Watch afterwards tonight at 9 00 p. M. On cspan2s book tv. September marks the 50th anniversary of the 1957 Civil Rights Act, signed into law by president Dwight Eisenhower. Up next on American History tv, director of the eisenhower president ial library and offered David Nichols talk about president eisenhowers role in getting the legislation through congress. They also challenge myths around president eisenhowers civil rights legacy, the u. S. Commission on civil rights posted this event. It is 45 minutes. Presentation scheduled for today. President eisenhowers civil rights legacy and a creation of the u. S. Commission on civil rights. 1957,tember 9, president Dwight Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1957, establishing the u. S. Commission on civil rights. This legislation was the first major civil rights legislation since the reconstruction era, creating but this commission and United States department of Justice Civil Rights Division. The law was a testament to the power of bipartisan compromise and survived the longest filibuster in senate history. The legislation was hotly contested, but reflects an origin point for todays National Consensus as expressed in federal legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 19 asked before, the Voting Rights act of 1965, americans with disabilities act and others critical legislation. There are some civil rights and must be protected and the federal government has a powerful and necessary role in ensuring those protections. We are so grateful to have with us today to individuals who bring a wealth of knowledge about president eisenhower and his work on civil rights. The first speaker is with us here in person. She was named director of the Dwight Eisenhower library, museum and boyhood home in may of 2017. She has served in museums across the southeast for her entire career. In South Carolina, she served as managing director for a local History Museum and on the governing board for the South Carolina archival association. Serviceshe director of for the Louisiana State museum, a state like vcm system that maintains nine museums. She has an active in the southeast museums conference and currently serves as the vice president. She also bachelor of arts degree from Louisiana State university, a master of liberal studies from the university of oklahoma, and is currently enrolled in a professional Certificate Program in nonprofit ministries and at the university of montana. Our second speaker, dr. David nichols joins us by phone. He is a president ial historian and leading authority on the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. The spoken president eisenhower and civil rights. 2007. Published in this publisher, simon schuster, describes it as the definitive book on eisenhowers civil rights policies. He wrote a book on the suez canal crisis, and his names book, eisenhower and mccarthy eisenhowers secret campaign against mccarthy, documents how he destroyed senator mccarthys political influence. Dr. Nicholskansas, has a phd in history from the college of william and mary. He is a former academic being of Winfield College dean of Winfield College. Good morning, commissioners, special guests, ladies and gentlemen. What a delight it is to be here with you on this beautiful september day. We are here to observe and commemorate the creation of the United States commission on civil rights established under the eisenhower presidency. As the director of the eisenhower president ial library, museum and boyhood home in abilene, kansas, i was invited to share a few thoughts with you on eisenhower and his formative years. I am rather new to this position, having only begun in early june. I still find myself learning about this great man. I am truly honored to be here today representing the National Archives and Records Administration and the eisenhower president ial library. I do firmly believe his childhood in kansas and early career in the army supported his belief in equality for all. Please let me share just a few of the highlights of why i have learned. Thats what i have learned. The eisenhower family belonged to a religious group known as the river brethren. His religious movement was primarily composed of german whogrants in pennsylvania are generally farmers, hard workers and pacifists. The eisenhower family moved from pennsylvania to the kansas plains in 1878 when his father david was merely 15 years old. Ikes mother was of germanswissprotestant heritage and born in virginia. She lived with other Family Members. They believed girls should study the bible rather than go to school. Point she was not allowed to enroll in high school, she ran away. She successfully graduated high school ph of 19 and moved to kansas with two of her brothers. She was even a teacher for two years prior to enrolling at Lane University in kansas where she met and married fellow student david in 1885. David received money and land from his father when he and ida mary, but he was not interested in farming. He sold the land and bought a dry goods store it in partnership with a man named milton good. It was located 25 miles south of abilene and hope, kansas. Until ae prospered int drought and grasshopper invasion destroyed the crops and the fortunes of the local farmers. Many farmers shocked and david store on credit and they could no longer pay their bills. The result was the closing of the store and david moved