Transcripts For CSPAN3 Integration Of Baseball 20170903

The home team if they dont win its a shame for its one, two, three strikes youre out at the old ballgame mr. Raffertyosaki good morning. We have talked about a lot of things. We talked about gender, we talked about sports. Happens to be baseball. That is probably why i signed the deal. But we are talking about social forces. And baseball happens to be one of the greatest social forces, in my opinion, in American Society. The institution of baseball, the game, what it represents for instance, when people see the number 42, what did they think . What do they feel . What do they believe . Why was it retired throughout baseball in 1997 . No man will wear this number again. What did it mean for Jackie Robinson, for blacks across the u. S. To watch him steal home in the world series . Battery of whitey ford and give bu borough, two and yogi era, two future hall of famers. He stole home. To put this in perspective, during the 2000 majorleague season, 2293 times someone stole a base. Only 18 times that someone steal home base did blacks make an. Home base. Did blacks make an impact in the mlb . During 1950 in 1970, the leak the integrated faster won more. You tell me. I have here an image. Who is the person on top . That is correct it is martin , luther king. We have spoken about him as being a great civil rights proponent and everything that he , did. The gentlemen on the bottom or were his inspirations. You have a catcher, a pitcher, and Jackie Robinson. Martin luther king said to john newcombe, you will never know what you, jackie, and roy did to make it possible for me to do my job. This is great irony in baseball. Sport, where generations of fanatics continuously argue about who was the best player and at what position and how do we compare todays steroid induced players with those from years past, there are a few ways to quantify its cultural and social importance to the United States. Walt whitman said, i see great things in baseball. It is our game. It is americas game. Jackie robinson said, a life is not important except for the impact it has on other lives. There are three things in my life which i really love, god, gallagher stated, there are three things in my life which i really love, god, my family, and baseball. Season starts, i changed the order around a little bit. Think about this. When world war ii began, the if he wanted to suspend the baseball season and this was for , the duration of the war. Fdr responded, i honestly feel it would be better for the country to keep baseball going. There would be fewer people unemployed and everyone would work longer hours. That means they ought to have a chance for recreation, and for them taking their minds of their , work even more than before. Baseball was such a sense of escapism, and it brought people together. It is truly as george wells stated, baseball is only a game, true, and the grand canyon is a hole in arizona. Not all holes or games are created equal. The game can evoke such a series for example, the brooklyn dodgers and their owner, walter omalley, decided it was time to leave. And so they left for los angeles, and it broke the hearts of baseball fans in brooklyn. Day who remember walter omalley, who agreed that october 1957 meeting between the teammates who discussed the article called the 10 worst human beings who ever lived. Each writing the three worst down on a napkin, and each man had the same three names. Each men had the same men in the same order. One, adolf hitler. Two, joseph stalin. Three, walter omalley. This is the power of baseball. This is what i believe is the baseball, much like American Society, had opportunities well back in the 19th century. We do remember Jackie Robinson for what he did and the legacy he left the hind, the fact he in the majorleague in the modern era. But much like reconstruction, baseball had the chance to integrate in the 19th century. Yes, there was a gentlemans agreement made by the National Association of Baseball Players as early as 1867. But two men in particular broke the color bar. First, we have bud fowler. A plate for a team in massachusetts, and we will talk he played for a team in massachusetts, and we will talk a lot about massachusetts and its conflict with race a lot. He played as a member of the interNational League, and as a member of the new england association. His career was shortlived. He only pitched three games and one game with new england, but the door had been opened. Fleetwood walker, and he became an accidental pioneer. He played for the toledo blue stockings, and this team was not a member of what we would in 1884, toledos team was elevated to majorleague status as part of the american association, the predecessor of the american league. Walker is important to understand, was the son of the runaway slave. He grew up in mount pleasant, ohio, a town that served as a station for the underground railroad. He attended oberlin college, a progressive and integrated institution since 1834. He himself grew up in an integrated society. And when walker played, he did so with love and passion for the game. He played in 42 games for them, and at the dangerous position of catcher, which at that point, 263,s all right, she hit he hit 263, but by years end, he was forced to leave the team. This was the continuous trend for blacks trying to play on integrated teams. Why they were not able to do so was because of probably the greatest moneymaker and advertiser in the game of his ball, cap hanson. He helped draw the color line in baseball that existed from 1887 to 1947. Before a game against newark, he reportedly said get that n off the field. He was clearly a racist and one of the most vocal opponents of vocal proponents of the opponents of the inclusion of blacks in the game. But blacks continue to play continued to play baseball, and they formed their own teams as early as 1885, you have a team called the cuban giants. They formed in new york as part of the argyle restaurant. They were waiters. Thing is, the giants became a major name. Cuban exgiants, i think you understand. For some reason, it becomes a name associated with many africanAmerican Teams. The reason they chose cuban was to try and hide the fact they were black. They were trying to say, no, we are latinos. But people knew. People knew they were black, and so this was a black team. They would go and play against white pro teams, other black white semipro teams, other black teams. That is what was going on here. The trend continued into the 20th entry, especially during migration when blacks moved to urban centers en masse. Cities like chicago grew to from 15,000 to 2 250,000 between 1890 and 1915. We talked about this in the first wave migration. You have this growth. That is why they became urban centers. Centers, blacks in northern, midwestern, and later southern urban areas created black run teams. Rube foster founded the Negro National league in 1920. They created the Eastern Colored League in 1923. It is not as though they were trying to help one another. In fact, they hated one another. They were trying to have the best league associated with them, right . And so, for black entrepreneurs, it became a matter of trying to bring in the most fans possible. We will do whatever it takes to do so. There was a better rivalry a reader bitter rivalry between those men. Their teams met for the negro world series, each one winning once. Both of these leagues existed of the great depression. But understand, this was the foundation. And by 1932, you had men like gus greenlee who revived the league. They were both in pittsburgh, and these two men hated one another. Both would raid each others teams and try to get the best players money could buy. You had some of the best baseball money could buy. Gus greenlee put together a team that featured five hall of famers. This is what we were talking about. Of course, you have effa manley. Manley e ff effa manley is important. She was the only woman elected to the National Baseball hall of fame. She also organized the new york along with her husband, and took over as the sole member from 1945 to 1948. She was responsible for putting together the incredible milliondollar infield, featuring Ray Dandridge and and and leon day. These are some of the most exceptional players of alltime, of all time and she is , chiefly responsible for bringing them there. It is not as if she didnt use her charm and sexuality to do so. It is said when she signed them, she was wearing a bright red dress, and that is how the signing would happen. But