We are grateful for their sponsorship. Firstperson is a series of conversations with survivors of the holocaust, who share with us their firsthand accounts of their experience during the holocaust. Each of our first person guests serve as volunteers at the museum. The museums website provides information about each of our upcoming firstperson programs. We will have a Program Next Week and the following week. Josi will share her experience during the holocaust and as a survivor for about 45 minutes. If we have time toward the end of the program, we will have an opportunity for you to ask her some questions. The life stories of Holocaust Survivors transcend the decades, and what you are about to hear from josi is one individuals account of the holocaust. We have prepared a slideshow to help with her introduction. Josi was born in 1939 in belgium. The arrow points to brussels. The german army conquered and occupied belgium in 1940. Shortly before the occupation, josis father left to join the belgian army. Here we see her parents. Her mother was able to secure a hiding place for josi. Here we see them shortly before she went into hiding. Shortly thereafter, her mother, who worked for the resistance, was denounced and deported to auschwitz. After six months of hiding in a convent in growing nazi suspicion, the belgian underground relocated josi to a Christian Family in brussels. Here we see her with that family. To the left are neighbors of her grandparents. The grandson is in the front in the middle. Allied forces liberated belgium in september, 1944. Soon after, josi was found by one of her aunts. Here we see them after they were reunited in belgium. Josie would eventually marry freddie truong. After moving to the United States in 1949, josie went to israel to study for a year. On a return trip, she met freddy. Josie attended montclair state teachers college. They married one year after they met. While in israel, they were born. Upon the advice of medical experts in israel, they relocated to the United States in 1963 to obtain medical care for the disabled son, michael. Their third child was born in the United States. Eventually freddies work brought them to virginia. Josie returned to school and began her career in social welfare. She retired in 2007 from her work as a clinical social worker for abused children from Montgomery County and maryland. Today, they live in silver spring, maryland. Her volunteer work includes leading toys for law enforcement. Josie speaks publicly about her experience in the holocaust and as a survivor in various settings. Especially in local schools in maryland and virginia. Josie and to bellow Holocaust Survivors joined me with to fellow how survivors joined me. I would like you to join me in welcoming our first person. Josaine traum. [applause] bill thank you so much for joining us today and being willing to be our first person and in two weeks, we will have freddie as we close out our program. We have a short time so we will start right away. Your parents were married in early 1938 and you were born in march of 1939, just months before germany and russia invaded poland to start world war ii. The core return to the world war ii and the holocaust, tell us about your parents, your family, what their life was like before it began. Josaine my parents please excuse my throat. My parents were newlyweds. They entered marriage and wanted to have a good life. There was in belgium, the jews a simulated assimilated quite well with their neighbors and everyone. Their families and seemed to be very good. Of course, they really didnt know of the impending doom that would happen very soon. My mother was a dressmaker. She had gone to a special textile vocational school. Apparently, when they graduated, the whole family in belgium what come and pick out a few students to work at the royal household. My mother was actually working for the royal household. It was a huge honor. It was a big deal. My mom was thrilled. Josaine she was a young person and working for the royal family was something very special. My dad was a tailor. We lived in a fourstory apartment building. This was on the bottom floor and part of the bottom floor there was a store which my dad ran. In those days, you cannot just go and buy it a suit by a suit readymade. A person would come in, choose the material they wanted for a suit and then my dad would make a pattern and measured him and sit at and making a suit for someone was not just a short deal. The customer would keep on coming back and being measured and fitted and so my dad was a tailor and my mom was in the dressmaking business. Bill being a tailor was not your fathers first occupation. Josaine my dad, in the 20s and 30s, they had silent movies. They were not talkies. In europe and belgium, different movie houses hired orchestras, violin, cello, beulah. My dad was a violin player. When the talkies came in the late 30s, he lost his job. All the musicians lost their jobs. My dad went to tailoring school and became a tailor and that was really a second profession. Bill i love having you tell us that. Your parents were married in 1938. Not see power in germany and austria took even more ominous turned in 1938 after the night of broken glass in late november. This is months before germany and russia invaded poland to begin the war. Given the political circumstances and the rise of nazi