his small family to denison, texas in 1889 to work for the railroad. He worked as an engine wiper on the missourikansas and texas railroad. The familys third son, and david Dwight Eisenhower, now known to the world as ike, was born in 1890. He is the only one of the seven eisenhower boys to be born outside of kansas. Their extended family back in kansas encouraged the young family to return home, said david moved them to abilene in 1892. In matter where they lived, the family participated in religious services by Holding Bible classes and singing at the home. We know bible teachings were very important to the family, and is followedik and this followed ike throughout his life. The second family home is the cornerstone of our campus. It is the only president ial home owned by the National Archives. In this modest structure the lives of his immediate family, as well as his grandfather jacob. The family bible is on exhibition in the home and prominently displayed and the where is quite visible. David worked at a local creamery is a refrigeration engineer. He received his certification the right correspondence course, which is like the 19 century version of online schools. Andired 10 per week averaged 80 hours working each week. Ida was in charge of all the daytoday activities of the household. She taught all her sons to cook and clean and take care of themselves. Im sure you can imagine how much help she needed as she ran a family of boys. The voice tended to animals and health of planting and harvesting and putting up the produce from the familys halfacre garden. That was the main source of food. Those familiar with the eisenhower family know that they lived on the wrong side of the tracks. They were not considered affluent at all. Ike recalled the boys were not aware that they were poor and growth of the lift a wonderful life of hunting, fishing, helping the family chores and playing sports. I can imagine as any. Can that item was protective of her voice. She shielded them from any snide remarks about their handmedowns. She made sure they understood to respect other people, prospective hard days work and an honest living. She taught them fairness, humility and earnestness. Abilene during this time was not particularly diverse. One story has been handed down that ike while playing football for Abilene High School was the only team member willing to play directly against an africanamerican student. In a handwritten note now located in the army chief of staff files in our holding, d wrote, i played center for the only time in my life. I shook hands with the chap before and after the game. The rest of the team was a bit ashamed. Ikes willingness to do the right thing by shaking hands and agreeing to play opposite the student demonstrated his philosophy of the quality and his early leadership skills. Without his words, is forthright actions shame fellow teammates into joining him in the game. There are no records that discuss his reasons, but i believe ida taught him to be a good man, to the kind to others, do what is right for your team and for each other. I can imagine the bible stories shared as a family and hymns son together later role. Play a role. His other interactions with nonwhites were on the athletic field. He joined the abilene Town Baseball Team and played his cherokee indians, a noted team out of nebraska. And against an all africanamerican team. Eisenhower fought a boxing match against the local africanamerican fighter named dirk tyler on break from west point. In hisarly experiences personal responsibility and respect for others and still but his parents served as the foundation for his actions in adulthood. Ike spent his military career in a segregated army, but he managed to work with people of color in a variety of different assignments. He was brief and the executive officer of the 24th infantry regiment at fort benning in 1926. This is one of the historic opelousas soldier units. Even this buffalo soldier units. This was more than most officers experienced. First with service in panama in the 1920s, and later in the philippines from 1934 to 1939 where he worked closely with his hosts to build an army and air force. His social activities in the philippines included bridge games with the commonwealths president. Stranger toas no diverse cultures and people. Later some historians claimed ike never socialize with nonwhites, a statement easily refuted by evidence in our archival holdings. The armys official segregation policies, despite the official policies, eisenhower developed a close friendship with his army valet, Sergeant John m oney. He remained for the general until ikes death in 1969. His wife also worked for the eisenhowers. They were so close to ike, naming his son john and his children and they consider the moneys family. Last night a Family Member told me to stories. How dolores always a member that ike would take his hat off for her, and it was something very impressive to her. It meant a lot to her that he took his hat off to her every time. She reminded me that john was the only African American pallbearer at a president ial funeral ever. Eisenhower, as David Nichols will tell you, finished the integration of the military ordered by president truman and his final speech before the president ial election in 1952, ike issued a 10 point statement summarizing the pledges he made during the campaign and promised to fulfill them. Including