Transcripts For CSPAN3 Public Broadcasting Act Of 1967 - 50th Anniversary 20171210

Many of you may know that the library of congress has the most comprehensive collection of sound recordings, Radio Broadcasts in world, honor to host this event with wgbh educational foundation, our collaborators in the american archive of public broadcasting or a apd. A apb. Up. T my centuries mixed [laughter] 1964. The National Education television and radio center. Incidentally, last month, we digitized two of these programs so they could be more accessible the of the librarys website. The librarys public Broadcasting Holdings have grown since 19th before to include tens of thousands of film, video, and audio masters from eta, and inet and w addition to the thousands of excess copies, we routinely acquire as copyright deposits from public broadcasting stations and producers across the nation. Americahief steward of s in the world record of knowledge, we took to heart the television and video preservation study commissioned 20 years ago by the library of congress, which characterized Public Television as the richest audiovisual source of cultural history in the United States. So we are proud to join with wgbh to ensure that Public Televisions legacy survives. At this time, i would like to make some news. Some excitingunce new acquisitions and projects related to public broadcasting preservation. First of all, as a library and come at you dont get to break news that often. [laughter] you newspeople, bear with me. I want to thank mr. Dec vett for donating his collection. [applause] his collection of approximately 2500 shows from , including the 1000 shows he may for pbs. He interviewed more than 5000 guests for the shows. The list is astonishing and a testament to his ability to draw people not normally seen on latenight television, katharine hepburn, alfred hitchcock, angela davis, marlon brando, and on one of the more memorable and notorious shows, gore the doll and Norman Mailer gore the l and norman vida mailer. He featured rock n roll musicians including john lennon and your go on oh, jimi hendrix, janice joplin, david bowie, joni collins, i was pretty excited to announce that today the a apd will and will launch a new exhibit on its website that will make Public Televisions first coverage of the Senate Watergate i am breaking news all over. [laughter] Available Online for the first time. [applause] this was one of the most Popular Series in public broadcasting history and the library of congress has digitized all of the master videotapes of the coverage we 1989, and are making them accessible online to anyone in the United States. The broadcast created what dick cavette called watergate junkies, to refer to himself another to watch the hearings and others who watched the hearings incessantly. It was created this summer by a library of congress junior fellow, a history major from yale who was with us today. Could you please stand up, amanda . [applause] carla there is amanda. We sent the detailed background essay she wrote to jim lehrer, who anchored the coverage was robert mcneil. Jim after reading the essay he , wrote back, it is as terrific as it is accurate. Two years after the hearings, leher worked together again on another landmark public broadcasting program. I think you have all heard of it. The rest of it as they say is history. Jim has commented without watergate, there would have been not be anything called r. Neillerhre jim will be on a panel later today and will show a few clips in the watergate coverage. Aapb is in the process of making Available Online full interviews conducted for a number of landmark pbs series. Ken burns civil war, and the definitive series on the civil rights movement, eyes on the prize. And the biography series an american experience. They are telling me to get off the stage because there is so , much more i could tell you about the project, but i have run out of time. I want to thank miss patricia harrison, president and cto of and ceo of the corporation for public broadcasting for their support of the library of congress. Unfortunately we have learned that pats wife has been delayed and she cannot join us this pats flight has been delayed and she cannot join us this afternoon, but can you give her a . And in absentee [applause] carla i would like to introduce the Senior Vice President of communications for ctb to speak on her behalf. [applause] thank you, dr. Hayden, and thank you for your leadership and for hosting this important gathering at the library of congress. I would like to recognize senator markey and thank him for his important support but only for his hometown station, wgbh, but also for his leadership advocating for in helping to sustain a vital public media system for all americans. [applause] it is largely because of his and others that consistent support of public media that we are here today celebrating the 50th anniversary of the public broadcasting act. The 1967 act articulate a vision of a strong of the Media Service providing access to every american to the highest quality of educational and informational content for free and commercialfree. The goal then, as is now, is to strengthen our civil society, through content that would result in educated, informed and engaged citizens. The three pillars of a vibrant democracy. From 1967 to 2017, the act continues to provide us with an evergreen mission and vision for public medias Important Role in American Life. One the corporation for public broadcasting is proud to advance. Because the act created cpb, and designated us as a steward of the federal appropriation, asking tasking us with ensuring these funds with the public media stations to serve underserved and unserved communities. From our youngest to our oldest citizens. We are directed to utilize technology in innovative ways of connecting