University of kansas professor randall jelks. He taught a class about the role of africanamerican ministers in politics. His class is about an hour. Good afternoon. Lets try this again. Good afternoon. Good afternoon. All right. All right. So i want to build on what we began to talk about last week. On monday. And that is that africanamericans had a Civil Society and that is Civil Society by that i mean society outside the state. That people where people had their social networks, their continuities. And one of the interest things that has come out of that, those connections is a kind of leadership out of a black congregation, particularly the clergy. Now in this discussion, im going to talk too much about men, but males have dominated in some ways the kind of conversation about american politics for a number of reasons, as we can see. See my little thing works. Lets try this again. So there are a host of characters, im not going to talk about all of them, but there are some things that i really want you to Pay Attention to. One, it says Indigenous Community organization. Black churches are Indigenous Community organizations and its an indigenous because it is controlled by the people at the very lowest level, at the ground level. And i dont mean that in terms of status, but at the ground level. And therefore it can you see this other word it creates its own organic leadership. So a leadership that belongs to its own community. And that well talk a little bit more about some of these preliminaries. Ecleesial politics, electoral policy, public personalities, all of these go in there. But one of the things youll see note is black clergy people, whether male or female, have to build a support system, have to be affirmed by its own people. Thats what i mean by organic leadership. And that organic leadership is crucial, crucial, crucial to black church black churches, black american politics and so on. In 1972, this was one of the few books that tries to examine black politics by charles v. Hamilton called the black preacher in america. It came out in 1972. Professor hamilton is still alive. He is a political scientist and he is best known for a book he wrote, coauthored with Stokely Carmichael called black power, the politics of liberation. And you can see up at the top there its highlighted. The politics of liberation. So professor hamilton began to study in some ways clergy behavior and he ended up writing a book on one of the people will talk about, adam clayton powell, jr. , the political biography of an american dilemma. And he kept on studying. Very few people have studied activist clergy with the exception of Martin Luther king jr. , who gets a lot of ink like abraham lincoln, now. Right . More ink is spilled on lincoln than anybody. So the black preacher in america, and he wanted to take this wide sweep in the 1970s to look at it. This book comes in the context of a book you already read by albert rabto. Albert rabto. There are a group of books coming out shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther king. So all of these book, coming out after the assassination of king as a minister, king as a leader. There are a number of books coming out, and people were thinking about what did black history mean . Particularly in the era of black power. And what did that mean in a revision of black history . Of course if i can get to this work. So you can see that in the 1970s, along with your book by al rabito, there were tons of books coming out about slave ry revising the kind of estimation of slavery and all of them made reference to slave communities and slave churches and the invisible institution, as it was called. All of them made references to this or gene genovese asked the question why didnt slaves in the United States rebel more . Why didnt they rebel like they might have done in, say, a place like haiti. What kept slaves from rebellion . And what he comes up with, his marxist formulation, is that theres a kind of paternalism and that religion was one thing that kept slaves from rebelling. So these were kind of books that were coming out. The Slave Community wanted to revise by john blessinggame, wanted to revise how people whaund was going on at the time. And i give you the backdrop of the books because its important to understand that this conversation is in an academic conversation with other books. So if you thought about it for a moment, if you thought really hard about whats going on, in the 1920s the American Academic establishment wrote that pretty much that slavery was a good thing, and that people were happy with it. And that after reconstruction, africanamericans were no place to be in politics and so they kind of got wrote out of politics. So this was then a kind of reversal of this. This became a long going conversation through the late 1950s, through the early through the 60s, through the 70s and, of course, we keep getting new studies, but i just wanted to put the context in here for you to understand hamiltons book on the black preacher. So what was that role . Was it the role of pacification . Was it the role of charlatan . And so forth. So the context for black preachers is this. Black preachers are as much american as apple pie. And what i mean by that is black preachers come out of the same stuff that White American preachers come