serving all the people, regardless of color, and promoting equality of opportunity. When he entered office in 1953, ike was determined to do everything he could in his role as president to remove social barriers for all americans. Here is what he did either by executive order, executive decision, or enabling distillation. He desegregated washington, d. C. Schools. Event discrimination and firms receiving federal contracts. He completed the desegregation of the armed forces, and is included base housing and schools. Isappointed desegregation federal judges. The first civil rights bills since. Reconstruction served as the basis for the 1965 Voting Rights bill, according to bill moyers of the johnson administration. Those bills established the department of Justice Civil Rights Division and formalized his ad hoc president s committee on civil rights with the u. S. Commission on civil rights. He said federal troops to little rock to enforce a federal court order to integrate schools. He appointed the first africanamericans to executive positions in the white house, e frederick mauro. He had the first africanamerican secretary, and welcome the first africanamerican to a cabinet meeting, jay Ernest Wilkins as assistant secretary of labor. I would note any president prior to ike could have done any number of these things by executive order or personal decision. They did not. Eisenhower did not get the credit he deserved dental records released to the eisenhower president ial library enabled scholars like david pulls to for the whole story together. , an image ofbooks ike as a donothing president on civil rights prevailed among scholars. I think part of the problem can be traced to his words, or lack thereof. This can be traced to his core belief in both leadership and the role of the chief executive. Ikes creed was to simply expressed in his motto, we all know harry truman, the buck stops here, but do we remember ike . It is not well known. Gentlemen manner, strong in deed. This is reminiscent of theater roosevelt. Speak softly and carry a big stick. The idea is your actions are more important in your words. Ike did not have to say he was honest or humble or he believed in the quality. His actions spoke volumes. While his actions on civil rights were strong and enforced by the big stick of the federal government and the 101st airborne division,s rhetoric was quite yet firm. He did not believe it was his place to either praise or condemn the decision of the civil Supreme Court. Rather he believed in the constitutional separation of powers, and the executive branch through its action must uphold the law. In summary ike learned that right is right and wrong was wrong, in a higher power created all men equal. He carried these believes to the athletic field, to the army into the oval office for the advanced the cause of civil rights to the furthest in more than a generation. All this way the groundwork for the legislative achievements of his successors and commenced the important works of the u. S. Commission on civil rights. Thank you very much. Appreciate it. Next returned to dr. Nichols. Nichols yes, i am on . Ok, great. You for a great job. Staff, in members and regret i cannot be with you today and i am honored to be with you. As an american citizen i take great pride in the work on the commission for civil rights. It is indeed a major legacy of president iverse president eisenhowers. Program. In 1962, the survey of historians rated him 28 out of 34 president s. Recently a survey of 193 historians write tim fifth write tim fifth, behind lincoln, washington and the two roosevelt. A decade after my publication, numerous scholars and journalists still resist the documented facts. Dawn has given you an overview of some of use and i will send a little repetitious and dig the holes little deeper possible. Then we will come back in with the legislation, particularly in how it was passed. Just a ring for size would eisenhower did for civil rights, said, he desegregated the district of columbia. When he took office in africanamerican visitor cannot buy a meal, attendant movie, rent a room, or enjoyed on segregated parks, playgrounds, swimming pools or bowling alleys. Eisenhower personally lobbied Motion Picture mobile to desegregate movie theaters. His desegregated white house events. By the end of 1954 in washington, d. C. , segregation was largely a thing of the past. Completedntioned, he the desegregation of the armed forces. He completed completed is the word. President truman issued an executive order in 1948, but in 1953 most american combat units were still segregated. Not aober 30, 1954, single segregated combat unit remained. During his first two years in office, eisenhower desegregated the veterans administration, military bases in the south, federally controlled schools for military dependents and other military agencies. Appointed thewer first africanamerican executive in the white house. He created committees on government contracts, eliminating dissemination and contracts and hiring. And of course our point today is foughtsenhower proposed, for and signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The first such legislation and 82 years. In fairness, president truman proposed legislation but it was unsuccessful due to the stranglehold southern democratic segregationist had on the senate. Eisenhower had the creation of a bipartisan law rights commission. That