Despite being used, remember, teenagers, like some of you in the audience, they were teenagers during the little rocks chaotic events. All of these guests persevered and succeeded. They lived productive lives, are still living productive and succeeded. Lives. They had a remarkable careers and they have given service with distinction. So they obviously all have long resumes. For that reason what i will do is shorten their resume so they have more time to speak. Because there are 5 speakers up here, we are going to have to move it along pretty quickly. Lottie shackleford has made history throughout her life in politics appointed to the little rock board in the 70s, elected the first female mayor of little rock in the 80s and she has served long with the National Democratic party. Here, she had the longest tenure, 20 years, as vice chair of the dnc, where she worked internationally in political forums all over africa, Eastern Europe and in taiwan. She is currently honored as vice chair emeritus of the party and is chair of the dnc womens caucus, so, miss shackleford, she wants to speak here. They have microphones they can use if they prefer to sit. So, if you would like to do it your way, come ahead. Good morning. Good morning. Thank you, miss gordy. She has been a wonderful moderator facilitator all in the sense of keeping us informed and challenging us how we should think. Realizing that time is not always our friend and my understanding is we are already over time, i will dispense of some of the acknowledgements i would have wanted to do. Id like to sort of share my own personal feeling about how i fit into what we are now commemorating as the 60th anniversary of the little rock 9 for the desegregation of Central High School. I was a senior in high school for the 5758 school year. I am a native of little rock, arkansas, and have had the opportunity of attending what was then gibbs school that was on the same property as dunbar high school. Arkansas, and have had the that building is now torn down and the gibbs school is about a block away. At that time, Gibbs Elementary School shares the cafeteria with dunbar high school. So those students who went to gibbs, you also thought you were going to dunbar, which was the black high school at the time, because we saw everything that was going on. We ate in that cafeteria, we saw the band practice, we saw the Football Teams practice. We had the opportunity to go into the gym. So we just thought we were a part of that school. Fast forward, i started there in second grade. Ernie green and i were classmates from that point until he went to central during our senior year. When the brown decision came down, a lot of planning was being done, a lot of chatter was being held and there were many scenarios as to how Little Rock School district was going to be desegregated or integrated. There was a plan it would start with the Elementary Schools and then junior high schools. Then, finally, the plan came about that it would be the high school. I say this because there were many of us at that time told, 250, 300 kids in 10th grade that this was going to happen in the Little Rock School district. And black students were going to be able go to Central High School. By the way it became apparent that that was going to happen, some of the students who had been talked with earlier, and whose parents had said, yes, you may be able to go, they were now going to be seniors. I think thats in part one of the reasons why there was only one senior who actually went. I for one, not really knowing what i know today because after all i fwaensyearold, 16yearold student. I felt my senior year, i had looked forward to that senior year all my life. High school at that time was such a momentous occasion in the black community, and when you finished high school, people gave you gifts like they give at weddings nowadays. You would get so many gifts just for that accomplishment, which kids dont even think about anymore, of finishing high school. High school in the black community, finishing high school in the black community was truly important. You build up to that year after year after year. In the Little Rock School district, in 19, after the 54 decision, another high school was built. The first school to, first of us to graduate were students of the 1956 school year. That meant those of us in the 10th grade, we then saw that change from having been in this Master SchoolDunbar Junior High and senior high, now, we were going over to a new school that we went with ambivalence because this was a school with an open courtyard. Every time you stepped out of a classroom door you stepped out into the elements of the weather. Whether it was cold, raining, hot. This was a whole new concept for us. So having had that kind of experience from starting at dunbar in 7th grade, thinking im going to graduate there, thinking im going walk down the aisle of robinson auditorium, because thats where the graduations for dunbar were being held, now, fast forward, its our senior year and were inman. They had no, were in mann. They had no, were in mann. It had no auditorium and no gymnasium. The question, where will we march to graduate from . That question was there because that year, once the little rock 9 finally entered school, all kinds of edicts started to come out for the Little Rock School district. You cant do this, you cant do that, you cant do that. One thing was that all School Activities would have to be held on school premises. Well, here at the High School Im now going to, doesnt have an auditorium. So where will we get our diploma . But our teachers and the community were very creative. It was at a time you didnt have news 24 7. The tvs actually went off and everybody heard the star spangled