This is one of the hardest lectures i give and it is because there is a mixture of history, but also personal stories in it, and for me it is a little bit of background. For those that do not know, who has ever heard of the ludlow massacre . About 70 of you. Archaeologists, at the university of denver did a survey of colorado and they found that less than 70 of people in the state had ever heard of the massacre. And of those that had heard of it, they thought it was a massacre by native americans killing white settlers. Ok. So, just a little bit of background. From my experience with the massacre, i grew up in southern colorado and my family have lived here for the past 150 years. Ludlow was my first filled trip in the third grade. Ith the college, he is up ended up studying with someone who had done research with hispanics in colorado. And i didnt research at the archives in our community. In the past couple years, i was able to sit on the Centennial Commission, 100 years since the ludlow massacre, so the governor appointed this commission. I ended up being the cochair of the commission. So i will have you guys scoot in. , iwhen i think about ludlow think about my personal connections, but i also think about the history. When i first heard of it i was a little kid. And when i sat on the Centennial Commission i had children by that time, so after having children ludlow meant Something Different to me than it had before. I will tell the story about three different families, the first is the i will start off playing a little bit of a song, is about mary and her experiences in the winter of 1913 and 1914. I will only play a minute of it. Mary and her husband took their children to town to ride the train to trinidad two soldiers come around she did not know their names she had seen them both before at the old house they used to knock on her door they said where you think you are going . Where are you going today . You best take your Children Home but your husband will have to stay depotnnot board in this you cannot ride the train out of ludlow this is amontoya song that was sung at the 100 anniversary of the massacre. These are the four children of mary in 1913. Ry as bernard, ma sorry, lucy and joe. This is her husband. And this is in the spring, sorry, the fall of 1913. Mary is married to a coal miner. She is the daughter of a coal miner. She is somebody that grew up in the coalfields of southern colorado. Is also married to a coal miner. One of the things that happens in southern colorado, the winter of 1912 and 1913 is really dangerous in the coal mines for a variety of reasons. Coal mining is a dangerous profession regardless of what people might argue, even today. You have people digging into the earth to extract the cold. Coal. The women of the families are used to hearing about accidents, so the profession is not just about the men going out and laboring. The next family, i will go into more detail about these ladies later on. The next family is the Rockefeller Family. This is John D Rockefeller junior and senior. I want you to pull out your cell phones, and i want you to google the american that has ever lived. Bing, or safari. I am a googler. Google google. Ll who do we find . We find John D Rockefeller. Whose wealth even today, if you compared it dollars two dollars today would still be one of the wealthiest americans who ever lived. Does anybody know how he was able to amass his wealth . [indiscernible] professor montoya perfect. What does a monopoly look like . [indiscernible] professor montoya explainer. You have these other companies that distribute oil, however you own them through corporate rights, for oil rights, so they can sell it but you will get all the profit. So you can set the prices how you want. You have no competition. And you have to buy it because you cannot get it anywhere else. Professor montoya so if i own all of the gas stations, one was named sheel, one is 7eleven, but i own all of them. That is one way of having a monopoly. Fields, iown the oil have the gas manufacturing, i own the gas stations, and then i own the power plants. That is how the rockefellers got their wealth and he does it all the way through standard oil. The Rockefeller Family was actually invest in southern colorado because southern colorados coal is also a fuel company as well. They will take their money and invest it in colorado. The other thing is how often do you think that John D Rockefeller senior, or junior, will actually show up in southern colorado . Never. Why would they . I know, why would you come to pueblo . Middle of nowhere, not a lot happening. So if they come they will come by train. Then they will maybe have access to a little car, rickety cars, they were actually knew. It will take effort. So it is important about the rockefellers, they are not physically present in southern colorado said they are not observing what is happening. For life, for mining, what do you think that would look like . Without reading my site. My slide . Obviously, dangerous. Professor montoya can i have you repeat that . Obviously, dangerous. They probably are not making much money. Hard labor. And they are working really hard. So probably some kind of poverty. Professor montoya so they are in poverty. But they are working. They are working, but they still