out. So the same stuff that you might have heard of billy graham or billy sunday or from George Whitfield in the 18th century down, richard allen, all of those are coming out of the same source material. Theyre using the bible. Theyre evangelical in the protestant sense. And, of course, the they are showmen. All religious leaders have to be showmen. I dont mean that insultingly, i mean that if you say the mass you have to be a performer. If youre a rabbi, people want you to be an excellent orator, they dont want to be bored when you give expression. So in some ways theres all of this performance that goes with this. And so africanamericans, though, are in this oppressive situation of slavery and then postslavery, building institutions so that people can live. So by politics, i mean how black religious leaders engage the state locally, regionally, or nationally, pertaining to laws and publicly supported social n inequities. I love this. This is taking place harlem. Here lies jim crow a Funeral Service for jim crow that took place on the street. You know, so the social inequities, jim crow, racial apartheid, jane crow, sexual apartheid. Voting, economic disparities. Black ministers in a way different than their white counterparts have had to encounter not just the kind of religious lives of their own people but the very laws that constrict the lives of their people and its important to note that for a while, not now, but for a while the clergy were the most educated people in the United States. So we forget in the 19th century that many of the people who were educated were clergy. This is why Morehouse College was called Atlanta Baptist seminary. Spellman college was called Atlanta Baptist seminary for women, and so forth. These were the educated people and therefore they would take a place in leadership. And, of course, we have now gone over and over again the institutional parameters of the African Methodist Episcopal Church with the starting wilburforce college. These were the educated people and normally your educated people become leaders, spokespersons, whatever the case may be. Because we created indigenous institutions, because sturks that the politics of black people learn politics internal to the institution. So ecclesial politics is first. Where does your politics begin . Inside the church organization, inside the temple organization, inside the rabbi and so forth. So this is where the ecclesial politics become very important, because its a Training Ground so if you want to learn how to lead you need to have an organization to lead so the womens auxiliaries such as the weve read about in the women of church of god in christ, all of those are places where people get training to have leadership. Leadership to and they learn how to play politics. How do you organize your coalition within the church to get something done . Or how do you persuade the clergy that your program is valuable . So Church Politics was the first. As i told you about my grandfather, he became a deacon on sunday and that was a very important role. That was a very political role because you had to be elected deacon in your church. You didnt just become a deacon and then, you know, you want to remain on the deacon board so you had to learn how to roberts rules of order, procedure. Ecclesial politics was a Training Ground, even at the church that you think has no similar organization. It has organization. And everybody forgets that that was an indigenous learning training. My grandmother, born in 1906 understood roberts rules of order better than people i see running the meetings here at ku. And she could rule you. She had a seventh grade education, she could rule you out of order and knew all of the procedures and i was like where did you learn all that . We do this at our church meetings, we take minutes, we take copious notes. We know where what is going and so forth. So ecclesial politics and then theres ecclesial politics between the clergy. That is if youre in an episcopal system, right . A higherarchical system, you ru for bishop. How do you become a bishop . There are people who selfappoint themselves bishops and they start an organization and start calling themselves bishops but there are also people that you have to have that conferred by the people and the other clergy to vote you up the sort of chain and that also requires organizing in politics so theres nothing like going to a baptist convention, an ame convention, a Church Convention of any sort to watch the politics happen because people operate at a very high level and this was a Training Ground for a lot of the people. So this ecclesial politics is a part of that indigenous organizing that is going on. Right . Making sure that people learn the rules of order. I want to give you one example. These are two baptist ministers. One is joseph h. Jackson. He was the head of the National Baptist convention and the other one you well recognize, was Martin Luther king, jr. King wanted joseph jackson, a chicagoan then, to use to be more aggressive about civil rights and joseph h. Jackson did not want to do that at all. He thought that the church shouldnt be in politics. And im going see if i can switch here for a minute, if it will work for me. Come on, come on. Somethings winning there. All right. Its slow. So in kansas city in about 