is you folks. We will come back to that legislation. Let me just finish this main point about eisenhowers record. In 1953 he nominated earl warren, governor of california as chief justice of the United States. The president announced the nomination on september 30, 1953. With congress out of town, made a recess appointment. More and assumed his seat and began to work on the brown desegregation case. Lauren was nonsense warren was not confirmed until 1954. He has a Unanimous Supreme Court segregateeclaring schools unconstitutional. Idea later in brown 2, the eisenhower administrations Justice Department proposed School Districts be required to submit the segregation plans within 90 days. Desegregation plans within 90 days. The Supreme Court chose a less stringent requirement, bordering desegregation with all deliberate speed. Marshall said that meant slow. When the brown ruling was announced, eisenhower ordered the commissioners in the district to develop a desegregation plan for the districts schools. He later appointed four additional justices, all strong supporters of brown and desegregation. Dawn noted eisenhower refused to appoint known segregationists to the lower federal courts. His appointees to the fourth and fifth circuits in the south were courageous defenders of brown and desegregation. Mr. Medic action was his decision to send the one at her first airborne into little rock, 101st airborne into little rock arkansas. Violence or rubbed it when i never get a mac to Desegregate Central High School in response to a court order by eisenhower appointee. The governor deployed the National Guard to prevent desegregation. He later brokered an agreement with eisenhower ordered the guard to protect the students, with joined the troops. Withdrawing the troops. Then eisenhower sent in the 101st. The Civil Rights Act. It is a complicated active explain in a few minutes but i will try to. January 10, 1957, in the state of the union, president eisenhower proclaimed his goal of moving closer to the goal of fair and equal treatment of citizens without regard to race or color. His proposal included a bipartisan Civil Rights Commission, a Civil Rights Division and the Justice Department, authority for the attorney general to Seek Federal Court orders in civil rights cases, and protection of Voting Rights. That third part, authority for the attorney general, became the great bone of contention in getting the legislation passed. Challenge was to break the alliance of segregationist southern democrats with conservative republicans that have blocked trumans legislation. He did it, creating a powerful civil rights coalition. Democratic majority leader Lyndon Johnson cooperated and agreed to conduct around the clock sessions to exhaust the filibustering senators and make sure the legislation got to the floor, bypassing senator James EastlandsJudiciary Committee where it had always gone to dive. Die. The segregationist charged given the authority to the attorney general to see court orders would empower the president to use troops in the south and forced desegregation, and lead to the prosecution of the assistant court orders before a deprivingreby citizens of a trial by jury. Suits would become criminal prosecutions if the defendant failed to comply. With lyndonionist johnsons support religiously pushed these strategies to take it out of the legislation. Ikes civil rights legislation easily passed the house of representatives. Johnson was complicit in devising this strategy to bypass the Judiciary Committee. Vice president nixon read the house bill entitled a southern senator raised a point of order but nixon overruled him. Taking the bill out of the Judiciary Committee and making it official legislation for the entire senate. That set the stage for the big fight in july and august of 1957. 1957, the prestigious senator Richard Russell of georgia rose on the floor to attack part three of the civil rights bill. At section also proclaimed would destroy the system of separation of the races in the Southern States at the point of a bayonet. Russell doubted the full implications of the bill had ever been fully explained to president eisenhower. Russells attack put ike under siege. He worried the limits of the bill might scare people to death. Eisenhower met with russell and reluctantly agreed to consider amendments to the bill. On july 16, senators voted 7118 to make the civil rights bill pending business of the senate. Eisenhower publicly supported all four parts of the bill. He hinted at compromise. At a News Conference he proclaimed he could not imagine any set of circumstances that would ever induce me to send federal troops to enforce the orders of the federal court. They produced legislation to provide alternatives to military action. Two months later eisenhower sent troops into little rock. Ike could not hold out against the agitations stirred up by senator russell. Lyndon johnson met with the president and told him bluntly he had the votes to kill the bill altogether in part three state in. Reluctantly, eisenhower agreed to drop the provision. The southerners now redoubled four. Forts to weaken part they argued excess actions would actions would be criminal prosecution in disguise. There should be trial by jury. In the south in 1957 that meant an allwhite jury. Yes, lbj supported that argument. The senate voted to require a jury trial for the prosecution of criminal