The cold war, including a talk about the u. S. Army special forces attachment in per lynn and films from that era including the 1962 film a road to the wall. All week starting at 8 00 eastern on cspan 3. Saturday night at 8 00 eastern, women who have been the victims of Sexual Harassment and abuse tell their stories. Here is gretchen karlsson. You told me a couple experiences you had before. You had couple experiences that were pretty disgusting. Yeah, right. Unfortunately this isnt my first day on the rodeo. It was my first day as miss america. My resume of being a concert violinist, valedictorian, et cetera, i was just dumb. I had build thick skin a lot during that year. I started meeting with Television Executives because i realized this was a career i wanted to try and one executive was so nice to me all day long. He made so many phone calls for me and we went out to dinner and i thought, wow, this is going to be a great beginning for me. When we got into the backseat of the car service to bring me back to my friends apartment, suddenly he was on top of me with his tongue down my throat. And i remember being panicked and thinking how the hell am i going to get out of this. I dreamed for the driver to stop and i opened the door and got out, not knowing at all where i was and got to my friends apartment and just lost it in emotion and what so many women have gone through. What did i do . Why would he do this to me . Didnt he respect my brain . Wasnt he really trying to help me . All of that just goes away. I never ever spoke to him ever again, so i guess he really didnt want to help me. And unfortunately a couple of weeks later i was in los angeles meeting with a high powered publicist. I was a gogetter, knocking on all the doors to get a career started and unfortunately i was in a car again with him and he took my head with his hand, forcefully jammed my head into his crotch so start that i couldnt breathe. Youll also hear from me too Movement Founder and a panel of military cadets. Watch at 8 00 eastern as they share their stories. Komg coming up, we focus on religion. First well take you to the Oldest Baptist Church in providence, rhode island. Also a visit to alabama and a christian sect in albany, new york, which promotes communal living and quality of the sexes. Roger williams was the founder of rhode island. He is also the founder of the First Baptist burr ch in america. He was born in london. Were not sure which because his birth records were burned up in the fire in 1666. Because he was a puritan and church was cracking down and putting these people in jail, he fled from grand. Arrived in boston in 1631. Roger williams believed the state had no role to play in religion. This is a radical idea. They had their own state supported churches. You had to go to church or theyd come and get you and fine you. Eventually, he was put on trial there and convicted of heresy and was going to be shipped back to england where we probably would have died. So before they could execute the order, he fled through the winter, around february of 1636 and walked down to the head waters of the nar gas et bay where he was taken in by his friends, the indians. He spent the rest of the winter over with the great the following spring when he found he was still in the land grant territory of plymouth and might be extradited, he crossed over the river into where we are now. And was greeted by his friends. He had gotten to know heez people and he traited with them and unlike almost everybody else, he learned their languages. They organized a town down here and in their first organizational meeting, they agreed they would abide by the majority rule of heads of households. Religion is not to be an issue for the government. And so they started a little town here. Its basically a farming and fishing village. Thats all it is. Very small. Small group of people. It has a few dozen within a year or so i suppose. But still really small place. Providence, in fact, remains a fairly small place until the 18th century. Williams founded the first ban active church in 1638. What was distinguishing about this, after all he was an ordained minister. A year before he began this Baptist Church he had been Holding Services at his house several times a week. We know that from the record. Today were at the Meeting House of the first Baptist Church of america. In fact, the church is 140 years older than this building. Though this building itself was built about 240 years ago. A long time ago. But this is a remarkable building in itself. Were told this is the largest surviving wooden building. There was no baptist Meeting House that looked like this before it was built. Every one before this in america or england was a small place, no steeple, no bells, no frills, no nothing. But when this was built it was had a bell and steeple and quite a magnificent place. It is elegant and simple. It reflects the architecture of the 18th century. And it also reflects the architecture of the 17th century. When you look around and you see the english pa laid yann architecture, the fluted columns, windows, it is all that architecture. But that is all superimposed over the 17th century plain new england Meeting House style. That is characterized by no stained glass, white walls, by the side doors. Now, the doors look funny now because there used to be an island that ran from side to side and a big center aisle. Thats how people came in those days. They would come in through the side doors. In order there be no hint of