do not have any money. So the best example to explain it is i call it the cycle of debt. I will relate it to Student Loans. You will go to college, some of you have to take out Student Loans to pay for everything. Every year you end up taking out more. Cost increases and your life increases every year. You will graduate from college and what is the first thing you will need . A job. Professor montoya you will get a job. Say you are going to make 45,000 a year. Ok . Is that it . I have a job. Where will you live . Over here. [indiscernible] professor montoya will you have an apartment, buy a house . Nothing. You will stay with your parents. You will probably stay with their parents and live off of them until they kick you out. Lets imagine you will buy a house. You have been driving a crappy car, so you will buy a new car. And you will get new loans. And you start looking at your debt and you realize that the ratio is unbalanced. You are basically having to live in a cycle of debt. This is the experience of Many Americans today. So that is what will happen to those living in colorado, because in order to live in southern colorado you have to have a house to live in. The Company Comes up with this great idea. This is what the coal miners, were living in they were living in a doubly structures adobe structures. These are the types of houses the mexicans built for themselves. So this is about 1903, the coming decided we will build all of the wooden structures because we do not want employees living in the dirt. So they tear down the houses, or they have to move out, and they put them in the wood houses. And what do you think the first thing they do . Charge them rent. Professor montoya charge them rent. Before there was no rent. Now there is rent. What do you use to heat the homes . Coal. Professor montoya do you think they will give them a discount . No. It is at cost. Is it easier to heat an adobe house . Yes. Professor montoya why . It is insulated. Professor montoya how . Naturally. Professor montoya it is what . Mud and hay. Professor montoya it is dirt. It is this thick. So the wood wall is about the stick. Thick. That is adobe. And you will use less coal in this house. So you get charged rent, you have to pay at cost for coal. And in the coal camps you have to shop at the company stores. They can pay you in script, which they do not use u. S. Currency, they use company money. So you might work and say maybe 100 you make any month, but the first cost is rent. 20. This is in general. And you had to borrow money this month, may be put something on credit in the company store, so you pay that. What end up happening is at the end of the month the minors do not have money, and what they do have his company scrip. If they complain to the employer, what will happen . [indiscernible] professor montoya what . They will lose their job. And if the rockefellers own a monopoly in the east coast, do you think there will be a monopoly of coal in southern colorado . Right. If you look at trinidad, all around that, mining communities. So all of these places and southern colorado are owned by the Rockefeller Family at the time. And if you get blacklisted or say you will not work at one location, you will not work any of the locations. Questions . This is really key, because we are talking about populations, minors in southern Colorado Coal miners in southern colorado that cannot leave the area. You also have others coming into the area. You will have immigration coming from all areas, 1921 different linkages spoken in southern colorado languages spoken in southern colorado at the time. Sorry, i will go back. In these working conditions you also have dangerous conditions. Again, 1912 and 1913 are considered to be some of the most dangerous years in colorado for mining deaths. You have to think about the coal miners digging into the side of the mountain and the further you go in the better coal you will get. What you need to take into the g and to thei the dig side of the mountain . You need explosives. You will like the dynamite light the dynamite. And will happen . You could get killed by the explosion. You are putting in timbers to protect you. And andy were digging, what are you using to light . Did they have electric lights . No. You had handheld kerosene lanterns. So you are digging into the ground and you are using pickaxes. If a rock falls and breaks open the lantern, what happens . It explodes, because of all the coal dust. So they were mining safety laws that were supposed to protect the workers. This company did not abide by those laws. Coal the fall of 1913, miners decided to go on strike. They go on strike after one of the Union Organizers is actually shot on the streets of trinidad. It upsets people in the coal mines and the go on strike and the strikes start in september of 1913. What do you think the company owners, how do you think they responded . Said, see you later. Professor montoya see you later. You have been living in the company homes, that we toured on the other homes for, you are living in this one, but it is owned by the company. Will i let you live in this house if you are refusing to work for me . No. So they end up getting evicted. They move on to the plains of southern colorado. I am a little bit ahead of myself. I need this picture of