1961 the National Baptists met in kansas city and there was a controversial action going on. So this is from the kings you should look at this site, the kings global site. As a controversial leader of the National Baptist convention, he wasnt controversial, he was elected over and over again even if he had to do it kind of semi fraudulently. Hes like a political leader, right . Jackson often clashed with other baptist ministers including Martin Luther king jr. Who believed jacksons opposition to the use of civil disobedience to achieve civil rights was too conservative. So you have to persuade your people at the convention who should be in. So jackson was not an uneducated man. Very sophisticated, born in mississippi, went to Jackson College which is now Jackson State University then went to Colgate RochesterDivinity School up in rochester, new york where Frederick Douglass is buried. Then he came out here to the midwest, went to an interesting place to get an m. A. At a jesuit school, Creighton University up north from us in omaha. He was ordained as a baptist minister and so forth. So he resisted the civil rights impetus by king and others because he thought that the church shouldnt be in politics. But the thing about jackson was in chicago he was very much in politics. He was very much aligned with mayor richard daley. He was very much aligned with daley and others because he da. And others because he wanted his people to get jobs. He want td his people to get things. In chicago politics meant you had to be aligned with the machine. The daily machine. So while he on the one hand was saying no i dont want the National Baptist to be involved in this civil rights too much, he on the other hand in chicago politics tried to be kind of like a mini political boss. So anyway, in by 1960 theres a out right battle to take over the convention from jackson. And at the 1961 convention you see this paragraph. In kansas city, missouri. They both chamed the presidency. Two people a famous black preacher from new york city. Brooklyn. And a scuffle broke out. And a man got pushed off the stage. And died. You know baptist ministers all churches can get in a scuffle. They got in scuffle. Of course what happened is that jackson blames king for this. And right op eds. This is the internal politics of a community. And however bad this might seem this was the struggle. It led to the formation of another baptist convention. Called the progressive baptic. One cant tell another baptist what to do. These are the internal organizing politics of a community. And so all of them knew the procedures, the ways of moving and theres always a power struggle. A power struggle for who will run the institutional levers of the community. During reconstruction, there were roughly 2,000 black elected officials nationally. They were all males given the 15th amendment in roughly a third are more were clergy. Point out to you Henry Mcneil Turner in the Georgia State house the other day. That he as an bishop. They were a part of it. They were the reading populous. The question was whether or not these clergy people were on the side of their own people or whether on the side of or too easy to compromise. This is the question scholars ask all the time. Do they compromise, are they selling out the people. Theres a myth that black clergy are selling out their people for their own selfinterest. Some are some arent. But this is a kind of that black clergy had to be the spokesman because many of them not all of them had access to the kind of education that was needed to make legislation. One thing that you you have to understand, black faith, religion grew up in oppression. So it had the speak of protest politics. It had always addressed the issue of inequity. Not in this as a matter of local church issue but as a national issue. Slavery was a National International in many ways. Slaifr ri went from argentina. To all the way to the north american through the caribbean. So clergy were always speaking. This one particular clergymen henry garnet. Really wanted to say like he called for slave rebellion. That he believed that slaves should rebel against their master. One he thought this because first of all he said it violated his own theological proposition. The sabbath. He said slavery violates the sabbath. So scholars often miss this point of his. This is a violation of the sabbath and that means this is not a god given institution. As a slave holders. They are damaging people. They are working people. Even god took a day off. On the seventh day. And the sabbath ought to be honored. Slavery has stretched its dark wings of death over the land the church stood silently by the priest prof sized falsely is the people love to have it. Its established and now it reigns triumph. 