Prof. Kastor i want to begin today by talking about the International Exposition of arts manufacturers and products of the soil and mind. You all want to go to that, dont you . Do any of you know what this actually was . It was also referred to as the centennial International Exposition. It was held in philadelphia from may to november 1876. It was supposed to celebrate the centennial of american independence, and ideally it was supposed to celebrate the reunion of the nation following the civil war, which was really the first worlds fair. But in the midst of the celebration, there was terrible news. I will explain to you what it was, but i think it was a very useful moment, when the Northern Plains and the delaware valley, two of the five regions we have looked at, they seem so far from each other and were in fact closely connected. What i want to do is use this moment, 1876, 1877, to really reflect back on what we have done this semester and give you a sense of where we are going, to talk about continuity and change in the 19th century, because right before the exam, i and was emphasizing a lot of changes. In 1877, the last troops left the confederacy. Will in theory, reconstruction had come to an end. All the states in the union were once again in the union, you selfgoverning, federal authority prevailed throughout the United States. As i mentioned last week, reconstruction, or more specifically the reconstruction amendments to the u. S. Constitution, seemed to have redefined what it meant to be american, what it meant to be a u. S. Citizen. That is a really convenient way of thinking about it. That the civil war and reconstruction constitutes the logical Halfway Point of u. S. History, and it is a fulcrum. It is before the civil war and after the civil war. If you are a civil war and historian, it is all before all the civil war and after the civil war. Here is the way we tend to talk about it. There is the notion of before the civil war and a different one after. You have probably taken classes where the civil war is right in the middle. That many universities where the university has two semesters, that first semester ends in 1865 or 1876 or 1877. Dont get me wrong, the civil war and reconstruction were important. They changed things a lot. Most importantly for the enslaved africanamericans, who gained their freedom as a result of the civil war only to find that freedom was in some way constrained in the years that followed. But what i want to do today is put the civil war and reconstruction located in context, and that context is both chronological and spatial. I want to situate the civil war and reconstruction alongside other events, but also consider what the civil war and reconstruction might have meant for the United States as a continental nation, because the war was not fought throughout all the United States, and reconstruction only applied to certain states. I want to revisit the major things we have visited this semester, and i want to move beyond the sites of battle between the north and south. You see some important continuities. Last week and the week before, i talked about changes. Today, i want to talk about continuity and changes. Continuities that were well in place in the 19th century and changes that began before the civil war, continued after the civil war, and werent caused entirely by it. I want to do that by moving far from where most of the battles were bought in the civil war. I want to move to the Northern Plains. Let me ask you a question. The last time we talked about the Northern Plains, what was it, what was going on there . What do you remember . Anyone . Come on. Yes, front row. Student the expedition had moved westward and they had made contact with natives. Prof. Kastor and what was the impact of the lewis and Clark Expedition on the people who lived in the Northern Plains . Student they were able to trade for more goods. Prof. Kastor true, but the longterm impact was more limited. Lewis and clark and the people who accompanied them come and go, but power and settlement there did not change. What else, anybody else . No . Dont want the microphone in front of you . So be it. One thing you mention was the lewis and Clark Expedition arrived. But when we talk about the Northern Plains, i emphasized the real action was between the native peoples who lived there. That had remained the case through much of the 19th century. This began to change in the Third Quarter of the 19th century as the United States decided it was going to settle matters in the west once and for all. In june 1865, right after robert e. Lees surrender, William Tecumseh sherman did not get a vacation. William Tecumseh Sherman was reassigned to st. Louis to assume command of a military department that extended from the Mississippi River to the rocky mountains. Lets return to sherman. That middle name should be telling you something. Do you remember where sherman was born . What state he was born in . Yes . Student [indiscernible] prof. Kastor very close. Why would settlers in ohio named their son after an indian leader who had fought against white settlers . Does anyone want to take a guess . Do you want to try . Student they were more integrated with native americans. Prof. Kastor that is a great point. It is different from st. Louis, where there are mixed race children, but it is very much part of the regional culture. It is part of the way that People Living in the old northwest lay claim to the territory. They will say, our history here was connected to our interaction and conflict with the indians. What i want to emphasize is the fact he was called William Tecumseh sherman does not mean he had any great love for native people. He lived here in st. Louis. When ulysses s. Grant became president of the United States , both grant and sherman succeeded him as commander of the military. It was on display during the civil war. We talked about the way grant saw the opposition to reconstruction as an assault on federal authority. The same applied when they looked at the west. More specifically, on the way indians remained selfgoverning in the northwest and the southwest. They engaged in a policy to change that. It is a policy that is led by veterans of the civil war, a war that was constructed to save the union, a war with an army that eventually liberated enslaved africanamericans, while this same army would engage in extending federal sovereignty to the west. One of the best examples of that was a young man. He was born in ohio, the civil war gave him a chance. For grant and sherman, the war really recreated opportunities for them. They were struggling in private life before the war began. This young officer graduated last in his class at west point, but by the end of the civil war, he was a general. He became a general at the age of 23. But when the war was over, he was reduced in rank to captain. It was a big humiliation to him. He sought going west as an as he headed west, he saw this as an opportunity to erase his humiliation. What was his name . Can anyone take a guess . George armstrong custer. Now, custer served in shermans army, and i dont mean the army he led to the sea during the civil war, but the army that sherman commanded as commanding general in the late 1860s and early 1870s. And awaiting custer and others was a native American Society undergoing its own profound changes. To understand those changes, lets focus back on lakota. They were powerful residents of the missouri valley, and they had eyed the United States with some degree of suspicion. They saw it as their role to connect trading routes. Throughout much of the 18th and early 19th centuries, they had sought to establish and preserve their own authority and their own autonomy. Much of their own diplomacy, much of their negotiation and conflict in the 19th century was with their native neighbors. But in the final decades of the 19th century, they faced a new challenge from the United States, from an army led by men like George Armstrong custer. One of the leaders was a man named red cloud. His father was probably a brule indian. And later in life, he became a chief. Much of this was in conflict with other indian groups on the Northern Plains. It was part of an elaborate diplomatic situation in the area. But then, the United States army arrived, increasingly attempting to assert its authority. The result is a war between the United States and the lakota that lasted from 1866 to 1867. As red cloud and other leaders like him faced the entire might of the United States army and at first, the indians are winning, and this should be no surprise to you. This is land they know, they are better organized, and they have much better local knowledge. This is very much like the circumstances i described in the 1790s as the United States reorganized by the constitution, came into conflict with the indians of the eastern woodlands who themselves had recently organized in response to the threat they saw from the United States, and the United States suffered a series of defeats. Bless you. Youre welcome. Only to reorganize resources and eventually mobilize the authority of the federal government to achieve victory. Now to what happens to red cloud. In the same way the u. S. Constitution enabled the United States to beat the pan indian movement, the structural changes to the government that had gone on during the civil war, and to a certain degree during reconstruction, enabled the United States to field an army that could defeat red cloud. In 1868, red cloud was one of the indian representatives who signed on to the treaty of fort laramie, which was one of several landmark treaties that created a system in the west. The crucial features of that, that native americans would live on land that was supervised and governed by the federal government. In many ways, it would be transformed from free agent, from self governing autonomous nations into domestic dependents. Some indians accepted this, some did not. Ended in civil war had 1865, the struggle over sovereignty in the west had not. Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, the indians continue to resist the United States in the Northern Plains. In 1873, George Armstrong custer arrived in the Northern Plains, part of the military presence there of the United States that is supposed to subdue native nations. One of his principal opponents was a man who in some ways would replace red cloud as the military leader and political leader. That was someone most people grow up learning about. Sitting bull took advantage of both the motivation of the men and women who were with him, took advantage of his knowledge of the region to maintain an ongoing conflict with the United States, and he scores his greatest battlefield victory in 1866, and it is against custer. In june, he destroyed custers fort at the battle of little bighorn. It was a devastating loss to the white citizens of the United States, who thought there was no way they could lose to the indians on the Northern Plains. After all, the United States army had just won a civil war against the confederate army. It was news of this defeat that arrived at the centennial in philadelphia. It was so upsetting to the people that heard it. The people reacted as expected. Grant and sherman in the final years of the Grant Administration dispatched more troops to the Northern Plains, eventually putting sitting bull and those with him on the defenses. He eventually fled to canada, and in 1881, he returned to the United States and surrendered. While all of this is going on, there is a