Spacecraft launched to explore our solar system. Panel of scientists who worked on the Voyager Mission recounts the project genesis and discussed the discoveries made so far. Today in aere gallery that celebrates human and oration in earth orbit and human. Human exploration in earth orbit and beyond. We are here today to celebrate and commemorate with them the 40th anniversary of the voyager spacecraft. It was an epic mission to explore the outer planets. Commission that stands out as one of the most ambitious that nasa ever sent out into the solar system. To me, the mission has personal relevance not because i was ever involved with it, but because as a child, the encounters with the helped to define my childhood and helped to define my own understanding of our place in the solar system. I was too young to enjoy the slides of jupiter and saturn, but uranus and neptune i remember quite clearly as a kid seeing the images on the news and being impressed by what we were doing out there in the solar system. I could feel that i was one of the first to see these planets in such great resolution. Im sure several others of you born in the 1970s might feel the same. Want to note before going any further that we have a wonderful model of the voyager spacecraft upstairs in our exploring the planets gallery that is true to the actual voyager. If you want to see that spacecraft and its real fullsize and glory, i suggest you take some time to go upstairs and take a look at the model. If you are watching us on nasa tv, please come to the museum when you can and take a look at that model. I dont think you will be disappointed. To get started, i want to associatethe administrator for the Science Mission directorate at nasa headquartered here at nasa headquarters in washington, d. C. He has authored or coauthored more than 200 articles and referee journals on solar phenomenon. Hes been involved with several a missions [applause] thanks, everybody. Its really a pleasure to be here with you today to celebrate this pioneering moment for both nasa and for exploration history of humanity. Happy anniversary to voyager. [applause] of course, you know that on september 5 four decades ago, nasa launched the voyager one spacecraft. A little over eight years after the blast off of apollo 11 in a can 69. In 1969. Voyager was the apollo 11 of space science. A mission that changed everything. And not only changed what we think. Ut how we its about exploration of the unknown and redefining what we can and cannot do as humans. Children all around the country going to school this fall, getting their school books and looking at these pictures in these books and looking at especially the pictures of the planets commit many of these pictures of ours are pretty young. Pictures. S pretty ive taken images there. Out and all of a sudden you get to neptune and uranus. Every picture you see there at High Resolution comes from these spacecraft that are out there from the spacecraft that flew by. They are out there and we have not gone back. To me, its also the beginning of my interest in space science. Was tost book i ever got celebrate the upcoming launch of voyager two. I have this book in my office. For me, it was an inspiration. We all have a personal story that relates to voyager, even if we were not fortunate enough to be there with handson. Voyager today affects the lives of children all over the world. Born whenere not voyager was still on the ground. Half of humanity today was not born when voyager was launched. Were celebrating 40 years of discovery and exploration history decrypting everybodys expectations. Wager continues to provide us with unprecedented information about the place in space its traveled more than 13 billion miles from earth, the farthest of any spacecraft. Its traveling through the loneliness of interstellar space, having left the spirit of influence of the sun. Its expected to transmit data 2025. About voyager two is approaching the boundary of the it is still going. Voyager is the apollo 11 of robotic exploration, robotic explorer to the space beyond the imaginable. Its a Mission Driven by Scientific Research and enabled by innovative technologies. A mission of pioneering and inspiration. A mission that has opened entirely new questions that keep us awake at night today. The subject of ongoing signs its hard tos imagine without voyager ahead of it. Of the water below the icy s surface, again starting with voyager. We look at images of june oh remember galileo, one of the most recent passes over jupiters gigantic storm which has lasted for millennia. We are imagining the next missions to explore europa, one ns. Jupiters moo a whole ocean of wonders waiting to be explored. We just put an announcement out to make the next steps towards outhis mission is to map this giant exploration region out there and the tech interstellar gas in ways weve tech seen before the interstellar gas in ways weve never seen before. These technologies we have today allow us to go the voyager distance but we want to go farther and faster. Ofare dreaming of course t possibly traveling some time to other stars. All theo congratulate generations of voyager. Remember