understand that the negro leagues were supported for blacks by blacks. But these were men and women who made it possible. What did you gather from the teagle article . Yes, mary . About the most interesting part of the article was i thought the most interesting part of the article was when they were talking about tricky baseball and stealing bases and bunting and how that primarily started in the black Baseball Leagues, because it is something so ingrained in what makes baseball interesting that i think it is cool that it started with the negro league. Mr. Raffertyosaki with tricky baseball, we have what is called small ball. This was true with the National League more so than the american league. I also thought that it was interesting and similar to what crowds to the baseball fields, they had to some of the africanAmerican Teams adopted cloned baseball, where they put shows and would do goofy things before they would play and how that you vault how that evolved into the harlem globetrotters. It is interesting because women also had to do that, how women had to kind of exploit their sexuality to get people in the stands and it worked. It worked for them as well. I think there was the clown ethiopian team. I cant remember where they were from, but a lot of the other africanAmerican Teams were upset they were doing that. They said, we are Baseball Players, not clowns. It did work to get people out on the field. Mr. Raffertyosaki and this is true. We have to remember, baseball is supposed to be a form of entertainment as well as sport. It was not just enough for them to play baseball, they had to make it entertainment as well. Emily . Part where they are going along with the first part of the movie where they talk about doing that and they are super against it and it is not want to keep selling out. I warned you, this one is going to be up. Going going to be a smoker. Happy fourth of july. Mr. Raffertyosaki what did you see in that clip . What we were talking about. You saw the africanamericans were playing well, but not doing a entertaining and the white and being booing them rude and they had to do something to kind of separate themselves. I dont know how to say it, but to make it seem like we are goofy and fun and having a good time, even though they are better Baseball Players in order to calm the white crowd, and the thinking of the whites that they are just these clowns, we will not take them seriously. But also being goofy and being clowns so they wouldnt be booed off the field. Mr. Raffertyosaki absolutely. And this creates a problem. What do you think . I think it is interesting how he tries to perpetuate it even more and then he says that is , what black folks do. Then james is completely different and does not want to see it. Just how they are on completely different sides. I dont know that much about that film, but if most people mr. Raffertyosaki he is buying into it because it is part of our agency. We know the difference. If these white people are too ignorant to figure that out, then it is their own fault. But yes, we are incredible Baseball Players. But to support ourselves and make sure we do not get tarred. We do not get tarred and feathered, they can play a role. Emily . It doesnt really matter, we know what the truth is when we are playing. To him, it is worth it. ; c james role Jones James Earl Jones character was too proud to do it. It talks about the interplay between them. Mr. Raffertyosaki yes . I keep going back to women in baseball, but it is not enough to just be good athletes. So much of baseball was a class issue. For women in baseball, they had to uphold their femininity and maintain their class. They had to maintain their femininity, and what is similar in this case, maintaining their class as a lower class in this time, and trying to balance between that and the way they being goofy and everything that they were doing. A way for them to not pressure, would upset the white folks very much. Mr. Raffertyosaki we will talk about women in baseball in a few minutes. Ask for this film when they are , talking about sally, he was the manager and part of the negro league. What he was trying to do was shut down the team because this independent organization being formed by players. It is a matter of class as well, because the ownership, they were entrepreneurs and they wanted to make as much money as possible as well. They could only pay certain players a certain amount of money in exchange for their entertainment value. The other side with the owners, they rag on her all the time and say she shouldnt be here. She makes a good point. She was a great character in the movie because it shows how disrespectful people were, against her and she does not put up with it. She does not take their crap, and it is great. Mr. Raffertyosaki there is definitely an element of sexism involved in baseball. Manley did take a lot of grief for being a female owner. Going back to the article, i i thought i thought one of the main things we were trying to do was how something really bad to me, something good in baseball. [indiscernible] i really didnt agree with what with the clowning and getting the crowds and stuff. However, i was really impressed with how he was always trying to prove himself to the white folks. When they have those interracial games, you could see them in the stands saying we play harder and let the public know we have some stuff and probably a little better at times. 2 3 of the time, they won those games. Mr. Raffertyosaki from this clip, you saw a barnstorming team. This happened with organized teams in leagues. They did not play all their league games, because it was more profitable to play against white teens. Teams. But sometimes to play against white teens, you had to play the , you had to play the role. And there are those black players who viciously disagreed with the idea of playing a role. And this is the idea of black agency again, remember . We are just playing a role and we understand we can accept that. Back their own heritage and, in a way, they were consciously understanding that they were doing so. And yes, there were situations owners, all the time. That is what led to a lot of it. Willie wells, for example. I found freedom and democracy here. In mexico, i am a man. He left the new york eagles to play integrated baseball in mexico, not in the United States. Equality south of our border. Interestingly enough, i like that last statement. I am a man. So often, we talk about the idea of masculinity, what it means to be a man. He found it outside of the United States. He has made many contributions to the game, both in the united latin and south america. And central america, i should say. He was one of the men who went down there. His nickname down there was el diablo. They also make contributions to in the article, they talk about the 1929 kansas city monarchs, and they had the portable lighting system. These were the first night games that were played. Were turning back to bud fowler. He played second base as well as pitcher, and he realizes people were sliding into him hard. So he made rudimentary shin guards to protect himself. And the new have willie wells who was hit one too many times, so he took a coal miners helmet and wore it at the plate. Kind of like a modern day batting helmet . Blacks made contributions both i ask you again, with the signing of robinson, what does it represent . It was a watershed moment. It defied years of segregation. In 1939, the Washington Post john of josh gibson, the legendary pitcher who possibly hit over 800 runs and is supposedly the only man to hit a baseball out of yankee stadium. He said, gibson was worth 200,000. In 1939, mind you, if he were white. He and so many others never had the opportunity to play in the major leagues. We can sit here and wonder what wouldve happened if they did. Josh gibson is known as the black babe ruth. Imagine if he had played. Would babe ruth be known as the White Josh Gibson . They played against white teens they represented years of playing. They played against white teens white teams. Allstar games started up in chicago that outdrew white audiences in the white allstar games. People talked about. It represented, also part of American Society. It represented a breakage from the black men and women who were lynched. It represented the works of so many men throughout the negro league. All kinds of evidence that this guy is the greatest to ever step on the pitchers mound. What really made him stand out was he was a guy who wanted the attention of cynical white reporters and a