with new generations, to serve as americas largest classroom, to help inspire lifelong learning, and to invest in journalism that is factbased, in depth and committed to editorial integrity. Today pbs, npr, and nearly 1500 local Public Television and Radio Stations and will, small in rural small town in urban , communities across the country are for filling the mission and vision of the public broadcasting act. Reaching 99 of an increasingly diverse america with content that continues to be of value long after the initial broadcast, for digital presentation. Content that is cultural and historical relevance provides us with insights about the way we were and about the way we are now as a people, as a civil society, as a democracy. The value of this content is priceless, but it was deteriorating and would no longer be accessible to future generations. That is why following a twoyear pilot that began in 2009, cpb provided almost 3 million in grants in 2011 to the public media stations so they could inventory and protect their station archives. That first step helped to build the foundation for the american archive of public broadcasting. Cpb did not do this alone, and we are appreciative of wgbh, the library of congress, and many others for their ongoing commitment to this important initiative. In addition to thanking dr. Hayden and senator markey, i want to thank john abbott, the president and ceo of wgbh for his leadership. Wgbh is an Innovative Community focused station providing public broadcasting for new england, and is also pbs leading content provider, producer, and a major supplier of programming for public radio and Digital Content nationwide. Johns leadership has resulted in a Strong Partnership with the library of congress to preserve public medias legacy content for the american archive of public. American archive of public broadcasting. We are so appreciative of his commitment. Please welcome john abbott. [applause] john what a gathering. What an honor to be with so many extraordinary leaders through the history of public broadcasting. Let me add my welcome to all of you who joined us today for this extraordinary meeting, this opportunity to share with the panels, these reflections of history. My special thanks to dr. Hayden for hosting us. The library of congress is a fitting occasion to mark this milestone. Wgbh and the library came together four years ago to form the american archive of public broadcasting, to collect the significant historical content created by Public Television and Radio Stations over these 50 years. Because of the vision and support of pat harrison, cpb and its board, they are preserving programs that tell americas stories. More than 100 Public Television and Radio Stations across the country, from maine to guam, have shared their content of the archives. The collection has over 50,000 hours of content, and we are adding 25,000 hours every year. In keeping with the mission of public media, the american archive is available directly to the public with some 23,000 programs in addition to Resources Available daily for educators and researchers. Wgbh is proud to be working in partnership with the library of congress to preserve these historic treasures, and make them available for future generations. I would like to knowledge are acknowledge our dedicated american archive team. [applause] john as we celebrate the legislation that created public broadcasting, we know the federal governments investment in our work. Consistent, persistent, and forwardlooking. For wgbh, one individual embodies that work in that is our senator, edward markey. He hoped to be with us today and we are sorry he cannot join us. He has served on the Advisory Council for the american archive and served on the hill for 40 of the public broadcastings 50 years. He knows our work very well. In throughout, he has been a stalwart champion of all we aspire to do for the American People across the country. My thanks to all of you for being with us here today. Im looking forward to hear it to hearing from our Extraordinary Group of panelists, assembled for this occasion. I will turn his back to her cash back to our host dr. Carla , hayden who may squeeze in a few more releases of new information. She only got halfway through her list i think. Which is very exciting. To begin proceedings, thanks again to the library of congress. [applause] unfortunately carla had to leave so it is me. I am the senior director of the wgbh archive and the project director for the american archive for public broadcasting. Alan my esteemed colleague is in , the back managing our audiovisual materials. He is a special assistant to the chief of the library of National Audiovisual Conservation Center at culpepper for the library of congress, and project rector for and project director for the American Library of congress. Thank you for being here celebrate our 50th anniversary. Our first panel is what the origins of public broadcasting. We will start up with a clip , the minogue ftc chairman during 1961 to 19 six e3 and instrumental in getting the public broadcasting act launch. How could something happening this week that is really revolutionary and the passing of this bill for Educational Television . The president this week signed a bill which for the first time will commit federal funds for the construction of Educational Television stations and to link the stations together. This will be the first time that is on a matching basis with the states and private institutions. Federal public funds will be administered for this purpose. In many countries the government operates public broadcasting. We have taken a different course. We think broadcasting should be in private hands, in commercial side for private profit. We are hoping to develop an alternative service for those people who want it. I wish i could be with