banner at 12 00 midnight. Tvs didnt come on again until early morning. You didnt hear people opinionating about what will or wont happen. We got the news 3 times a day. And you rushed home at the end of the school day to find out what happened at central high. We new that change was we knew that change was occuring. Because, just think about that time when everybody was so protective of youngsters, they were trying to protect us and make certain our school year still had all of the perform and circumstances that we had lived all our lives for. So my experience as a senior that year was still being able to wonder about what was going on at central, rushing in the afternoon to watch the news. We had friendships, particularly with ernie, because we were a small group and communicated all along. We would find out from them some of the things that were going on, and then we tried to be supportive as much as possible in the sense of inviting the students, little rock 9 to our activities at mann. We ended up having a good year, a lot of new things were happening. That was sort of the tone the city was undergoing at that time. And we knew of people losing jobs and all. We didnt understand, as seniors in high school i did not understand the impact that was going on until during the end of the school year and we went to a journalism workshop in jefferson city, missouri. It was from students across the south. We stood up and said we were from little rock, arkansas, all of the press and media came. They were asking questions about how did you get out . You have on shoes. It was those kinds of things that started us to understand the impact of what was going on, bearing in mind that was a mild understanding then, fast forward 60 years, we have a much deeper understanding and a much deeper appreciation for all of the things that the little rock 9 endured and persevered. We owe them a debt of gratitude because they stuck it out. We are always grateful. Thank you. [applause] introduce one to of the little rock nine. Survivor victim, or a of the crisis here and she was a victim of the lost year. Hammy. T a double wavin im going to let her tell you what she did during the lost year. After high school she attended the Illinois Institute of technology, earning a bs in chemistry and mathematics. She worked briefly as a Public School teacher and a medical researcher at the university of chicago. Ibm,70 she joined International Business ibm, International Business machines, for young people who do not know what that is. , sweden. Olm swede honors, andd with she worked as a patent attorney an she founded and edited international journal. Then she worked in the netherlands for Philips Telecommunications and l ighting. She presently lives in amsterdam she is back to stockholm. As a member of the little rock nine, she and all the others were awarded the most prestigious award that the naacp gives. President bill clinton awarded all of the little rock nine i would like to say, i cannot get through this thing without crying. I doery time it every time i give it to her. He awarded the little rock nine the congressional gold medal, which is the highest award you c an receive. There is a complete exhibit about the laurent nine and a replica the little rock nine and a replica of the congressional medal. From gloriaear and we want to hear about her experiences in the lost year and whatever else she would like to say. [applause] im going to try and tell you my story sitting. Thisll be the first time i did this in front of a large audience. Behind the bigat table. Gloria and i am honored to be here to speak to you about and whate in 1957 happened to me in the lost year. Year in 1957 full of excitement. Maybe i will stand. It will be easier. Was a junior in high school and that piece of paper was pass ed around and it said who wants to go to Little Rock Central High School in the fall. Around andas passed when it came to me, i wrote my name. And that was so exciting. All of the opportunities that had been hidden from us. I had never been in Central High School but i heard it was a great school. Hadents from that school earned scholarships and done great things. That was spring of 1957. Andedshe came by and we went up registered together. When you came to a new school, you had to register. We went to Central High School august day. I hada drivers license a drivers license at the age of 14. Therove the car and went to building and there are a lot of steps. We went up and opened the door and went to where it said register. The ladies in the offices look surprised to see us. They did not know us. I did not notice. There was a natural reaction to situation. We signed in and went off and did something. It was situation. We finally ours. And so, it kind of surprised kind of surprised me. The newspaper article said blacks do really intend to go to Little Rock Central High School. Like the previous speaker said about arkansas in 1957, we thought arkansas is not like the city, alabama and georgia. We are different here. And especially little rock, we could already, in i57, go wherever we wanted to in little rock. Opposition be some but i was not worried about it. It was not any more dangerous than going downtown. Ownjust let about your business. When it was decided we would all go together, own that surprised. I said ok. The school and wereis dream there soldiers standing to stop kids from going to school. Up. Is when i grew i started to notice the difference between what you saw in the movies and what was really happening around me. Astarted to see myself daughter. Mr. Rays i was someone who had a right and someone who had a dream. That became a problem because in yout of me were men saying cannot take a step forward. Walk past and when i tried