Nearly 400 tons. I am curator of transportation and we are at the Henry Ford Museum in dearborn michigan. We are sending in the midst of our railroad exhibit. The railroad was a Major Technology of the 19th century, its not an exaggeration that is Steam Locomotives engine equal to an Airline Pilot today. We have railroad locomotives that tell the story of transportation in the United States but to the early days of the elective locomotive in the 1920s. This is a replica of an 1831 locomotive use any mohawk and hudson railway. It is historic now. Idea of locomotives and trains would have looked like in the late 1820s. It was located in new york state and became a part of a robot that would be know as the new york central. Railroads were very small and local, it might bring run 15 or 20 miles within local cities. Eventually we got to that point but it took a few decades for the local systems to list and grow into each other to form a National Network. People were shocked to see this locomotive and especially the cars. They looked like stagecoaches on steel wheels, thats what they are. When it was introduced a use the technology that they knew. It worked fairly well when it started. They tended to rock and roll designers realize they could come up with a more efficient system. When it was introduced in 1932 it would be the upper. Classes that would have traveled at this time. It was abouton three cents per mile. By mid19th century we had the idea of separate classes of travel. , all thepullman cars way down immigrant class, a simple wooden coach with wooden benches and that it. Travel, but it would be more or less comfort depending on what you could pay for. Passenger freight trains were using the same technology. Horses would pull trains along. He tracks they were defined by one type of locomotive and we will look at one of those in a moment. Those are at home on passenger a freight trains and became symbol of the u. S. In that century. This behind me is the , antessential locomotive 440. Layout,ers to the wheel the arrangement of the wheels, four wheels up front under the wheels,d for driving then zero trailing wheels. If we talk about Something Like 6, allegheny, it is a 2, 6, many more driving wheels on that. Picture a Steam Locomotive, this is by far the most popular. When we picture the golden spike it is both 440. Used onomotive was atlantic gulf railroad, locomotives their inexpensive and they try to get as much life out of them as they can but they age. Beenlocomotive would have and pushmaller down to yard service, selling a few your best cards around the you yards. When it came to the museums it was purchased by henry ford and put back into service. Friendsht one of his Thomas Edison out to Greenfield Village and herbert hoover. President ,it the 1921, which is when they had the ceremony dedicating Greenfield Village and the Henry Ford Museum. Edisoncalled the institute at that time. Iowas thought it was interesting as it opened on october 21, just shortly before the stock market crash. American railroads are distinguished between british railroads and Steam Locomotives. British railroads tended to be very wellbuilt, they often had stone bridges, substantial construction and fenced off right of ways. In the u. S. We are moving fast, so we dont spend a lot of time taking things permanent. They tended to be rough and bouncy, part of the reason the 440 could handle that was track. That ross track. Not unusual for livestock to wander onto the track. The cow comes out on the short and of the conflict, but his body could still be caught underneath the train so they cow catcher is designed so it pushes way. Auai cow out of the 44 this would require to crew members to operate, the engineer and the firemen who in this case would be shoveling wood into the firebox. The first widely used fuel on american railroads because it was a budget and cheap. We moved to cold by the mid19th century to get more speed and power. Thing that is required is water. We havefor granted water but not so much in the west. To build would have water towers. As we moved into the late 19 early 20 century the highspeed railroads built what they called pans of water between the rails and there would be a scoop that would drop down and the train would scoop up additional water without stopping. That must have been a sight to see. It did not work as well in the winter and they would try to keep the water. It would freeze up in heart some conditions. Locomotivethe diesel proved to be so popular. Up and ittive fueled was good when we think about the passenger experience, it would have been different for the passenger experience. If youh protection even are inside in the event of inclement weather you will get wet and cold. There would be embers and sparks being thrown up as well, many would be small but some could be fairly large and set clothing on fire. They would open umbrellas and things to protect them, that was fine until their umbrellas caught fire. At least you would have more protection from the spark and embers. If you opened up the window is the breeze was right you would smoke and slip. You often had private compartment compartments and in the u. S. Everybody was in the same car. Inevitably you would have some conflicts with your seat mates. You may want it cold and somebody may want the door open, you may have someone in their reading loudly, or perhaps weight weudly, the fly on airplanes today there is always somebody in there annoying. It could not have been done without locomotives like this. If you had to think about a symbol of the u. S. In the 19 , one would be the buffalo and when would be the 440 440. Behind me is our 1942 chesapeake and ohio locomotive, the High Water Mark