the tent colony. So, outside of one of the, when evicted a group will be moving on to the plains and into what is known as the ludlow tennant company. The National Guard is called out. Sorry, let me go back. When they go on strike, they put together pamphlets. This is an example of what the National Guard will use to protect the camp or enforce colorado laws at the camp. And this is just some more publications about what the are trying workers to encourage other people to know about what is happening in the mines. Over here it says, these are the seven demands, one is that they want recognition of the union, they want tempers the advancement in their wages, they want an eight hour workday, they want to be paid for the work going into the mines, eye the time they are only getting paid for whatever coal they bring out. They also want their own check lehman laymen. So the people weighing it are saying it is only so much, because there are rocks in it. So they want to be able to go be on the company store. They want to trade in their communities and go to trinidad and other areas to purchase products. The last one is asking for the enforcement of the colorado mining laws. May want the laws to be obeyed. When the National Guard is called out. It is the National Guard, is people volunteering with the military forces. They were used for strike breaking. The toers will refer them as the state militia, sort of saying, you are not really in the army, you are a militia that you raise of yourselves. So the strike will happen and the governor of the state of colorado, he will be siding with the National Guard and with the company. The company in denver, they will tell other denver businesses, you do not want to support the strikers because if there are strikes in southern colorado it could extend throughout the rest of the nation and it could affected negatively. So the governor of colorado actually puts together what they groups thatnds, will be paying to fund the National Guard. We have a class war. Supported byguard, wealthy americans, and then miners, immigrants. Questions . Ok. In january of 1914, you have mother jones, or mary harris, who is very well known as a union agitator. She will come into the camps and people talk about how she had a filthier mouth than men and she would tell the men, are you cowards, or are you willing to fight for your rights . I am willing to fight for your rights, but are you . She is imprisoned in january and a group of about 1000 women will march the streets of trinidad in protest of this. As they are marching through the streets, the colorado National Guard is president and the leader of the National Guard, john chase, at one point falls off of his horse and the women start laughing at him. He gets back on his horse, he turns around, and as he turns around his spur strikes a woman in the face. Down theders to ride women. They divide the women, running them down to try to stop the protest. And the people at ludlow hear about this and it becomes clear that the National Guard is not there to defend their rights. Ok. Mary petrucci, also living in the tent colony, remember the song talking about her desire to go to trinity . She has a young boy, bernard, who is sick. She wants to take him on the train to trinidad, only about 10 miles away. She goes to the train station, but the colorado National Guard will not let her on the train. Imagine having a sick child, four years old, who is super sick and you know if you can get him to a doctor there is a chance he can live, but you are physically not able to take him because the National Guard will not let you. Bernard ends of dying. So for mary, this is very much about the lives of her children and the lives of her spouse. Ok. Guard, this is this was a mounted machine gun and they would take it through the colony to terrorize people and they would shoot into the tents. 1913 is considered to be one of the coldest in colorado history. Have theu will National Guard riding up and down. John d rockefeller is sitting before a congressional hearing and they are talking about the miners on strike and he is talking about the idea that they are on strike, and it is ok because they need to develop ideas about what a Company Union might look like in his argument is we do not need a union of the miners, we need one run by the company. These are some of the questions he is asking. Is rockefeller talking about it, and this is the congressional, those individuals saying, so basically this is what we need, open camps, and at any cost we cannot let them unionize as part of the United Mine Workers. And you will do that at the cost all of your property and kills all of your employees . And he responds ison april 19, 1914, it greek easter. You have the greeks in the mining camp and they want to celebrate easter. They have a baseball game and in the middle of the baseball game National Guards try to stop the game and they tell them, you have your fun today and we will have our fun tomorrow. On the morning of april 20, questionable about what happened, but there is an exchange of gunfire on each side. The National Guard attacks the camp. Triesdividual in the camp to go to the National Guard and ask them to stop fighting so they can get the women and children out. He is hit in the back of the head and then