to follow, they closed ranks, shoulder to soldier. N i became serious. For mend of future rests pasta white girl can walk and get my dream but i cannot, i am not allowed to. That framed the rest of 1957 for me. It was to do everything in my meer to make it possible for to reach my dream and others to reach their me to dream. Is something that needed to be done that had not been done. I couldurity and faith, make a contribution to getting done. And without it there would be no future. I cannot imagine living conscious of the fact that i was considered a lesser person that the next person just because of the way i looked. After that came three long weeks of just waiting for permission or the opportunity to go to school. Totally new for me. Each year you went to school and saw new kids. Kids who arew still in my life. That is the members of the nine i did not know. Thelma i knew and i had a brother who knew all the pretty girls and thelma had a pretty sister. Some old friends and i met a few new friends every day for 21 days, waiting for permission to go to school. That is the easy part. Not really easy but that was the part a little all of a sudden there was this huge mob outside the school. It was my study time. There was a loud sound of what was outside, filled the room. Of perhaps out selfpreservation, i do not know what, i wanted to know what was happening out there. So i pretended my pencil needed to be sharpened and i went to the pencil sharpener out the saw them. I i saw them out there. I heard what they said. I never saw a site like that. It is a view that stays with me. I see it now. I did not know you could make your face looks out tortured. I did not know you could have such i have never seen a like that. It was live. Right up there. I knew it was because me and my friends at school. So, that was a real happening. Then the people came. Someone came to the door and you know the rest of the story. They managed to get us out of the school. I experienced the exodus. Andi go around to schools tell my story. Where it isone totally silent. But the police of sir came to take me from the principles trying ton to a car smuggle us out. And they took us down to one of and there was a car there and the police told me to get in the back of the car and lay on the floor. Must be different for each of that nine of us because as i recall, i was the only one in my car. You lay down there and under note circumstances are head. Raise your the car started in the trajectory from the basement of the school. You know, like a parking garage with a spiral thing. At the very bottom where i got into the car was very quiet. I could not hear the noise. But as the car went around toward the surface of the exit onto the ground, the noise of the mob got louder and louder and louder. Then it got really, really loud. I guess that is when we were driving through the mob itself. I could not hear my heart beating anymore. I could barely hear the car against the asphalt on the road driving out. It i realized, now he is driving through the crowd. After a while, the sound got a little bit lighter. I could hear the wheels, the tires going around again and i realized, ok we have driven through. Those are the memories i have very strongly from that year. The important thing, now this basement, there was a black policeman. I can look back at that moment as, he risked his life, too, to drive me through that mob into the safety of my home. So i always have a special thing for policeman after that. Policemane white risked his life. That, we had to really [indiscernible] was turned over to each of us individually, each of the nine. I experienced friendship and hate at Central High School. People did not help. My experience was one of developing a very good peripheral vision. Selective hearing. Over the things that were meant to be hurtful that develop ato him to sense of holding a mask for things that were done to hurt me. My thinking was, i will not give them the pleasure of knowing they have hurt me. I will remain focused and get my education. Id like to talk about the kids andde the school who saw us the ones who both saws and dared make a positive difference in our lives. I talk about a girl named becky friend in one class. In a class with a teacher who told me the first day i did not belong in that school and she wanted me to know she felt that way. That was the teacher who i did my very best for. I do believe the course was english. I left with the feeling i could have been shakespeare but she would never give me a higher sc. Hey are ac my goal was she would never be able to give me less than that. Becky sat across the aisle. One day, i had seen her in the robin andi knew that others, there were about 10 others who were treated like we were, they got the same thing and were harassed at night. I had seen becky but i did not intothat she wanted to get all of that. That she wanted be to say hello to her or smile. Excuse me, every now and then i get a swedish word in the middle of this. Ok, i will move on. Her note and i said, becky icu in the hallway but i do not know if you want me to say hello or not. To her. Ssed it vicki wrote back, i see you hallway but please do not say hello to meet. She wrote, the White Citizens Council has eyes everywhere in i do not want them to harass my family or put my family in danger. But i see you. She wrote more. She said, i know they are just trash but i do not want them to harass my family and put my family in danger. But i do see you in the hallways i speak with understanding of people here. Something like that. I do have it. I think ernest or terrence has it in his book and it is true. I think she was right, there were a lot of people who felt exactly the way she did. They were willing to be