The school of historical philosophical and religious studies, quite a mouth full. So we call this shippers, great program. And then the center for political thought and leadership. Or ptl. Another stellar program. If this lecture intrigues you, you should check out our center. Were doing some big things. Finally if you are interested in learning more about yours truly professorbarth. Com. You can read about me on that website. Well, a generation of politicians has passed. Alexander hamilton dies in a duel in 1804. James madison retires from politics and dies in 1836. John adams and Thomas Jefferson die on the same day, july 4th, 1826, 50 years to the day of the signing of the declaration of independence. Pretty incredible. You cant make Something Like that up. America is changing. A market revolution is sweeping the young republic, mass commercialization, profit making, new opportunities for investment. Inventions, entrepreneurship. A burst in the population. Look at that population explosion from 1 million in 1750 to 13 million by 1830. This is a young population, average age about 17 years old. Aggressive, aggressive, energetic and highly idealistic, energetic, reckless. Outside of the cities, outside of new england, an agricultural boom. Wheat exports off the charts. In the south, a new plant, cotton, that drug of a plant, creating that soft durable textile spreading all throughout the south, entrenching that slave system deeper and deeper in the south. Colt cotton takes off. If youre going to have textiles, cotton, wheat, you need transportation. So we have roads being built, turnpikes connecting rural markets to waterways and to atlantic port cities. Steam boats by the 1820s and 1830s trekking up and down the mississippi river. Canals, canal mania, canals built all across the country, the most famous being the erie canal completed in 1825 connecting the hudson river to lake erie. What an accomplishment that is. If you have canals and plantations and factories, you need credit. And here too we have lots and lots of credit, banks sprouting up all across the United States from three banks in 1790 to several hundred banks by the 1820s. Chartered by the state and stay within that particular states boundary. And each one is showing their on currency. But sitting on top of those state banks is the mother bank. Right. The chief bank. The central bank. The bank of the United States and this is the second bank of the United States because as you recall, from earlier in the semester there was a first bank of the United States. 1791 alexander hamilton. Pushes through congress a bank of the United States. This bank a private bank with stockholders and dividends. This Bank Hamilton says will benefit not only Financial Private financial interests but will benefit the country, the public, how will it benefit the public, because the treasury, the u. S. Treasury, will deposit money in the bank, money coming in from taxes and the treasuries, can also borrow money from the bank. This bank has a 20year charter but it has lots of opponents. You remember, that chief opponent, Thomas Jefferson, hates the bank. The Bank Jefferson believes is an institution that imperils american liberty by elevating to power a wealthy financial elite, nonproductive elite. Jefferson opposes it and jefferson comes to power in 1800, so does his party the bank of the United States the first bank the charter expires in 1811, but one year later a war erupts with britain. That war is a very expensive war. The National Government finds itself in tremendous fiscal straits. After the war is finished five years later the democratic republicans, the party of jefferson, charter a second bank of the United States and this second bank much like the first, also will have a 20year charter. This charter will run out in 1836 and presumably congress and the president in good faith will renew the charter. So there you have it. And there are bumps along the road, right, after the bank is chartered, you will recall from the last lecture the panic of 1819 explodes. This massive bubble in western land speculation, a bubble caused largely by the bank, by all of this new bank currency, creates a bubble and then the burst. But the country recovers from the panic of 1819, fairly quickly, and so the second bank of the United States survives that panic and goes into the 1820s with very little opposition. Most americans by the mid1820s have come to accept the bank, the market revolution is fully under way. But its not just the economy that is changing. It is the political arena that is changing. Two new political parties. The whigs and the democrats. Bucking heads. Who are these whigs and democrats . Will representing new england for the whigs we have Daniel Webster, a lawyer from massachusetts. One of the most brilliant orators in u. S. Congressional history. Quite an impressive figure, dana webster is. We have in massachusetts, John Quincy Adams, son of the second president of the United States, john adams. He, too, is a whig. But then most