contempt for Voting Rights violations. Said he was aides angrier than ever before. One senator said ike was damned unhappy. Eisenhower hinted he might veto the bill. Eisenhower scorned them. Put so muchberals heat on to get a bill after abandoning all their principles. In the eisenhower forces made a bold gamble. They threatened to revise the hated part three if the jury trial provision state and. After big fight on august 16, demonstration proposed in Voting Rights cases a federal judge could act without a jury as long as the penalty to exceed 300 or 90 days in jail. Geton johnson still want to cosmetic bill to promote his president ial aspirations finally called ike and proposed a ceiling of 300 and 45 days of jail. Ike accepted the compromise. On august 29, the Senate Passed the final version of the civil rights bill, 6015. The 60 votes included 37 andblicans, 23 democrats some scholars still havent figured out if Lyndon Johnson could muster only 23 democratic votes out of 49 for this bill. The eisenhower coalition carried the day. Some advocates, especially africanamericans, purged ike to veto the bill. Even Martin Luther king jr. Concluded, the present though is better than no bill at all. The legacy. Was, a weakened the bill Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department survived. As you know so well, it still exists, making an impact for six decades. The new commission at that time had two mandates. One, investigate any deprivation of Voting Rights and study the laws and policies of the federal government to ensure equal protection of the law. Southerners drag of the employment process, especially for appointees perceived as antisegregationist. They were finally confirmed on march 5, 1958. Thee the 1957 act, commission has been preauthorized and reconfigured by legislation in 1983, 1991, 1994. I might add all of this is not what im in next for it on so i dont mind if you catch me in an error. The Commission Published its first report in september of 1959, recommending the federal registrars help africanamerican voting registration. Anthony for lowcost housing throughout the nation. They assessed voting in montgomery, alabama, and encountered fierce resistance from governor george wallace. They held here i er george wallace. In housing discrimination atlanta, chicago, and new york. Commissionst, the findings provided a foundation for the Civil Rights Act of 1960 1965, and 6i5, 1968. I understand that president reagan appointed a conservative africanamerican chairman, an opponent of affirmative action. In 1983, reagan attempted to fire three members of the commission, because the law stated that a president could a commission or only for misbehavior in office. At eight,sion makeup half appointed by president , half appointed by congress, and the terms do not expire with the accuracy the inauguration of a new president. They expressed grave concerns over the administration and its proposal to cut spending and staffing on civil rights effort in many areas, and cutting many parts of the Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department. The other enduring provision from eisenhowers 1957 Civil Rights Act. Stop. Hat, i will like with our soldiers, we should thank you, the commission, the Civil Rights Commission members, for your ifvice to the country, and this question about ike and civil rights confuses you, i can only say that the book is a lot better than the speech. [laughter] thank you. Thank you very much i enjoyed your presentations and i invite my fellow commissioners to ask questions if they have any. I really want to thank both of the speakers. It was very eyeopening to hear the background of where president eisenhower, who is not talked about that often, has an incredible record. Curious because he was so forward thinking on the issue of and yet under his administration, he signed in an executive order that officially added sexual perversion as grounds for investigation and the federalder loyalty program, and basically allowed the denial of security clearance for people who were lgbt. So i wonder about if you have any background history on that, with how forward thinking he was on the issues of race . Did you want to answer that or shall i . Quex it can take it. Those orders are explored in my new book on eisenhower and joe mccarthy. This is in the midst of the big red scare, and i do not excuse eisenhower for that. He was not progressive on that matter. You know, the 1950s was a tremendously homophobic. Justmophobic period, and the rumor that someone was gay, let alone the fact, could cost them their federal job. So i do not pretend they were progressive about that. They were more progressive in some respect than the truman administration, but there had not been any kind of anything in that, and eisenhower is frankly not that progressive on it. He i explained quite a bit in my new book e consider the appointment of privilege, not a right. And this is where the weeds get mixed with the flowers, they really worried that gay folks could be blackmailed by the communists, and in the midst of that communist red scare, a lot of people believe that. It, and is not excuse it does not excuse it for me. But they were not ready to move as progressively on that as they were on africanamerican civil rights. I have a separate question. My father actually served in a segregated unit during world war old japaneseamerican 447 combat team. I was wondering where eisenhower what caused this interest in trying to continue the desegregation of the army, and if he ever came across, had any comment on the four 42nd. D . 