shot and killed. He is left on the train tracks for three days, dead. Other individuals will try to get out. Will try and he is shot in the back. When he is dying, he talks about his family and making sure they are safe and is still alive. By the end of the day, the National Guard, in order to stop the fighting they decide to pour kerosene on the colony and light a fire so that it burns everything down. So i will play a clip called the ludlow massacre, by a very well known musician. It is John Mccutcheons who is singing it. Here this spring the strike was on they were miners that thehouses, Company Owned and they set up tents down an old ludlow i was worried about my children soldiers guarding on the railroad bridge everyones in a while once in awhile bullets would fly kicking up the gravel underneath my feet we were so afraid they would kill our children that we dug seven foot deep we carried the young ones and the pregnant women down into the cave to flee isfessor montoya so this lewis out by the railroad tracks. The story is the train continued to pass by during the massacre. At one point, the train will actually stop so that the women and children and the miners running away will actually be able to get across to a safer area. After the massacre, again his body is left there, the trains continue to pass. So every train sees the body there. So people go to denver and they say, what is going on, there are people who have been killed at ludlow and we need to do something about it. So the president will eventually call federal forces to come in. Caveis the hole or the that the song is talking about. The coal miners are living in the tents. You have one room they are living in, a stove, a bed if they are lucky, maybe a mattress on the floor. Underneath many of the tents, there is a hole that conserve as cellars. This one was used as a maternity chamber. The best way to explain it, if you are a coal miner, you can dig and you can actually make a hole look pleasant. Some had fabric and it looked like an additional room. When i say it is a maternity chamber, you have to imagine from the fall of 1913 until the spring of 1940 you will have a number of women in the colonies that are pregnant. They will need a place to actually give birth to their children. So this is what, this is the hole they are talking about. I am going to skip ahead. And i want to go back. To is one of these women. The story is she had a full term pregnancy on the morning of the massacre. She goes in with her three children to the tent cellar. Then it goes into debate. Some people say she gave birth in the cellar. And she gave birth to a child that did not make it out. You have 15 people going into the tent cellar 11 of them, children and four of them are women. And only two of the women emerge. Costa is not one of them. When they found her body, they turned her over and she was holding her newborn baby in her arms. Ok. So again, her husband charlie died. So all of them will end up dying at the massacre. When they are, when they go into the tent cellar, when the National Guard set fire to the tents, all of the smoke will actually go into the cellar and they will end up suffocating. This is a grave marker for all of the family, down in trinidad. 4, andve lucy, baby tony, who had died before the massacre. , bernard who died in february 1914. Mary goes into the cellar because she believes it is the only way to protect her children from the gunfire. She is the only one to come out. The story is, when she comes out, the next day she wanders to wherever the people are and she tells them, i do not know where my children are. I do not know what happened to them. So people go back to the seller and this is where they find all the women and children who have been killed. , the story is she is the one of the monument was modeled after. She will travel all throughout the u. S. Talking about what happened to her children. One thing she tells people is i do not want what happened to my children to happen to other people. Happen to other people. It is important we respect the rights of workers. These are the names of the people who died in the seller. Cellar. As an petrucci and petrucci children. This is a picture of the petrucci family probably five to 10 years before, 10 years after the massacre. So you will and petrucci childr. See there is a bunch of kids there, right . You go back to this slide, it says thomas foley, baby, mary is in the back, jean and rose were born later. So you have lucy, frank, and joseph in this picture here, but lucy, frank, and joe died at ludlow. Mary and her husband actually name a second set of children after the ones that died in the massacre. There is this guy names Frank Petrucci who lived, a hundred years old, and his daughter elaine petrucci used to speak at the massacre memorials. If it had not been for ludlow, i dont know if my father had been born or if my parents my grandparents would continue to have kids. I know for sure my name would not have been frank. Any questions about that . Clarification . Things i might have missed . Eventually the u. S. Federal government will hear what is happening in colorado. You will have i cannot remember his name. He will have Upton Sinclair living in new york at the time, rockefellersthe mansion. Will knock on their door. He