famously, of course, we have henry clay, hailing from the state of kentucky, and clay, well, clay ends up running for president five times. Just cant get in. Cant seem to do it. But nonetheless, henry clay is one of the most important political figures in american history. What does clay do . Clay has a program, a system, an american system, and that american system is threefold. Henry clay says, first, we need to have protective tariffs on american manufacturing. And sure enough, henry clay, when he becomes secretary of state under president John Quincy Adams, adams signs into law a new tariff, the tariff of 1828, raising the tariff from 25 to 45 . Thats one heck of a tariff, 45 . Why do they do that . To protect american manufacturers and textile goods. Clay also says, we need federally funded internal improvements, using federal dollars to finance the building of roads, canals, bridges, and so forth. And then finally, clay says, we need to recharter that bank of the United States. Unlike jefferson or excuse me, unlike hamilton, however, clay frames his defense of the bank of the United States in common man rhetoric. Hamilton said the bank is good for financial interests, right. Clay says the bank is good for farmers. The bank is good for mechanics, for manufacturers. The bank is good for the country as a whole. We need to recharter this bank and theres the whig party platforms, the whigs support clays american system. The whigs support utilizing the powers of the federal government to stimulate Economic Activity and they adopt a broad interpretation of the constitution. The federal government, the whigs say, does have the right to engage in this activity and most of the whigs are going to come from new england, because of the tariff, right, those factories are in new england, but also from the west. This is what distinguished clay from hamilton. Hamilton makes no appeals to the west. Clay is from the west. Clays internal improvements in the bank he hopes will get some western votes. But they have opposition and theres that Democratic Party, the democrats, oppose the american system. The democrats adopt a strict interpretation of the constitution, a very limited view of the federal governments powers. The democrats appeal to farmers, to wealthy plantation owners in the south, but also to common ordinary people to wage earners, to working class labors, laborers in places like new york. New york definitely a hotbed for democratic activity, the south and the west. New york we have martin van buren, a democrat, later president of the United States, he later leaves the Democratic Party and joins the antislavery free soil party. Well get to that in a future lecture. Representing the south for the democrats, we have another legendary figure, john c. Calhoun. Calhoun, a rabid defender of slavery. But also, a rabid opponent of the tariff. He hates that tariff so much, in fact, that calhoun calls the tariff of 1828 the tariff of abominations. This 45 tariff, calhoun says, discriminates against the south and sure enough, calhoun, that same year, in 1828, authors in secret and does so in secret because hes Vice President of the United States at the same time, just to give you an idea of how muddy the political world is back then, calhoun authors in secret an essay advocating nullification, the idea that the states can nullify or make null and void any federal law that they deem unconstitutional, South Carolina does not nullify this tariff yet but it puts the idea in their head. Well, from the west, we have Andrew Jackson. Andrew jackson. And there he is. Right. The man. Probably the most colorful president in United States history. I say probably. I think we could state almost objectively the most colorful president in u. S. History. A giant of a figure. Tall, he stood at 61. That was very tall for that day and age. 61. Skinny. Bushy eyebrows. Hair brushed high above a very large forehead with piercing blue eyes. Look at those eyes. Jackson was a hot tempered man. He was a bit stubborn and oftentimes bullheaded. He had strong convictions and he knew when he was opposed to something he stood up to that system. Well, he had a few nicknames, in fact, as well. Andrew jackson. He went by the name old hickory. Old hickory. Tough as old hickory wood. His second nickname, you wont believe this, shark knife. Who has a nickname like shark knife. Andrew jackson has a nickname like shark knife. Whats Andrew Jacksons story. Jackson was born in 1767 in waxal, north carolina. He was born and his parents died at an early age. So he was an orphan raised with no parental restraints. As a young boy he got into brawls and fights. He wasnt all that interested in learning or reading. Jackson was 9 years old at the time of the American Revolution and youll see young andy right there in the middle. 