the ones that are no longer with us. We celebrate the ones making. Oyager work today in australia, it big satellite dish listens to voyager in the deep sky. Congratulations and encouragement to those squeezing every bit of science out of these bits coming from deep space to us. Dd,ant to thank suzanne do the first manager who began working on this mission in 1984. Many of her friends are here and im so excited to welcome you all from jpl. Many of you have started in the 1980s, others have started more recently. We wont say who. [laughter] im really excited that you are here and celebrating with us. Dr. Ed stone has been my friend for decades. The retired director on the 1972, aproject since major spokesperson for the voyager science team and one of the key contributors. Six new yorkte times bestsellers, which is still inspiring to me. The greater director of the interstellar masters project the grantored multiplan admission using the gravity assist technique to reduce the Mission Duration from 40 years to less than 10 years. Nasa used this with voyager and voyager two missions. Dr. Alan cummings, one of the funniest guys in any party will ever go to. A Senior Scientist who works with ed stone studying the nature of particles entering the solar system from the local interstellar medium and locally accelerated. I want to thank the national air and space museum for hosting us. It is a lovely place. Im here more often than you care to tell you right now. Educating and inspiring the public of all ages. Let these lonely spacecraft be our inspiration and drive us to keep pushing against the walls of ignorance to be researchers, explores and in fact voyageurs. I want to kick off a movie that was prepared for this event. Thank you so much. [applause] [indiscernible] we knew that the spacecraft itself way weonceivable are 40 years later. Look at the discovery theyve given us, including most place where the interstellar medium begins. Pride. The utmost [applause] it is now my pleasure to introduce our first panel today. Allow me to briefly reintroduce them. We have dr. Ed stone, who has been a project scientist on voyager from 1972 to the present. Fromve dr. Gary flandreau the university of tennessee space institute, who was the first to propose the grand tour multiplan it exploration multiplanet exploration of the outer planets. Who hasalan cummings, been employed at the Space Radiation Laboratory of caltech since 1973. Hes currently a Senior Scientist and member of the professional staff there. We have suzanne dodd, jpls director for the Interplanetary Network directorate. And we have ann, an author and lecturer and Television Writer and producer. She was cowriter of the Emmy Awardwinning Television Series cosmos. Ado, i willher start asking our panelists a few questions to talk about the Voyager Mission. We start with dr. Stone. To you, what is so special about voyager . From the many points of view, voyager represents humanitys most ambitious journey of discovery. That is its legacy. Tell us about the beginnings of the mission, the early years. Voyager began when gary that thereiscovered 1997 when a single andecraft could be launched flyby all four major planets. Downsizedhey had been a fouryear mission to those two giant planets and their moons and rings. That was to be launched in 1977. If they continued to work, they could go on to uranus and neptune, completing the grand tour of the outer planets as gary had promised a way to do that in 12 years rather than 30 years. We have him to thank. Voyager has made many discoveries. What are your favorites . If i could have the first slide, please, which shows jupiter and its great red spot, along with two of jupiters moons. Before voyager, the only known active volcanoes in the solar the only known active volcanoes were here on earth. A moonyager flew by io, of jupiter, about the size of our moon but 10 times the volcanic activity of the earth. Quite the striking change. The only liquid water oceans were here on earth. Europa was covered with ice and. Oyager saw it was cracked ice the Galileo Mission subsequently demonstrated that there is a liquid water ocean. Io being the orange colored one and europa being the white one because of the icy crust. On ive is saturday, one of the moons titan. The only what we thought on earth. Then we flew by and it has 50 higher pressure atmosphere thing here on earth. Not oxygen. That sunlight is treating complex molecules which create this change that cannot be seen. Luckily the casino emission appeared several decades later. It sought indeed that there are lakes of natural gas on this moon. Perhaps revealing what the early earth could have looking like. Only knownger the their northld had pole and south wall new the rotational axis of the planet was the flat rotation which created this Magnetic Field. Found theptune we magnetic pole was from the equator. Earthntral view from about what Magnetic Field for like had to be greatly expanded. The final object we visited and the solar system was another moon. Tan it is more than our moon. It is very cold. Is so cold that the nitrogen has frozen into a white polar cap. The dark streaks are geysers interrupting. Activee