidal nature of world war i led people all over the world to question what many of them had accepted as the superiority of european culture. If this is a superior culture, what is it doing . So that on their minds, the whole nature of european empire as well. And it undermines the nature of peoples attitudes toward life as well, toward defense or toward offense as well. And, again, the dictatorships are far more able to canalize those feelings and act upon them. So its important to recognize that the german people supported adolf hitler the most when he brought home gains with peace, such as after the munich crisis in september of 1938. Now, yes, when he went into poland and slaughtered the pols in six weeks, they loved it also, even though there were losses involved, larger losses than most people recognize. The pols fought bravely. But still, that was a gain, after hitler conquers france in the summer, june of 1940, of course. Theres a tremendous wealth of german pride. But basically where they felt most proud and happy and secure is when hitler was destroying the treaty of versailles, step by step peacefully, and after every single event, he said thats my last concession that i need, especially after the land in czechoslovakia, 1938. Now lets talk about peace. He always offered the him possibility of peace, especially in the west, and he also took the position that he was the defender of western christian civilization against atheistic bolshevisn. Any other questions while we stopped . If you want, your call. Ok. So the powers are divided this way. And fascism, interestingly, which we come to consider in some ways the greatest of all evil, later was among the european elites, especially in the west, considered less pernicious and dangerous than communism. Because in the fascist country, even if National Socialist germany, if you were not one of the designated groups, if you didnt rebel, if you disagreed but kept your mouth shut, life went on. And in some ways, conditions even improved for the majority of people and overwhelmingly, property was respected. Peoples right to go to church was respected, even though both italy and germany were undermining the meaning of christianity from the getgo, signing agreements with the papacy, then going on their own way, doing what they wanted to propagandize their populations, especially the youth, male and female even. But they were left of the less of a threat even in the case of the United States. Mussolini, until he attacked ethiopia, was kind of thought of as a good old boy. And the italianamericans were pretty proud, for the most part, of what he had accomplished, because he brought back pride to the italian people, who always had a sense of that, feeling in world war ii that they didnt get their fair share and that their armies didnt do well and they were an immigrant population also that needed reinforcement just as i do with my cane, although im doing all right for now. So, russia was consigned as the ultimate enemy in the minds of almost every power in the west, in a structure that reminds me of the 30 years war of the 17th century, where protestants killed catholics and catholics killed protestants in ultimate acts of slaughter. Jews caught in the middle. There, after a while, they realized that this is mindless and cant continue but it was a while. It took 100 years. And if you look at the 20th century, it also took about a hundred years to get through all of this. But, again, how did france survive in world war i . What was the most important thing that allowed france to survive in world war i . Its alliance with russia. Its the russian alliance, which forces the german army to divide its forces, and the second would be the impact of the brits. But the russians in the beginning even more so, right . Well, it hant changed. Heres russia it hadnt changed. Heres russia still. Now, liberal pragmatic french diplomats understood that so much that they even formed a non aggression pact with the russians in 1935, which is ratified by the French Chamber in february of 1936. In fact, hitler used that as the excuse to remilitarize the rhind rhineland. Perfect for the brits. They loved it. Look, they are making an alliance with the bolsheviks, the judeobolsheviks. This is crazy, he says. We are the defenders of the west. We must be able to defend ourselves. Thats why we have to remilitarize the rhineland. The french go to the brits and the brits say we dont want any part of this. Dont go further with this. Or you cannot count on us. So they actually have a military pact that they do nothing to strengthen for three whole years while hitler is making his gains all across central europe. The french and the Russian Military never gets together until finally, after germany invades prague in march of 1939, taking for the first time nongerman territory and therefore making it clear that his policy is not just a policy of germanic expansion, pangermanism, but of domination of europe. But meanwhile, the russians are out in the cold. And when the french and british finally begin to negotiate with them, they do so in such a dittering and incompetent way that the russians can no longer take them seriously. In fact, until that time, the Russian Foreign minister, who believed in collective action against hitler, didnt trust the capitalist countries, but against Something Like hitler, you got to unite. His name was maxime litvinov. He was jewish. Stalin fires him at that point, when he decides to substitute anything with the west with a temporary alliance with german, which approaches him and can offer him more. So molotov becomes the Russian Foreign minister, because he can negotiate. And then you get this bombshell of a surprise of the nazisoviet pact. Thats the green light for war. The british cannot swallow or stomach a real agreement with russia and act upon it. But hitler can, because he has no intention