for steam technology. They dont come much bigger or powerful been this. 730 pounds e to you are looking at well over one Million Pounds in weight, horsepower 7500. There is a practical limit to the size you can build this, and the allegheny is there. This is about as big as a Steam Locomotive ever got. It was designed to hold coal trains. That cnlsurprising would hold on to steam power as long as it did. Be tn now made their money hauling coal. I would say it is easily the most photographed in the entire museum. Not a day goes by and somebody is posing for a picture in front of this locomotive. About this,ething this size, it is so enormous. One of the most popular questions is how did you even get this into the museum . In heret easy, it came on its own wheels, we have a track in the museum so it was pulled here and then pushed into our museum but not without first removing a few pieces. Even then it just barely squeezed in. It has been here since 1956. I dont think its going anywhere. This would have required at least two people in the cap. Would be the person who was shoveling the coal into the firebox. With a locomotive of the size there was no way a human being could keep up with the demand. A stoker, it runs from the tender and pushes coal into the firebox. The firemen was still there but he was checking the fire and gauges more than doing the physical labor of shoveling the cold. The coal. 60 of these locomotives were built, built just in time for world war ii. Its called not just war material onto the coast but transporting troops even know it was designed for freight. They were entirely out of date within 15 years, Diesel Locomotives proved themselves to be more flexible in how they were used. You could add additional locomotives, but also additional crew members. Diesel electric you could string them up as many as you like. By the time this locomotive locomotive is, if shortly after , prior to that there were a number of different gauges in the south. Which was fine for local operations through the first half of the 19th century, but to create a National Network it cant be done because the wheels are the same. Change and the railroad is a Real Driving Force in the u. S. Prior to that people set their watches terris on where their son was in noon, it might be different in dearborn then it was the detroit just 10 miles away. All eventually adopted standard time, of course. We also have in Greenfield Village we have an operating railroad, a two mile trek that runs around the village. Experience, itus one of thentury, questions we often get asked seeing we have it railroad is how come we never run the allegheny out . An historics it is artifacts, we dont want to damage it and it would be extremely expensive. And it would be a bit oversized for hauling passengers around, and it could not make the sharp curves and it could not clear some of the building and station platforms that we have. As much as i would like to see that happened it will not happen again. They require constant maintenance and Major Repairs that have to be done and inspections of the locomotives. You have to make sure there are no cracks or weak spots inside the boiler, you have to inspect , scale buildses up on them and Mineral Deposits which can weaken the metal. And we have asked parents that have to be cleaned out as well. A great deal of being tenants has to be done this maintenance has to be done. They accepted the fact that all this maintenance has to be done. Ii, railroad see they can run for thousands of miles for very little maintenance. They realized they are tremendous economic advantage and were ejected very quickly. Work otives ingersollrand electric locomotive one of the first diesels in widespread use in american railroads. Asay we refer to them diesels, but thats not completely accurate. They are diesel electric. The diesel engines tuesday dust powers thectly wheels. It powers an electric generator and electricity is fed there a set of traction motor. Those traction motors, the election of move the locomotive up and down the track. It carries its own electric generating station with it. Diesel electric locomotives proved their worth, they require much less maintenance, you did not have to clean scale on a ash. R tubes, clean out you just top off the fuel tank and go for thousands of miles before it needed Major Repairs. They started with smaller units like this one which would have been used in switching yards, it might have been use live a power plant or factory and used to haul coal or cars around the smaller yards. By the 1930s, the electric started to move into Service Clean and modern and efficient and use by passengers. After world war ii they were you using mainline freight service. This is what they look like in the first generation. They were revolutionary. They were also much easier on the track. These side rods going back and forth, very cool to watch but takes a beating on the railroad track. To there much gentler track. We are looking at the front of the locomotive right now. It looks identical on the rear end as well. Steam locomotives can work just as well in terms of power, the problem is it is hard for the crew to see when they are up. G out that was a big advantage as well. This doesnt have the cow catcher when we think of the Steam Locomotive of the 19th century. The nation was just becoming much less world as a whole. Farmers were more cognizant of this to. Rare. Ame there was some concern about the fusion with these locomotives. To the crew what end is the front of the locomotive. When the locomotive looks the same on both sides that could be very dangerous, if you look at the size you see there is an as painted up near and asked f me is on the front. They