you in person to welcome you to this important anniversary. My it is tough to travel, so 90s, i will communicate a little history to you this way. What i want to do is tell you a couple of stories about history. My involvement really stemmed 61 years ago. In during the president ial 1956, campaign, my roommate was Robert Kennedy who had been sent by the Kennedy Family to learn about national campaigns. They were looking forward to jack kennedy becoming a candidate one day. Bob and i were the same age and often roommates on the travel. We got the springfield, illinois and he turned to me and said, you and i have heard the same speech 5000 times. Have we got time to look over to abraham lincolns house so i could see it, i have never been to springfield. Then will get back in time to catch the plane. I said is only six or seven minutes. Lets go. We went over and saw lincolns house. On the way back bob kennedy said to me, you and i each have Young Children, families. He said when i grow up i thought there were three great influences on a child. The home, the school, and the church. He said i realize now raising my own children there is a fourth. It is television. He said my kids are watching television, they are fascinated by television. Cant we do something to make it more educational and informative for kids . That started a relationship. Four years later when his brother was elected president , the day after the election i got a call saying would i please consider joining the administration. I really said no because i could not afford it. We had Young Children and no money. They knew how interested i was in television. They offered me the job at age 34 of being chairman of the federal communications commission. How can i resist that . We moved to washington. The fcc had been in a series of scandals. The place was a mess. My job was to clean it up. The first day i was on the job, the first issue i chased was the the first issue i faced was , the senate wanted our testimony on an impending bill to use federal funds to help but was then called Educational Television. My colleagues at that time there were seven commissioners, they said we dont take a position on that. I said, wait a minute. Our job is to protect the public interest. Certainly this is in the public interest. By a vote of 61, with my single dissent, we testified for the senate. I was the one that said we are very much forming this legislation. I brought today something that long preceded the Public Television act this is the first act. You see president kennedy hidden you see president kennedy. Im sort of hidden in the background. This was passed and the president signed it on may 1, 1962. President john f. Kennedy signing the tv educational bill 205, may 1, 1962. I was privileged. I realized i had come to the fcc from chicago where we had wttw. President kennedy came to the had come to the white house from boston, where there was wgbh. Little did we know there was no Public Television station in washington, d. C. , the capital of the United States. None in new york city, the largest city in the United States. Not in los angeles, largest city on the west coast. There were very few stations. The first thing we have to do was get more stations. The way we did that was the past two laws. One was called the all channel receiver act, which makes Television Sets have a uhf tuner that enabled new stations to come on the air. The other was to provide funding to build Public Television stations. We launched what later became what is now today the nationwide system. We also helped public radio, which i preceded television in any way we could. I always think without a station in new york, without a station in los angeles, without a station washington, it would be impossible to build a national system. I am very proud of that. President kennedy was proud of it, and later when i left the government, went home to chicago, i became involved in our local station, wttw. Later became chairman of it. Public broadcasting has grown and developed because it was bipartisan. I tell our board at wttw that the most important asset we have is the word trust. It does not show up in a financial statement. Everyone trusts us. Everyone trusts pbs and npr is as being honest and fair. That is why it is so important that now we archived and preserve the great things we have to. We celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Public Television act. [applause] panelist the first could come up to the stage . The first piece with Eleanor Roosevelt was a thank you to henry morgenthau. [applause] karen the first panel is about the origins of public broadcasting. Our moderator will be cokie roberts. Cokie roberts is a political commentator please, i have it all written out. I am dying to at least say she was cited by american women as one of the greatest women in the history of broadcasting. In 2008, the library of Congress Name for a living legend, which we totally agree with. [applause] cokie i am thrilled to be moderating this panel because this is one of the rare times in my life i am a kid. [laughter] thanks. Cokie i joined npr 10 years after the public broadcasting act was signed. I have been there 40 years. These gents preceded me. Predeceased you . Cokie i did not say deceased. They were there at the beginning. They each have a wonderful story to tell. Irvin dugin to my left was in the white house the time the bill was passed and has been very active as both fcc commissioner and head of pbs. Nick johnson was at the fcc and a troublemaker all the time. And did pbs programs, as well as columns. Was very involved with public broadcasting after he left the fcc. Bill was really one of the founders of npr and was the creator of all things considered. Bill is still at it. Youd be happy to accept contributions. I think we should just start with irvin. How