racist white dominated country. He brought to their attention this segregated world of negro baseball in a way that led to integration. Mr. Raffertyosaki 1948, and 42 years of age, and some people he might have been younger. He mightve been older. He pitched his last game in 1965, when he was 59. Three shutout innings against boston. The guy was an absolute phenomenal athlete. As you heard there, he was a charismatic individual, and he really was one of the main reasons why Jackie Robinson had the opportunity to play. But just because integration happens, it doesnt mean it ended racism at all. Four years after Jackie Robinson broke in, here is a death threat. We will kill you if you attempt to enter the ballgame. This letter. Racism was not dead. Butgration had mattered, the racism was still there. Let us not forget that there were other black players. Most important might have been , the man who integrated the american league. This was six weeks after Jackie Robinson made his appearance. The difference was larry doby didnt have the years of training. He went directly from the new york eagles to the indians. In he became the first black to 1948, win the world series. This is a very famous image. What do you think . What do you see . A black man and a white man smiling. Camaraderie. Difference between the two of them, they are just happy they won. That dont care about their color. Mr. Raffertyosaki because they they dont care about their color. Mr. Raffertyosaki because they just won a world series together. Absolutely. Two black newspapers along with the chicago defender, wrote that picture of gromick and doby, has unmistakably unmistakable flesh and blood cheeks pressed together. Drawn brawny arms tightly clasped equally wide grins. , the chief message of this image is acceptance. It is capable of washing away with equal skill long, pent up hatred in the hearts of men, and the beginning of confusion in the minds of young boys. Small boys, i should say. That is what that image represented. A world series title by both a black and white team. Integration, though, was a long, drawn out process in baseball. Two of the greatest dynasties, my beloved new york yankees and integrate long until the second half of the 1950s. To break down boston a little more, howard brian examined the story. He stated that both had the inside track to Jackie Robinson and willie mays, and they did not sign either one of them. In the spring of 1945, the Boston Red Sox held allegedly tryouts for sam jethro, marvin williams, in Jackie Robinson. And Jackie Robinson. There was this great hope that they would sign at least one of them. They did not do so. In 1949, the red sox, one of their scouts down in alabama, so the birmingham black barons kid. He is going to be incredible. Willie mays. They could have bought his contract for 5,000. And who did they end up integrating with . Pumsy green. How much do i know about him . That is baseball. These two institutions, the yankees and the red sox, try to go a very long time without integrating, and they too felt its dynasty. So i ask you again, what does 42 represent . Integration prior to the desegregation of the military in 1948 . Sweat versus painter, brown versus board of education, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968. Is it possible that baseball was of desegregation, and the fight for equality . Is it possible it was an agent of change, or did it just reflect all the changes that were happening and it was at the forefront of it . That is one of the questions we try to answer all the time. 40 million slaves . He was critical of the idea of integration, and he said, has a because it did lead to the death of the negro league. A lot of the owners in Major League Baseball raided the negro leagues. They became nothing more than barnstormers. This was kind of like the new revisionist history, whether or not it would have been better to have segregated baseball because then it leaves black businesses in black ownership. That ownership wouldnt have died. All of the players who never once the negro leagues were gone because they were not good enough to be integrated into the major lakes, so major leagues, so they lost. Mr. Raffertyosaki emily, i will agree to disagree with one these men were good enough to play in the game. Happened was there became almost a quota system. Remember integration was a slow , process. We saw it in new york and boston. Imagine if all these Negro League Players were put on the same Playing Field in equal time and given equal opportunity to play . There could have been well more blacks who played in the major league, but integration was a slow process. And so, i dont believe they werent good enough to play. No, not that they werent good enough. They didnt get the opportunity to play. Mr. Raffertyosaki thats right. Because integration was a slow process. [indiscernible] that leads us to our second women in baseball. Yes, there were a lot of women in baseball. In fact, you remember the song we played at the beginning of class . Take me out to the ballgame . Most people forget the original reverse original verse to that song. That is because you only hear the chorus at the ballgame the original says, katie casey was baseball mad, had the fever and had it bad, just to root for the hometown crew on a saturday her young beau called to see if shed like to go to see a show, but miss katie said no, ill tell you what you can do, take me out to the ballgame. Women loved baseball. Beginning in 1866, you had a College Program in baseball, and by the way, this idea of a Seven Sisters school, six of them to 1920. From 1880 by 1867, you have the first womens pro team. By the way, they were all black. And so begins this rich not softball, i want to make this clear, it was baseball that women loved. One scholar states there are several ways for women to participate in the game. Lets see if you can figure out some of them. As a fan. As a player. It is true, you can marry into it. As a ball girl. As part of an organization, as part of a front office or an employee of the team. You have as an owner of the club or employee. You have as a player, as a fan and you can marry into it. You could also be an umpire. You can also be the baseball auntie, and this comes after the idea of sleeping with ballplayers. You could also be a beat writer or sportscaster. But you know what i found most interesting . Nobody said as a player. Oh, you did . Sorry, my fault. Yes, you can play baseball. Understand that women pursue each of these avenues. Each of these seven avenues. As with most trailblazers, women especially in sports, creates an idea of novelty, that they are a novelty themselves, and baseball is a business. Games featuring either womens teams like the blondes versus brunettes in 1883, a lot of it was business driven. Wanted to see the exotic miss of women playing baseball. My game, a mans game. Also understand that women participated greatly as fanatics. They were crazy about baseball. An episode from the washington senators first ladys game , the front office expected a few serious or adventurous females to turn out, and were in no way prepared for thousands of enthusiastic women who stormed the ballpark. Later in the same game, a board word horde of women poured onto the field and attacked the umpire with parasols. I am guessing you can understand that the home team did not win, and there was a blown call or a controversial call. Female fans are particularly passionate about the game, and they were featured as early as by 1929 when the chicago cubs held a ladies day, over 30,000 women arrived at the ballpark. The allAmerican Girls Professional Baseball League, founded by wrigley, they were active particularly in the midwest, and their teams can predominately from the rural areas. During its peak popularity in 1948, nearly one million fans came out to watch these women play. And finally in the national 1989, Baseball Hall of fame dedicated in exhibit two women in baseball. Lets talk about the article you what was it . What did peerman have to say . Emily. One thing i was not confused by, but questioning as i was reading it was whether or not you were to talk to all the women who played, whether or not they found it empowering or patronizing that they had to act feminine. I would think that some of them would say, yes, i am a woman and can wear a skirt and have this etiquette, and others would say i am an athlete i dont need to wear a skirt to play my athletic game. I was wondering how many of them would feel that way. I was her member and in mona lisa smile, the