9 years old. At age 13, he joined the militia as a messenger. And at one point, he ran into a british officer and the officer told young andy, clean my boots. And young andy said, i aint cleaning your boots. The officer took his sword, slashed young andy, leaving a permanent scar on his left hand and the left side of his head. Well, jackson went onto help found the state of tennessee, got married in 1806. Someone insulted his wife, he challenged the man to a duel, shot him. He shot him. The only president in the United States history who has ever killed a man, thats Andrew Jackson, sharp knife. Well Andrew Jackson joins the military. He joins the military and fights the creek indians in 1814. Fights the seminole indians in 1817 and in 1815, earns his fame through the battle of new orleans. This spectacular victory against the british, even though again as you remember, the war was already over. That doesnt seem to matter because this elevates Andrew Jackson to celebrity status and that is, indeed, what jackson is. A celebrity. He has some political experience. He serves about two years in the u. S. Senate, but thats really all. Jackson, well, hes also very wealthy. Very, very wealthy. Theres his plantation. The hermitage. The hermitage. It starts out 1804, jackson has nine slaves. By the 1830s jackson has well over 100 slaves and slaves are very expensive. Most Common People cannot afford any at all. Jackson has over 100. Hes a very, very wealthy man. Very welltodo. Well jackson enters like i said, enters the senate in 1823. In 1824 he runs for the presidency, a fourway race between jackson, adams, William Crawford and henry clay. Jackson wins the popular vote, 42 . Jackson also wins the most electoral votes, but jackson doesnt win a majority of the electoral votes. So the contest goes to the house of representatives. Henry clay is speaker of the house, henry clay cannot stand Andrew Jackson. His rival in the west. Henry clay strikes a deal with John Quincy Adams and says, tell you what, ill get the votes you need in the house of representatives if you make me secretary of state. The deal is made. Adams wins in the house of representatives, becomes president. Clay is elevated to secretary of state. Andrew jackson furious with this corrupt bargain, this rigged election. Jackson vows, i will get my revenge in four years. Sure enough he does. 1828, twoman contest, jackson versus adams. Jackson wins in a landslide and look at that electoral map, quite an impressive victory. Landslide victory. How does he do it . How does he do it . The answer is simple, democracy. Democracy. Jackson benefits from universal male suffrage. We call this period jacksonian democracy, property qualifications for all free men in the United States are eliminated. No property required to vote. Double the number of voters in 1828, then you saw in 1824. Jackson uses this to his advantage and wages a Political Campaign that utilizes a form of politics we call populism. Populism. Populism is a political term that has come up quite a bit in the last two years. What is populism . Well, populism is not an ideology per se. You can find populism on the left, you can find populism on the right. Populism is a style of politics, a style of politics that speaks to the interests, to the hopes, to the fears of common, ordinary people. Populists tend to pit the people versus the elites. The people versus the establishment. Populists tend to warn of nefarious forces in positions of power, whether those positions of power are in government or in the corporate world. Nefarious forces. And the cherry on top, populists often benefit from charismatic personalities. Very often, with populism, youll see populists emerge who uses the sheer force of personality to rally people around him and then to use that charisma to attack what he claims, at least, in his defense, to attack corrupt entrenched interests. Thats what populism is. Andrew jackson is a populist. Andrew jackson inaugurated into the presidency in 1829. And in celebration of his presidency, he throws a party. Opens up the white house lawn to the public. Hundreds of people from around the country pour in to the white house lawn, shopkeepers, wage earners, common, ordinary, everyday americans, sleeping on hotel room floors and in hallways, they pack in on the white house lawn. A spiked punch bowl and whiskey is being passed around. Its one heck of a party and jackson is stoked. The people are ready for a Jackson Administration and as you can imagine these guys dont like it one bit. They look at whats going on and oh, this disgusts them. Imagine what Daniel Webster thought of Something Like this. Hes not going to like it too much. Jackson is ready. Is the country ready for jackson. Thats the real question. Whats this man going to do . Theres no telling. Hes a loose cannon, right. Whats going to happen . Well henry clay says all right, we lost that election, thats fine, clay says, im going to push through my american system. And he begins with internal improvements. Clay says, we need a road, weve got all these farmers from my home state of kentucky, we need a road that stretches from lexington, kentucky, to maysville, kentucky, right there along the ohio river. And i want to use federal dollars to