similar process at work in the southwest, in the other region we have looked at this semester, where other indian leaders are trying to sustain ongoing resistance to the efforts of the federal government assert its sovereignty over the land that it claimed. It ends in a similar manner. In the way that sitting bull surrendered in 1881, the indians in the southwest eventually were subdued by federal forces. What do you think would be some of those indian groups . Who had been those dominant Political Forces in the southwest . Yes . The comanche and the apache. Therethe comanche and the apache. Very different culturally from the lakota. But facing a very similar diplomatic and military circumstance, which is a more emboldened United States army attempting to make its claims to sovereignty a reality in a way they had never been able to do in the decades before. Indians remained in the United States, but they were forcibly removed to areas where the united where the federal government wanted them to live, and they were supposed to occupy a status as domestic dependents, but not fully emancipated citizens. This is hardly a happy story. I think this story is beginning this story is very important to set the civil war and reconstruction in context. In the west, we see a federal Government Holding true to one of its founding principles, to establish federal sovereignty. That is what the government is supposed to do, establish sovereignty over the land it claims, but also to preserve racial supremacy. But in the east, particularly in the southeast, right before the exam, we considered how the federal government had explored the policy of racial equality during reconstruction. But it had been unable to convert that into reality. What this should remind you of is this is not whatthe federal government has been created to do. It has not been created to promote racial equality. One of the Great Questions we will answer is how and why over the century that followed the federal government would assume a mantle for itself of establishing racial equality. What it does so successfully or not is a different matter, but what matters is how and why did the federal government come to assume this was its role . What do we make of all this . I am emphasizing racial inequality. Equality had no meaning in the 1870s. It is a great question to put to you after an exam where you were thinking about citizenship and freedom. I have been emphasizing inequality so far today. What were the roots of equality in the 1860s and 1870s, or in the years before that . What are the forms of equality that we can talk about when we discussed the United States in the mid19th century . Student the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. Prof. Kastor yes, the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. And i promise we will. You can certainly talk about the amendments. What are the other forms of equality we have emphasized . Yes . Student going back a little bit, you talked about Andrew Jackson and universal male suffrage. Prof. Kastor absolutely. I am going to connect what you said to what you said. A new you did not plan this, but i know you did not plan this, but they are great points. Anyone else . What are the other forms of equality that we have talked about . You are talking about the equality among individuals. Yes, sir. Student equality between state and periphery. Prof. Kastor equality between center and periphery and state equality. Something we take for granted. But during the era of the civil war, this process remained ongoing. From the end of the mexican war to the end of reconstruction, 10 new states entered the union, most of them in the west. And these continued the process to which the United States claims and sustains a system where equality has several meanings. First of all, there is supposed to be spatial equality between states. Second, there is supposed to be equality between the people. The 13th amendment, what did it do . Abolish slavery. What did the 14th amendment do . Student citizenship to everyone born no, it is the way around. I dont remember. Prof. Kastor that is all right. What is your answer . Student citizenship. Prof. Kastor is he right . It is your lucky day, you are right. What was the 15th amendment . Student voting cannot be denied by race. Prof. Kastor excellent. In some ways, these were reconstruction amendments. The 13th amendment, the elimination of slavery, but i think the 14th and 15th amendments emerged as a logical extension of the way that americans have come to understand and practice freedom and citizenship in the decades before the civil war. Your 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, lets put the 14th and 15th amendments alongside your reference to jacksonian democracy and universal male suffrage. Assumptions about citizenship one of the was that citizenship one of the assumptions about citizenship was that citizenship and suffrage should be connected. In the 1780s and 1790s, that was not the case. What did citizenship mean then at the dawn of the republic . Think back to when you read the constitution. Yes . Representation. Today, many of us assume we believe in the amendment, that citizenship brings with it a guarantee of suffrage. But it guaranteed the bill of rights, certain individual rights, and certain implicit expectations of citizens. But over the course of the 19th century, americans had argued that citizenship should bring with it suffrage. That had begun in the 1810s and 1820s. By the time the 15th amendment comes around, that is very much an extension of a debate that predated the constitution. Excuse me, that predated the civil war and reconstruction. But as we have also discussed, citizenship might be a set of laws, but citizenship is also a set of social practices. One