3 million of the fellow souths are prohibited by law and public opinion. Which is stronger than law. From reading the book of light. You couldnt read the pibl because slaves couldnt read. It was against the law. So hes a good protestant. Its the bible for him. The protestant version, right . He dies in and buried in liberia. So like henry turner, people began to think maybe i should return to the african continent. You see this is a long tradition of people protesting the very public sphere. This is not a new thing in black life. Womens movements. Within black protestant churches are also a political ground. More women scholars study club women a great deal. More women went to church than they did joining black womens clubs. That will get hit by scholar friends who study black club movements. More women went to church. More ordinary will went to church. This is where they learned their politics. They first learned their politics sometimes in support of or against their clergy. Sometimes they learned politics in support of or against their clergy. If they didnt agree with the clergy they would hold funds. Two if they want the clergy person out they would whisper. Three, many of thoem were married to the deacons. And they would say, get that person out. So its a form of politics going on. And also black clergy as i have told you before are trying to make sure they dont make sure that women dont do dont get amass too much power. So its a power struggle. Sometimes about who was going to control. Womens movement within black churnls are all over. Methodist. You name it. Of course our reading was from women of the church of god and christ. Ill move up a bit. This is my man reverend ike. You see td jakes. Kref low dollar. If youre a student of black churches you watch these people. If you havent seen them you can go on you tube and see them. Reverend ike is one of the most fascinating americans. Why i jump is because most people associate black clergy with a reverend ike or big tell evangelist. Hes the father of in the prosperity gospel. Thats been around a long time. Before, there was an American History was norman peel. Be happy. Think and grow rich. Positive attitude. So having good faith what the people think confers value. These have always been with in the american psych. And from. 19th century. Being positive, being selfreliant. But there was nobody quite like him. And in this regard. See if my so this is from the New York Times. This is his obituary. And in the these were kind of lines that ike you see the third paragraph here. Close your eyes and see green. Right . Tell his 5,000 what the red carpet stage. On 175th street in washington heights. Thats way uptown passed par lem. In new york. Now much is a dominican neighborhood. This headquarters of the church of science living institution. Institute. Money up to your armpits a room full of money and there you are just tossing it around in it like a swimming pool. Like the cartoon character little rich rich. Quoted by the New York Times in 72 vivid sampling of his philosophy. Which was various called prosperity now. Positive selfimage psychology or just plain think o. Think about it and youll get it. People associate that all black clergy would kind of those but even the ikes had a social role. And well get to that. Then we have another kind of black clergy. Outside of protestantism. In the nation of islam. Debate stemming from alternative theology as a challenge to the state. Now, hes probably most misunderstood in misinterpreted. In many ways. Because he was his faith was nationalist. He believed that black people were priority. And his kos molg came that way. Theres a little part of the interview i want to show you. [ inaudible ] the white man we say is the devil. Because of his weak physically. And. The reason i show you part of this. He built an organization with a kind of interesting conglomeration of christian theology. Of islam. To try to pose for people and an identity outside of the state sanction black identity. That is in his era you were born negro you died negro. And you were impoverrished. Hes trying to come up with a koz moll thats different. And trying to reshape the mind of people he considers that are poor. Misguided, and he is trying to build an organization where they have some strength of identity. His targets were people who were migrating from the south like he did. His targets were people who had Substance Abuse like he once had. In detroit. Hi targets were these people and tried not to make himself known too much. Until a discovery of the nation of islam by television. By the guy mike wallace. In a document the hate that produces hate. That came on television that they discovered there was a whole nation of islam. I know you all know about mall come x. Nobody knew in organization outside the black community really until it hits television. And he has a substantial following of people in major cities. Philadelphia, chicago, new york. And hes trying to give an alternative identity. My colleague at princeton has written a wonderful book about these kinds of organizations. Like the nation is under new world coming. And about great migration religion. About the transfer. And for someone like him he sees the problem is the old style Christian Churches are the real problem here. Because it passfies as he argues it passfies the people. And he wants something that will make them selfreliant. Hes not that much dimpt in the prak kalty of what the church of guide and christ is going. Modesty dress. Head covering. Good work ethic. Family life. And theory. So, but this group along with marcus gar vi becomes a target of fbi investigation already. Right . Because these are alternative. And he is controversial. Because he was rooting for the japanese. He said thats a colored people might defeat the europeans. A long history of black people until world