part where she was yelling and saying she knows her options. The article touched on that, but that was something of wanted to know more about. The theme of this article was how they were marketing feminism in the league, and how it was equally important with their the woman had to be beautiful in order to play. They had to wear the uniforms, and there was the concept of charm and beauty, code of conduct. There were different modifications of the rules. She does argue it opened the door for women and changed the perception of the stereotype of women in the United States, however i think it opens a really small door because they made all these new modifications. Even the contract of the women, they didnt have a man contract, they had a contract that whenever you were needed, you were traded to make liquidity in the league. I thought it was really interesting to read about that, all these different modifications. The black woman was not accepted in the league, because at the time black was not beautiful. Rules and modifications, they do advance, but really, really slowly. Toward the end, they said that started dying slowly, and the allamerican girls professionals in the league stopped. Mr. Raffertyosaki good. Before we continue, lets get a visual image of what we are talking about. This is a film strip from a league of their own. This is what they are going to look like. Thats a dress. Thats half a dress. That is not a baseball uniform. What do you think we are, ballplayers or ballerinas . Mr. Raffertyosaki there was also no drinking or smoking, and they had chaperones with them at all times who would watch over , them to make sure they were continuously seen as ladies. Being a lady was very important. Emily brought up this point. What happens if you really just love playing the game . Assume some definitely felt that way, but i also feel like people who were slightly more feminine women are like they are ok. Clearly they have some community in them, so they enjoy the fact that they could still act feminine and be playing a mans sport. They were actively trying to recruit women who were beautiful and feminine. I dont know. I would not have wanted to wear what they wanted me to wear, but i would not have been that offended. Mr. Raffertyosaki it is a major issue. Fluidity as well, a masculine realm and a feminine realm. Wrigley understood this. We were seen as too masculine and seen as tomboys. Which is one of the reasons why they had to wear dresses and it was a huge force in sports, and womens baseball. Mr. Raffertyosaki it was part sexual appeal was part of the idea of entertainment again. Natalie. The whole article and backlit and that clip we just watched made me wonder, was the whole idea behind the womens league, it seemed simply like an Economic Venture while the mens game was on pause while they were at war, and just another way to make money. And there was also entertainment, but i dont know, it got started and if the men watched it at home solely because they wanted to watch baseball or because it was entertaining that women were in baseball and it was this new form of entertainment in that era . Mr. Raffertyosaki there are a couple things. Started they did , not pitch overhand until 1948. They started out underhand. And it was a form of entertainment, especially during the war, that is true. These women played and there was this idea, going back to the novelty concept, these are women playing baseball. That was a major portion of it. They did have to negotiate their sexuality because they wanted to maintain the idea that they were ladies playing baseball, not androgynous. That is why they wore skirts. There is another part of the film, and this is true, you can see the bruising along their leg, because you have to slide in baseball. In the background, they show the outfit and she says, i cant mr. Raffertyosaki there was a woman who stole 200 bases in a season. It is interesting about what women came to represent. In the article, it says that baseball came to represent a link between sports and social mobility. These women came to represent, they were a social force. You can play baseball, but also maintain your femininity and pursue higher education. It was interesting the statistics in this article about the percentage of women who said that during this time, 8. 2 of women in their generation was earning college degrees, 35 of the women in the league went to pursue a college education, even a masters and became physicians. It is interesting what they came to represent in society. A lot of the women we are about about the role of , conduct and how they had to they have the council of women they have accounts of women looking back on it. We were farm girls, we never had this kind of upbringing. It enabled us to be able to adapt to new social settings, to in a sense baseball did enable , women to pursue higher education. I dont fully agree that they should have been or had to use their bodies to get people to the stands, but on the other hand, what we are saying here is that it helped them move up in society. They were earning a large sum of money. Women were not earning money or going to college at this time. But it is cool because baseball enabled them to do that. Mr. Raffertyosaki it is true. I disagree that baseball gave women agency. Yeah, the article says that women persisted and made baseball games their own, but they were overly sexualized. They had to compensate playing a feminine, and like what you said at the beginning of class, the institutionalization of the social roles between men and women. Even looking at the media today the media today, like we did in pictures, they have to market themselves, and i feel like that doesnt give them any agency. Even though yeah, they had, you know, degrees and stuff but really, they were a tiny fraction of women. This is the controversy. Mary . I completely agree that it completely took away all agency. Theres a part in the movie where theyre showing like a little documentary that was made about these women, like within the film and it shows them like pouring men cups of tea in between innings and knitting while theyre, you know, like in the dugout. It wasnt saying look at these women, theyre empowered, theyre playing baseball. Playing baseball but they can still come home, feed their family, make dinner and do the laundry. I dont think it was giving them agency. I think it was showing they could balance being athletes with being housewives and mothers but that second role was women used baseball to challenge the materialistic institution of sports, but i really disagree. What happened to womens sports after men came back from war . Ok. On the other hand, the league did last until 1954. What happened after that . Emily . I will slightly disagree with what you said just because i dont think its necessarily a bad thing that they were athletes and then could still be a housewife. Like why are we assuming they didnt enjoy that . Like they might have really enjoyed the fact that yes, i can go play this sport but i still have kids and yeah, ill make dinner for my family if i want to. I dont think we should assume that they felt trapped by it. Like they might have thoroughly enjoyed what they were doing. I dont think that thats an empowering message. Fair enough. The person felt, like i dont think we can say across the board like yes, they were far too overly sexualized and shouldnt have been doing this or no, it was completely ok and like they were probably empowered by it. I think it changes person to person. I can absolutely see both sides i totally understand where youre coming from, where you guys are coming from, but i also completely see alanas point. Yeah, sure, women can be Baseball Players and housewives but like the fact that they have to be both to be women, i think is very ok. This is exactly where were going. This is that idea of negotiating between the public sphere and the sphere of domesticity. This was the next message the the mixed message. On the one hand, during the war effort, you have Something Like rosie the riveter, right . So women volunteered for the services en masse, the Womens Womens coast guard reserve, United States marine corps womens reserve, the Womens Army Corps and women in the air force. Between 1940 and 1942, over four million women entered this work force. They didnt do so just in the they also entered as in the sports realm as jockeys, umpires and even football coaches. Understand this is whats going on. This is a negotiated process thats happening. And its interesting you bring up all these points