is him, did you learn later did you know that having you in the midst of that environment, was that something that was very worrisome . Josaine i imagine it was. I dont recall them talking about it. I think they were very concerned and worried. They listened to the radio continuously. Mainly to the bbc. They wanted to hear what was going on in the world. It was scary. I think they were worried about how far germans would come in europe, how far to the west. I think it was very worrisome. In late november, the night of broken glass, when all over germany and austria, parts of czechoslovakia, i believe there was a terrific night of violence and vandalism against jews. Your parents i think it took your parents i think it took in a child for a. Of time, tell us what you know about that. My dad had already left. Josaine my mom took in a jewish child who had been caught. My grandparents and my mother took this little girl to stay with us. Just until she found a safer place, it was very worrisome. Jews were trying to get away from where the germans had already invaded. It was very worrisome and very scary. Bill in may of 1940, 8 months after germany attacked poland, they invaded the low country. The belgians, netherlands and france. Tell us what your father did and what that meant for your mother and for you. Josaine as i mentioned, my parents would listen to the radio all the time. They heard calls from britain, asking people to volunteer to join the british army. My dad and his brother both decided that they would volunteer and try to get to britain to join the british army. Both of them were tailors. My dads brother was also a tailor. They both decided to actually go to england and they left a belgium. My dad left when i was 13 months old. They got to england, that was very dangerous at the time. The germans were actually torpedoing boats crossing the channel. My dad to get to england and the British Government or the army decided what could they do with these two guys . They were both tailors and what they did is they put them in a factory making british uniforms. For the army. That was the best place my dad could be. He did leave and my mom and i and my moms parents, they all stay together. Bill in light of the current film, dunkirk, i was thinking about you as this dont came out because your father dunkirk and i think he left on one of the last ships that got out before the germans arrived. Josaine he did and he got to england and my mom never knew if he actually got there or not. There was no communication at all. War had already started. Once he left, that was it. Bill to your knowledge, what did your mother do now . You are 13 months old, it was just the two of you. Josaine things were very limited as far as food was concerned, care, my mother always used to tell me that in belgium and many other countries in europe, they had special places where use of newborns and you got the musicians and all kinds of care from the doctors. Once the war started, that really stopped. My mom in a way, it is not that she was stuck with me, she did not really have any outside services that she could use. She was with her parents who were living with us. We were pretty much to ourselves. At that time, the germans, when they invaded, everybody had to carry an Identity Card. In it, it stated that you were jewish or not. You had to carry that card wherever you went on the street and you could be stopped at any time by a german and they could say gimme your Identity Card and you had to give it and then they decided what they would do. I think my mom and i and my parents were in a very precarious position, things were very limited and we kind of relied on ourselves. Bill you would remain in the circumstances under nazi occupation until 1942 when your mother made the profound decision to place it into hiding. Tell us about the events that led up to your decision mothers decision to hide what also during that. Of time two years that you are existing in the circumstances you described, what was life like for your mom during that time . My mom, she was part of the underground, part of the resistance. She would deliver leaflets for meetings at the underground where they would meet somewhere. She would take in jewish people who would flee from countries where the germans had already invaded. We very often had people sitting in our house until they would go to another safe place. Because my mother was part of the underground, she kind of had, there was a whole network and she was able to get someone to pick me up, two women to come to pick me up and put me into hiding. To me, that is probably one of the hardest decisions that i think she could have made. When they put a child in hiding, they were not able to tell the parents where we were being placed. There was a where is the rest of your family . Where are your children . Where is your husband . They would torture you until i got it out of you. So, they decided that the underground, when they would take children and put them in hiding, they would not tell the parents where they were being placed. Your mother does not know anything about her husband and now you are gone, she knows nothing about you, before we come back to your time in hiding, a couple of other things i wanted to ask you, you mentioned having to carry id cards that said jew on it. You shared with me a fleeting memory you have about