an altar. You notice Something Else too. When you look around there are no religious symbols in here. There are no crosses. Thats because the baptists came from the puritan tradition and they did not use crosses at all. It was another form of idolatry. They didnt have buildings until the end of the 17th century. This church is found indeed 1638 and didnt have a building until 1700. And it was a tiny, tiny little building when it was built. Very plain. It was not meant to show off any kind of vanity at all. This one does. This building were in now is really meant to be a showoff building. Williams would not like it because it is big and elegant. It has an ornament regarded as kind of a catholic instrument and one of the instruments of the devil somehow. So he probably wouldnt like it at all. He would be very much pleased by the fact that this church to this day holds true to his concept of separation of church and state but he wouldnt like the building. I think thats pretty clear. Roger williams lived out his life here in rhode island. Died between january and march of 1683. And in all those years he had played in many roles. He had gotten his first charter. He went with john clark to save that charter. And he was on the Town Councils and so on and so on. He was involved, deeply involved in the political and Economic Affairs of rhode island from the day he got here until basically the day he died. Providence can be proud that it has one distinction. Its the first place in modern history with separation of church and state. First separating religion from statehood. Thats what williams did. We struggled on from that day to this. But its interesting to me that the bill of rights in the First Amendment has two closets relating to religion. Those two clauses embrace roger williamss concept. No establishment and free exercise of religion. In some sense, thats what rhode island, providence and rhode island have contributed to the nation at large. He was one of the four signers for the colony of maryland. He was the only Roman Catholic signer. His family came here in 1706 when this became the capital city. And this was the place where they made their fortune. The story of how the carrolls came to america an their saga through 150 years in the early part of our nations history is a terrific story. They were immigrants like everybody who came to america. The first Charles Carroll here was known as Charles Carroll the settler. He comes from ireland in 1688 and hes pinted as the attorney general for the colony. Unfortunately, hes a catholic and the glorious revolution of 1688 made them not the favorite people of the folks in power. So he loses his job. Pretty much as soon as he steps foot here in the new world. He comes to annapolis in 1706 and starts to acquire property here. One plot at a time. And finally, amasses a rath e large holding here. His son, Charles Carroll carroll of annapolis, is is so named because this was where he spent most of his life and this is the home he built. He starts to build this house in 1721, the year after his father dies. Its considered the largest home in annapolis at the time. It was a massive brick structure. When most of the houses here were built of wood. And it was first of the georgian built here in 1721. Charles carroll of annapolis took the fortune his father started and expanded it. He was an early industrialist. Most people think of the fortunes in this period as being in land an agriculture. Certainly, the carrolls had a lot of that. He was also fntier. He made a good hefty portion of his fortune by lehning money to others and making sure they paid it back. He was also an early investor in the baltimore ironworks and was very interested many mercantile and that sort of thing. So hes here and its in this house in 1737 that the third Charles Carroll is born in september. Known as Charles Carroll of carlton. He comes from a large piece of property his father gives him. Why hes known as of carrollton or the signer. Annapolis they settleded because it was the capital of colony. This is where power was and the carrolls understood that and wanted to be part of the community here. Why they picked this is for two reasons. The water. In early 18th century, water was the most efficient way to move goods and people. It was way easier and more economical the to move by walter than by land. So they wanted waterfront property. The second thing is in when this city was laid out in 1696, this was the side that had the market house, the square and this is where the prominent people lived. This side of duke of glosterers. When the first carroll bought the house, there was a simple structure. Probably 36 feet. In length. The only structure here. He expands that and eventually, moves there and is known as the settlers house. When he dies, his son builds this house. Its built as a two to three story brick structure. Two from the street, three from the waterfront, the waterfront is the more impoegz side and where guests often arrived via water. Charlie was sent away first to philanders as it was known at the time. Then to england because in the carrolls opinion, it was best education available. In addition, it was a catholic education. Again, their faith and education were intertwined. Couldnt imagine one without the other. So it was incredibly important to papa to send his heir, his ond child, to have a Roman Catholic education at the very best institutions and that was in europe. So charlie was sent at the age of 11 and he does not return. Thats 