my friend and make a difference for the moment they were there with me but they did not feel up to facing all of the consequences to their personal lives and their families. I say, i appreciated becky. I look forward when i got to her classroom. I became a 14yearold girl there. We could talk, make comments, she could be friendly there. I was not invisible to her. There was so much hatred in the air, that made a lot. There was so much not showing feelings and just negative. Things happening. Ablede a difference to be to return to 14yearsold and talk about rock n roll music. Talk about living the life of a developing young adult. Being seen. Not being invisible. I would maintain that on the fact,days, she gave me in it encouraged despite everything to hang on to my dream of coming back the next day and making it that whole year. She was a good example of one person that can make a big difference. Some action you think i can do so much about it. I cant get all those people outside the doorway. It yet, if you do the very little you can do and are able to do, it will make a difference. For me, it helped me to stay in ast school the whole year well as all of the people outside who were not white or not black, just people who thought we had the right to be very end encouraged us to make it. To accessorize two exercise the right to be there. Did i talk too long now . But when i saw there was no thenie program no one on program, i thought there should be someone there to say what went on inside the school. There are lots of books about all the bad things that went on inside the school. I thought i would tell you about key, some of the good things. Thank you. Becky and about some of the good things. Thank you. [applause] we have two more people who will talk about the lost year and then one special person who is very young, she will be last. Did graduate work at ouachitas and university of arkansas at little rock. She is president and ceo of Pond Enterprises which began in the 1980s and from what i read, it does everything from accounting and Public Relations to event planning, promotions, and even printing. She has experience in television and radio. The list of her professional and Civic Engagement is quite long at awards and recognition even longer. Introduce anlso ordained minister. Her election in and Ongoing Service as justice of the peace countyt nine in laski court. So call her if you have a problem. President of Democratic Women and on the board of arkansas womens action for new direction. So, miss judy. [applause] good morning. Several years ago, there was a group that came into little rock called the voices of civil rights. They interviewed a lot of students in horace mann to get our story during the crisis. Unfortunately, i was out of the state when they did the interviews. I did not get in the interviews but i did write my civil rights memories. I tweaked it a little bit to respect the time limit they gave us. Excerpts from it. I was one of the unfortunate students displaced in the desegregation crisis. When the high schools work close. Horace mann was a black high school. Central was a white high school. During that time, it was great seven12 before they built horace mann. Thetended dunbar through seventhninth grade. When i was in the ninth grade they built horace mann which was the senior high school. My cause was the first class to graduate from dunbar when it became a junior high school. The next year we went to horace mann. Attempted classmates to attend. The governor ordered both schools to be closed to prevent they school requested integration process. The centralng of high School Crisis and what is now known as the little rock nine. Most of the black student parent during that time, including mine, did not have the courage to allow their children to attend. To be one of the pioneers. I do commend the parents of my classmates as well as my classmates for having the courage. [applause] to take that leap and become students at Little Rock Central High School. During night year, during the years the schools were closed, all the students except the little rock nine scattered. When in Different Directions in the world. Some of them stayed out of school the whole year, the majority of them stayed out of the school the whole year. Some of them went to Little Country town schools. There were six of us starring that time. During that time, dr. Tj rainy built a school for 100 High School Student seniors. Of us. Ere six offered an opportunity for horace mann seniors to complete their High School Years there. There were six of us who attended that school. The smith college. At home. S stayed the majority stayed home. Military but the the majority stayed home. I was sent to detroit to go to school. During that time they sent out messages that most would not accept students from horace mann or from little rock because they knew what was going on in the state. So, a lot of them had legislation during that time that you had to live in the state for one year or two years before you could go to school there. That was to keep us out. Smith college offered us an opportunity in january 1969, they offered an opportunity to her as man students to go there. After given entrance exams, there were six of us from horace mann who went there under unusual circumstances. We could take regular College Classes that applied to our classes. All of the hours were left over and went toward our freshman year in college. This tell you about my loyalty to the college. Roger was a student whose father was a math teacher. He was a 12yearold genius. He would throw a football across the classroom. I remember they would tell them to act as agent college. He was not a kid anymore. To act his age. You are in college not a kid