working on two geysers we flew by. It is so cold that even the nitrogen froze. Are and time again we extending what we thought we knew about planets and what we thought we knew about Magnetic Fields. Has changed and created a legacy of discovery now for many future missions to these outer planets. I will ask you this next. 1970s you would ask somebody how long it would take to get to neptune the answer would be maybe a few decades. How did this mission end up being possible . Used free is we energy. We are not using rockets. First slide up. This is actually the result of thousands of calculations. Ofusands and thousands calculations looking at the outer planet mission. This is was my favorite that we published. I put this up so you can get some idea about the angle of what the trajectory is. You gain energy by the way. Started from 1978 on that little line. 8135 degree turn. Here is where we start seeing the energy. I would come right back if i did not do anything. Jupiter o past jupiter is moving along and pulling its gravity field. I used to tell my students that a use to be about a volkswagen size. There are four rockets out that you could hook up to and get a tremendous boost. Now we have lost that spacecraft and it is on a spin now. It is over to saturn. I love this one in 1978. To clear out neptune in two and a half years. You can see the rings there was saturn. I would have to go between the planet and the rain. That scares some people. The cd has been doing that recently. You could get to your and us very quickly. That is going to go interstellar at that point. Key to selling this is to notice what happens every four years. That is what made at work. Along the bottom are the dates from when i was working. Axis those of the angles i was showing you and that last slide. I can see something relate remarkable here. By the 1980s or so all of the across the same side. That means you could probably get one spacecraft and hit all of those planets which is what happened. That is how it was discovered. Then with enough work you have to run this. Then you can find the launch window. That was in 1977 and 1978. It only occurs every 155 years. It takes time to build a spacecraft. We had about 10 years to do it. The less than this opportunity came was when Thomas Jefferson was the president. Let me ask you. Back in 1974 there was mariner 10. How did you know this would work . What other problems if you think would happen . A new it would work. That it had been known since the 1700s. You would gain or lose energy depending on where you are. I knew it would work. Earth there are the venus and mercury energies. Getting it done was the hard part. I will not ask that you did that. We will move on to alan cumming. Tell us how you first got involved with voyager. Voyager involved with because i lost the experiment i was working on. They went missing. Seriously. What happened was i was in canada back in 1973. I was doing what we have been doing for years which was attaching experiments to a balloon and take measurements. West 100was if it goes miles in the course of one day. You would cover it and start all over again. I thinkular time this is the only time this happened. The command to cut it down to network. The backup did not work. It just kept going. Right around the world it went around twice. S because half time russia noticed it and got it. That ended that experiment. I got back to caltech dejected and they asked if i would like to start working on a new project. That was going to be later called voyager. I said ok. The rest is history. I have been working on it ever sense. At 1973 and losing in the balloon it was not all that bad. I got to start working on the greatest mission ever. You are put at the right place at the right time . Tell me about your experience with voyager, what are your memories . Think i off the bat i was the last person to physically touch the spacecraft. Right during the last bit of the spacecraft we were worried about the fragile windows on our instruments. I was able to climb up in there and inspected. Our of the inspection process was to make sure that the on the were tight telescopes. I gave each one a little twist. If i was the last person to touch it, the next person who touches a will be a alien. When you bring up this slide. Yes. Teamis a picture of our looking at the first bit of data in 1977. I am the one in the front bench over. I was the will only one who could read it upside down. We were neck and really convince this instrument was working. It was and has been ever since. Am a physicist. Getting this into interstellar space was sort of the holy grail in my area of research. Coulds the first time you measure this distribution. With solar activity both parts are not detected. We can only do it when they get there. Not that we have been there we have measured it. That is important. Astronautsazard to on longduration missions. Sun goesow that the quiet for a time. Then we look at what the astros would have to deal with. Let me ask you a question maybe you can explain, how do we know voyager is out in hellers out in interstellar space . Echoes from our data. We know thathave that happened