is kicked out, he will stand at the gates of the mansion protesting and saying you have killed women and children in southern colorado, and you have to answer for this. This is a news report, will knos paper, president wilson considers taking over the Colorado Coal mines. This is another newspaper article talking about a plead for truth in the strike zone. Then you have the uprising in mexico. A lot of people preparing for the mexican revolution and compared this to the colorado massacre. Wilson will call the National Guard troops to come to colorado to stop all the fighting. The shrike will and, it will not end until december 1914. I want to talk about the memorial in modernday. Anyone actually been there . You have . It is off interstate 45. This is the sign for the monument. It is about 75 miles from where we are. It is nothing super exciting. It is a cemetery more so than anything else. People that died there mostly get buried in trinidad. The is the chavez hole from picture and the song earlier. The National Guard the United Mine Workers seal it up to prevent you can walk down into it. Metal door, when you pick it up, superheavy, and when you have gone down, you can hear the slam. The slam will resonate. And then what is the monument today. On the back of it are the women and children, the people that were killed in the seller cellar. I think for me at this point i want to talk about reflections i have had working on this experience. This as italk about called the blood on the ground, when people go to ludlow. Some of them have experiences where they say it was very touching. For me it was something after thirdgrade i spent in my memory, but it is something that has come to live on in my mind. I think about it a lot. I think the pieces that i think about are the fact that you have people who are considered american citizens, who were working in the cause of building a nation through mining the coal , who were not represented by their company at the time, who did not have a voice to be able to fight against the system that was so unfair to them. , think a lot about the women because if the working conditions are so dangerous for the men, you have to think about the women. They may not have the as dangerous, have been as dangerous, but they had to live in the camps. That is the reality not just their fathers and husbands are coal miners, but the fear this will be their sons. Most boys start mining around 14 years old. For mary, that is something she will be living with. The idea to strike is not just we want better wages, we want to shop at company stores. It is about whether or not they want husbands to live and their children to live. Keyof the pieces i think it , youth key, they were quite what with the law cap the time. That on avery clear national level, they were not seen as citizens are being represented in this context. For me it is about being a parent. I used to never wanted want to identify as a mom because it was never coming i would see myself as. Never something i would see myself as. When you look at the names of the people that died and children that died, and i sat on the commission from 2013 to 2015, and in that time i had a fouryearold and a newborn child. I would go to ludlow with my kids. I thought about that. My kids are playing on the ground other kids have played on that died. It became president to me that these are still things that can happen, things in the news. What happens when people are trying to fight for what they perceive as their rights and those are denied the other people that have power. Questions . Or comments. Nothing at all. Yeah . How did they get their tents if they didnt professor montoya the United Mine Workers set up everything. They collected everything, resources. The university of denver archaeology went out in the mid2000 and give did an exhibition. Excavation they found cans that have been shipped in from other locations. It was people not just sending money to support the union but people sending products. It became obvious this was something people were aware of. You will see that today. It is harder because we dont have union in the same ways, but you will see that. It is not just United Mine Workers, but yet it still workers or something. Steelworkers or something. Where they had all the increase, orwage the ever recognized . I wouldr montoya suggest eventually. One of the questions i was asked , in the ludlow commission we had the opportunity we had a Panel Discussion at the colorado historical society. It was myself, the director of , a guyted mine workers that was considered the book on the ludlow massacre, and a National Guard historian. So one thing we were asked, what does it matter if they win or not . And you would say no, you have this focus of people that died, their demands are not met. It was interesting because the regional director said, how many hours a day do you work . Do you get paid in cash . If look at the long perspective, they would. They win because it is the idea that people should be paid for their labor. People should have a say for what is safe or unsafe. In that moment, i think it was terribly women and children were massacred. It is also this idea of what is the role of people. What gives them a right to bargain . That is put into national law at different