did you get the bill passed . Irvin we had lyndon johnson. A master politician. There is a hidden story about how this came about. I hope someday a historian will delve into what we call the legislative task force. Much of the Great Society legislation was crafted outside the white house, even outside washington the carnegie , Corporation Commission of public broadcasting, the corporation was headed in new york. Johnson decreed, and bill moyers was the point now on this, the Great Society legislation should be crafted by these legislative task forces in the universities and foundations all across the country. This really accomplished two things. It removed the process of drafting policy from the eyes of the press and from the atmosphere of partisan politics. It hid the process. A benign a secrecy. I dont think the history has ever been written. If you look at 15 members of the carnegie commission, you see the man, jc tell him, who headed lbjs television you see the president of United Auto Workers. By why . There was a tremendous lobbying push. If they chairman of the uaw in detroit was one of the people the idea of the corporation for public broadcasting, that meant the lobbying power of the United Auto Workers would be behind the bill when it came to the hill. Lbjs this was a part of s legislative genius. As i said earlier, i hope someday a historian will delve into these legislative task forces. One of the most praiseworthy despite the secrecy. Of the most praiseworthy praiseworthy things in history. It is part of the larger story. Were it not for the dark cloud of vietnam, i think the lbj assident would be remembered the new deal is remembered. As a flowering of creativity and positive legislative legislation. I see the Great Society chapter, which ended at about 1967 after the congress kays changed its composition. I see it as the concluding chapter of the new deal. Johnson told bill moyers on the plane coming back from dallas that he wanted to do all the things that franklin had been up able unable to do. There was this election majority that brought the coattails into workingress of majority. He used that majority to pass medicare more than 60 education bills, including the Great Corporation for public broadcasting bill. The other thing and newton minow mentioned it was bipartisanship. The commission was made up of republicans and democrats with support of capitol hill came from republicans and democrats. To this day, if you look at the trustees of the stations around the country, when i was traveling for pbs, spoke to trustees and fundraising dinners for the stations, it was a civic arts and Business Leadership of every metropolitan area in the country made up of republicans. Counted uponld be when these periodic outbursts of of misguidedr people wanting to wound public broadcasting. Please Republican Trustees from all over the country get on the phone and say, what are you doing . We can count on them. The previous senator of virginia told me that congress would never kill public broadcasting because it now is the only way the member of congress can get on television in its local community. [laughter] hope they are inviting their members of congress to appear frequently. I went to the white house after 1964, at landslide of really go for ford douglas cater a gopher for douglas cater. Office in the basement of the west wing became a workshop for the members of the commission, first john gardner of the Carney Commission and then l apart for. I would like to claim some creative role in this. I really, i came to the white house having been a green reporter for the washington post. I was a gopher, but also a watcher. I watched Visionary People doing Amazing Things and shaping and it had a shaping influence. My boss hated to write speeches. Because i have been a newspaper reporter, he would show that the speech writing off to me. When we passed the legislation and johnson had to make a speech, i was given the task of writing the speech. The speechurs before was locked up and sent into what was then called the president s night reading, john gardner, by now the secretary of a gw called and he said we need to extend the vision of this speech beyond broadcasting. And talk about all public media. He did not even know what that meant at the time. He suggested language. I want to quote a little bit of it and then i will stop talking because it is so visionary and so symbolic of all that was going on in that fertile. Bank of time. Of time. Johnson said these words come i want to create a Great Network for knowledge, not just a broadcast system, the one that employs every means of sending and storing information. Think of the lives that this could change. The student in the Small College could top the resources of a great university. The country doctor could get help from a distant laboratory or teaching hospital. A scholar in atlanta might draw instantly on a library in new york. All of this is 30 years before the internet. But suddenly, the chrysalis is beginning to form. The Creative Vision of a network for knowledge, the stations of pbs have not always been say, toe, i am sorry to new technology. They are more don the broadcast technology. A station manager once said to me when we were trying to create pbs. Org, every hour when the a person iswhen looking at a computer screen is an hour they are not looking at my new station. Womb. W that is in the when the bill was signed, the president of the United States was envisioning something called networks for knowledge. May it grow, made the commitment of all public podcasters to flourish in the future. It was great fun to be on the beginning. I cant claim anything other than a gophers role. What a great thing we did. It is embedded in the culture. It is a part of American Life and the way medicare and other great achievements of that time