build that road. The bill arrives on jacksons desk after it flies through congress. Jackson responds and vetoes the bill. The maysville road veto. One of the first famous vetoes in president ial history. Clay very upset. But this is just the beginning. Just the beginning. All right. Clay says, you vetoed my internal improvements bill, lets try another plank of the american system. Lets try a new tariff. The tariff of 1832. Now this is a strange tariff because it seems to contradict clays program. The tariff of 1832 lowers the tariff from 45 to 35 . Why does clay do this . Well, youll recall, that tariff of abominations, in 1828, South Carolina and other states in the south are very angry about this. Clay fears that maybe 45 is pushing it too much. Lets lower it a little bit. High enough still, but just a little bit, to soften some of that opposition. The bill arrives on Andrew Jacksons desk. President jackson signs the bill. Signs the bill. All sounds good. Oh, well, South Carolina, isnt so pleased with this bill. South carolina nullifies the tariff of 1832. Why would they do this . It lowered the tariff. South carolina says, not enough. Not enough. This tariff is unconstitutional. We have a right to declare this tariff null and void and if you do not respect our nullification of this bill, of this tariff, we will secede from the United States. Unbelievable. Whats going to happen . Whats Andrew Jackson going to do . Calhoun is a democrat. Well, jackson gets word of this and jackson could not be more furious with john c. Calhoun. For jackson, this is an affront to his authority as president. Jackson signed the bill. Jackson says, quote, to say that any state may at pleasure secede from the union is to say that the United States is not a nation. Jackson asked congress to pass a force bill. This bill will permit the president to send 50,000 u. S. Troops into South Carolina. Jackson prepares the u. S. Navy, the u. S. Navy now off the coast of South Carolina, jacksons ready to invade the state of South Carolina. Whats going to happen, the nullification crisis, were on the brink of a civil war over a tariff, who would have thought. Henry clay at the last moment, desperate, passes a compromised tariff in the midst of this crisis a compromised tariff that lowers the tariff gradually over a tenyear period, by the end of ten years in stages, that tariff will only be 25 . Between this compromised tariff, in between jacksons force bill, South Carolina backs off and accepts the tariff. Calhoun does not like jackson, right. He doesnt like jackson any more than henry clay does. But South Carolina, they back off. Jackson called their bluff. Just to prove a point, though, the South Carolina legislature nullified the force bill. Jackson said whatever. If you insist. Go ahead and do that. Well, henry clay. Looks like jackson says, well, i never thought i would say this, andrew, but thank you. Jackson goes, oh, clay, oh, clay, im not done. Clay says, youre not done . What do you mean youre not done . What else is there . Jackson says, well, theres one other thing. The bank. Clay looks at him. The bank . Its funny you mention that, andrew, because i was thinking that maybe we would go ahead and charter this bank a little early, why not. We dont need to wait until the last moment. Its, you know, 1832, lets get going. Lets recharter this bank. I mean you are on board with that, right, mr. President . Jackson, well, not only am i not on board, mr. Clay, but i am ready to wage war against this bank of the United States. And here we have it, the bank war, one of the most dramatic events in the United States history. The charter of that second bank will expire very shortly. Whigs in congress wish to recharter it early. Jackson, to their surprise they didnt expect this declares his opposition to the bank. Where does this come from . Seems to come out of nowhere. Jackson did not run his campaign in 1828 against the bank. In fact, jackson made no mention of the bank during his president ial campaign. There was no hint he was going to do Something Like this. Now all of a sudden jackson unleashes a torrent of insults and there you have some. First of all jackson says, the bank is unconstitutional. The bank, jackson says, is a monopoly, an unconstitutional monopoly. Not only is it a monopoly, jackson says its a monster and those are quotes, the monster. Jackson says. Jackson warns that if this bank is rechartered, we will see in this nation the creation of a new moneyed aristocracy, a financial elite that will overthrow this young republic. We must do everything we can to stop this nefarious thing, this den of vipers he calls it, den of vipers, pretty strong language. He calls it the hydra of corruption. A hydra. That mythical, multiheaded beast. Jackson says, this is a hydra of corruption. What evidence does he have . Is this bank truly corrupt as he says . Well as evidenced, jackson points out, 59 members of congress, jackson says, 59 members of congress own stock in the bank of the United States. They have a