war ii being enam orred with the japan nose as a colored people. That might beat back the european imperialism. Without questioning the imperialism of the japanese. Right . So hes got an alternative. Secondly he goes to jail. Because he refuses to fight in world war ii. So he is seen as a threat to the state. Where as the other people were talking about had not been seen as a threat to the state in its politics. One of the great characters of all time and very interesting in the depression era is father devine. I know you havent heard of father divine. And theres daddy grace. Well talk about father divine. He also uses his religious notions to offer an alternative. The first thing you notice is his wife. Right . This is a 1930s. In 1967, right . In 1967 the Supreme Court rules gerns the state of virginia. In loving vs. Virginia on interracial marriage. He says his religion allow him to marry whoever he wants to. Lets take a little peek at [ inaudible video playing ] so father divines different than reverend ike. Hes feeding people during the depression. And hes i also providing some kind of that Peace Mission is supporting some kind of alternative identity for people. So religious identities are different. Hes not challenging the kind of structure in the same way mu ha mad is. Hes creating businesses. Trying to create jobs. At the height of the depression. And creating a sensation. Do you have a question . Okay, so. So my question is why is it is it on . Why is it okay like why were they calling him god. Why is that okay in his eyes . Because usually its blas fe my. People are calling other people god. Especially i know in the the muslim religious thats really bad. And christianity too. Judaism too. Its blasphemy. Hes delivering the manners from heaven. And people buy into it. Or they go along with it. We cant tell. Some people believe. Some people actually like im getting things from this dude. While it lasts it lasts. There were at the same timed investigations of father divine. Peace mission. And whether i forget how exactly all the details of the story. One of the kind of investigation people died. And he said you know, i told you. Oh my gosh. Yeah he was using like upper case g instead of lower case. Thats a good question. Were they praying to him . We dont know. Or just saying as long as hes delivering gods. This is the tricky part. We dont know if the people in this. Of course this is shot to give him more publicity. Right. So its shot in the positive. But it is a radical alternative than whats going on in the general society. Hes breaking rules. And hes saying religion can break the rules. And that feeds political struggle. Thanks. So he says that his religion allows him whoever his pleases. Was his marriage legal in the eyes of the court . Thats a good question. We dont know. There are several biographies on him. Several different really good books about three of them as i can think of. We dont know. Was she the money funder . Or all that. They were in a relationship. But the difference is that clearly he has also a social mission involved. Hes engaging people at their very basic need. Food, jobs, business. Both he and a mu ha mad in that regard. Are trying to provide a broader infrastructure. That provide people their needs. Because the state blocks people from the kinds of things. And by brek breaking the rules, saying im allowed to marry outside my race. Well, hes got to be a bad man. Because hes doing something that nobody else is doing. The only other person who could get away with that would be jack johnson. The boxer. Of course he got jail time. Not father divine. The great churches that was established in the United States is still exists in 1808. Is Baptist Church. One of the names that you can look up use for ethiopia. The kingdom. And this very fair fair man in the back there, is the pastor of the Baptist Church. The reverend adam clayton pow el sr. And he will move the Baptist Church from sort of roughly its midtown location where central park is up they just in the 50s. Up to harlem. And they will build a building in 1925. In fact the building all the children are standing in front of. He was a traditional pastor. Now harlem had several large churches. All kind of different churches. St. Phillips. Ab sinnen. And list of churches could go on. A sizable Roman Catholic church. All black in the neighborhood. They had a storied history because it will become the storied history of his son. Adam clayton pow el jr. He will inherit the church. This is an interesting thing. Churches and religion become a number of religion become the family business. So if im the son or daughter of a rabbi. I might become a rabbi. If im the son or daughter of a baptist minister i might become a baptist minister. And i will learn even if i dont become that i will learn politics at the foot of my father or grandfather. Or whoever it was. Adam delay clayton was the social gospel. He had all kinds like father divine. All kind of social operations coming out of the church. Serve the needs of people who are in desperate looking for jobs. Looking for the good life. So black preachers have to serve as their congregations in ways at all kind of levels not just quote abstract spirituality. But level of jobs and the Church Functions as a social service unit. This is his son. Adam