are sewn into the fabric of American Life. Heroes of that movement are in this room, may their tribe increase. [laughter] [applause] cokie nic, what was the role of the fcc and all of this . Nicholas i would like to go back a little further. I am amongst the age of experience. Cokie wisemen. Nicholas not necessarily. Cokie just trying to help. Nicholas to go back to the 18th century, because [laughter] there are other president s involved in this besides lyndon johnson. He brought me in in february of 1964 and shortly thereafter, a memo went out to all president ial appointees. Mesaid, i want you to tell what you think would be in the best interest of our nation with the area for which you have responsibility. In my case at the time, it was ports and shipbuilding. He made me maritime administrator. Exactly what you would think a the coast of iowa. [laughter] nicholas shipping experience limited to operating a canoe on the iowa river but not very successfully. Something that Commerce Committee found fully adequate to justify the employment. I think that is another thing to say about lyndon johnson. Other president s perhaps he will go unnamed. But there would be that focus on what is in the best Natural National interest. I want to go back to madison who i learned today is referred to by those who work at the library of congress as jimmy madison. Cokie he was jimmy. Spelled jemmy. Ill be darned. Did your father tell you that . [laughter] nicholas they would be so proud of you and everything you have done. I am serious. [laughter] nicholas great people. To jw, i want to go back madison, and there is a next group a subscription an excursion. I will try to do it in five minutes or less and say that is all right. Lets would be better. Less is more. Yeah. Line, a peoples who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives. Quote. Madisons jefferson and many of you may know this, but when it writing his own epitaph, chose to be remembered as the father of the university of virginia and made no mention of the fact that he had been president of the United States. Significant, i think, because what to these folks were doing was recognizing and establishing and making efforts to maintain fundamental pillars of democracy. Many of which have always been and continue to be today under attack. One obviously is extending the franchise from originally white overlandover landowners 21, to now even we let women vote cokie it took a while. Nicholas it did take a long while. And 18yearolds. The addition of free public education, a fundamental element in pillar of democracy. And of them idea of independent media protected by the first amendment, where jefferson also said, famously, as you well know, in writing edward carrington, were it to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, i should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. And then went on in the next sentence to say, but i should mean that every person should receive those papers and be capable of reading them. Again, tying it to education. Subsequently, we added the idea of free public library, where every american could have access to the resources of kings and indeed this library was contributed to by jefferson in 1815 as you probably know. Something that is often not thought about in this context that relates to what john gardner did, he wrote to one called sub, renewal which i think are always wear three reading at least alwaysr 30 years worth rereading at least 20 or 30 years. The other thing we did was forblish reduced rates spending newspapers and books and magazines through the postal system. Subsidizing what was at that Network Communications of the 19th century, was the post office. And then we added telegraph and telephones, and so forth. That was how it began. As all of you know, the early time of radio, and i want to tell one story about how i was sitting and then i am done. Is that ok . Involved days of radio numerous, in the early days, educational institutions that did not only protect the logical work of creating this box in which Little People lived and could talk, but also the programming and the focus on the use of this as an instrument of education. Was in it in a city of iowa is designated as one of three Global Cities of literature, was created the first Radio Station west of the mississippi. That was in 1911. 1967, forback before those of you who are younger among us today. 1971, it became a charter member of npr, one of the early few. And one of the stations to carry allnaugural broadcast of things considered. In 1960, a big game began transmitting content, including my fathers lectures in the 1940s, by the late 1920s, they had Educational Television Broadcasting Television images of classroom content. A station that would ultimately be one of the founding stations creating ila Public Television and thus and thus end of the reading for today. [laughter] [applause] that nicely gets us to you, bill. The fact is that we heard the educational tv and even the waso came before, it something of an afterthought in terms of public broadcasting. You were the person who changed that. Was actually scotch taped onto the legislation at the last minute. Cokie and radio. It is like those civil rights and changing womens lives forever. Bill i took the position at ought to that we forget about television and start with radio, you have got literally 10 times more for your dollar with radio van with television. A really Strong National Political Base in support of public radio that would then clamor and demand of congress Public Television. Televisionth public and underfund it, i did not think was the right political move. [laughter] [applause] because many of you are the history of university, but like to go back. A couple weeks ago i was back in madison, wisconsin celebrating the 100th university nicholas east