anymore. I became a majorette with the marching band. They had a Football Team. It was during the era we integrated lunch counters. Nextddie boone on your panel was one of my classmates. Us went to woolworths and demonstrated at the lunch counters because they would not serve the blacks. College to raise a family 1970urned in the fall of attended every year until the summer of 1977 when i received my bachelors degree. He even know we had an opportunity to practice, we can think them for all of that. To go back and time, prior to the 1960s, black said to board the city bus at the front and moved to the rear past the rear door. We had to exit from the rear always. Rear was full and there were vacant seats in the front, we dare not sit in the front. I remember when we had public bathrooms and water fountains or whites. Said blacks i remember one particular blackowned establishment where blacks wanted to eat and but they had at small room in the back of the restaurant and we had to go through the back door to go in there and eat. Whiteont entrance was only. We eventually boycotted that establishment along with many others and they did not stay in business too long. Had oneemember when we black Police Officer and he could only arrest black people. I remember when blacks did not have the liberty to vote. In order to vote they had to have a poll tax receipt and in order to purchase a poll tax receipt you had to be a property owner, how many of us work Property Owners back then . You know what i am talking about, judge. Of today takee what we fought and suffered for for granted. They take it for granted now. Fromve come a long ways when i was a youth but we still have a long ways to go. Through allof this, of this, i was determined, like i said, dont ever give up. Like the lady said. I had the determination to succeed. Get my college degree, got married, had a family. I had two daughters, a grandson, eight granddaughter. My two granddaughters who proceeded towards their getdoctorate degrees. My grandson is a premed student granddaughter is a prepsychologist. So i raised a good family. I succeeded. None of us did too bad. Most of us are Business Owners or we are in business professions. And, in closing im going to say that when we had our 20your class reunion, of the first reunion that the class was, as i said there were 200 of us in the graduating class that word deprived. Our first year we had a reunion was our 20your class reunion. Our principal in 1959 presented us with momentum diplomas and he signed them. And that time, mr. Paul mason was our superintendent of schools. I thank you you all for this time to tell my story. [applause] course running out of time but i definitely want to introduce you to to more people. Richard, i have known him for several years in asked him to speak along with me at historical visitations regarding japanese experience in arkansas. Eight year, i called his presentation twice removed their code while he is telling a little bit of his life in the lost year i after he served in vietnam he earned a cpa, he is a Financial Planner and has written a bestselling book on business and works as a retired consultant to small businesses. So please come tell them your story real fast. [applause] to eye i think i am here because i did not do anything. I did not get to go to central high. I was supposed to but let me go back and give you some background. Back after pearl harbor was attacked back in 1941 my parents were farmers in california. So, executive order 9066, which told all japanese citizens or californiad to leave jail, basically. They were incarcerated. My parents had two weeks to get rid of it everything they had they coulding what carry. So, if you can put yourself in their shoes, what can i get rid of. Some people had to sell their cars. People would offer them five dollars or something. I know one family, they were offered five dollars, they said, i wont sell it for five dollars. They threw gas on the car and burned it. To face. That you could not take your dogs or cats or anything like that. Your goldfish. Kids could not take their ace ball bats because it was considered a weapon, as it is today and some cases. I was listening to people talking and try to compare and contrast what my parents went through. I remember it took my mother to a movie called snow falling on the cedars it was about the japanese having to evacuate the west coast. One of the scenes where the families were caring what they , they were to report to an Assembly Center similar to the state fairgrounds here on roosevelt. They were assigned a barracks to live in for six months until the camps were ready. My mother was telling me there was a scene in their where the people were walking down the street and there were crowds on both sides and she said, i and theythat scene were being yelled at, shouted at, spit at, just like elizabeth is depicted in a lot of the newsreels we have seen. So i said, that sounds like a similar story. It then they were put into the camps and of course where they had to live for six months and they did not know where they were going, they did not know how long, and they were sent to roll arkansas which is in andheast arkansas by mcgee dumas. Another family, has anyone heard of george take a . , fromloam george tokai star trek. His family was sent there. He was about five years old. Sitting in their house. A car drives up in their driveway, and there is two soldiers with their rifles, a band that attached, with an fbi agent and knocking on their door and his father answered and says , time for you to leave and goes to the Assembly Center. So you know, if you get two soldiers with they are nuts attached, they meant business. So there was not a whole lot bigger do. You know, i asked my