442n i do not know of any comment on that particular troop contingent at all. In my book how eisenhower campaigned to at least allow black and immense regiments to be integrated with right regiments white regiments in the war. He was turned down consistently by the department of war. He could not carry it out. They did behind the scenes, he did not make any public push for it, but any attempt to go farther than the government had gone i will not claim to much to that. Ike was in many ways a man of his time, which i think the important thing to remember is always gets credited in the textbooks for desegregating the armed forces, but ike did most of it. He was campaigning to do that even before he became president. Thank you. Thank you very much. Nichols,nd and dr. This is fascinating. Of thebeneficiary schools that were operated for military dependent children, and they were learned desegregated by president eisenhower. I grew up thinking that not only was he not a leader in civil rights, but all he did was play golf. Said remember that being in my hearing coming up. Kindergarten in 1959, in germany, independent schools. Birth, with my date of to neverrly uncommon have attended segregated schools , but to the efforts that i now understand president eisenhower was directly responsible for, but forgive me for interrupting, bless you for raising that issue because eisenhower desegregated those schools for military dependents before the brown courton, the supreme decision. It was a very important thing. I was noting that because brown was may of 1954, and i think he said that 1953 that was when he did this. So he was absolutely ahead of his time. I thank you for the information, and i hope that all of that word gets out. Let me ask you ms. Hammond, you said that president eisenhower did not his role as one to pick out or take positions on the courts opinions, yet dr. Nichols, you indicate that president eisenhower strongly supported the Supreme Court in cooper versus aaron. You say more in fact about how he supported that opinion . Are you asking me . Yes sir. Again, you read my book, havent you . No, but i will be going out to get it as quickly as i can. [laughter] people pointly, out this quote, he spoke out pretty strongly in cooper versus aaron, and this had to do with arkansas again. But you know, i would not oversell that point. It is true with joe mccarthy as well. Guy. S just not a we think of the president does not lead by using the bullet pulpit, they are not leading. That is not necessarily true. Lots of things are done by president behind the scenes. Eisenhower did it i do not have that quotation in front of me, but you would look up in my book how i did tell that he in fact threatened, told the head inthe Civil Rights Division the Justice Department when there was a desegregation crisis in new orleans, he threatened to send groups in again troops and again. Find the scenes, he was always in favor of it. The myth that eisenhower did not want to do anything but play golf is just tremendous and falls, and frankly it is a fault of my profession that it did not do its job. One more. You give the president credit for earl warren, my recollection of history is that earl warren had to go to president eisenhower to her thee times to remind him of promise that he had made, that he would indeed get the very next appointment to a supreme andt of the United States, that it took a little time, and it was more earl warren refusing to take no, or refusing to be denied that appointment, then it was ike enthusiastically putting him on the court. Would you say a word or two more about that . The important thing in that story is that eisenhower called earl warren, this was not a subordinate doing it. This was in november 1950 two, after the election, and province 1952, after the election, and promised him the next opening on the Supreme Court. Warren was very level on civil rights. He knew him well, and it is a complete myth that he did not knew him know him. It is still out on the internet, alleging that ike said appointing warren was the worst dam fool mistake he ever made in the presidency. That is false, it did not happen, but it is still out there. Having said that, why did warren . I do not have much in those documents about it . But the question is should he be the chief justice . When i can call warren in he had not 1952, anticipated that the chief justice would die. So he looked at it again as should we appoint warren chief justice, and they even talked to others about that. But with ike, you have to look out with what he does in the process. He is a very deliberate decision maker. He will try everything on for size, but look where he lands. Where he landed was on earl warren. Appointmentsrecess , which would be very controversial today, as you know, that recess appointment, and warren did not get the appointment until march 1, 1954. But look at where he landed. In myis an entire chapter book on the relationship between these two men. And there was some tension in their relationship, but i think it was primarily political. Warren had one for president run for president three times. I have gone on longer than i should, but great question thank you. , thank you. Any other questions . Thank