financial interest in pushing this recharter through. Not only that, Daniel Webster, while hes serving in the senate, is also a director of this private bank. A hydra of corruption from jacksons point of view and i, Andrew Jackson, am going to take this bank down. Henry clay cannot believe it. Youre mad. Jackson says, no, youre mad. Cant believe youre doing this, jackson. Jackson looks at clay, oh, yeah. Clay, how many times are you going to run for president , clay . Huh . Two times. Three times, four times, five times. How many times do you have to lose, clay, before you realize you cant win, clay. Clay is out of his mind, cant believe this is going on. Youre bluffing, clay says. Im not bluffing, mr. Clay. Im not bluffing. Im going to take this bank down if its the last thing i do, believe me, im going to do it. Clay does not believe jackson. Congress is in an uproar. All of a sudden what is going to happen. Should we side with clay . Should we side with jackson . Should the bank be rechartered. The number one issue on everyones mind. Jackson has some enemies. He has some enemies. Not just clay. But the president of the bank himself, nicolas biddle. Nicolas biddle. A man who really could not be more opposite from Andrew Jackson. They shared something in common. They were both very determined, very stubborn and bullheaded. But biddle was extremely well educated. Jackson didnt have a college education. The only president in our history before or since, excepting george washington, who did not have a college education. Biddle at age 10 admitted into the university of pennsylvania. Age 10. Five years later, if that wasnt enough, biddle transfers to princeton university. At age 15. And he is a genius, a financial wizard. He knows what hes talking about. But thats also biddles downfall. Hes elitist. Hes arrogant. Hes a bit well a bit pretentious. And because of that pretentiousness, well, he looked at someone like jackson like is this really going on. Jackson, he doesnt know anything hes talking about. He sees jackson as an unsophisticated dimwit and i just need to ride over this guy. He doesnt have any idea what hes talking about. But the country in an age of jacksonian democracy who are they going to side with, right . Nicolas biddle earns the nickname czar nicolas. Heres a cartoon, projackson cartoon. Faded so you have to forgive me. Old hickory and bully nick going at it. Bully nick. And well, not only do we have nicolas biddle, we also have an election coming up. Jackson versus clay. The president ial election of 1832. What an election. The drama. Look at this. Unbelievable. The future of the country. Financially speaking, hanging in the balance. You cannot find two greater opponents. Clay, in conjunction with Daniel Webster, he has a plan for his election. Clay pushes through congress that summer, just a few months before election day, a bill to recharter the bank of the United States. Why does clay do this . Clay says, i think jacksons bluffing. Theres no way, in an election year, he would do something so risky and so bold as to reject a bill like this. The bank bill passes the house. The bank bill passes the senate. The bank bill arrives on the president s desk. Veto. Jackson stuns the world. And vetoes the bill. Unleashing a veto message in which he rails against that bank of the United States. Reprinted in newspapers all across the country. Now we have an election. Just a few months away from the election and again this question of the bank is on everybodys mind. Its the number one issue everyone is talking about it. Heres another cartoon. Look at that. Got to love that cartoon. Projackson cartoon. Remember the hydra, that hydra of corruption, jackson going up against that financial beast. And well jackson, its a Hard Campaign for jackson. Nicolas biddle flexes his muscle. Nicolas biddle, on behalf of the bank, gives henry clay a 50,000 campaign donation. Quite a lot of money for those days. Not only that, but the bank, for years already, has been funding and loaning money to newspapers all across the country. And that press, that press, all of a sudden in a couple months before the election, just piling on to jackson, things look really bad. Jackson, whats he going to do . Whats he going to do . Is he going to win . Things dont look so good. But jackson is confident. But jackson is confident. And in the midst of this trial, jackson says, quote the bank is trying to kill me, but i will kill it. Jackson says. I will kill it. And well, what happens . The election occurs. Election day comes about. Victory for jackson. Jackson wins the election in a landslide. Clay wins five states. Jackson takes the bulk of the states. Youll notice South Carolina refuses to vote for jackson in the middle of that nullification crisis. Jackson wins the election and victory for the jacksony ans. This cartoon, 1833, pretty interesting cartoon. I took a just a back story. When i was in graduate school i took a digital history course and we had to take an old photograph or black and white cartoon and we