being on a bus with your mother before you went into hiding. Josaine yes, we kept very much to ourselves. Once in a while, i did have a day with my mom. On one such day, we took a bus ride to go i cant even remember where we went, i mother and i got on the bus and we did not have buses in belgium, we used trans that were electrically bill the electrical trolleys. Josaine my mom and i got on the bus and we set the last row on the bus, all the way at the end. While we were riding on this a german officer came and asked everybody for their id cards. He went broke by row by row. My mother was shaking, i do not understand why. This german officer went from road to row and he got to the last row and he turned around and he never asked us for our id. Somebody was looking over there was a pretty close call, my mother stop shaking and of course, i never connected it. I did not realize that she was so afraid. She was so afraid of what might happen bill one of the things that have happened was deportation from auschwitz. Josaine jews were starting to be reported in 1942. Bill your greatgrandparents, tell us what happened to them during that time. Josaine first, i must say that i was placed i was put in hiding and two ladies came to pick me up. Two strange ladies who did not know, my mother was not allowed to know where i was going. They came to pick me up and they took me to a beautiful little city in belgium called they took me to this convent, my mother did not know where i was going. They took me to this conference and none of you see them dressed in modern clothing. There was very stiff gear, barry stiff. They were very strict. They placed me in hiding, that was wonderful. It was more like an orphanage. People there was no food, there was very little food. People would put their kids in convents and pick them up after. Bill thats where you were. Josaine thats where i was. Soon after that, my mom and her parents were deported. They were arrested, deported and taken to auschwitz. Bill in your mothers case, she was denounced by someone. She was told on by one of her neighbors. Josaine there were many people who helped me. I am here today because there were many people who got money from the germans if they would tell them whether jews were. Our neighbor is the one who denounced my mom and her parents. They were taken to auschwitz. Bill we will talk more about your mother later. Your grandparents perished at auschwitz. Josaine yes they did, my grandfather died on one of the trains. He was getting to auschwitz and my grandmother and mother were separated as soon as they got to auschwitz, they were selections, both concentration camps, when you got there, they were killing people, you would get there and there were killing you. They had a labor camp where they made ammunition and the germans were very interested in gearing up their ammunition production for the war. In auschwitz, they had a factory which was actually a labor camp and as soon as you got off the train, there was a selection. The older folks, handicapped, children would be put in one line and the stronger and younger people like my mom would be put on another one. My mom and her mother were separated. My mom wanted to be with her mother. She went to the line where her mother was an and a german hit her and told her you go where you are told to go. She actually never saw her mother again. My grandparents perished very soon but my grandfather died right on the train and my grandmother as soon as she got there. With your mother at auschwitz, you are in this convent and youd be in the convent for about a year, tell us about what you can and about your time in that comment and what led to your decision to live with a Christian Family in the convent, they looked like sound of music but they were very strict. They did not sing. Bill what was your life like in that convent . I cant compare it to other comments, i dont think i have been in another one. It had a very large courtyard. I was inside the convent, it was out in the open and the children we would all play together and we would say our rosaries many times a day. I would say them in french. I didnt know what i was saying. We would play and by the way, i was in the convent for a the more than six months. Unbeknownst to me, they were three other children their there. The comment was full of kids but they were poor jewish kids being hidden. In belgium, in most countries in europe, if you are hiding a jew, you are really risking your life because if the germans found you, they would shoot you on the street, no questions asked, they would shoot you. These nuns, however strict they were with me, the reason i was moved out of the convent while you are in the comment, and your name is changed. Tell us what name you are given and the significance about that name. The name, my first name remained the same, it was a french name. My last name which was a jewish name, they changed my last name on my documents to more of a flemish, dutch name which was bundaberg vonberg. Bill you are in you were in an area that was more flemish . Josaine yes. Bill as you said, you are about to tell us that you were mother there. What led to the decision to move you to their homes . Josaine apparently, the nuns found out that the knot is regarded to come and pick up the four jewish children. Bill someone probably informed . Josaine yes. I heard this