1748. And he returns in 1765, i believe. Charlies education while he was in europe was a classic education. It was latin and greek and finance and arithmetic and geometry and french and poetry and music. He was educated to be a gentleman of the first order in the 18th century. When charlie returns from europe, he moves into this house. And he takes his rightful place as his fathers heir and begins to work in the society in which he now is is. In the annapolis society and in the political society. He marries his cousin. Not the first love of his life, but she is a word of his father and living here in the house and they mary and have fairly successful marriage. They have many children and he begins to take up as i said, the reigns of his fathers fortune. When charlie comes home, from europe, the colony is starting to move at a certain direction. And theres tension and theres a, a loyalist contingent with the governor and theres the patriotic contingent. And it is the arguments that charlie makes that carrollton makes in a series of letters, public letters. He is known as First Citizen and he is arguing that the governor has no right without legislative approval, impose taxes and fees upon the governed and his ant lon is his adversary. Who is arguing that this is, the legislator let him expire and the governor is doing a good thing. They become the philosophical underpinnings of the Patriots Party here in annapolis and attracts people like william an samuel chase and thomas stone. And eventually, they did vote to have the delegation go to philadelphia and vote for the declaration of independence. After the declaration of independence is signed, carrollton becomes heavily involved in the revolution, but fairly most of his involvement relates to finance. That was what he brought to the table so to speak. Because he was a wealthy man. Because he understood what it took to finance a revolution. Thats where most of his contributions came. After the revolution, hes voteded as the first r senator of the state of maryland. Both for a state senator and the federal senator. He then has to leave, he has to choose. At that point, he decides he wants to stay in the state senate and continues to be deeply interested in commerce and the developing of the new industrial nation. He was, his family was an earlier investor in the ironworks. He also becomes an early inves r tor in railroads and canals. Again, harvests the benefits of those investments. But he truly believed in industrialization and all that it brought to the young nation in First Quarter of the 19th century. The Carroll Family history is a great encapsulation of American History. In the period that were talking about. They come as immigrants. They come with dreeps. They make their fortune. They believe in their faith and they hold true to it. And they believe that education is the key to the future. Theyre also full of contradictions. As is our American History. Charles carroll the settler changed the family motto when he came here and it became anywhere so long as there be freedom. Yet they owned people. They owned over 300 slaves. What they thought was so important to their liberty was someone. That kind of conflict thats embedded in our history, is embedded in their history and how they deal with it or not, is the story of the first 150 years of this country. So i think the carrolls are important as an example of our early history. Theyre important to annapolis and maryland. Because they talk about how to be successful in a new place while holding on to whats important from where wrou came from. A state archaeology park. A living history site that displays the spanish in 1756. Its a place where you and your family can stroll through the grounds, talk with knowledgeable interpreters about the world of spain and its effect on the appalachain over time. In 1528, vaa rez landed in the tampa bay area. He was looking to gather the riches that the natives, the spaniards had found in what they called the new world. That they were hoping for gold, we might think, or other valuables. That they could take back to europe. It happened in latin america. The aztec empire. They thought north america should have those resources as well. By the time you got to tallahassee, he thought better of the expedition. He thought he missed the simply ship and they decided theb at that point to build some crude ships like rafts and try to find their way back to new spain. Which is present day mexico. That was really the first europeans that were well documented in the area. The next person to try it was her nan doe desoto. Its really from that expedition that we know more about the appalachain. And the appalachain began to approach the spanish and an interest in christianity. They asked for some priests to be sent. This is the early part of the 17th century and eventually, priests do come to minister to the appalachain. Now whether this is about coming more secure to protect them from the surrounding other native American Culture groups or not, but in any event, but 1656, there had been an agreement between the appalachain and the spanish fryars to establish what becomes san luis in the western cap a tall. So we have the Eastern Capital and st. Augustine and the second largest mission establisheded here on this hillside. Only three mile frs the modern capital, we have the capital of west florida. This was established one for mutual protection. The its two, there was a need in st. Augustine for food. They were relying on a fair amount of exported