in 202012. Thele can along and said Magnetic Field direction did not change at all. That would mean the Magnetic Field were lined up. That did not seem likely. Then the plasma wave team came to the rescue. That is what you will see here in a minute. Wave. N set up a big last they reached the vicinity of it. That cause the plasma to us away. The plasma wave experiment measures the frequency of those oscillations. Has been shown here. The splotches here are discussions on the oscillations. It shows of the density that occurred was not inside the helio sphere. That is how we knew it went interstellar. Way many are looking at this data and try to figure out why it happened. It is a little bit more complicated. Doctor, you are currently managing the mission. Maybe we can ask you where exactly is voyager one and two . Questioning of the first graphic. Bring up the first graphic. I would love to say we have this model. We have to spacecraft that are identical. Voyager one is the one if you look at the graphic is going up and out. Space itrstellar happened on 202012. Voyager two is going down and out. The boundary cross into interstellar space. That is probably the number one question anyone gets. I always do for that question. Voyager one was actually launched second but it is traveling the fastest. For thisrst list spacecraft from us. It is traveling at 38,000 miles per second. Per hour. Voyager one is traveling at 34,000 miles per hour. That is 30 times the speed of sound here on earth. That so far away, how do we communicate with these crafts . Awaycause they are so far they need to use the deep Space Network antennas which are a large array of dishes. Antennas. 0 millimeter they are located in australia, spain and in california. So the way voyager operates is that most of the data comes down continuously. The neck comes down to the earth. We capture the data with this Space Network antennas. When we are listening to that data we capture it. We captured data from both spacecraft for six hours per day. We send commands to the spacecraft approximately once a week a lot of those commands are just how are you . The roundtrip light time voyager one is 38 hours. What that means is us as engineers, we will be an our office on a monday afternoon and send a command did we come back into the office not on tuesday but on wednesday morning and voyager will say i am fine. Aat is more than a day and half. That has its own challenges in communicating with the spacecraft. How are they doing . If we pull up the next slide. As voyager craft are healthy Senior Citizens can be. That is how i like to think of them. They are twin spacecraft that are identical. They are twin sisters. Each had different ailments over the years. For example voyager two is tone deaf victim was send a command to the spacecraft we have to put it in a different frequency in order for the spacecraft to hear it. Does not have a scienceg plasma instrument. What that means is it cannot directly feel solar wind and the high Energy Articles coming from the sun. Had to in further from a different instrument. Spacecraft had redundant Space Systems when they were lost launched. Things have broken and we have had to go to the backups. We have also turn things off. Er is a limiting research resource. We is generators on board the voyager. There are a canister is here on the left side of the image you are seeing. We use for watts of power per year. Now especially going into our fifth decade of operations that he is how long can we make these operate . Turn this we have to off. It is a balance between engineering and the science desire. We hope to keep this mission operating and to have science instruments operating up to 2025. It may be a little longer. We are not sure. Personally i hope that i can secure 10 years from now with all of these folks and talk about the 50th anniversary of the launch. The golden record is probably one of the most wellknown objects in the history of space explorer edition. What can you tell us about it that we may not already know . That it was think at the whim of carl sagan and one or two people. People fromonsulted all over the world. A lot of it was in terms of the beautiful music that was brought to us. Many people have said in a decade sense that the voyager record is the beginning of world music. That was very much to his perspective. Our desire not just to represent the embryo culture that created spacecraft but also the different ways that we found to express the joy of being alive. I found something out about the voyager two days ago that i never knew. In all of these 40 years. There is a peruvian wedding song. It is sung by a child in the ades who was recorded by wonderful musicologist. We never thought to ask what the words mean. We just knew it was a wedding song. We just found out that it is a of the maleictment chauvinism of that culture. Nightmare of being a powerless woman. That came as a complete revelation to me. I think there are so many revelations just hidden deep within the 20 pieces of music. The sound essay, the greetings from humans and the humpback whales. Been sounds like it has very meaningful for you. You have found a letter of