happened quite a few times in belgium. The nuns would find out that the germans were going to come and pick up jewish children and they would always tell the germans to let us get the clothes ready and come back tomorrow morning but in the meantime, the nuns actually smuggled the four of us out of the comment and brought us all to brussels which is where i was originally from. They placed me with a catholic family. A mother, a father and a little girl. I stayed with them for the duration of the war. Bill until september of 1944 when belgium was liberated. Josaine the man was part of the underground. They would very often take him out and interrogate him at night, the nazis. He would come back black and blue. He did all kinds of things in the underground to upset whatever the germans were doing. He never told on me. I stayed with him for the duration of the war. Bill do you know how they explained their your presence in their home . I how they went out. How they does much explaining. I didnt go out very much. I didnt see people. In belgium, food was rationed and you would pick up your ration once a week and it was at a special center for however many people were registered. They were registered for three people, the mothers, the fathers and the little girl. I was there a legally. They would pick up the food once a week but share it with me. In a way, they did risk of their lives in every way. We very much kept to ourselves. I did not see very many other people. Bill you pray much stayed indoors that entire time. You pretty much stayed indoors the entire time. Tell us what that was like for you to be not only in their household with their family but really restricted in terms of not being able to go out. What do you recall of what that was like for you . A little girl. Josaine i used to play with a little girl the daughter all the time. I do remember that they were very close, they were a family and however wonderful they were with me, i was not part of the unit. I felt that as a little girl. I dont think they meant to make me feel that way but i didnt feel part of that family unit. Bill one of the things that you shared with me was that they obviously risked their lives to protect you, they fed you. But they did not hug you, they did not kiss you to sleep and as a little girl, you felt that. Josaine i did. Bill you have been very eloquent. Josaine i feel very fortunate, i feel very strongly psychologically the first three years of life, if you bond with someone, a caregiver, it is important to you, it really establishes a certain wellbeing that carries you throughout a lot. I felt i had that through the first three years of my life with my grandmother. Also, my mother. Although i missed it later on, i think i still have those memories josaine . Thats solid ground. Bill thats solid ground, belgium was liberated in 1944 when the war ended for belgium. The war was still going on elsewhere in europe. Your parents were able to find you and she brought you to her home. How did that happen . No one knew where you were. Had your and find you . How did your aunt find you . Josaine my mom thousand it a lot as far as saving. My older aunt had three sons, my three cousins and they were all hidden in the church but because they were part of the underground, they found me. They came to pick me up. They took me to their home and i was with them. My three cousins who were just a few folders few years older than me, the brothers spoiled me rotten, it was great. They treated me like their best. It was wonderful being with family again. I felt a difference. Bill you lived in a catholic convent. You are with a question family and now youre with a jewish family, is there any change in terms of awareness of being jewish that you hadnt had up until that point . There was, the aunt would like like candles every night, they had many of the traditions i dont remember that much at home because i left so young. We did have some of that with my aunt. It was just wonderful being with family. Bill getting that love and affection that you missed. You told me a story about your uncle that was recognized. Josaine yes, my aunts husband my uncle was very shy and meek. After the war, he was decorated and honored for having been brave and killed many not to soldiers. It was unbelievable because this was such a quiet, shy, meek man. I thought no one in the family could believe him. He was awarded an decorated which was really something. Of course, during the immediate aftermath of the war in belgium, this is the late summer and fall of 1944, the battle of the bulge would happen. Belgium is prima shattered, what was it like for your aunts to begin to be able to rebuild their lives and you are part of that . Josaine it was very hard. In belgium, they were pardoned on the ground floor. They had a store. As soon as the war ended, they moved back to their place, they opened the store and life really changed for them. I cant say it was back to normal but somehow things regained much more normalcy so i think it was hard for them, they worked hard but at least they were altogether. Bill it must have seemed like an incredible miracle. Your mother, annie survived auschwitz. She returned to brussels in 1945 and was reunited with her sisters. You were six. What do you recall of your mother just reappearing when people probably thought she was dead . I think we thought