clayton poul jr. Playboy, baptist minister, married to jazz, and stage actresses. And in 1941 he was elected on the democratic ticket. As new yorks cities first black city council member. After serving for three years in 1944 adopted a progressive civil rights platform. On fair employment and Successful Campaign to serve in the house of representatives. Representing harlem 22nd district. When he took office in 1945 he became the first black congressman from new york state. Now having chicago roots ill say hes johnny come lately. Chicago we like black congressmen in the 20s. Just saying. But, theres nobody more flamboyant than adam. Yes . What was his he looks very white. Is he yes. Well, thats black people can look white, right . I was wondering was his mom black or his mom was very fair skinned. We have this crazy rule in the United States. Racial drop of one drop of whatever blood of african you are black. And hes proudly claim the blackness. Even though adam was born with blond hair and blue eyes. Hes like black and his father is black. And they are the blackest of black. Right . So ill give you a clip of adam. So, adam was a stem winder. Cool. Al those things. And he led in the congress until he was put out of congress. In the late 1960s. Adam unfortunately or fortunately had a little trouble in an island. That island seems to be a sticky place for politicians. He and a president ial candidate gary heart both you know probably got caught on the monkey business. Let me put it that way. And others. Again, the father, son business in this leadership in political. And he was a grandson of reverend Albert Daniel williams a second pastor. That went in line of succession. His brother albert named after his grandfather. Was also a baptist minister. So the kind of ways that one lear learns leadership is in the kind of context of the politics. Right . How to galvanize people. Bring people together. Win a majority. All those things are useful when you go into the electoral politics whether you are the mayor. And of course we dont live far from kansas city. We have a sitting congressperson in the representing the city of kansas city, missouri. Cleaver. The second. He is a ordained methodist minister. These kind of ways that the Training Ground for family is the politics. So politics become very important. Because any time you running an organization youre engaged in politic. Whether you are the school principal, or youre the superintendent. You still have to bring people together. And how are you going to do that . And when there are oppositions to your point of view. These are the kind of questions that these are the Training Ground that where people learn their politics. At the local level. So black people learn politics from their local organizations. One of the few women that i want to point out to you is a woman i met when i was a high school student. Add di woo 1924. And she worked as a meatpacker between 1941 and 1954. Combining that with looking after children organizing the assembly. With her husband and increase involvement with the labor union. By the early 50s she was well known activist. And 1953 was elected Vice President of her branch. Local 56 becoming the first black woman to hold a Senior Office in an American Labor union. In 1955 she was ordained into the church of god. Not the church of god and christ. Another church of god. Where her husband was already a minister. She worked on the south side of chicago organizing labor. And they served together at the vernon Avenue Church of god and christ in chicago. She was quite the dynamic person. Once again shes not at the national level. You wouldnt you dont read about her at the national level. Shes an operator. Sh she understands the internal politics of the church and becomes one herself. Shes also a labor organizer. Again having the experience of bringing people together. To work. Ill show you a bit of an interview with her. Talking about her labor experience. Shes older than i was impressed how could two young black men meet with two white bosses, and achieve success we have achieved. I was told it was a violation of. She explained it to me. I wanted to do something to help this union. I know that i needed hep. Heres a place i could get help. I knew i wanted to help. And make the union strong and powerful enough to bring about change. So, walker wya combines that with her only religious belief. That working people need protection. That became a very important aspect of it. When i met her as a high school student. She was trying to convinces how why we should be thinking about what labor meant. Not only as a sort of way of keeping wages at a certain level. But what it did for peoples lyes immediately. How do you protect peoples lives and so for her she combined both of these things and became a very important local leader in the chicago area. Outside of chicago not a lot of people know about her. But when my era she was a very important local labor leader and religious voice. She could go into the many pr protestant churches around chicago and talk about what Labor Protections meant for ordinary people. Why it was important. And she saw this not in this interview but saw this as a religious duty as well. Do you have a question . So in her in the union and when he became part of the church, did they just help