meaning and the record. Have you imagine what it would say about humans to alien species if they discovered it . Every little thing of my life. Havee been lucky enough to that beautiful golden color etched. I stare at it on countless nights. It is unreal. They are as real as we are. If you try to imagine traveling alongside the spacecraft and then to think the design death they have exceeded nasas craziest dreams. When they say the wreckage will one billion years. It we are 40 years later and it could be longer than that. The chances are very small being intercepted. Of either of them being intercepted. I have imagine countless times some grad student on some interstellar steamer who has a whole collection of these adolescentrom these technological civilizations. They cant wait to fill the cosmos what they can do. Maybe rocking out and thinking these guys knew how to party. That simply the basis for a great book. We now have time for a few audience questions. We have a lot of questions on social media. The first one come from twitter. On yourelaborate brainwave eeg that is inscribed on the golden disk and the love story inside . I would be happy to talk about this. While we were producing the wednesday i asked if it was possible to meditate and all of the impulses that my body was giving off. My ekg, my eeg. Every single thing. It is not something we thought about that they can reconstituted as meditation. I remember carl looking at me and saying a billion years is a long time so go do it. I went to the medical center. I was hooked up to a computer which was the size of a room. Much more Computing Power in our iphones. I was sense to pride. I meditated for about one hour. Planethe history of the and its geology, its biology, its emerging technology to the best of my very limited ability. The whole story of our species, the history of our civilization since the invention of agriculture. Just a few days after carl sagan and i realize how deeply and lovely work. On june 1, 1977 in the throes of this mythic undertaking to speak for earth for billions of years. Part of my meditation is the joint of a 27yearold woman madly in love truly and love as every single heartbeat can affirm. That is on voyager. Interpreted then in some sense it keeps us all alive. The deepest feelings and joys that we have ever known. One more question from social media. Do you think voyager two will reach the helio steer before its ever he dies . Voyager two, yes. We fully expected to be we do not know the expiration. It has several more years. And 10 yearsrigid it will be a very big surprise. We have a second panel coming up that is going to be a couple of younger scientists whose careers have been impacted by voyager. First we had something we think very cool. E that is we are going to turn things over to Mission Control for the voyager interstellar mission. Tracy to explain. The chief engineer for the judo mission. This is that Mission Control for the network. This happens all over the solar system. To communicate with the earth. The voyagers have communicating this way for four decades. In fact we are indicated that communicating today. In celebration of 40 years with continuing messages on the voyager. You to submit messages of goodwill. Tohave selected the top ones have sent up. We are going to reveal what you chose and send that all the way over to voyager one out in interstellar space. This is from a chief engineer. What is going to be done at the messages today . The selected message is 56 characters long which translates to 440 bits. We are going to put that into our voyager command messaging format. We will then send it out at 16 bits per second which means it will take 28 seconds for the Mission Message to be translated. Once it is transmitted it will hours tottle over 19 pass by voyager on the way out. It will travel 12. 9 billion miles. From theansmitting antenna outside of spain which we called deep space station 63. To give you an idea of this antenna, it is about three quarters the length of a football field. Thank you. And the voyager 100 by the time i get to Elementary School we already started getting back messages of jupiter and saturn and those space helped with exploration. I have been a star trek fan since i can remember. I like how at the end of voyager the Motion Picture the alien spacecraft turned out to be a long lost voyager pro. Who better to send this out then captain kirk. I am so pleased to be here. To senda magical moment a message to voyager. It keeps going. It is great to hear that for all the little green people out there pretty. With that be something . He is going to be ready to send a message on your command. Should i press the button . This message was composed by a individual that was chosen by a committee of all the attempts message give us a printed there was 30,000 or Something Like that . This was down to 10. Now one of the 10 has been chosen. That i going to get me like to do this with the words. The message will go out to voyager. 