of continuing it and hell break it whenever he wants. The british and the french forgot whatever partial lessons of history they should have learned. They forgot how to read a map. The russians had an alliance with the czechs. They were committed to helping to protect the czechs if the french engaged. Nobody wanted to be a dupe of the other powers. The russians feared that all the west wanted is for them to fight germany while they sit back and enjoy the two destroying each other. And there was enough evidence of that to make that a reality in someones mind and not just a fantasy, even though what the british and french really wanted is a peaceful settlement of everything and not a war between russia and german, which could have gotten out of control and led to their being brought in itself. In terms of how deeply people thought about this, the head of the polish army in 1939, smidley ridz, or rids smidley, said if defeated by germany, we lose our honor. If defeated by russia, we lose our soul. So they were totally unwilling to allow russian soldiers to pass through poland to go to be able to fight germany because they were afraid they would never leave. And indeed, after the war, they didnt leave for a long time, right . But the british and the french did not press the pols to make that agreement with the russians even though thats the only way the soviet power could have been manifested, against germany in the beginning of the war. And the germans were willing to pay off graciously and greatly, giving russian control of half of poland and most of the baltic states, except lithuania. And in return, the russians paid back with all kinds of supplies and materiel and good will for the next two years, until hitler attacked the soviet union, his fatal mistake, in june of 1941. Another example of how this ideological struggle was so deeply important in undermining the capability of the states to function in a reasonable way, creating what i call a perfect storm. You know that the spanish civil war broke out in july of 1936. It lasted for three years. It was covered in the newspapers and newsreels. Daily you could read about it. It was a prelude in its ideology to the war that would occur three years later between germany and the rest of europe. So you would think that the british and the french would want to maintain the power and the existence of the legal republic, even though the republic was a little bit more radical than they would normally have countenanced. The powers signed a non intervention treaty in november of 1936, which hitler and mussolini, now drawn together, violated radically. The spanish civil war was a place where germany experienced the use of its army and learned from it. The spanish civil war was a place where they learned divebombing tactics and how effective they would be, destruction of civilian populations, use of hundreds of planes, training of pilots. Supply, materiel, and everything else. Their army ended being for more capable and far strongerment and they would far stronger and they would take those lessons later into world war ii. The soviets matched them on some level but not too much. And they came because of that to control the forces of the republic in spain. And it was an example, again, of the pathetic infighting between various parties on the left. The communists came to dominate over the anarchists and other socialist groups, because russia was giving them weapons and money and training and soldiers and tanks just as germany did, although germany did it and even italy did it, in far greater quantities. But that undermined the domestic situation all over europe and especially in britain and france. It was like a running sore. The british elites favored franco. Whether he was fascist or just a reactionary dictator, he was aligned with the church and they favored franco. The french elite favored franco. Bloom, who weve talked about, and whose speech you may have read about, at the congress of tour, moderate socialist leader of the popular front government in france at that time, has a blockage of guilt in his gut because hes watching with open eyes, the right wing and fascists, defeating Republican Forces and all he can do is mildly support the Republican Forces for a while. Why . Because the british have said to him, do not get involved in this mess. Youre on your own if you do. But equally so, france was so divided ideologically that the fear was that if the french sent large amounts of equipment, on the one hand it could lead to a war with germany but on the other hand, it could have led to a civil war in france. And that was a possibility people took very, very seriously. French people in the 1930s came to hate and fear each other. Bloom was dragged out of his vehicle and beaten, to an inch of his life, and sent to the hospital by radical right wing forces when he found his way at the wrong place, at the wrong time. And the right wing radical forces all said, good for him. He got what he deserved. It was appalling. But it happened. And thats because, again, of that ideological radicalization. So the world itself was an unstable place. And especially in britain and france. France much more than britain. Although britain struggled to defend its unwieldy empire. And france struggled just to hold together the republic during the depths of the depression but when did world war ii actually begin . And what was it anyway . Well, lets see. I ran across this. John merriman. John is about 64, little guy, brilliant. How many people do you think died during the japanese attack on china . Anyone have any idea . Were talking about a world war now, right . Maybe 15 million. 50 million. 50 . 