she was dead. When my mom was liberated, she was a pretty sick woman, she had meningitis. She eventually made her way down with the red cross, back to belgium. My mom, the firstplace she went was my sisters apartment. She knocked on the door and there she was. We were reunited. Many of the things i recall from that i think were think that my mom told me because many things i dont remember. I was six years old. I really dont remember many of those things. It was wonderful seeing her again. Soon after she came back and you were reunited, she would take you and move back in to her home in june of 1945. I know a lot about your mother what happens to your mother, she was not only incredible is sick and disabled but she had been through a horrific ordeal. Do you know what it was like for her to she still has no idea about your father. Do you know how she managed to both take care of you and try to rebuild her life at that point . Josaine it must have been so difficult. I then relied a lot on her two sisters. I think the family became very very close. My mom relied on whatever services she could get. It wasnt until a year later that my dad actually returned from england to belgium. It was hard for my mom to manage. Bill when your father came back in 1946, tell us about that. You remember that. Josaine i do. My dad could not come back right after the war. The apartment he was living in in london there was some of bombing during the blitz, the house he was moving into was bombed. He spent two years in the hospital. He was injured pretty badly. When he did come back, when eventually, my mom and he were right and they knew he was coming back, i remember going to the city of belgium. It is where the ships came in. My mom and i were waiting there and my dad was coming down the stairs. I do not know who he was. My mom actually going to him and said there is your father. I had no idea this man was. It was hard because it was three of us and they went through such very different experiences. My mom went through hell, my dad had a really hard time. I was just a child so it was hard. Bill were they both able to resume their work lives at that time . Josaine they were. My dad eventually worked again in his shop and we lived in the same apartment because it was my parents apartment. We tried to resume life as much as we could. My parents decided they really needed to leave europe and so they decided to apply for visas and pay for us to come to the United States. We eventually did in 1949, we went for a number of years for the quotas and waited for our names to come up. Bill you had to simply wait until the numbers came up . Josaine yes. Bill four years after the war and three years after your father came back. Josaine my dad, my mom and i came to the United States along with his brother and his wife and two girls. The two families really came to the United States together. Bill you come to the United States, you are 10 years old and now it is to begin a whole new life for each of you. What do you remember about that for yourself . What was it like at 10 years old to arrive here and become an american . Josaine i spoke no english and they put me in first grade. I was never told to begin with. And you measure the kids why were you put in the first grade . Josaine i didnt know english. In first grade, i did not stand out that much. It took me a few days, a few weeks to you learn a few words of english and they put me in second grade. It went on for a few weeks and i left elementary school. Bill every few weeks you are put into a new grade. Josaine exactly. Now, i can remember not speaking english. It comes so naturally. At the beginning, it was very it was really difficult. Bill your fathers booking was because he had been in england. Josaine he did but it was not that great. My mom spoke no english. It is interesting because when i came back home, we spoke french were my parents spoke yiddish to each other. They went to night school as soon as they came to the United States. They wanted so much to become american. The children at my school, they learned english, they learned all of the states, all of the president s, when i came home, they would not speak french to me, they would only speak english. They wanted so much to learn english. Bill you described it as they were passionate and aggressive about becoming an american. Josaine they were, i dont think i have that today, where you really have to pass a test. Bill i dont know if it is the same test but they do. Soon after you arrive, you had a bad incident, you are in new jersey and you were beaten up by a bunch of kids. Bill a bunch of girls. Josaine a bunch of girls beat me up. I think it was the first week, i was in school, when i came at a school at the end of the day, there was a group of girls waiting for me. They actually beat me up. I had no idea why. My mother went to school the next day which i thought was pretty brave of her, not speaking very much english, she wanted to know what had happened, why did they beat me up. The principal said that the children thought that your daughter was german. I dont know what bearing that has to do with it. I dont think the kids differentiated. I wasnt beaten again, that was good. Bill that is good. Did your aunts rename remain belgium . Josaine they did not. They came with their boys and settled there with their three sons. My younger aunt