had to use photo shop to color it in and i never used it before and i taught myself to use photo shop and i thought this was picture was interesting and i took this cartoon and did that. Love. That for a beginner. And look at the imagery in this cartoon. Pretty incredible. There standing behind jackson, the common man patting him on the back. The bankers, the financiers, running away in fear. And look at that, the newspapers, the press all spread out on the ground, theyve been de defeated. And look at the demon face. Oh, and look at the columns. What is that all about . Well, if you are familiar with the gospels, youll know there was one time this one time that jesus became violent. When was that . When jesus pulled out his whip and drove out the money changers from the temple. Jesus saying, get out of my temple. To those money changers. Jackson, like christ, has driven the money changers out of the temple. This is a phenomenal victory for jackson democracy. But it is not over. Its not over. Jackson it is 1833. And notice the charter doesnt run out until 1836. Jackson said, oh, i have to put up with this bank for three more years. I cant do that. There is no telling what these guys are going to try to pull. Ive got to kill this bank now. And sure enough, jackson after he wins the election removes all federal deposits, all treasury deposits from the bank and starving the bank to death, removing the federal deposits early and transferring them to state banks. Projackson state banks. The bank must shut down, these pro jekts and jacksons opponents are called pet banks. These are pets of Andrew Jackson and the whigs are understandably very furious with jackson. This is a cartoon. Look at that. King andrew i, trampling on the u. S. Constitution. And you see the constitution, internal improvements, the u. S. Over stepping his constitutional authority, the whigs say, born to command. And many people are opposed to jackson. Some democracies are opposed to jackson. Hes taken some dictator like steps. Hes too king like they say. And well, but Jackson Jackson wins this victory. You notice what is that document jackson is holding up driving the bankers out . Order of the removal of the public monies deposited from the u. S. Bank and that is the removal of the federal deposits. Years later when jackson is on his deathbed, hes asked, jackson, what was your what is your most proud accomplishment. Jackson has four words. I killed the bank. Thats it. The killed the bank. His proudest accomplishment and sure enough from 1836 to 1913, 77 years in this country, no central bank. No central bank. In 1913 the constitution chartered a new central bank. A central bank called the Federal Reserve. This Federal Reserve well, it you could teach a whole class on the Federal Reserve, right. But in short, when the country one of the countrys wealthiest finance ears, j. P. Morgan prior to his death designed the Federal Reserve. Ed Federal Reserve pushed through congress. Federal reserve prints our money. A mostly private bank. It prints the money or nowadays what it does is it digitized money creation more often than printing and loans out the money usually at 1 or 2 interest, that is the Interest Rate right now, to Goldman Sachs and j. P. Morgan and then they lend it out at a higher rate of interest making profit from the difference to ordinary people like you or businesses. More often than they they use the new money created by the Federal Reserve and lend it to hedge funds, to wall street speculators and the stock market and equities and futures and derivatives. And so it is a very important institution. A corner stone of the current day banking system. A corner stone of the currenty. And that is why if you look closely at a 1 bill, it doesnt say u. S. Treasury note on the top, does it. It says Federal Reserve note. Same if you look at a 5 bill. Or a 10 bill. Or a 20 bill. Oh, look at that. There he is. Wow there he is. Andrew jackson himself. Thats strange. What is he doing on a bill . Oh, no. Call me crazy, but that almost looks intentional. Am i right. That almost looks intentional. Almost like a gotcha. Kind of if youre a hunt her and you ki some big game and you put the head on a trophy. Or maybe im wrong. Maybe they just forgot that jackson would be totally opposed to everything this bill stood for. What happened in the short term after jacksons presidency . The democrats win in 1836. Martin van buren defeats webster. But martin van buren,ee runs if to some troubles. A new financial panic sweeps the country. The panic of 1837. All those pet banks, those state banks that receive the federal deposits, use those deposits, pyramid from them, over speculation creates a land bubble. The bubble pops in 1837, they become extremely unpopular throughout the country and in 1830 it wigs run against martin van buren. But they say were going to run a war hero. William henry harrison. And to be safe were also going to put on harrisons ticket a democrat. A democrat who is very critical of jackson. John tyler, whos a virginia