30 Million People died in the japanese war against china, which began in 1932, leading japan to leave the league of nations. The western powers all protested and then did nothing. The league of nations was basically dead after that point, although italy put the final straw in it in 1935 when they attacked ethiopia. So the league had no respect and no power. Then in 1937, japan went into a fullscale war against china, leading to this. Why dont we know it . Why isnt it in most of our books . Its not in either of the other texts. Nothing like that. Heres a new book coming out in the spring. The Second World Wars, plural. Ok . So what were really talking about in greater detail is the origins of the Second World War in europe. But maybe the Second World War began in 1932 in manchuria. Maybe it really began, and i think you have to consider this very seriously, in 1937 when japan attacked china and that really caused a great threat to all the colonial powers in asia, him including very much the United States, which was trying to restrain japan with various kinds of embargo, and the Japanese Military made the choice to run the gauntlet. They saw themselves as the racially superior people of asia, in the same way as the germans did in europe and militarily superior and did not think that we would have the guts and tenacity to really, really stop them militarily. And thats why they took the risks that finally led to their radical destruction and also to our entrance into world war ii against germany, because hitler declared war on the United States after japan attacked the United States, before we even were ready to declare war on germany. So the world globally is deeply out of whack. And disjointed. Another example. Italy and germany, well, ideologically, arent they more alike . But historically, the italians didnt like the germans very much. They got smashed by them in world war i and the germans didnt respect the italians at all. Hitler happened to respect mussolini, the elder states fascist version. But until 1935, italy was a more consistent, hardcore opponent of german expansion than either britain or france. And she did this by trying to protect the independence of austria, so there would be space between italy and germany. Would you want germany on your border . But at the same time, mussolini had big eyes for empire. And he was jealous of what hitler was doing and he was jealous of the British Empire and jealous of the french empire and wanted equivalent status for himself and for the italian people. So when he goes into ethiopia thinking, well, the british and french have done nothing about german expansionism, why should they oppose what im doing . He uses airplanes, poison gas, against people with primitive weapons. Its on newsreels. It turns the stomach of people in britain and france. Yes, you can say they were somewhat hypothetical. They were doing some of the same to their own people in their colonies, right . But it turns their stomach and they start embargoing certain things. Italy gets extremely upset. They leave the league of nations. And it pushes mussolini toward hitler. And the spanish civil war finalizes that. So in 1938, when hitler wants to move on austria, he now is fairly certain italy will allow it. In 1934, when there was an assassination of an austrian dictator by National Socialists, mussolini mobilized his army. And hitler backed away. By 1938, they are so close that mussolini basically says its ok. And hitler says mussolinis soninlaw, who mussolini later executed, he says, tell the dukes i will the deuce, i will never forget it, never, never, never that was the key to austria. Now, once hes annexed austria, look at poor czechoslovakia in the middle, right . Right in the middle. In the middle of all of this, the british and the french have different conceptions of the impact of the war. The nature of foreign policy, the nature of what should be done, the meaning of the treaty, and even the role of germany in europe. At least until 1936, france was somewhat more independent. And it attempted to have an all europe policy. To stay in line with the states on the east of germany in some ways to be able to cut germanys freedom of movement. So too the french. The existence and independence of the czech state with whom they had an alliance was very important. And the soviets also had an alliance, as i mentioned before, with the czechs. The french also had alliances with yugoslavians and romanians. But the british didnt view that as significant. They had a western system of defense. Englands defense begins on the rhine. France itself. The british were not against the revision of the portions of the treaty of versailles that were abhorrent to germany. In some cases, they were more sympathetic to the germans, who were viewed as having been mistreated at versailles. And not guilty of starting world war i alone. And jealous in some cases and angry at the frenchs smallmindedness and attachment to legalities. The british elites, who actually came into government, stanley baldwin, and chamberlain, believed in appeasement as a policy. Now, it has come to have a horrendous meaning, after world war i. Appeasement equals munich. Munich equals appeasement. And sometimes that takes on a stereotype, an ideology, and a life of its own that can be blinding against the needs of a particular time period. Baldwins sense of appeasement was passive. You may have read one of the speeches he gave in which, in 1932, he says, the bomber will always get through. Well, how about that for stiffening up your spine . The bomber will always get through. If we have another war, we may win the war, but london is going to be bombed, right . Industrial england is going to be bombed. No matter what we do. Well, if you really believe that, i would think you would, despite the depression, enlarge your air force. But they didnt make that decision to radically do it until very, very late. So it was late. It was 1938. Germany was spending more on military expansion than both britain and france together. Whats in your head . Now, passive appeasement goes basically like