of the questions is who is going to get access to these rights . The 15th amendment is a great case in point. The 15th amendment says all citizens should have access will have access to suffrage. How does that play out in real time . In real terms. Yes . Student [indiscernible] prof. Kastor they controlled. Who is they . By the way, an Excellent Way you , avoided the passive voice, but i still dont know who did what. State governments. State controlled voting requirements. ,fter the end of reconstruction they create a lot of based on race. What else . Else doesnt have access to suffrage . Women. Prof. Kastor thank you. Roughly half the population. One thing we have emphasized after the declaration of independence and the constitution is at citizenship is proceeding in two Different Directions it wants. At one point it is proceeding in a direction whereby all citizens are supposed to be uniform with equal rights, similar to each other, doesnt matter which state you live in. At the same time that citizenship is limited, is different, and his experience differently primarily due to race and gender. Juster ingredient isnt what rights and opportunities in the decade surrounding the civil war, but also how people became citizens. There were three ways to become a u. S. Citizen in the 19th century. What were they . Yes. To be born u. S. Citizen. To be an immigrant that is naturalized. Prof. Kastor what would be the third one . Student to be freed as a slave . Prof. Kastor that is one. One of the ways to become a citizen was to be born a u. S. Citizen. To be born in the u. S. And be a citizen at birth. The other was to go through the nationalization process. The third included emancipation, but it is not only that. They became citizens through other methods. This is a tough question, i know. Yes back row. , student being married to a citizen . Prof. Kastor you can acquire it that way. It is sort of an odd as i said, women have a nebulous citizenship. Women can also lose their citizenship by marrying foreign men. Yes . Student there are modern ways to become a citizen. Prof. Kastor but that wouldve been similar, the identical, legal statute. You were born u. S. Citizen. Ted cruz is an example of someone. Anybody else . Yes. Student to live in a territory that becomes a state. Prof. Kastor yes, if you live in a territory that is acquired by the United States. If you were born in louisiana in 1780, if you were born in new mexico in 1820, if you were born in one of these territories that were acquired by the United States, there are various ways and are part of the treaties in which the u. S. Acquired that land, that is how you become a citizen. And we say that all of the residents will become citizens as quickly as possible. But lets look at the first two. People who were born in the u. S. In a second example you gave. Immigrants who naturalize. That is what people associate with the process by which people become citizens. The u. S. Is not acquiring territories. We are not invading canada anytime soon and converting canadians into u. S. Citizens. I dont think canadians would enjoy that. We tried that in 1812, it did not work. So, we are not doing that now, but there is a course, an ongoing process of naturalization. As i have said, the u. S. Passed naturalization laws in 1790. I want to turn to that because if you want to understand what is going on in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s, you need to look at the large number of immigrants arriving in the United States. Immigrants had arrived before then, but there were was a sudden arrival of new immigrants. So, what were some of the consequences of naturalization . Yes. Student [indiscernible] prof. Kastor people need to learn about the government before they become citizens. Anything else to add . Yes. Student one to our naturalized, you have full and equal rights. Prof. Kastor once you are naturalized, you are a citizen on par with others, but it comes after a waiting period in which the principal change is you are supposed to learn these american , political principles, that as an individual you will be equal , to all others. This is very much on the mind of the immigrants who begin arriving in the United States in the 1840s and 1850s. In these decades, they were arriving across the atlantic. In later lectures, i will be talking about the pacific. Theyre coming from a lot of places, but where were the largest numbers of immigrants coming from . Does any of you know. Yes . Germany and ireland . Prof. Kastor spot on. But there is no unified country buted germany in 1840s, there were germanspeaking people who came from the places that became germany. A large number of them came to the u. S. Were also a large number of irish immigrants. Through a fewhis examples. First of the germans. As these immigrants arrive from germany, ireland, and others, they transform local cultures, but one of the things that is striking as they see tremendous opportunity in american citizenship. One example was a guy named George Snyder who came to st. Louis in 1852. In opened the brewery downtown st. Louis. That begins our beer history of American History. But you may not know was before this time, the u. S. Was not producing much beer. So, the u. S. Produced a lot of spirits. What were spirits . What were distilled spirits youd what were distilled spirits you dont know your. Lcohol there are a lot of german brewers who shows up. In 1852. The brewery another immigrant was a guy name everhart anheuser and he purchased the brewery from schneider in 1860. And this brewery does well. One of the guys that he goes into business with was bush who arrived in st. Louis in 1857. What do no about bush what do you know about bush . How many of you saw that at in the super bowl . So now the