are famously conservative even to this day. They hesitated to put money into a new technology unless it was proven. They were able to prove themselves before it moved on to the main line but proved its worth very quickly and people were quick to adopt it. Passengers were quick to adopt it because it looked so fresh and modern. You will see a lot of those streamlined locomotives that have the rounder slopes, they did look very cutting edge compared to a steam motor model locomotive. Railroads were looking to do whatever they could in the 1950s to attract passengers. The diesel locomotive he comes a quick success on american roads because he comes at just the right time. Toy had not been able replace these look most during the Great Depression or during the war. By the time the war ended and we get into the 1940s and 50s they needed to replace their locomotives anyway and with diesels on the scene, it was natural that railroads turned it to them. It is remarkable to our visitors to think of all the effort and the work that went into that allegheny locomotive, how impressive it is and to think 1956. T was built and by questions, why does this will look weird, totally unlike any other locomotive. This is just an early example of a diesel electric locomotives at a time when people didnt know what the should look like. A. S sometimes called it is a box or a housing around , andiesel mover up there then control is in the front and the back. See them wen we tend to see the caps on upfront, youd dont just walk in it, you go inside and you flip open panels and access a part of the diesel engine. You when you look at this see it is much shorter than moderate locomotives because it was debt designed by super service, and they tend to have platforms out to the side. You are often getting on and off the locomotives and here you just have a few basic platforms. We are asked why we dont operate these locomotives and the fact is these are Museum Pieces so we try to preserve them. Any time you operate your tent to wear away some of the original fabric. It becomes little less original with each passing year. There is a great deal of expense involved also in bringing them back so we dont do it for that reason. Something like the allegheny is far too big for the track that we have here. Steamhave an operating railroad in Greenfield Village. Three all 19thcentury vintage locomotives that we keep in operating condition. We like to see not only are we preserving the experience, we are preserving the skills required to operate the locomotives. Steve locomotives are being used in wide numbers anymore. People who are young and want to get involved in the program and we work them up through the ranks. Of cleaning up , work yourrk on the way up to firemen and then finally to an engineer. We are preserving that whole roomm of Steam Locomotive repair. I have a favorite locomotive and it is one that is out on the railroad right now, the 1897 baldwin. A beautiful 440. It is much more beautiful than the sandhill. I love seeing it out there little largerks a than the other locomotives and it looks out of scale. It has a beautiful whistle when you hear it. The Railroad Crews will tell you they think it is like driving a cadillac and is much more comfortable than the others. I like the allegheny, too, because everybody likes the allegheny. Have areotives we parts of the collection and we have added a few in recent decades. Can we tell the story better was some ring else so occasionally we have to remove things from our collection. They have gone to other museum and are still in the public eye. Do have a diesel electric locomotive that we operating that we use for some of our yardwork out there. We have a gasoline powered locomotive which is unusual. The gasoline engine is mechanically connected to the wheels so its not driving and elective electric motor. There, a turntable out so is the locomotive is balanced on the turntable one person can turn it around. We are trying to tell the story of the development of the railroad it goes from regional small carriers in the 1940s to eight truly National System by the midto late 19th century. Technological point of view we are trying to tell the story of the Steam Locomotives up through its peak of development in the early 1940s right up to the fair introduction of the diesel electric locomotive. Covera lot of ground to and we only have so much space for these locomotives and cars and they take up quite a bit of space. I think we have all of the major types represented. We have only talked about a few of the locomotives here. We have a couple other here and we have a number of cars also. , a couplesenger coach of freight cars including a refrigerated rocks car boxcar. Refrigerated cars like that changed the american diet. Now we could purchase fruits anytime of the year grown anywhere around the world. We also have the most famous of the freight cars, the caboose. We have a nice selection that tells the story of american railroad. You can watch this and other american artifacts programs by visiting our website at cspan. Org history. With a series of north Korean Missile test in the news, we decided to look back at the development of Nuclear Missiles and bombers in the United States. Next on railamerica, from 1959 the air force missile mission, appearing in his Beverly Hills home library actor and world war ii bomber pilot James Stewart uses models animation and our cable seal to describe how the u. S. Air force missile and jet arsenal is used as a deterrent in the cold war. Mr. Stewart, who reflects on his World War Ii Service and a b 24 liberator was promoted in 1959 to Brigadier General in the u. S. Air force reserve and flu of 1966. Bombing mission