this. Hitler militarizes the rhineland. Its something we knew would happen, right . Hitler announces that earlier, in 1935, that germany has an air force and that its going to build an army of 500,000 men. Well, the treaty of versailles limited it to 100,000, 500,000. Thats a lot of people. But the french army was that large. So hitler said basically we dont need 500,000 men if the french disarm. But the french wouldnt disarm. Besides, we need that army to protect ourselves against the soviets, especially now that france has reached an alliance with the soviets. And it makes some sense, as long as you do not remember what the person is doing domestically to his own people. Heres one of my favorite documents. Not really. Its a sickening document. The david lloyd george, the great war leader of world war i for britain goes to see hitler in november of 1936, and he has a very nice time with him. Hitler knew how to schmooze, how to treat older people. When chamberlain would go see hitler, chamberlain ran down the steps hitler ran down the steps of chamberlain and he said, oh youre older than i am, i should have gone to see you. Im so sorry. I mean, he knew how to play it. So lloyd george says, whatever one may think of his methods, and they are certainly not the methods of a parliamentary country, there can be no doubt that he has achieved the marvelous transformation in the spirit of the people, in their attitude toward each other, and their social and economic outlook. And later he says the germans who resist to the death every invader of their own country, but they have no longer the desire themselves to invade any other land. This is 1936. They have broken the military clauses of versailles. They have introduced the nuremberg racial laws in 1936. The prisons and concentration camps are full of political appointments and people are running to leave germany, who are not capable or willing to be part of a National Socialist state. They intervene in the rhineland in 1936 and send tanks and planes and soldiers to spain. Is this part of the wonderful public spirit that had been encouraged in germany . How can you possibly separate what is going on in germany internally from what germany is doing externally . The whole sense of the society was being militarized. And yet david george, a brilliant statesman, was taken in. Baldwin retires in may of 1937. And he is replaced by chamberlain. He doesnt believe in passive resistance. Chamberlain believes in active appeasement. Its not enough to wait until the dictator moves and then try to soften up the impact of it and prevent a war. You want to anticipate what he may be doing. So you send lord halifax, the head of your council, to talk to hitler in 1937 and halifax returns with the same ideas of lloyd george. Germany does not want war. I understand hitler. You can bet on it. Thats not what they want. They just want the legitimacy of getting back the things that were taken away from them after world war i and we can work with these people. Franklin roosevelt, in 1938, offers to be part of an international conference. To talk to the dictators directly and see what they have in mind, publicly, make them fess up. And chamberlain says i dont want to be any part. Get that man out of here. We dont need american intervention. This is 1938. We dont need american help because theyre gonna mess it up. I know what my policy is and im gonna carry it out. And i believe in it. And im going to keep out of power people who disagree with me, like winston churchill, who just want to rearm and take the risk of going to war. So chamberlain goes to munich finally after the third meeting, as part of the third meeting with hitler in the fall of 1938, over the czech crisis, and he comes back believing that hitler really wont go any further once he gets the land in western czechoslovakia where the majority of people are german. Hitler says i have no further territorial demands. The french Prime Minister is sick to his stomach. The french signed a treaty with the czechs. The czechs were the only Democratic State left in all of central europe. Chamberlain says theyre a far away country and a people of which we know very little. Why should we take risks on their behalf . Vladiay knows that what theyve done is cut the throat of an ally willing to fight and tossed them into hitlers hand. He just doesnt think france is ready, especially since britain will not support active opposition to hitler at that time. Chamberlain comes home. Gets out of the airport. Comes down the steps. And holds up a piece of paper literally. And he says, i believe its peace with honor. I believe its peace in our time. Vladiay goes home and looks at the crowds waiting at the airport and he discusses whether or not they should go somewhere else, because theyre afraid the crowd might lynch them for their betrayal of an ally. When they land, the crowds are joyous. Vladiay says to the person next to him [speaking foreign language] but these people are mad. Vladiay goes home and says, why didnt you fight . I could have fought. His father says, you will fought fight and it will be a long fight. But we just werent ready yet. The cardinal archbishop of paris refuses to ring the church bells in honor of vladiays return and hes castigated by the papacy for not doing so. So you can see how this is playing out. So what about the only other power that really could have done something . Serious, in all of this, that we talk about from time to time, our country. My first college, my Second CollegeResearch Paper was on the rhineland crisis. I really wanted to write my ph. D. On it. But when that time came, somebody else had just published a book on it. But i did some very deep research on this crisis, when i was your age. And the point was that the french were simply unwilling, unable to conceive deeply about what they had gotten them into. In some ways, it was a prelude