19 some hours later. Are we ready. I am so excited. It is less than 60 characters. Thats half a tweet. Not a lot of a large space. Your ego. Now we open it up. Oliver is the message that has been selected. Am i going to read it out . We offer friendship across the stars, you are not alone. Fantastic. Lets what a great message. Are you going to send it out now . Hailing frequencies open. Send the message. Onwe are active threetoone. We are transmitting the message. [applause] when you think about the mysterious void that is out there. Suddenly we do not know if we are sending out this message that goes to the stars. We dont know how long it will take. I dont mean how long . Justelectrical impulse goes, does it ever dk . It will burn out eventually over many billion light years. Eventually if there is something out there who knows . They had no need for antennas. They have little it is a photon. It is electromagnetic frequencies, yes. I am so happy. Thank you so much for being with us. [applause] we are back at the national air and space museum here on the smithsonian grounds. We have our second panel, we have two new folks joining the panel. I will not reintroduce those who already spoke. We have a researcher from the jet Propulsion Laboratory in california. She has a degree in chemistry from 2010 study life in extreme environments. Currently she is a assistant project engineer for that mission exploring the saturn system. She is also a collaborator on the mapping imaging spectrometer. Instruments selected for the next message to the icy moon. Then a associate Research Scholar in the department of chemical science at princeton university. He specializes in that analysis of physical properties related to the solar wind and its the tion with lexi has published prereview about new horizon. A couple of very accomplished in scientist. Let me start by asking a question. How has voyager influence your career as a scientist . Voyager has had a immense impact i think im all of the careers of my generation. For me personally it has been more of a impact with the people. Being able to work with these has been an amazing. Scientist on another mission has taken me under her way with her mentorship i have been able to really excel with this knowledge passed out from these voyager veterans it has really been a incredible way to find my own path as a scientist and planetary expiration. Which planets that you study . Would say it moves are more exciting for me. I am really interested in astrobiology. I am really excited a lot about these worlds. The ones that are around jupiter or saturn. Laces that have liquid water oceans underneath the icy crust. He seemed to have all of the ingredients that we know of for life to survive. Here if we can show this it is a taken from those ocean worlds. It is around saturn. Back when voyager two was doing amazingwe captured this image. It is one of the lightest and brightest moons in the solar system. Unfortunately the platform jammed so it was not able to get leaving orit was passing by saturn. If it had it may have captured a plume that is emanating out of the south pole. If you go to the next slide you can see the Followup Mission still has another 10 days left in the saturn system. Watch thee you all to final grand finale of that mission. The next slide, this is what voyager two would have seen if that scanning platform would have been working. This is material coming out of these Tiger Stripes from the solar terrain. Ocean water spilling into space. Know about this because of missions like voyager. A voice of one building on to that knowledge and having a fun time to see this. Just so we can better understand this is there anything out of you could compare this to . The best comparison i think andthese types of plume editing would be a geyser. Like those in iceland. The scale is very different. Those geysers maybe spray 2 10 of a meter at most. Are spewing got out at least 50 miles or more. They form that ring around saturn. It is because of this material coming out. What are your plans for the future . What do you want to explore next . All of the things. Say the moon europa is tax paid i am lucky and up to be a part of that. There is a few more in the work. There is a later concept that we are really helping will move forward. Looking further out there of these fascinating places around neptune. It is orbiting backwards and it is spewing fall canos with nitrogen and methane. There is so much to explore. How did you first get involved in the helio Sphere Research . It had to happen when i was a undergraduate student. I was taking a consumer physics project and our professor came in one day and showed us these new observations. The interstellar boundary explorer is a spacecraft that collects neutral items. They are collected at distances were the spacecraft is paid were shown these observations, they are not totally unexpected. We had a brief animation that we can show. Was able to take a sky map which is a picture of the sky. So, what it does is you can see areas wherere those they are going away from the sun. In the background is that we see. Those are all those present programs from space. Only did not expect was this and going across the sky. It intentionally excited about working on it. This everto see since. We have seen voyager one and voyager two. How has your work that