points. These are questions that come up even today. Going an industry that is to look at Renewable Energy . Are we going to come to you to use call continue to use coa l . The ludlow massacre is an american story. It is people from different nations trying to live out the American Dream and failing in some ways, others succeeding. If you look at southern colorado, pueblo, most of the families for you guys have been here 50 years. There are tons of people in pueblo whose family members worked the steel mill who are not coal miners. ,y grandfather was a coal miner my great great grandfather. I am not a coal miner. This is the other piece, do people get out . Two, maybe not in one or generations, but that is the american story. People come to this nation and build it. Other questions. Yes. I want to think a minute if they want won. You talked about how few coloradans were americans at largehistory. Everyone knows rockefeller. Our National Consciousness has chosen to remember this in a way , i at least think there is some serious loss for us in the present day. Want to speak to the cost of history remembering rockefeller and forgetting ludlow, what does that do . Professor montoya at the beginning of the semester, i asked them to write down the names of their grandparents and then their greatgrandparents, and their great great grandparents. Most of them could not do their greatgrandparents. I said, but you remember george washington. Unit member you remember thomas jefferson. Explain why you forget your own personal history but remember the national narrative. This is one of the things i think has made the ludlow commission successful. The United Mine Workers continue every single year there is a memorial, and there has been one. We will then go in the spring and remember. There are always people there. For the 100 anniversary there were some people that came out. A lot of these are in Family History but not the national level. For me it is the issue of i am the fan of privilege in the local. That, forthing is most of you you know the rockefellers are rich, but you do not know how far that wealth extended. Be inthe opportunity to fallork city in 2007, 2007. I was doing research at the rockefeller archive center. It was beautiful. , i wouldin the city take the train out to the archives during the day. I would go downtown into manhattan that night. You always kind of get drawn to times square, you go to rockefeller center. I have these moments going through the document being in these spaces, realizing how much money the rockefellers actually had and influence they had. During world war i, i found a telegram from Woodrow Wilson to rockefeller senior, asking him what he thought about what was happening in europe at the time. For me it is the issue of, we live in a nation of privilege as well. It does not always acknowledged the work of the minor, the farmworker as being a contribution. I dont know what the answer is. We continue to privilege that company over the worker. I think the majority of us are the workers. We are descendents of the workers. We think about our place in the nation, but is a piece that is powerful. I dont know if we are winning that. We may be. I kind of feel like if we remember ludlow, our unions would not be broken, and our jobs would not be other in other parts of the world. Professor montoya in ludlow, they are cut across racial and ethnic lines. When you look at the names of killed,le that are massacred, you are talking about they will put music together. That is one of the pieces we were able to do for the Centennial Commission was have a concert of musicians from all over. They came and shared coal mining songs. One of my colleagues put this together. You saw people regardless of their ethnicity being able to say what we are facing is wrong. We will be unified as a people. That is something you see with ludlow is americans of different say, fight able to for a common cause. Other questions. Yeah. What was the importance of women in this . Professor montoya my argument is is that if the women and children had not died, no one would know about it. It is the fact women and children died that made it a massacre, national attention. Upton sinclair was able to fight. Were they storytellers or murders . Martyrs motor professor montoya what do you think . Women in this time period were not seen as important or they are just child bearers. As time progressed, they became more important with womens rights, womens suffrage. So i think they evolved from martyrs to storytellers. They became more important. Professor montoya i would say they were always important. I have been perceived as that, their stories have got recorded. But i think about this idea i usually talk about the grandmother kitchen table. Think about where did you learn the stories of your family. Most of you learned the stories of your family sitting around the kitchen when you are making some form of food. Those are the stories that get past on. Stories in the household. That is one version of the history. There is another urgent in the textbooks and everywhere else. Version in the textbooks and everywhere else. Were they valuable to the nation . Do we preserve those . I also question, what does it mean if i tell the story . For me that becomes important. Is it women telling