food. The soil is poor and sandy there. The spanish who wound up forming, living in there were not inclined to be farmers and they needed a reliable source of food. There were crop winds around this site as far as you can see. So this was the food base. The bread basket of the early colonial effort. So for the spanish, it was important from that standpoint and there was a four to five outpost halfway between one end of the royal road that connected pen sa cola to port with the port of st. Augustine. This was essentially midway. It provided that Security Link in the failing links to secure their borderlands. With the establishment of the mission, and on this site and in village in 1656, it continued on until it was burped down in july of 1704 in anticipation that it might be attacked by a come lum of native American Allies of the english and a few english militia. In order to prevent the site from falling into the hands of the english and setting up their own military presence here, the native americans and the spaniards and others burned this mission to the ground. The circular plaza here in Mission San Luis is really the center of town. And all the biltdings are organized around this plaza. Now there are the three main ingredients, if you will, of the life of the village. The Council House and the native americans an their continuing heritage and custom. Opposed across is the Catholic Church and religious complex. The reason in many ways why this spot was organized. So here they are. Sort of facing off each other door to door and at the same time, their positions reflects on mutual respect. That each honored the traditions of the other. Visitors will often speak about the counsel house. It is so impressive. This was the center of appalachain life. They met about complaints. The law was pretty much inalthough the spanish law over time became the more often referred to. But the chief and sub chiefs would meet along the other elders of to care of the various of the day. It was place of celebration. That perhaps follow the seasonal cycle. Its inspiring to look into the space an look up at the blue sky and occasional hawk or vulture and speculate what it must have been like when it was the heart of this community. They cant read religious tects. They dont have access to printed religious books in the bible. These were meant to educate them and they would use them to tell the stories of the gospel through the paintings on the walls. There was probably a somewhat elaborate per screen, but we havent been able the identify that well. We know it was somewhat sump yous because there was a good inventory of what the priest packed back up in the ice carts and took out of here back to st. Augustine. One of the things were still looking for is the mission bell. We found a piece. But we know they buried it. We just have not been able the to find it. Somewhere near the church, the ancient mission bell is yet to be discovered. Mission st. Luis campus is not son sol dated the state of florida orkology collections. They are here for visitors, if they wish, by appointment, to be able to see the archaeological representations, the tangible things that represent this colonial period of florida and up to modern time, actually. We have a modern Archaeology Lab where we have a staff of archaeologists who are analyzing approximately a dozen years of material that has been excavated on this site. So that we can make a coherent picture of the past through these items recovered to learn how rich the heritage is here how it e violaed over time. You know, history is larnlly written by the victories and American History is largely portrayed by english eyes, yet spain and hispanic culture are so, such an integral part of the borderlands, the sunshine states, right across the United States like a belt. That part of history is a great mystery to people. The pendulum is swinging back. Increasingly anymore people in our population who are of hispanic origin and that this is their heritage in the western hemisphere. We are presently here at the caramel mission. Other wise known in the spanish period this is the site established in 1772 as part of the colonization of the central coast. Its founding date was 1770, june 3rd in monterey after which the site moved. The initial missionization of what we call upper california began in 1769 with the establishment of san diego today known as san diego mission. That was not the prime objective. It was monterey because it was centrally located and so as a result, we get a joint military and religious expedition known as the sacred expedition. The commander was the fryar who came to the bay to establish the first site at monterey on june 3rd of 1770. This is a place that had been overreturn and conquered by various groups. So when you visit the site, its surrounded by massive military bas yans going back to the roman conquest. We have islamic and other traditions are all represented. The one could argue there was a very conservative trend in so far as catholic religious belief there, which sarah was ip spired to bring to the americas, one o f the key tenants, the evan jellization of gentiles, otherwise, people not christian, should be ones life devotion and far sarah devoted his life to that. In 1749, he boarded a ship for mexico, arrived in new spain in veracruz from about the 1730, 1740s. Spain was transformed by enlightened ideologies. This notion of the enlightenment we continue to espouse in the yit is that all men are created equal. But you know as well