hands go up. Based on that ad, tell us about bush. Rags to riches sort of thing. Prof. Kastor rags to riches. Yes. American dream. Prof. Kastor american dream. This was a guy who immigrates from another country, acquire citizenship, enjoys all the opportunities that goes with that, and achieves this coronary things and has great opportunity. And i emphasize this because it offsets the narrative. Both of these go together. The limitations on those who are excluded from citizenship and the opportunities for those who have access to it. There are some more details the right to riches story and that is mostly fabrication. And that is what i love it and that is why i love it. Ad very carefully. You clearly did not study that you actually focus on the game . [laughter] was a totallyit good game. [laughter] prof. Kastor what else happens in that ad . Anybody . Do you remember . What happens to him on the ship . You do not study advertising closely enough. You are clearly studying you should be watching tv commercials. Remember, he is on the ship and he gets into a fight. He says, i want to brew beer. He arrives as an immigrant and natives treat him obnoxiously. And when he crosses the atlantic, it looks pretty unpleasant. He is later on the steamboat that catches fire. Any jumps off into the river. And he is on the ship. And there is an africanamerican man. And then he arrives at a bar in st. Louis. Up and givescomes him a beer. If only life was really like this. Office bush was born into bush was born into a pretty prosperous family. His passage to the United States was relatively comfortable. Pwnd and wanted to go to the brewery business and did what so Many Americans did before him. He shared something far important with Thomas Jefferson and george washington. He married well. He married the daughter of everhart anheuser, and yeah. They went into business together in the 1860s. Now to them, both of them immigrants required u. S. Citizenship. Citizenship brought extraordinary opportunity. Ok . They had not been born in the United States. But by becoming citizens, they enjoyed equal, legal status with nativeborn citizens. United states became a land of opportunity for them. Immigrantst many will find. One of the reasons is that the general, faced less antagonism than the irish. Let me emphasize, i think the experience for any immigrant is difficult. You arrive in a new country, people may not trust you, you may not speak the same language is everyone. It is always difficult. And then there were matters of degree. Why have so many of the irish emigrated to the United States in 1840s and 1850s . Does anyone know . The potato famine . Prof. Kastor the potato famine. That is one thing Everybody Knows about. There are a lot of pushes that would impel the irish to emigrate to the United States, but there appears to be Economic Opportunity and promise of equality for citizens. It is a legal status, that it is also a cultural practice. What happens to the irish when they arrive . They faced a lot of ethnic chauvinism from the anglo english majority for many reasons. One of them is religious. Many irish immigrants are catholic. Many angloamericans are processing. Protestant. Most anglo americans are protestant most angloamericans are protestant. They are deeply concerned about that because the United States just acquired territory from mexico where much of the population is also catholic. There are also longrunning disputes between the irish and the english, and the challenges what are people like the irish and germans going to do to overcome these challenges . Well, they work really hard. They take advantage of the opportunities they havent u. S. Citizens. The one of the things that will become increasingly clear that will make their experience as naturalized immigrants different from the example you mentioned of emancipated former slaves, is that race will play again a crucial role in who enjoys the benefits of citizenship. One of the things the irish and the germans do is to convince the majority that surrounds them that they too are white. The group that really has to struggle is the irish. That may come as a surprise because the classic stereotype of the irish is that they are pale. That is the overwhelming stereotype of them. But yet in 1750, there were many english and said, the irish are we different race. That is a term they used rather broadly. But what the irish do, irish immigrants do this and other immigrants do this, if they can convince the white majority in the United States that they too are white, they can establish their claims to white nests whiteness. They made an enormous leap. They crossed a threshold that enabled them not just to get equal legal citizenship, but also to enjoy the benefit of citizenship as a cultural practice. So, by the time the civil war erupts, white men are claiming the boundaries of citizenship between them are unnatural. That argument has been around, but immigrants increasingly punctuated that argument, believing that all naturalized citizen should be treated the same. It might explain why they would support amending the constitution to say that all citizens should enjoy equal rights, and that all citizens should have axes to the suffrage. Access to the suffrage. At this moment, i want to step back. I have been discussing in general terms a series of developments and changes related to citizenship that occurred in the era of the civil war. Some of these exist separate from the civil war. So, at the start of class, i the civil war and reconstruction are not necessarily the midway point of u. S. History. And i will be interested to see how u. S. History is taught 20 or 30 years from now when you got to cover a lot of stuff after the civil war. I do find the era of the civil war a useful time