of the mississippi. Bill we can arm wrestle about this one. Back to the universities because i think it is a good point. About 11 years before radio was invented, the university at wisconsin said i want the university to be in every home in the state. Of thebecame the motto idea, the boundaries of the campus are the boundaries of the state. That was the idea of extending those resources. At that time, the first broadcast east of the mississippi by an educational station was information to farmers, weather information, 51 Literacy Rate at that point in wisconsin. Sidebar, i have a radio partner and we are working in zambia to improve the weather and farming information where the Literacy Rate is 61 . Anyway, that idea continued. The beginnings were there. I started my career in public an engineer in 1952 working through my way and the university of wisconsin. That is where my roots are. It was known for innovation and audio invitation and so on. Plays. E producing radio it was that experience that informed me. I left there and was in buffalo. In partloped a center of the black community where 27 hours a week came from that source. At that time, i was helping give thereto folks that had were no people of keller in media at that time. In media at that time. We had discussions of race on air. What is it like to be an africanamerican in the society. We are in 1963 and 1964. I did a series on the confederacy, done portraits of that portion. Anyway. When i was tasked as a member of the board to write to the veryon statement, i felt strongly about radio. Our first meeting with the corporation for public broadcasting, i was on the radio advisory committee. Television has to go first. Of course. Television always goes first. Always frustrated by this, of course, because i started a program in buffalo called this is radio. Pay attention. [laughter] listen to what radio can do. I am still saying the same thing. The task was to try to come up for me, differentiate it from the educational radio, from commercial radio, from pbs which was up and reddening, running, and to show it as a sound medium, get it out of the studio, telling stories, and to be somewhat aspirational but also practical. That was what i was trying to do when i wrote the mission statement. I will just read a few paragraphs from that. National public radio will serve the individual, it will promote personal growth. It will regard individual differences with respect and joy. Rather than derision and hate. It will celebrate the Human Experience as infinitely varied. Ofwill encourage a sense constructive participation. Rather than apathetic helplessness. The service should be trustworthy, enhance an development, expand knowledge, enjoyment. L increase the pleasure of living in a society. In a service to listeners which makes them more responsive, informed human beings and intelligent responsible citizens of their communities and the world. In the first description of what , i said it would not substitute superficial blandness for genuine diversity of regions, values, and cultural and ethnic minorities which comprised american society. It would speak with many voices and many dialects. The editorial attitude would be that of inquiry to my curiosity, concern for the quality of life, critical, problemsolving, and life loving. The listener should come to rely upon it as a source of information of consequence. Having listened to it will make a difference in the attitude toward their environment and themselves. And the concluding paragraph for by theme is measured intensity of the experience. Waiting for a bus and walking two and our gallery may occupy the same duration of time, not the same experience. Listeners should feel the time spent with npr was among their most rewarding in media contact. National public radio will not or its audience as a in terms of its disposable income, but as curious, complex individuals, or looking for some understanding, meaning, and joy for the Human Experience. [applause] cokie now you have a good sense of how it all began. And since these gentlemen have been broadcasters, we are finishing right on time. At 3 00. In time for the next panel. Thank you gentlemen, very, very much. [applause] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] announcer youre watching American History tv, all weekend every weekend on cspan3. To join the conversation, like us on facebook at cspan history. By the time i came back to the district, both of my uncles were sent to prison. They were convicted, one of them such will assault sexual assault, and the other robbery. For part of my childhood that i can remember, it was my mother, her two sisters, my grandmother, and my cousins. On cspansonight q a, tiffany rice, senior associate at the law office of wilmer hale talks about growing up in washington dc and her time as a clerk for Supreme Court justice. I think the poll of the justices is really small. If you are a viable candidate, you went to a really great school. Impressivee pretty people willing to speak up for you in the form of recommendation letters. You clerk for one of a very. Mall number of doses judges to geterson of color into that, there are so many ittacles to that, that becomes a real problem. I think it hurts because the perspective of diverse law clerks is so important. Everyone of my clerks, there was a case where i felt i saw something because of my Life Experience that someone else did not see. Announcer q a, 10 at 8 00 eastern on cspan. This year marks the 50th anniversary of the public broadcasting act of 1967. Next on the American History tv, public media figures including news anchor and talkshow hosts do cavett gather to discuss the history of news and Public Affairs programming. The library of congress and wt bh cohosted the 50 minute event. The next panel is on news and Public Affairs and talk shows