about what it means to be feminine in the public sphere, in the private sphere this is the same argument thats going on. For the all American Girls League to survive, they had to market themselves because its a sport, its a sport but its also economics, right . So it was incredibly important. Yes. Integration from the negro leagues to the professional leagues was going to happen slowly. I think its the same thing with women. Going to play baseball, and there was going to be no backlash, no controversy over it so they had to go little by little and they had to do what they could, you know. So at first they were like all right, well remain feminine but still be playing a mans sport. I think they did the best they could for the time period they were in. And for the, you know this is exactly what lauren gender issues such as the female apologetic, the ones that did have to go to charm and beauty schools, the dress code, make sure they were feminine looking. There is also that idea of marginalization, right . We discussed this somewhat. Because you had Negro League Players who were women, stone, johnson, morgan, and they were good enough to play in the negro leagues, but they werent accepted because they werent part of the white middle class ideals of beauty. Part of that, its that idea of the greater good. At least thats what they thought back then. Because they wanted to make sure that they were accepted in society as a Baseball League, and it was hard enough being a woman. Add the controversy of race, and you dont know if thats going to harm the league. So thats a lot of the reason then finally, you have that idea of the feminine reconstruction of sport. The success of the all American Girls Professional Baseball League recognizing that there is gender fluidity. Women moving into the masculine of sport and baseball, in particular. And there are reasons why. We started speaking about this on tuesday, right . The l word. Look at these two images. One is of Babe Diedrickson and the other is Supreme Court justice keagan. They were both scrutinized for participating in sports. They were both whispers and the whispers became massive as to whether or not they were lesbians. The l word. This is part of the reason why it was important that you had a very feminine looking league. They wanted them to be ladies, its true, this is also part of our homophobic society. That was brought up. Whats wrong with a lesbian playing sports . Being a Supreme Court justice . This is where it stands. And sport has often been used as this idea of oh, are they tomboys, are they lesbians, how should we look at these women . What do you think . About the fact they had such scrutiny . [inaudible] i just think its more than American Society was and still is prepared to handle because women in sports is already a form of social deviance or deviance from societal norms so if you have a female playing sports who is also a lesbian, in more ways than one, and i dont think anybody is prepared to comprehend that. [inaudible] and women playing baseball was another form of escapism for americans after the men were at war, and having a lesbian player, its a distraction, and it takes people away from baseball being americas pasttime. Its just a distraction. It distracts the players, it distracts the fans, and it keeps people from taking away the positive aspects of the sport. Thats true. Thats how it was seen. Im not saying i agree with that. Diedrickson, for example, was the quote, unquote, real babe of sports, right . What did she do with baseball . Do you remember at all . She got disqualified. Olympics for using an illegal jump. Right . What she got there with but they eliminated her. She turned whats considered social deviance into social defiance and she just totally, she played it up. She had one really feminine side and one really athletic side, and she would whip out either one when the situation called for it. But really, she was entirely aware what she was doing. She was conscious of it. She just liked to mess with peoples heads because she loved the attention because she was good at sports so she wanted the focus to be on her and i think she thought the rest was a joke. She was very good. She struck out joe dimaggio at one point. Yes. Thats right. Joe dimaggio. So a person like diedrickson, however, still, there was that there was whispers about whether or not she was a lesbian. It really wasnt until she met george saharas whom she married that these ended. As you can see, sports is used as that tool of defining ones sexuality even if it happens to this is whats going on at this time. Right . I understand theres much controversy about the idea of the all American Girls Professional Baseball League and youve brought up many of the argued about, whether or not it was right to have charm and beauty school. It did kind of establish ideas in the precursor of title nine, you know, women did go there on an average 8. 2 , whereas women in the league went an average of 35 , of which 14 then pursued graduate degrees. So there is a possibility that women did gain agency through this. You can see the timeline through all of this, right . It starts off with womens baseball in the early 19th and early 20th century, then moves on to the all American Girls Professional Baseball League. Then we come to the 1973 court this was a court case in new jersey. What she decided was that girls should be allowed to play in Little Leagues, and this reconstituted the whole entire Little Leagues because they had to allow women to play. Baseball, not softball, baseball. It comes full force because then you have ilya borders who became the first female pitcher in a mens professional league, and you could argue that toni stone and others were the first in negro leagues, but in a new modern era, who in 1997 signed with the st. Paul saints, an independent Northern League team, and she played her first regular season game in 1997. She retired by 2000. I know theres curiousness as to why she retired by 2000. Yes, there were issues along lines of both sex and gender. Factor. She, unfortunately, had the whole entire, bore the burden of all of women in baseball on her shoulders. That was part of the problem. Understand the men on her team was getting much media attention. At one point, there is a possibility that she was almost sexually assaulted as well, playing with these men. This is whats going on. But was it a precursor to title nine, and what is the importance of title nine . Well, in a study by carpenter and costa completed in 2006, they point to a large number of women participating in athletics both at the High School Level as well as at the college level. The number of women in High School Sports had increased by a factor of nine while the number of women in College Sports had now, im not saying that the all American Girls Professional Baseball League led to this. However, its arguing that case. We can see that women in sports did have a tremendous importance, especially leading up to title nine. Last clip about the all American Girls League and this just recently happened in 2010. Time has come for one and all to play ball its a very special day. Weve been waiting 13 years. They kept saying they were going to do this. It took 13 years. We got the scoreboard. We got it all. There was a sisterhood that was formed in the league, much like any other brotherhood thats born between Baseball Players. That dedication in the field was important to these women. It represented who they were. Their origins, their roots, so moving past the issues that have been presented, the idea of charm school, the idea of chaperones, and everything else, is baseball not the mining force in all this . Did baseball not bring these women together . Baseball, the love of every man, woman, passed on from generations, and finally getting their just due, as you saw in that video clip, and having the field dedicated to them. Women in baseball. Yes. Does this love for baseball come from the league, or did women, were they a fan of baseball before then . Women were fans of baseball long before, as we saw in some of those slides. Remember . 