came to the United States and lived in new york. Bill about the same time . Josaine a little bit later. She waited a few years and got a job and was working and we were because. Bill do you know how many of your extended family perished bill do you know how many of your extended family perished during the holocaust holocaust . Josaine my parents had brothers and sisters. My father, one of his brothers perished with the children. Quite a few people. I am lucky i am here. Bill later you would meet another holocaust survivor. Tell us about meeting freddy. Josaine i went to israel to study for a year. It was not that long ago. In those days, you did not travel by plane. Planes were very expensive. You went by ship. I went with a group of students and it was really a wonderful experience. Coming on the way home on the i met this officer, he was a chief officer on an israeli passenger liner and he was socializing with the passengers. We were married a year later. While the ship was in port. We had the band, the food, everything, it was like having a very special place and we had all of our guests. It was wonderful. Bill you and your husband are each Holocaust Survivors as well as your mother. She was here with us at age 100. We look forward to her return in is 101. 2018 when she i think our audience should know that. That is how extraordinary it is that each of you continue to speak publicly about what you experienced. What is that like for you to do this . What is it like for you and your family to do this . Josaine for me it makes me feel good that people are interested and want to know what happened. You can avoid some of these things happening again is by knowing to history and knowing what happened. I feel especially good going to school, i go to middle schools, Catholic Schools and high schools and it does make me feel really good to hear that people are interested. They want to know, they really do. Bill you spoke at my sons middle school. It was a profound experience. We have time to turn to our audience for a few questions. We are going to have two microphones, down each aisle. We have two questions up front. Try to make your questions as brief as we can. I will do my best to repeat it to make sure that we hear it correctly and josie will respond to it. Reunite with the nuns or the family that took care of you . Josaine yes. The family my husband and i were in belgium in 1989 and we tried to find them the family and they had all died, including the little girl who was my age. The nuns, i wrote to the belgian government because i really feel that it is important to get them recognized and a knology what they did. Andet them recognized acknowledge what they did. The order is no longer in existence. From what i understand, what i have been told by other churches and organizations is that when an order diminishes and people die, they very often join another order. I have not been able to find the nuns. That particular order is no longer in existence. Do you think that maybe a reason they didnt get emotionally attached to you was for protection for you and for them . Josaine i dont know. It wasnt just with me, it was with all the kids, they were rather strict. I dont know if that is a demeanor in general of nuns, i i am not really sure. The family, yes, also. Bill another question . There is one backup behind you as well. Do you still speak french or you do you still speak french or yiddish . Josaine not yiddish, i never spoke yiddish. I still speak french and hebrew. You and freddie . What do you speak with each other . English. Bill freddie was rescued through a candor transport and ended up in england. He spent many years in england. We had a hand back there. I was wondering if there was repercussions for the nuns when they came to get the jewish children and they were not there . Bill when the nuns would delay and hide the children, were the josaine isions . Never found out. I know that there were stories about other nuns. I dont know if the germans ever came back and did not see the kids and if they hurt the nuns i dont know if they were punished. Your mom was told on and your grandparents were told on by your neighbor. Did your mom have trust issues after that . Her neighbor cost her her. Rentslives bill the question is since her mother and grandmother were denounced by neighbors, did your mother have trust issues around other people because of having had that happen to her . Josaine i dont know that. We did leave belgium. We left europe. I think that, in itself told a lot. My parents did not want me going there and probably because they were trust issues. What if it happened again . What if neighbors did something again . Although i have never spoken about that to my mom, this is probably a very interesting issue. Bill you have no idea what ever happened to that neighbor . Josaine i do not. My mother is 100 and she volunteers here every sunday. She sits at the survivor desk and talks to whoever wants to listen to her. Bill it is well worth spending the time, i can tell you that. Do we have another question . That was part of my question. We are a Catholic Youth Group and i was just wondering we are going to help some nuns next week. Have you ever been invited by other nuns you said you had never been to another content to compare what nuns are like. I was interested in have you prayed the rosaries since then . Did