impacted with the exploration . This globals accomplishment. It action tells us what is happening on location in space. Using them simultaneously has been very important for research. Ever since it was confirmed that the spacecraft had left this program there were strange Magnetic Fields that were maybe not all that strange. The first result was absorbing son. This comes literally from the sun and it fills a bubble. It is sort of shape like a comet. Is thekely surface surface of that bubble. Outside of it is known and you can see the top roof is where voyager one is outside. Arrow ism and black voyager to create it is still inside so there is now picture. What we can see in this are showing us how the Magnetic Field is wrapping around the surface. We believe that what voyager has theseelling us is how Magnetic Field lines are dripping to the atmosphere. Theyre like look how this interaction will go. What about your plans for the future . See morecontinued to observations. It is meant to provide more important observations for the next 10 years. We areity definitely expecting voyager two to go down on the bottom there. Nextlieve it will be the few years. We will have to wait and see. Not only is it wonderful to see all these observations. It is definitely capable. We are capable of doing this. Hopefully it will be one of many. Now adequate have some time for audience questions. We also have a social media question. Hello. This is really a inspiring day, thank you for this. Thank you guys for all that you have done. Theselways curious as to planets. When set up these messages as slim as the chance is they will. E found about thes great fear nature of extraterrestrial life. With someone as brilliant and illustrious this Stephen Hawking they have its press to not let them know we are here. It is too late for that. Because of our radio signals. Broadcasting somewhere for about one quarter of a century. If the work is that we are here. Iswhat i find so puzzling admitted that is because i been so lucky to have such a wonderful life. We always assume the extraterrestrials are going to be much more smart than we are. After all they are a spacefaring society. They are technologically advanced but we always assume be just asill emotionally and spiritually stunted as we are. They will treat us the way we treat the rest of life on this planet. The wouldbe treat each other. Say beautiful until proven ugly. It just makes no sense to me att you could be that good the planetary quarantine. Figuring out all of the difficulties and challenges of being able to create a spacefaring civilization and still be out there hunting for lunch. Know, something to wear. It does not strike me as practical. Theres shares. They are messages in a bottle. Slowly. Lows our radio signal is out of that. Along massiveght 45 miles per hour. To worry. There was speculation that they were hydrocarbons. They are very low temperature. The service is mostly methane. What happens is as printed moves through the pieces. When some hydrocarbon like methane are Hydrogen Service to warm up it turns into a gas and that it starts with dope it me now. With someone afraid to the area where they interact with the radiation. Molecules which are darker and the color. Some of the great terms which means money. You get a gold star. Essential media question. Fromquestion comes clinton. When are the next opportunities for wifi. For chemical press olson should have to use a gravity assist. That would happen in the next 10 years or so to be able to do that. When youre in its orbit systemd the most massive as it was like this as we all arent there. Another audience question . I have a question about the spacecraft itself and debris now that you are measuring this. What about dust . Do you expect it to be like swiss cheese at this point, structurally . As it turns out spaces very empty. The record is behind it. It is there because meteorites in space would have indeed disruptive. Knowing they spent one billion years on your lifetime. Everybody told me that it is a waste of time. You cannot get to the astroid belt and that is basically what was going to happen. With advances in information, storage and the ability to crowd source like we did for the messenger today. How do you think the process of making another project like the golden record would be and how difference you think the end result would be . The opportunity to compress so much. We really have this epic mission. We could send it everything we are. Without any difficulty. It was a challenge in 1977. The peacheso select of music. That is the winnowing contest. It made him a sense of the time. To maximize the amount of information that we could send. And isaid it now think this is a project that i have a peripheral association with. This is dead is craft the size of 1000 craft. Each one the size of a lentil soup. Greater capabilities that each of the androids. A tenet little light trail moving. Ultimately if it for the successful that is significant fraction. Usually at helps to get our act together again on earth. But simply we have time for two more questions. I have certainly enjoyed listening to all of you young adults. Deceit