father, why did the let that happen and he said, could not help it. We had to do it. So, georges father george asked his father that in his father just kind of looked at him, got up out of his chair, walked out of the room and shut the door. Never said anything. Just did not want to talk about it. So, i was looking, i was as my parents i was born in the camp. A twoyearold or threeyearold, you thought everybody lived that way. The times were good, a lot of kids to play with. But the parents really had, im sure, was traumatic. Talk about losing selfesteem. I mean, they were actually imprisoned. Everybody felt like in order to be in prison you had to do something wrong so they had that two of her, did they got out. So, as time went on, when the camps were closed after the war in 1945, a lot of people were allowed to go back to california where they came from and there were reports their homes were being shot at. The friends that you savvy would cross the street to keep from talking to them as they went about their business. A lot of the things they used at stolen stolen or ransacked. So they were going back to a very hostile place. Takeis family, a lot of them, were depicted as evil people through the media. Editorials would have an asian face on a snake or an asian face on a rat telling them how bad the japanese wear. The 120 i guess after us your question how many people know there were two camps in arkansas that incarcerated japanese during world war ii . About half. That is more than usual. Not a lot of people i think it is finally getting into the School Curriculum and people are learning about it but anyway, my. Arents decided to stay there were about seven families that decided to stay in arkansas. Everybody else with a governor named homer atkins during world war ii and in order said, well, he would allow the camps in arkansas but as long as soon as the war was over the people allegedly. They could not go to school here, they could property, they just had to leave. Doctors,e a lot of lawyers, college professors, school teachers, nurses that arkansas could have used by they were ordered to leave. Why my parents stayed, i do not know. Father was from hawaii, so if he had gone to hawaii, i would not be here. I would be on a beach. But they stayed and farmed in i School School and scott right outside north little rock. We lived down on the farm. We had to drive five miles toard town just to get condoms. It is a general store just to get to the general store. They had the best hamburgers you could eat. But anyway, we lived out there. Being in scott school district, i went out there until seventh grade. The high school was getting low attendance. I could see it would probably close sometime so i went ahead and went to Forest Heights to play football, basketball, but he said, ok. Which surprised me. It was 20 miles away and there he no freeway back then and being a farmer did not have time to take me but we did find someone new to me back and forth. Typewhen i was at forest 1957 i waseights in going to go to central the following year. In, i had my schedule. I was ready to go. I was looking forward to going. They had a great Football Team and 1957. Then they closed the school. That is why i am here today. Because i did not go to school. Audio] theegetable farmers out in field, in our paper today about how the prison is getting overrun, too many people, but i can tell you if they grew and okra patch in the prison and made them think that, the population in the prison would go down to half. Oprah goes from june until the first frost. It is a hard job. That is how i grew up. That is why i loved going to school. Because of on a holiday, i was out in the field working. But, not being able to go to central high was disappointing yes maam . [laughter] trying to tell me to hurry up. I will wrap it up. As i was going to the scots theol system, i was in School System to go back a little bit. Going back to the school, when arkansas, itcott, was in the plosser County School district. They had a Board Meeting to decide what school we were going to go to. Whether it would be the black schools or the white schools. I was kind of in between. I did not know which way to go. Ladies, the farm we were living on, she owned a lot of land. Alexander. S virginia owned a lot of property and scott. Shes done up and said, they are going to the white school. Was over. Eting back then, the difference between a white school and black school, the white school was getting most of the funding. The black school was getting shortchanged on the amount of funding they were receiving for school. Said there was disparity as far as education. [no audio or video] in the hello. I will be brief. Hello. Up, stretch ke you we do need to stretch, folks. I will be brief. I am the baby sister. I was the tagalong sister. I followed her like a little puppy, all right . That meansng sister, i got to sit at the feet of the little rock nine, all right . At domas house, at elizabeths house, at melbournes house. I will tell you it a cute little story. I hope you will love. It is that melba and minnie jean were those big old crinoline slips, story. I do you remember that . Why the way, judy, i did not know you were an ordained minister. Where do you preach . Toway, so, mobile would come our house because we lived one block from melba, all right . And, i was probably the worst little sister on earth, all right . I know i was. I admit it. I always had sore throats. My mother would always say, phyllis gargle with warm salt water. But i wanted to hear what melba talkingie jean were about. In the back . Abeth stand up, you are a great lady. Can you believe he took over my story . Because i wanted to hear everything there were talking about, i did go make my