to take stock, especially now, because we just past the Halfway Point of the semester. You have taken the midterm exam and you are trying to forget the examinet you took at trying to get that out of your head. But what i want to do is go to the regions that we have been looking at periodically this semester to figure out how they had changed, and how they were the same between a moment when we last looked at them systematically in the 18th century. I want to talk about the delaware valley, the Northern Plains, the southwest, and last, st. Louis. How have they changed . How were they the same . Lets start in the delaware valley. In a moment of centennial exhibition. Thats how i started my lecture today. The centennial exhibition wasnt just supposed to celebrate a century of american independence. It wasnt just supposed to celebrate the reunion after the civil war. It also gave philadelphia a chance to celebrate itself. According to the 1870 census, philadelphia was home to 674,000 people. When the census was taken 20 years earlier in 1850, that population was 121,000. You do the math. Because im lousy at math. How many of you are taking calculus this semester . How many of you are taking math . Calc . Ok, you are taking ok. This is small potatoes for you. So you better not be wrong if you are taking calculus. 121,000 in 1850, 674,000 in 1870. Clock is ticking. Student [indiscernible] prof. Kastor exactly. [laughter] prof. Kastor good job. You get an a and calculus. What accounts for this . Like other areas of the eastern seaboard, this was partly a result of natural increase. Partly the result of the growth urbanization, and the rise of factory manufacturing. It was also a growth fueled by the immigrant boom of the 19th century. The majority of immigrants started in cities. Many of them scattered into the countryside, but many of them would start and stay in cities. Ports of entry like philadelphia, new york, or st. Louis. Which was a port of entry. You have a question . How do they get to pennsylvania and st. Louis . Prof. Kastor philadelphia was a port of entry. T was leave the ship they would start there. In some cases, he would have people who would arrive in new orleans and by the 1850s and 1860s, would take the train to st. Louis because they saw it as ways of opportunity. Or they would take us to vote of the river. But that is why a lot of them stay a moment coast because that is where they leave the transatlantic point. And one of the things we see in the city, one of the harbingers of change is this large population. So philadelphia had undergone a demographic revolution as its numbers increased. But in some ways, it is still the same kind of city we saw in 1800, a multiracial population. That is mostly of european or african ancestry. Where white residents are often competing, feel like they are competing for jobs with africanamerican residents. An africanamerican residents feel like they are squeezed out by white, commercial networks. What Political Party do you think most of the residents of philadelphia would have been in . What would have been the majority political . Student republican. Prof. Kastor they are actually split. There is a real democratic strength among the urban working class, but now it is competing with this new Republican Party that really reflects this change that is going on an american politics. So now, lets shift to the region connecting the virginia tidewater to the piedmont. In theory, this was the region that should have undergone the greatest change, and in some degrees, it was. After all, the civil war had ended enslavement. We spent weeks talking about how that system came into being beginning in the 17th century. For two century, this is how things operated in virginia. And it comes to an end as a result of the civil war. So, there was a clear break. We are going to need to talk about this region in different limits to there are those differences. In certain ways, the region unchanged. Remained richmond was an emerging city, but this was an overwhelmingly rural area. Migration was relatively was far more limited than it was in the northeast. It remains far more of a nativeborn population, mostly white and black. Africanamericans had to make important gains in the immediate aftermath of emancipation, White Virginians were mobilizing to restore their authority. In some ways, the greatest changes have come in points farther west on the Northern Plains and in the southwest. The major theme i have emphasizes that we have the story of u. S. History by the u. S. Acquired the louisiana , and acquires43 the mexican secession in and you 1848. Would think the government would be there immediately. But it didnt. They were the governing authority in much of the American West throughout much of the 19th century. That changed and changed quickly. In the 1860s and that was the 1870s. Story i opened with in class today. This will have profound changes for the region. Then the story of the native americans find themselves stripped of their sovereignty sovereign opportunity, but it is also the story of how white settlers five opportunity. Thats the fundamental tension with have been looking at all semester. If you want to understand these opportunities, i want to tell you about nanny alderson. What a great name. She was the vanguard of settlement into the Northern Plains. She was born in virginia. But she was born 1860. , and withhe married virginia behind her, she and her husband moved to a ranch in montana. And she soon wrote to family and friends, and eventually recorded when she published a memoir that everyone, it seemed, was making fabulous sums of money or was about to make them. No one thought of them. For the next year a night, my husband and i were to share all those rosecolored expectations. Her