30,000 packed into chicago for ladies day in 1929. They had been playing the game. The only difference is softball grew much more for women. Softball started out as an what they did was they said, oh, these women, theyre the weaker sex, weve got to protect them, and thats why they kept them inside, almost like the sphere of domesticity. Well make softball an indoor sport and make the base paths will be shorter because these women cant play our game. Thats why people like ilya borders are important because it proves that women can play. Shes a lefthanded pitcher, and she threw up to 83 miles per hour. If given the opportunity to continue to pitch, she probably would have done well, but there were a lot of social forces working against her. So this finally leads to our last group. Asians in baseball. Like i said, i apologize for forcing you to read my article. But lets consider the following, three decades before barry bonds challenged hank his steroidsinduced tear as we now know, satahara oh plated 868 home runs, won two consecutive triple crowns in 73 and 74, and played 22 seasons from 1959 to 1980 for another giants Taiwanese Little League team could really be considered the boys of summer, dominating the williamsport Little League world series from 1969 to 1996, winning 17 Little League world series titles. Most recently, three of the four finalists for the 2006 and 2009 world baseball classic featured teams from asia, korea and japan twice. Japan won each time. Asians have a long history with the game and an even longer history with stereotypes forced upon them in the United States. Prism to view both histories. You laugh but this is true. Abercrombie fitch launched this campaign, these were actually on teeshirts back in there were protests against this. Yeah. Then, of course, there are the traditional asian stereotypes. The nerd. Are you really good at math . Why . Are you going to be a doctor or engineer . Do you play the violin . Do you play the piano . Do you play the flute . Yes, Asian Americans get asked this question all the time. And part of the problem is we are too successful, quote unquote, because were outwhiting the whites. Lets talk about these stereotypes. First and foremost, as you can see, we have all the banners of the ivy league institutions, asian representation in the ivy league institutions, if you will, harvard, 17 . Yale, 14 . Brown, 16 . Cornell, 17 . Princeton, 15 . Columbia, 18 . Upenn, 15 . By the way, asians nationally only make up 5 of the actual population. You want another stat . Lets not go with the ivys. Lets go with two of the best institutions on the west coast. Ucla, asians represent 38 of the population. Uc berkeley, 41 of the population are asians. 50 of asians in this country who are 25 years and older have bachelor degrees or higher levels of education. This is compared with 28 for all americans, 25 and older. As i already said, they only represent 5 of the population, right . Number of businesses owned by Asian Americans, 1. 1 million. Up 24 since 1997. At that rate, it was about twice that of the National Averages and of course, asians are known for their technology. Right . Here we go. The net. 73 of all asians living in a household with the internet, the highest rate among race or ethnic groups. As of 2007. Its true, these are the asian stereotypes. We are outwhiting the whites. But as nerds and overachievers, theres another problem. They say we lack is go premise physicalfor it prowess and make up for it with our intelligence. Apparently being academic or you are strong, physical. David eng and frank chen argue this is just another step in the long process of identifying Asian American men in particular as the emasculated sissy. You can juxtapose this idea with the view of the asian athletes. Mostly through the form of and yes, the great irony in this is europeans have martial arts, too. Theyve had it since classical antiquity period because they have boxing and wrestling. They dont see it as martial arts, even though thats what it is. So martial arts now has this connotation that always suggests that its always asian, this perception of being disciplined, masculine, honorable, but it is also exotic, mysterious, uses deception, uses craftiness and speed. Which one could construe as making up for the lack of strength and power. This is the problem for asians in our society today. As john dower titles his work racism and a race war between japan and the United States, and this created a dual track of stereotypes and racism. The idea of supermen and lesser men. In either case, it was anything other than human. Yes, you might be outwhiting the whites, youre doing well, but that means that youre superman, and we cant compete, necessarily, and youre just freaks of nature. Of course, youre going to play our sports, youre going to think that you can play our sports, and theres no way you can compete. Lesser men. Perhaps we can see this. I told everybody, baseball is americas game. It doesnt belong to the cubans or the italians or the koreans or the japanese. Its our game. Baseball, its our game. Its americas game. American exceptionalism at its finest. Definitely not a game for the japanese. What i found interesting was the italians. Tommy lasorda is italian. I do digress. Lets think about this idea of it is believed that baseball is brought to japan well back in the 1870s. During the latter part of the century, organizations grew and leagues grew just as they did in the United States. A lot of the time, they grew in high school and thats why the tournament in japan is so widely known and lionized over there. And understand that the game had a different name. It was called field ball. Heres what we know, though. Between 1897 and 1904, andrew roden states that japanese baseball teams predominantly made up of High School Baseball with americans. Eight out of nine contests between 1897 and 1904. The National Pasttime and a distinctly american game, but its rich history was also integral to the japanese culture. When japan won these games, they took great pride. They took great pride because they beat the americans, but they were also honorable when they won and showed a great amount of respect. At the same time the American Teams who were quite bitter when they lost to the japanese teams. As you can see from this slide, baseball became part of a diplomatic mission, and japanese baseball teams came over to the United States. This one in particular happens in new york, and this was a procession as part of the fourth of july. All right . So baseball was a transnational sport. It became a meeting point. Thus when baseball games occurred, especially behind incarceration, it was a physical, cultural, and social space that bridged generation, gender, and racial divides. Baseball renewed and sustained a binational identity for japanese inmates during world war ii in america, and foreign baseball proved to be more than a game. It was a way to demonstrate their americanness and in some ways their manhood. Lets watch a clip from american pasttime now. Wheres my money, hot shot . You couldnt hit me if your life depended on it. You werent even close on those first two. You little what does that mean . It has to do with power. Baseball was such an american thing that, you know, for him to allowing him to like beat him across that racial line in american terms, but you know, they cheated and said he didnt strike the sergeant out. It was like, stay in your place, youre japanese, you dont know how to play our sport. Taking place behind barbed wire, too. Institutional racism that brought them to the camps and then the idea of power structure, who has the ability to call balls and strikes even in there. Hes right. This had nothing to do with baseball. Why . Alana . I mean, it had everything to do with race and the power struggle completely, and i also just thought that it was interesting, its a point you bring up in your article as well that was his father, you know, even though he knew that the sergeant had called those balls wrong and you know, whatever, he still went up and said thank you and paid the money and thats also, thats like one of the characteristics of, you know, asians in america being, you know, disciplined, being sincere and, kind of, theres a word that you used. The wa . Its like thats a characteristic of the asians here also. Its like, its the whole idea of like you brought up also the model, what was it, the model . Model minority. Yeah, the model minority and how the asians came to represent this model minority. It was a doubleedged sword because it was dangerous on the one hand and for other minorities also. Ok. Im going to respectfully disagree with you. What i found when he said thank you for a great demonstration of that idea of being a part of society. It was actually a great demonstration of resistance in the only form they could. That particular image, i thought it was trying to shame them. Yeah. It was. Yeah. Thats what it was. Yeah but its understanding the system and knowing