the story, men coming the story . If it was a man giving the presentation, when you talk about the women . I have given this 15 or 20 times, and i say you have to start with the women. For me it was women that were key because it would not have been a massacre if it was not women killed. And it was the devastation of, these were the innocents. Any other questions . Did you find out if a wife lost her husband in a mining incident, did she gain any rights to his wages, was there any compensation . Professor montoya it would depend on the incident. The practice at the time, if they prove it was the fault of the worker, they would not get wages. If it was the company, they would. There would be some sort of mine investigation to say who was at fault. That is usually what was happening. [indiscernible] professor montoya investigators in most instances. Usually it is the fault of the miner. And then the superintendent, they help. It is usually someone just come in to the mines, they will not get any sort of wages. If it is someone who is influential, they might get something. Then there was also practices in different camps where it was camps where it was a Mutual Understanding everybody paid into a pot if someone died. But the company is not necessarily going to take responsibility, which is the reason for having a union exist. After the massacre, John D Rockefeller, he and his father get put before congressional hearings. He will, out in 1915, he puts ,ogether a whole company plan he will tour throughout colorado , pushing this idea there should be a Company Union, we should have a representative listening to what is happening. He has a social betterment plan. He will partner with the ymca. They will build throughout Southern California colorado. They will come into the area of trinidad and ask, what do you need, tell me, i will get it for you. Got rockefeller junior asking for a bandstand. You have the emergence of the camp that includes social components. The company will expand and have field days, summer activities for families. There is an attempt to try to do this. It is not successful because the differences of management versus your workers are just two different. Different. You see rockefeller in 1918 who comes to southern colorado when the reverend monument is unveiled. He will get out of his car to try to speak at the unveiling. The person who pulled the cover it was covered with a big cloth, the person is Mary Petrucci who pulled it off. Rockefeller perks, he served working up, the president of the mine workers says, you should not be here. Guaranteey, i cannot your safety. It is a moment for me when i realized rockefeller did not get it, even though he tried to fix. He did not get he was the one people blamed who had happened for what had happened. Camefebruary, his grandson out and spoke at the center for the west with the annual fundraiser and gave a presentation about Lessons Learned from ludlow. Grandfather,nk my that ludlow saw followed him the rest of his life. He thought about Business Practices after that. They had to reinvest money into companies and entities of corporate welfare. It is complicated. I have moments when i think rockefeller both of them, are terrible men that did terrible things my wanting to control these companies. I also have moments where i think they are human beings and they made mistakes and tried to fix those. It was such a huge problem, they could not fix them. The miners, they are stuck in a terrible situation. There is nothing they can do. Questions that will continue to be raised in our society today, the ideas that still hit the front page of headlines. What do you do in north dakota when you are having the discussion, communities saying you should not have Oil Pipelines going through here, corporations saying yes . A question of fuel, power is still continuing today. Students, ior my will see you on monday. Mondays and wednesdays or conferences, so i will see you next week. That will be on blackboard. Dont forget to check blackboard for your assignment friday. Thank you. Professor montoya thank you. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] announcer 1 join us every saturday evening at 8 00 p. M. And midnight eastern as we join students in College Classrooms to hear topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. Lectures in history are also available as podcasts. Visit our website, cspan. Org history podcasts, or download them from itunes. Eastern on7 00 p. M. Oral histories, a series of six interviews with prominent photojournalists. This sunday, a conversation with right on stone about his frank johnstone. They brought oswald out. He was within three feet of me when jack ruby leaped out from behind me and went behind bob jackson and i and fired the gun. We were onto the floor because there mustve been 100 police in that basement sunday morning. Announcer 1 you can watch photojournalists interviews on oral history sunday 7 00 eastern on cspan3. All weekend, American History tv is featuring concord, new hampshire. Cspans cities tour staff recently visited showcasing the history. The city was home to Franklin Pierce the 14th president of the , United States and only one from new hampshire. Learn more about concord all weekend here on American History tv. Announcer 1 while in concord,