warm salted water and would sit next to them making gurgling noises. [laughter] right. [laughter] y . Es that sound bratt y . Little bad sister . Well, that is ok. I did want to follow in her footsteps. I was going to central high because i wanted to go to the prom and i knew the only way i would go to prom was that i had to get a colored boy to take me, right . So i did follow in her footsteps somewhat and that is, i attended Southern Illinois university in carbondale, it illinois. Probably a lifechanging event for me because i was not relegated to just being around black people. I had a neighbor from bangladesh and another neighbor from jamaica and another neighbor becameorway and my life enriched. My sisterld cry about but going to carbondale was really lifealtering for me. So when my sister was expelled from central high, she was taken away from me. Judge bannon yeah. To dance withing me . Who was going to comb my hair . Bowwas going to tie the behind my dress . Going to walk me to school . Those whitell of segregationists and i want tom want you all to know that, all of you that ticipated in not vicious in the vicious, vicious attack, i will never forgive you. Apologize and say im well, George Wallace apologized on his deathbed. I will not accept your apology. Or what you did to me now, all of the rest of you, you can recover and move on. All right . That i had to play with two brothers. I wanted my sister. [applause] so, when i read the title of wantedions in progress i to know, where was the question progress. Rd all right . So we lobby the mayor. We talked about what a big deal it was to graduate from high school. That is because at one time it was a punishable crime to educate black children in this country. 2017 withwe are again andsame policies, legal arecial policies, that trapping black kids and segregated are , unequal education. So they took us back. It is the same thing happening. The sameperiencing thing. So now we have a School Administration that is taking charterdollars to fund schools. How many Charter Schools have closed in little rock. Is that what this is all about . The lost year . All right. So do know those white women that were those white gloves and hats, that looked like little flying saucers, they were members of the Mothers League who created a campaign for voters to vote to shut the schools down. Yes. When gloria and to theabout she walked window and she saw all those contorted, vicious, violent faces, those were the mothers and fathers and grandmothers and grandfathers of those students who attended central. And so, i guess when education will become as paramount as football, because when the governor shut down the schools he said at least we can still have foot all. Football. Yay, team right. So this country spends more on football than they do in education. Said yes . That it was judge brandon and when he said it i cringed. I love this country. Well, i do not. And, dr. Caroline, yes, so everybody likes to say that little rock was progressive and moderate. Ist im trying to figure out it it because you had one less . Ynchings ban mississippi then mississippi . Is that why were aggressive and moderate . You only had 365 and they had 366 . All right. So, on tuesday morning, when we toback to work and we begin elco mise and we begin to into virtues. Sins yes, here we are. Celebrating. Go central go tigers remember that those same mechanisms are working. They still deprive these children. They even deprive me and that was 60 years ago. You disrupted households. You bombed houses. Importantly, you took and iter away from me will never forgive you for it. You, phyllis. Thank you everyone. Appreciate each of the panelists for their remarks. [applause] appreciate each of the announcer you are watching American History tv. 48 hours of programming on American History every weekend on cspan3. Follow us on twitter at cspan history for information on our schedule and keep up with all of the latest history news. Communicatorshe we interviewed for cyber researchers teaching the latest Cyber Security tech geeks and Artificial Intelligence at the black hat conference in las vegas. Even from devices like fonts, they are typically used i congressman. There is no Human Interaction beside your thermostat or maybe an industrial controller. Weve seen some attacks where traditionally, hacking was more around building and making stuff. More recently i think society has seen it as people breaking into systems. You know, attacking systems. But traditionally it is approaching problems, solving problems in various different ways. I think now is probably the most exacting time for hacking. The wealth of information is unbelievable. It takes very little to hack. You have youtube. Tutorials. 20 years ago it was not as much. It was a true wild old west. An exciting time. Artificial intelligence, taking it one step further. We as humans do not even have to intervene anymore with a computer. People call it raw data. It passes over to the machine. The machine on its own learns how to make useful predictions. Watch the communicators monday night at 8 00 eastern on cspan2. Our cspan cities tour takes American History tv on the road to feature the history of cities across america. Here is a recent program. While in concord, we toured the cities with former representative chuck douglas. Thank you for offering to show us around concord. What do people need to know about concord, New Hampshire . It is the state capital of little New Hampshire. It is in the southern central part of the state about 60,000 people. Run on the banks of the year merrimack river. Headquarters for president ial campaigns every four years. But, it is the state capital. About 10,000 state workers within probably 20 miles of where