planner andee was a jefr sewnian, but thought jackson was too king like and so well throw a democrat on there. Thats going to make this a safe moderate ticket. Control the senate, control the presidency. Henry clay. Robbing his hand. Hes ready to go. And delivers his inaugieration speech. A storm comes through washington d. C. Pouring down rain. During the speech in that rain, william enhadry harrison comes down with pneumonia and dies now, john taylor is president , totally not what we plan, clay says. Well, thats okay. Were going to tylers not jackson. At least hes not in office because he calls it the fiscal bank. It flies through the house, through the senate. John tylers bill veto. Clay cant believe it. Vetoes the bill. Okay. Were going to try again. Pushes through another bill. This time we wont even call a bank. Were going to call it the fiscal corporation. Same thing. Goes to the house. Goes to the senate. Reaches tylers desk. Veto again. John tyler vetoes the baj bill twice. Clay cant believe this is happening. Were going to have to wait four more years, clay says. This is unbelievable we have to put up with this. They wait four years. Finally clay says all right im doing it this time. I cant trust anybody but myself. He runs for president and loses the election. Poor, poor henry. Well all right. So thats the bank war episode and its a fun episode, i think. However you feel about the bank war. But its an interesting event, right. Well, there was a darker side to jackson. A darker side to his presidency, a darker size to poppialism. And Andrew Jackson and izhad administration, we have one of the harshest, one of the cruellest events in u. S. History and that of course is the trail of tears. The removal of roughly 100,000 native americans from the Old Southwest. Cotton is the big fad of the day. Cotton plantations spreading all across the south. And well, standing in the way of those cotton plantations are 125 native americans. The creek, the cherokee, other groups. In 1830 both the wigs and the democrats push through congress which signatures the indian removal act, giving it president to negotiate with Indian Tribes to remove them from the Old Southwest into what is today oklahoma. Jackson defends this by saying i want to preserve indian culture. Indian culture is at risk and so were going to move them, forcibly, into oklahoma where they will forever be able to live in peace. Of course a few years later settl settlers arrive in oklahoma and want that land as well. But jackson does run into an oppone opponent. And that is the Supreme Court. Because in 1831 the cherokee sue the state of georgia. Goes are all the way to Supreme Court and chief Justice John Marshal rules in favor of the cherokee. He says removing their land is unconstitutional. It looks like the plan is done. Andrew jackson in typical manner, in very jaks ownian manner, responds to chief Justice Marshal and says he has made his decision. Quote now let him enforce it. And he completely ignores it decision and the indian removal goes through the most infamous act episode in this removal was the trail of tears in 1838. 1839. 15,000 cherokee and actually next lecture. Well look a little closer at this cherokee civilization because they made really a strong effort to try to comply. Wasnt enough. Wasnt enough. The cherokee, 15,000 of them removed from georgia to oklahoma on a journey, on foot that was 116 days. Terrible conditions. Roughly 1 in 4 cherokee die of disease or malnutrition. Thats 4,000 cherokee. Just to give you an idea. Theres the route of the indian removal. Just to give you an idea of how bad things were. There was a confederate soldier from the state of georgia and he had this to say about the trail of tears. He said i thought the war between the states and ive seen many men shot but the cherokee removal was the cruellest work i ever knew. And so in conclusion what can we say about jackson . What can we say about democracy . What can we say about poppialism . Theres a lot of lessons here, right . And i think well, democracy can do a lot of good, right. Democracy can do a lot of good. Popualism can do a lot of good and all three of those things can do a lot of bad as well. Popualism is almost like rolling the dice. Cow dont know how its going to turn out. Things could happen that there good but you dont know. And most the time people dont go for poppialest but during times of uncertainty, during times in which theres a sense that theres a corrupt, elite system, that often will give an avenue to poppialests. Good or bad, dem god or well meaning, whatever have you and that avenue can often be exploited and so you have to be careful. Very careful. In moments like that. Jackson, what do we make of him . Interesting guy. Definitely an interesting guy. Well, next class we have a new republic. New republic. The republic of texas. And that republic of texas is going to apply for are statehood in the United States and thats going to cause its own controversy. Enjoy your weekend and i will see you on monday