African American women . Or African American men in the sense of the labor union was for everybody. Im just asking because was there a sort of kind of specifically detailed way for African American women to get not only be a part of the union and get helped by the Union Benefits by by the church . As well. Of course all we should say in a certain era all people who attended any kind of black religious organization were working people. And were not always College Educated working people. They were working people who worked in retail, domestic service, then cities like kansas city, chicago, were still omaha. Still centers of meat packing and other kinds of things. Armor. And all those other things. And they if you read the jungle. Along the line in high school. And its enough to make you a vegetarian right . The jungle. But people worked in these conditions. And so you want to make sure people had safe conditions. They were properly paid. So she fused her labor organizing with her religious activity. So they became one. She often will come to work with jes se jackson later on. Bill gray, not too much people know about him. But the other day i mentioned florida memorial Baptist University down in miami. On the power point. The other day. His father was a baptist min stir. So was bill gray. And his father was the president of florida memorial. He was also a politician. He became the first in the house of representatives to become the House Majority whip. From 1989 to 91. He sat on the chairman of the House Budget Committee. Those are all big deals. Because he who Pay Attention to the tax proposals going on. If you are the chairman of the House Budget Committee you are a powerful chairman. Right . Thats something everybody learned from poul jr. For all his interesting val. He served to get legislation through. Thats how you get through. Bill gray, all learned how to work the system and to navigate it. He is the first person he died in 1913. Too early. He became after leaving congress he became the president of the United Negro College fund. And so to kind of work and hes of course he is at a very powerful time. Being at the house in the House Committee on the budget because hes working really with george bush the first. He has to help shepherd him raising taxes through. Because under the Reagan Administration the budget gets out of kilter. And they have to raise taxes and bill gray is it. If you look at the background you can see he has learned the art of politics again through those organizations that he is trained up in. And that is primarily in his case the Baptist Church. Jesse louis jackson, sr. And civil rights leader. Famous chicagoen. Somebody im trying to do research on. Trying to think about a book project on. Particularly as jackson centers black people running for the presidency. Without Jesse Jackson 1972 at the Democratic Convention and later on in 1984. In 88. There would be no barack obama. And so jackson is in his own ways controversial. Lets see if the other video will come up. Heres a bio video of i am somebody. Say it with me. I am somebody. In 1984 he formed a coalition for fight for equal rights for everyone. He merged with operation bush. That same year sack son ran for president. He came in third. And 1988 he ran and lost again. He said i know its not possible. Obama was on the stage. There were shots of jack sson wh tears in his eyes. He continues to fight for equality. His older son served in the u. S. House of representatives. So thats a very favorable video of Jesse Jackson. Some when i was working in chicago, kid in the plolk projects call him messy jesse. But, the point is that this unique position is carved out. Its not just a religious role. Its taken on other social significance for everyone. Any last questions . Then im done. I would like to tell you to Pay Attention to william barber. Who started more mondays in north carolina. And at the same timing to start a Poor Peoples Movement in the United States. The same tradition of that people spiritual needs are also political. Thank you. Cspan student cam. The tweets say it all. Student cam in action. Video editing and splicing for constitutional documents. This group showed us how its done. Two stellar interviews in one day. These students ask hard hitting questions about Immigration Reform and the dream act. Create a video stralting why its important. Open to all middle school and high school students. Grade 6 through 12. 100,000 in cash prizes will be awarded. Grand prize of 5,000 will go to the student or team with the best over all entry. The deadline is january 18. Get details on our web site. Student cam. Org. American history tv continues on cspan 3. Next, a discussion on how world war i impacted African Americans. University of minnesota professor sage matthew believes that African Americans promise of a better life because of military service was largely denied by the reality of gym cr jim crow america. This discussion is about an hour. The National Museum and memorial with the world war i commission. We produce an education news letter that focuses on the best Resources Available to teachers. And learners. Both those are created here like the videos of these lectures which will later be available on cspan. But you tube. This is your first symposium. You can go back to the channel and