you very much were both your presentations. I have read a few biographies on onenhower, and there is that both are you familiar with this biography . Yes. There is one where he indicates that in the drive toward the desegregatented to the Rifle Brigade because he needed more shooters. But the army was formally segregated. He went to eisenhower to get well,al, eisenhower said he cannot make that determination. I have to take it to george marshall. George marshall wanted to do it, but it was taken to the staff of fdr, who said they are not going to allow that to happen. Marshall then communicated that sayingnhower, basically that he cannot do it. Eisenhower simply said to patton do it you ever want do whatever you want to do. Is that true . I am not an expert on that. As far as i know, your account is accurate, but that is not do you know anything about this . Expert on that particular moment either, but it is sounding familiar to me. Happy was certainly not , but i cannoty validate that story for sure. Im sorry. I have explained, i have made a point in my old age of focusing on the eisenhower presidency, and i am not a war expert. I am sorry. A quick comment. First, i want to thank you both for offering a very interesting presentation. I am particularly interested in the ins and outs of the strategies of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, in part because i want to make a for my friend and colleague, our rock, who is a professor of law at the university of san diego. He passed away at the age of 100 last your. The professor was very closely involved in negotiations for the Civil Rights Act of 1957 as a law professor at the university of minnesota at the time. Between civil and criminal , that contempt, and he was the one who came up with the legal basis for the compromise that finally got the act through. I just wanted to mention my la te colleague, because i know that i speak for the entire faculty at the university of san diego we all miss him. Great man, thank you. Thank you very much, i will end it with thanks again for your presentation, for coming to join us. We are all very, very grateful that we are the recipient of so much information about the eisenhower. I also want to thank all of our staff in setting up todays presentations and making todays meeting run as smoothly as possible. Thank you. There is no further business, i ateby adjourn our meeting 11 50 eastern daylight time. Thank you. Next sunday, join us at 7 00 p. M. And 11 00 p. M. Eastern as we continue our series featuring oil history interviews oral history interviews with nationally recognized photojournalist. You can watch our programs anytime on our website at cspan. Org history. You are watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend, on cspan3. During tuesdays washington journal, we were live in annapolis, maryland as part of the cspan 50 capitals tour. Wouldest will be governor rutherford at 8 30 a. M. Eastern, and join us tuesday for the entire washington journal program, beginning at 7 00 a. M. Eastern on his band. This weekend on american we tour the underground Railroad Visitors Center on marylands Eastern Shore to learn about the life of escaped slave, abolitionist, civil war spy and suffer just herriot tubman. Herriota suffragist tubman. Harriet here is a preview. She was complaining that nothing was being done to emancipate people, to free the slaves. Johnssachusetts governor andrew recruited her to operate behind the confederate lines, so she was given a pass to travel from the north down to South Carolina and do her military expeditions. Andwas a scout, a nurse, spoke to slave people, as well as free people in South Carolina. They were told where the landmines were in the river, and that helps give them insight into that area, which is very similar to the swamps of dorchester county. They are both low lands, they are both swamp marshes, they are both dictated by the tide. So something she learned a dorchester county, it was very useful in South Carolina as well. Everybody knew that, so she was sent down there to help and on june 1, 1863, she became the only woman to plan and execute an armed raid. So herriot tubman, colonel james montgomery, and the South Carolina colored troops. They used Steam Powered gunships, which you can see here, and they came up the crumb river, about 25 miles into the deaths of South Carolina, and they burned plantations, rice fields, and emancipated 750800 people, which was very significant because people were property. Loss for thege slaveowners down there. She ran a smaller boat, reaching down to rescue people for their emancipation. It shows women carrying anything that they could carry. A basket, some chickens, and children. That is a big deal, because that is the largest emancipation event in the history of the United States. Watch the entire tour of the herriot tubman underground Railroad Visitors CenterHarriet Tubman underground Railroad Visitors Center tour. 20 4, 1957,ber president dwight d. Eisenhower flew from rhode island to washington dc to address the nation about violent resistance denying africanamerican students an attempt to integrate a high school in little rock, arkansas. This is the president s 13 minute address. From the president s office in the white house in washington dc, we present a special address from the president of the United States, dwight d. Eisenhower. He discusses the integration pri