theres nothing you can do about it but still making sure that you brought your point across. Its like they didnt but what im saying is by him doing that, its like he didnt lose his dignity. He could have gone up there and been like, you cheated, you know what i mean . But instead it was almost like sarcastic and like you said, shamefully, like that was the way, by maintaining their composure and dignity and using the system to fight back but in a very composed, poised like way, you know. Thats why im saying he could have they could have started a fight or something but instead he just went up there and was like im just going to make you feel bad, im going to give you your money because i know that youre wrong. And like youre going to feel i feel like that is maintaining their like dignity and being, you know whats sad about that is for those japanese people, it was maintaining their dignity, being the better person, but that white people saying theyre being nonconfrontational because theyre not fighters, theyre worse than yeah, that stereotyping. Theyre lesser, theyre not as masculine, that theyll do as theyre told. In this case the white man walked away being like i have nothing to do with baseball. I did feel that sense. Its interesting that only one of them had that opinion. Remember the other one still had that idea of race involved. Who does he think he is, thinking he can play baseball. Anything else from that clip . Im just curious they ended up playing the and the main character lyle steals home base and that would have scored and won the game for the asians but the umpire was like oh, no, he got tagged out and stuff. Baseball had nothing to do with this. Hes the one who recognizes and says i dropped the ball, therefore, my tag doesnt count so they win. Just wondering. I just think so much of it is rooted in fear, like fear of something you have being taken away from you, your power being taken away from you. I think thats what leads to discrimination and even corruption and even them cheating in this clip, it speaks to something much greater than that, like corruption within our society and discrimination within our society. Like it says in here its rooted in ignorance and fear but i think fear and distrust is the most prominent powerful aspect of it. Good. An institution promotes this idea of a white culture, all right . For example, when there were discussions about interning italians and germans across, at the start of world war ii, just congressman from california used baseball to prove that neither had to be in prison. The germans or the italians. The three dimaggio sons, joe, dominick, and vincent, were regarded as american idols. They were american heroes. In late february, early march of 1942, the dimaggio parents both immigrants and neither a citizen gave testimony before the Committee Investigating National Defense migration and the attorney in this case, chauncey chamaluto, stated to evacuate people like the dimaggios would present a serious situation. I believe that it would be destructive and have a tendency to lower morale if information should ever reach the armed baseball saved them from the fate of the japanese. So for 120,000 people of japanese descent, 62 of whom shared a different fate. They were sent off to these camps. Incarceration meant the loss of 400 million in collective property and erased decades of success. Talking 4. 5 billion today. Thats how much they lost. Thats part of the incarceration process. One can understand why men felt hopeless. And yet there was baseball. One of the most important men throughout this experience, especially for baseball, is kenny chisenimora. When they felt emasculated and he was one of the men responsible for creating three fields in the Fresno Assembly center, which was one of the many camps temporarily installed interment camps on this map, all right . In addition to that, they started talking about baseball in the camps, writing about, it became a form of escape just as it had in pittsburgh courier and chicago defender for blacks. The sports section became one of escapism, one that they could show and demonstrate their racial pride, their biNational Pasttime. It was also the first to build fields in gila river. Understand, most japanese are coming from california, oregon and washington. They had beautiful climate, beautiful weather, and here theyre coming to places where the weather is 120 degrees in the shade or some place like Hart Mountain where it gets as yet they still love baseball. Do you know how much they love baseball . In gila river, for example, they built 87 baseball fields. Yes. Thats right. Multiple leagues playing, mens, womens, senior leagues, hardball leagues, softball leagues. Oh, yeah. They had women playing. Women played men. Theres a game, we know this for a fact, where women played men and it was first generation men against Second Generation women, and the women were leading into the last inning, but a controversy arose whereas the mens team which is supposed to be 50 years and older apparently had three youngsters who came in and so the men won the game under this cloud of controversy and conspiracy. When they were challenged again chagrin the men were like no, were not. This is what happened in the camps. Baseball saved us. Its the name of the work. But its also true. You have to understand, the it wasnt like a nice and easy task. They had decomposed granite from surrounding hills to help build the fields. These are swamp grounds. Thats really what they were. Actually, it was recovered swamplands. In april 1943 when the inmates first went there, officials were talking white caucasian wra employees allowed inmates, these japanese inmates to handle dynamite to remove tree stumps and extend recreational areas like baseball fields. All right. Completely untrustworthy who were thrown in there because they were supposed to be working for the japanese, like the japanese emperor of japan. They were given dynamite so that they could create baseball everybody see the logic in this . So this is whats going on. They create fields, and this is that bicultural medium. Baseball is a form of communication. In rohrer and jerome as well as a couple other places, including hunt, idaho, and even those in tuohy lake in the beginning as well as gila river and poston, you actually had interracial games as well. You had camp guards who would play and administrators who would play against the japanese. It became a big thing, especially in rohrer. It became that idea, that demonstration of manhood, that idea of pride, the idea of so they would play military officials, and you could see this written throughout the camp newspaper in rohrer. When they lost, it was a crushing loss, but when they yes. Did they have like documented things besides that movie, do you think or do you know, i guess, if most of them felt like yeah, we showed them, not really taking them seriously or if they had respect for them . So this is where my Current Research is. Were talking about the idea of perceptions and manhood and baseball. Well, baseball was one forum where they really did respect the japanese, generationally, geogenerationally, everything, in terms of baseball and their skills. In just understand, their athletic prowess in the game was noticed by a number of individuals, and it even caught the eye of branch rickey, who he invited nesai, japanese americans who were citizens, to participate in open tryouts for the brooklyn dodgers. He stated the fact that these boys are american boys is good enough for the Brooklyn Club. Or nesai who attended a tryout in ogden, utah. Sayaguchi, honda, and hoshimoto. Just to let you know, joel franks says that henry honda was good enough to play, and the Brooklyn Club would have signed him except they thought he was going to be drafted into the military, which he was. But in 1947, the Cleveland Indians offered him a contract and the only reason why he turned it down is because he hurt his shoulder. So could there have been japanese americans in the major leagues . Absolutely. Was there great deal of racism and discrimination prior to the and and discrimination prior to the 1940s . Yeah. Thats why there were only like five or so asians who participated in the pacific they were good enough to play. Thats for sure. As you can see from the image, they loved playing the game. You have women playing the game. I love this one. Says come on, play ball. They were first dealing with the weather, and this was in their first year. So this cartoon was drawn as an image, talking about the fact that they were in love with the game, it would extend so far as to play in the wintertime and blizzards, which started early. As you can see, it became a tremendous affair. You can see theres a lot of people in the background who watched these games. They would come out and they would watch. They were fans who loved baseball. And baseball did give them a great sense of hope. Throughout generations. If i might state one more thing, you can see in this picture, the one with barbed wire fence and in this picture, the one with only two images with barbed wire in them. When ansel adams, who worked for the government, took photos, one of the main concerns was having any barbed wire in them. These are the only two surviving around the incarceration centers. So we move into the 1960s. You have your first accidental pioneer again. Only one generation removed from the war and the atomic bombing of japan, lefthanded relief pitcher masanori murukami became the first japanese player in the mlb. He finished the final month of the 1964 season with 15 innings pitched and 1. 