that voyager has a future bid if there is something going around on the internet that i hope you can describe. That is that pioneer and voyager had been getting rid of planet x. Pioneer 10 that spacecraft was tracked very accurately. They look to make but that they had found a small residual explore a should nor by knowing physics. It turns out they reanalyzed the data. They have analyzed this from orbit. They have concluded unfortunately that it was really Material Properties having to do with the spacecraft radiating the heat away from the sun. There is no evidence that there is physics involved. Thank nasa. Ant to this happened five days before my birthday. But i would like to know is. What was the scariest moment during a mission . Clearly the scariest thing was when we lost a backup receiver. We had to learn how to send the right frequency. That was a very scary time. We have flown the entire mission now with this kind of stone deaf receiver. That is fine. There are many things that. Appen on missions once that happens it is old news. We have been lucky there has been no catastrophic damage. The risk of space. Things to happen. I went to think your second panel for doing such a wonderful job. Really giving us some great history and future of the voyager project. [applause] over too turn things our final part of the days activities. Through this on the screen. Voyagers final look home. A picture that was taken because carl sagan lobbied endlessly to have it taken. They were reluctant to take it because looking homeward met looking at the sun. It was a possibility that the length could burn out. As he kept pointing out we are not going to take any more pictures. He knew that it would be important for us to see our home fillingot as the friend such a changewas in the history of our civilization. I remember seeing the earth from space for the first time and cnet fill the frame. Seeing it fill the frame. We live on a world that goes through space. This is what we really need. To take to our heart right this because that is not the frame center of the universe. It is our true circumstances. We live on a one pixel world. Of the solar system, forget about the scale of the galaxy. Forget about the 100 billion galaxies. Forget about part of the universe that you cannot pet. Is we onlyestion know one small part of it. That is really us as carl sagan wrote so beautifully. That is everyone. That somebody who has managed to climb to the top of this tiny anthill on one side of the. They are threatening to destroy all of the life and beauty of this world. Another part of what carl wrote. It is like fruit flies fighting over a great. Know, that picture is the place where our scientific cleverness our changes and our brilliance. Our knowledge of the cosmos. Intersects with how we should live. Tom so glad that nasa seated karls wishes. In the bible it says you should you should have between two eyes and walk in the morning and the night. You see that. They began to treat each other. [inaudible] [applause] [applause] thank you to all of our panelists and speakers today. On behalf of the smithsonian air and space museum. Thank you all for joining us today. These come and visit us when you can. [applause] this weekend on American History tv on cspan3. 8 00 p. M. Eastern on lectures on history Temple University professor Andrew Eisenberg on the environmental groups of the 1970s. What i want to argue here is that the noble environmentalist was kind of a product that was sold to American Consumers just like food or cars. Father and daughter pilot of United Airlines pilot and a former International Pilot talk about their experiences during 9 11. Could take off and we had northeast. Peacefulo a serene and and silent sky. There is no one airport. Out to the northwest and we dont find anything. We were not heroes that day. The passengers on the flight were the heroes. Thet 6 00 p. M. Eastern Harriet Tubman underground railroad center. It opened up a new world for her. Got a little bit of epilepsy that would allow her to have these visions in a direct connection to god. She heard voices unheard people singing. She saw these amazing things. Terrible on the physical side but absolutely amazing for her faith. And oral history, her series on photojournalism continues. Shows theage that Communications Director pointing to the tv. That was the first time we started seeing the replay of such a power being hit. American history tv, all weekend every weekend. It is that time of year to announce our documentary contest. To the word to middle school and high school students. To your teacher. It is the constitution. The provisionsat of the constitution illustrating it. Our cap addition is open to all middle school and high school students. On then can work alone provision that they will like it. When hundred thousand dollars will be awarded in cash prizes. The grand prize is 500 thousand dollars and that will go to the student or team with the best overall entry. 2018. Adline is and go tour calendars our website. In 1945, american engineer, inventor and science administrator Vannevar Bush submitted a report to president truman called science, the endless frontier