as i do that in reality when it came down to it, slavery was condoned during that basically, the indian wars were condoned under that. So things were not quite equal. So when we look at the missions of outer california, we have the military espousing this enlightenment ideology. Where as the missions were looking for communities that could be built and transformed. The problem was that while the enlightenment ideology seemed like one that was noble, the reality is when we see native people from the missions so they can be exploited by the outsiders was one of the defaults and the father knew that so he sought to keep them out of contact with other european settlers. So the franciscans were tasked with evan jellizing upper california or the region we identify with california today and their objective was basically bringing indigenous communities into the fold. Into the church. And so that was the prime objective. The way they did that was with music, reading, agriculture, the reading, liturgy, et set rachlt these were no imports to the region and sarah was sellout about that effort. But these did not grow up over night. They were usually the result of decade of work. When father sarah was here, theres a tendency to think look at this palatial estate. He lived in basically pole and thatch mud trucktures with thatched roof. I have a letter in which he complains about the roof leaking like a sieve and hes housing a colleague whos gone awol. This site alone had ultimately seven different churches. The Earliest Church is the first five were insubstantial. Ive exkai kate vaited one so i know that for a fact. Ultimately father sarah built an aadobe church. He died shortly after, then it was demolished and to build the church we see behind us. Where it comes to abuses, the primary allegation against father sarah has much to do with with fact he worked within a system which condoned Corporal Punishment. The use of whips, sticks or other devices in order to punish individuals who trans gres around the church or state. That did occur. But one of the misunderstanding is that it was father sarah doing this. No. He could order it done, but administration within the Mission Sites which were indigenous communities were conducted either punishment which included Corporal Punishment or to basically determine an administer resources. The reality is never to have been documented to have laid hands on any individual. You might say he still ordered it. Yes, the that was a fact. But it was accept bable to be applied to spaniards and other europeans. Soldiers were shocked for things that were minor, but that was way things were done in that time. Those same kinds of procedures occurred within much of american mystery until recently. If he is to be condemned for working within that system, then clearly, theres condemnations to go all around. Now you have two competing groups. You have those that believe he was not worthy of canonization and those who felt that he had lied a life as a holy man. And so it began here and it wasnt until january of this year, 2015, that pope francis announced that he would be canonized and it would happen on september 23rd. Well, right about ta time, i was interviewed by the Los Angeles Times for a story about father sarah and the missions here. And my work in the missions. And that then launched a series of involvements and so i was involved with the canonization as one of the scholars who was invited to rome to speak. While there, i spoke with three other scholars. Senior webber, who has written for some time about father sarah and then rose mary and robert. We gave an overview and the strengths and merits of the canonization. The media entered the picture. We dealt with that. About two days later, we participated in the second half where scholars were instrumental then we conducted mass with the pope. That was an incredible experience. So i was kind of on the ground floor to see a lot of that. But at the same time, i was aware that as i was there, testifying to the merits of the canonization, there were people in california who were less than happy about it. What ive seen is that theres been a significant amount of misrepresentation and even hate speech relateded to father sarah, the Catholic Church and hispanic catholic tradition. Its been my objective to address those character zayases. Im not going to minimize what happened as a result of european colonial intervention in this region. It was catastrophic, but there were dimensions of it that allowed native peoples to survive not only the spanish era, but the mexican era and the american period. It was in 1846 through about 1848 that the first governor of california basically ordered the annihilation of the california indian. He put taxpayer money behind the that effort to the extent within 12 years, a population documented to consist of at least 150,000 native peoples in california at american contact dwindled to less than 30,000. So over 120,000 people were have been had been documented to have to have been killed during that period. That was truly genocide. I believe based on everything ive seen including recent publications, that essentially, native peoples had conflated the atrocities of the early american period. The abuses of the mexican era with the shortfalls and the misgivings of the spanish clone cal colonial period and plamed it all on father sarah. I think he has truly gotten a bum wrap and the doe monoization and hate Speech Associated with him is really uncalled for and illegitimate. Obviously