80 earned run average. Thats very good, for those who dont know. As i said in the article, he became part of a major controversy because what happens, because this is really important to understand. There is a cultural difference japan. Did you all read that part . Was it boring . Japan or something and he had to, like in japan the contracts are really weird. Its like youre signed for a nineyear contract, but the team or the coach can say youre going to work this year but im not going to have you, like next year youre not coming back but they can tell you to come back the following year for like a nineyear period, so he like had to break that and was seen as a traitor. The nineyear contracts come later, but there is an idea of being seen as a traitor. Didnt he find a loophole . No, no. Ok. So basically what happened is this. Murukami becomes entangled in a cultural conflict between the United States and japan. Becomes a great celebrated factor in japan, right, but while its a celebrated factor, what they want to see is they want to see him pitch in japan. They dont want to see him pitch in the United States. Hes their great hope. Unlike Jackie Robinson, the japan professional Baseball League wanted to protect their institution. They didnt want to become a farm system. So what Robert Whiting notes in his work is that the japanese believed that the San Francisco giants had to understand their needs, japans needs, and moreover, the hawks, the team with which he is affiliated. What if murukami became a great player . Would more japanese players leave the United States and then where would this leave baseball in japan . Thats why he was forced to sign a second contract after he was already coming back for the 65 season. Right . Social pressures of japan, it forced him to stay over there. It was a great cultural conflict. Commissioners of baseball became involved. There was this idea of well, players, what about japanese players who come over into our Minor Leagues and start pitching, are you just using them as your farm system . So theres this stalemate for 30 years where people dont talk with one another and japanese pitchers and japanese players overall do not come to the United States. All that changes with hideo nomo. What were we talking about . We did talk about the nineyear contract and the loophole which is called the nomo clause where he retired to come over here. But what did nomo represent . I guess he opened the door come to the United States. He was the first one to do that so i guess he built that bridge between the gap between japan and america. That is true. He bridged that gap. It wasnt just that he wanted to play baseball in america. It was that he didnt want to play in japan. Like he had a problem with the system and the way the contracts worked, and this was his way of like taking a stance against it. So it wasnt just that like he wanted to play in america. It was that he didnt want to play in japan. Yes. Thats a big part of it. Nomo was an individual. Theres a saying in japan, the nail that stands up gets hammered down. They wanted him to be part of the wall, if you will. He said i want to try to play baseball in the United States. For awhile he was seen as a traitor in japan. It was only when he was successful in the United States that he received accolades from japan. That brought in the next great wave of immigration into japanese players. But certain stigmas still continue and certain stereotypes still continue, and this one in particular, i find fascinating. Talking about ichiro suzuki. Teams will try anything to stop this guy. Ichiro hits one to the corner. Now, i think the commercials great. But theres a second problem with all that. This goes into the idea of the model minority again, right . Because now the expectation is for players coming from japan, you have an idea that theyre going to be superhuman. Right . So this sets up that doubleedged sword. We want the best talent from average player, most time youre going to wash out. And that becomes a big problem. This is that idea that doubleedged sword, the breaking and perpetuating of stereotypes. You as lesser beings, those could not play baseball but now we think about japanese as being super beings so were always looking for the next ichiro. Thats a big problem with asians and baseball, as i see it, moving into the future. Are we going to accept players who are just ordinary players . How long will they last . How long will teams continue to pay them . Secondly, given the fact that you have contractual situations with japan, i have a feeling youre going to see a lot more korean and taiwanese players because they dont have a posting system like japan. Everything comes back to money. Since we dont have a posting system, you will see a lot of korean and taiwanese players coming up younger and into the major leagues. But to wrap up, lets talk about by the way, these are just some further readings if you want to look into asians in baseball. According to the race and gender progressive and steeped in an progressive and steeped in traditional roots. Of the four major sports, it received the highest grades for diversity, but a closer look at facts and stats reveals number of interesting thoughts. Number one, theres a great difference between the Major League Baseball, the organization, and those of the teams. Mlb Central Office consists of 33 people of color and 38 women, whereas teams, the individual organizations, have only 9. 8 being people of color and 18 being women in positions of vice president. And senior administrators are 16 people of color and 18 women. Art moreno still remains the only person of color who owns a two owners of a person of color who owns any sports team, the other being Michael Jordan of the charlotte bobcats. Women still appear to hit a glass ceiling, if you will, and most are Senior Vice President s and or assistant general managers but never in the top position. Kim eng in 2005 had the opportunity and had a chance of becoming general manager for the los angeles dodgers, but she lost out. Given the present court situation, its probably for the better. These are the questions we have to ask. It seems more and more changes occur in baseball and that it is progressive, but there are still these questions about diversity and steeped in traditional roots. So i leave you with this question. You can think about this. Does baseball reflect society or is it an agent of social change . Yes. I need your critiques. Please hand them in. Also, you know, next thursday, already, can be your final. We will talk more on monday. Oh, monday, thats right, you review due as well. Man, i am awful. You are not that bad. I am just being asian, i want you to know that. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you are watching American History tv, all weekend every weekend on cspan3. Like us on facebook. The 100thar marks anniversary of Buffalo Bills death. Western historian paul hutton delivered the keynote address. He described as william cody became a symbol of the frontier and the american perception of western culture. This is just over an hour. Welcome, everyone, to the final event of what has been a terrific three days. You know when you start to plan these things, and you think we will have this person and that person and do all this stuff. There was this moment when we started to put the program on paper and said we have 36 different speakers on this thing. It exceeded our expectations certainly. So thank you to everyone for all the terrific presentations. Ks