experience was similar to many immigrants. Excuse me, many migrants, and a certain degree, immigrants. In the same way that immigrants would find in u. S. Citizenship tremendous opportunities. Migrants will find extraordinary opportunities. Some of these immigrants are also migrants. We talked earlier in the semester about how Land Ownership was the foundation in many cases for prosperity and independence. And that is what nanny alderson would find on the ranch in montana, but that comes at the price of the people who lived on that land before. Who had been forcibly removed. Finally, lets come to the confluence region, st. Louis. St. Louis, like philadelphia, was a place, was an urban center. In 1800, st. Louis was the home of about 2000 people. Well, its numbers took off during the 1820s and 1830s, and then expand even more during the immigration as result of the immigration wave, and also as white settlers moved farther west st. Louis would become a , crucial to a crucial stopping off point where the outfitted themselves. There was a Manufacturing Base there. Now, these development i talked about will set the stage for what followed. As i said, nanny alderson was a settlement into the great plains. Likewise, an urban centers, like philadelphia in st. Louis, this manufacturing economy will become an industrial economy, and this combination of widespread migration, early industrialization, and then a whole new wave of of immigration in the 1880s and 1890s, would further transform the way americans think about their country. This new wave of immigration , which i will talk about next week, wont just come across the atlantic. It would come across the pacific with the rio grande. The last thing i want to do is finish up the story of everhart anheuser and busch. That takes me back to 1876, the started with. And 1876, the city of st. Louis separated from st. Louis county. I want future member this moment. The city separated from the county because city leaders thought the county was going to be a drag on the city. Yeah. For those of you who know same, you know how things have changed. But that is because they thought the future was in the city. That is a moment we will return to later. It is a change that would have farreaching consequences for st. Louis. Another change that would have farreaching consequences was that at the same time, the brewery first established by george schneider, acquired by anheuser, and later run by anheuser and his soninlaw adolphis busch, started a new beer. What did they call it and you better know the answer if you live in st. Louis . Student [indiscernible] prof. Kastor you said budweiser. Are you from st. Louis . Thank goodness. They started producing budweiser. I get to close today by talking about beer. And anheuser, this is their american dream. This is the way immigration and naturalization created the foundation for their opportunities in an era achieving opportunity and losing , in which achieving opportunity and losing opportunity is going on at the same time. I went a few minutes over. Im sorry. Have a great day. I will see you all next monday. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] americane watching history tv, all weekend, every weekend on cspan3. To join a conversation, like us on facebook at cspan history. Each week, American History tvs railamerica bring to films that provide context for todays Public Affairs issues. Announcer did i tell you how sexy you look today . I do not feel sexy, mr. Smith. You said you wanted to talk about the cramer account. When you try to act so businesslike it makes it even more a learning alluring. You could earn more in the company, why dont you join me for a nice, quiet dinner tonight. We could discuss the race that you deserve. If you think i deserve a raise i would rather talk about it now, not at dinner. There are a lot of things i do not know about you. We could get to know each other better way from the office. I would like to discuss how your performance might improve if i gave you a race. I do not see how my business skills would be more evident at dinner. Let me put it this way and you think about it, if you do not want to discuss your future at dinner, then there may not be a future for you here at all. Announcer Sexual Harassment in the workplace, a problem that has been with us a long time. At one time, harassment victims had no Legal Recourse with which to fight back. But a landmark decision was made when the Supreme Court ruled Sexual Harassment is a violation of an individuals civil rights. Since then, many cases have been documented. Harassment may appear to be simply annoying to the victim, but what is really happening is a personal sense of inadequacy and a loss of productivity and a decrease in morale. Other situations take on more serious consequences, for instance when that person wields her or his power and demands sexual favors in exchange for job security. Consider jan, if she refuses to play the game, she can probably forget about the race the raise she deserves. In cases, the harassers conduct is unwelcome. He or she is forcing a person to make a choice between wellbeing and sexual integrity. You can watch this and other American History programs on our website, where all our video is archived. That is cspan. Org history. Announcer there are hundreds of statues, paintings and sculptures throughout the u. S. Capital and unique architectural highlights, including in the columns and corridors. Next on American History t. V. , Penn State University history professor Matthew Restall talks about how the experience of the how visitors to the capital experience the art and architecture, including the statue of freedom atop capitol dome. He also discusses how christopher columbus, native americans, and females are