history is used in a lot of different ways. Both by historians and those who would like to use history to rewrite the past. We see that going on in our country right now. The reality is that i construe the hispanic traditions of californias southwest. All the way down to florida as part of a legitimate American History. These are founding xhubts, just like the british communities of the east. Even jamestown was left out of many history books because it was in the south. At one point after the sieve war, it was written out of the narrative and the pilgrims took that place. So it changed and it became freedom from religious persecution versus a group of britts coming in and founding a military settlement and then that becoming a disaster. Well thats been reincluded by archaeologists. Archaeologists and historians are rewriting the history of these Mission Sites as such we now recognize them as those very traditions under the auspices of fransiscan fryars, including the Wine Industry and metallurgy, architecture. These are a direct byproduct of the introductions made by father sa ra and his compatriots. Leave this dimension out. Leave us with no explanation by whooi these massive sites exist, which were ineffect, American Communities under of fryars. Welcome to the mownville park. In its hey day, it was the largest city north of mexico and contains the remains of about 30 flat topped mounds. Im standing on mound p. Which is one of the larger mounds on the site. This would have had the house of one of the clan chiefs on the top of it. When people first started the build this city, there were valleys and ridges that dotted around the area. Initially, hill would have been pop topped and the dirt poured in to level out the Central Plaza then the mounds were erected. Recent research has told us these were built in less than 100 years. The park is the second largest mississippian mound center in north america. The largest is in east st. Louis. As it was declining, moundville was on its rise. Moundville is really a great spot to have a site thats sort of the center and capital of the culture because it falls in between two fizz graphic zones to the north of ut. The Fall Line Hills start in tuscaloosa and to the south of us, we start getting into the coastal plain. So as these fizz graphic regions change, there are a lot of different resources that occur in each of these zones. So by sort of straddling the two zones, they had access both north and south to these different resources. Additionally, moundville is built atop one of the highest bluffs along the Black Warrior river and a very sharp bend. It would have been built atop for defensive purposes because you could see people coming in all directions up and down the river and its also high enough to be above the hundred year flood mark. Moundville was involved in what we call full scale corn agriculture u. Thousands and thousands of acre of corn were grown down on the first terraces and river bottoms along the Black Warrior river. There were probably 3 to 5 ,000 people that occupied the site while it was being built, but probably another 50,000 people that lived up and down the black river valley. A portion of the corn they grew would come to the site as taxes or what our anthropologists called tribute payment on an annual or more frequent basis. There were about 30 0 acres in the park and the remains of about 30 flat top mounds that are arrangeded in a rectangle around a large Central Plaza. The corners of the mounds are aligned with the cardinal directions, with the exception of mound a. Which has been sort of turned catty corner. Not only were the mounds used to put structures on top of, but they also represent the relative rapging of different clans. The highest ranking ruler within this political system would have occupied the top of mound b. Mound v would have been almost like a welcoming place. As people came up and a arrive ed at the city of moundville. Here they would have played their tribute payment. Perhaps in some Raw Materials that came from the gulf of mexico or the michigan area. The mounds represent the relative ranks of the different clans that occupy this site. The southern end of the site would have been the lowest ranking clans. We base this on the amount of dirt in the mounds. Also on a drawing that was done by frank speck, an anthropologist in the late 1700s. Chick a saw hunting camp that was laid out in this fashion. The third thing that we base this on is the way the site was abandoned. From the southern and flanks along the east and the west and the final occupation of the site was mound brk. We think that might have been one of the last structures utilized at moundville. We are standing out mound b. This is the largest mound in alabama. It contains about 112,000 cubic yards of dirt and this would have been where the structure for the highest ranking ruler of the highest ranking clan would have been. Originally, scientists thought the mounds were built by one basket load of dirt at a time. Recent Research Indicates that the base of the mound and possibly the sides of them, were initially built with sod blocks. Which were then filled in with clay. This would give a lot more stability to the structure as they were building it. We know that periodically, after the mound was built, it would be capped over with different colors of clay so if you sliced into the mound, it would resemibable a layer cake. Were looking at mound v. Which is the long, low platform mound behind mound b. Behind p picnic tables are the remains of an earth lodge, which was excavated many 1999. This was a semisubterranean structures with entrance tunnels being dug along the east, west axis. Some very large timbers were placed on four corners. And then sod was placed up over the top of the earth lodge so that it was completely covered over with dirt at one point in time. We think this might have served as a Council House. One of the really interesting things is that when this structure was being build, an earthen pot was placed at the bottom of one of the structures. It had acorns in the pot and it was ceremonily broken before the large timber was put in place. Only about 15 of the site at the most has been excavated. Mainly where you see roadways or structures that have been built. The remaining portion of the site, one of the primary ways that archaeologists do research is by remote sensing. Theres several different ways to do that. Ground penetrating radar is one way. Magna tom ter readings. Theres even something called lightar. Micro topography, changes in the elevation of soils for as much as a couple of millimeters. All these things can be put together to give us a better idea of what is underneath the ground before we ever start to excavate. Weve come inside the Jones Archaeological Museum in moundville. We have made this portion of the exhibit to resemble what the interior and exterior of a chiefs house might have looked like that sat on top of one of the mounds out here. The Different Things you see recreated in this scene, the actual artifacts are on display. Theyre just so incredible. What we wanted vis tortoise see is how incredible these things looked when they were new. It was made out of a single piece of stone. It was roughly pecked into shape with other stones and then it was finished with different grades of sand starting with a courser grade to dwriend it down and then finally being polished, another artifact we find to be very interesting is this limestone pipe of a super natural cat and a story talks about the underwater panther who lives below the water and his tail would surround and causes whirlpools. If you get in the water where an underwater panther is, it will pool you down into the underworld. The limestone comes from the mississippi area and the cliffs, one section of those cliffs is painted with a mur ral with similar polls associated with this underwater panther. Up underneath the Mississippi River below where these murals were painted on the cliff, there are whirlpools. We want t to come up with a story that explained how these artifacts would have ended up in moundville. There were alliances that were made through different chiefdomes. We think a major was made with one around the memphis area, perhaps over into arkansas. Archaeologists designate this as the middle south. The scene we have behind us here is coming from around the memphis area and she is about to meet and marry the next ruler for the chiefdo mrkchiefdome. So its very likely that she brought an entourage of people with her. She would have had servants and one of the links that we found to prove that people came here and lived here for extended periods of time is a type of pottery that is generally made, a type of style of pottery that is generally made up in the arkansas area that is made here at moundville but was made with local clays and mineral. Perhaps this bride as he was coming in brought one of her favorite potters with her. Moundville was the largest city north of mexico. But after it was built, the use for the site changed dramatically. It turned from a city with living people bustling populations to more of a city of the dead, which people returned year after year to bury their beloved one. Moundville is kind of oo portal to the past. When people starting settling here in the 1700s, not much remained of the mississippi culture. The people that lived here were great artists, warriors, rulers and great tradesmen, too. And the amount of effort it took to build the mounds in this site show how powerful the rulers of this prehistoric community were. Id like to welcome you to Temple Square in salt lake city. This is the home of americas choir. The choir was organized in 1847 when the first pioneers came into this valley. It was a small group of people who met in this building, very rustic and they asked for a chi your to perform. But it was in 1949 that welch pioneers came to the valley and they sang in four part harmony. They sang in welsh. And thats when the president decided you need to be the nucleus. It really started in 1947, 1949. They used to sing in a building over in a square that was a temporary building but they called it the tabernacle. Thats how the name came. When that was too small, they started building this particular building, which was in the late 1860s. It was completed at the end of the civil war and the chi your moved into this building at that time and the tabernacle here has been the home of the chi yooir. One of the things they first notice is the imposing instrument behind me, the organ. Built by early pioneer stock and it becomes the centerpiece for people to begin to look at and think, wow, this is really an amazing experience. Then we see the choir in front and it makes a great picture. D even longer. This is older than the temple itself. The oldest thing inside is this organ case. These gold pipes next to me here have looked down on decades and decades of history. So a lot of history in this organ case and in the building. The soupd of the