you ever learn anything about catholicism versus judaism . Do you speak to youth groups . Bill have you been invited to another convent . Josaine i havent been to a convent, but ive been to a few Catholic Schools. I have been in maryland and virginia and too many of them. They were very interested and i am always surprised how much they do know. Very impressive, they read a lot of books on the subject. When i talk to kids in a school, i usually ask them what they have read and what they know so i know what angle to begin with. I am always surprised that they read so much of the literature. Bill we have time for one more question. Then we will wrap up with josie concluding our program. Stay with us for a couple of minutes. For those of you who just raise d your hands, josie will remain on the stage after she finishes so we invite you to come up here and ask her the question and she will stay as long as you have a question to ask her. Please come up here and do that. I wondered if how your mom handled the situation after the concentration camp. Was she angry . Did she forgive . When did she feel peace . Bill how did your mother handle the aftermath . Did she find peace . Did she find a sense of forgiveness . What was your mothers response over the years . You shared with me that as a child you remember her having horrible nightmares. Josaine i think it is its difficult for my mom. I dont think she has ever been able to totally understand and forgive what has happened. They did medical experiments on her while she was in auschwitz. This is something that she has also lived through. I think it has haunted her her whole life. It has been very difficult for her. We will close our program in just a moment, stay with us for a couple moments more. We will hear from josie to close our program. I want to thank all of you for being with us. We will resume again in the march of 2018. The museums website will provide information so that we might have the opportunity to come back and join us. I would also like to mention that our programs are now available through the museums website. Through our Youtube Channel so you can see josies program. It is our tradition at first person that our first person has the last word. When she is done, our photographer will come up on stage and take a picture with you as the background. It makes for a terrific photograph. As i mentioned a moment ago, if you want to come ask another or just say hi or have your picture taken, or whatever you would like to do. All right, josie. Josaine at the end of the program, the survivor always has the last word. Quote,s read the same because to me, it is one of the most important things in this museum. I dont know if any of you have gone to the museum yet, if you havent, when you get to the second floor, at the end, as you leave the second floor exhibit, there is a saying on the wall. To me, it is so significant that i always read it at the end because it is so meaningful and let me read it to you. Martin was very prohitlers at the beginning of the war because hitler promised so many wonderful things and then when he did see what hit the was doing, he was very much against him and he was imprisoned. He did not die in prison, he died in the 80s. This is what he wrote. I did not speak out because i was not a socialist but then they came for the trade unionists and i did not speak out and they came for the jews, i did not speak out because i was not a jew. Then they came for me and there was no one left to speak for me. To me, this is what this museum is about. When you see injustice and people inflicting pain on other people, you say something. One person can make a big difference, that is why i am here. People took a chance and they spoke out and they helped. Thank you. [applause] Labor Day Weekend on American History tv, at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, fears about overpopulation. Some of the issues talked about decides are a big one. Pollution is a big one. Nonrenewable resources, things like oil and gasoline, but the thing that overshadowed that first earth day was the prospect of global famine due to overpopulation of the earth. Presidency. The the friendship between president s hoover and truman. It is easy to overlook the fact that they had roots in farming communities, had known hardship and selfreliance, were transformed by world war i, and lived in the shadow of franklin d roosevelt. Monday, the 1967 detroit riots. We prefer to think about it like a rebellion because all the energy and anger that went into that moment had long been predicted. People had been begging for remedy to housing discrimination, police brutality. Bet frustration cannot understood as just chaotic and incoherent. It was a rebellion. On american weekend history tv on cspan3. We are on the campus of guns Agora University in spokane, washington. It was founded by jesuit priests. A look at thetake James Osullivan papers and learn about his role in the development of the grand coulee dam. Can rememberllivan where it all began in an old tires blew out like firecrackers and the radiator steamed up with the regularity of a geyser. James stepped out and said someday this is going to be the garden of eden. Water will flow onto the soil and the desert will bloom. Countless people will come here. Busy settlements will rise out of the sagebrush. James osullivan was born in 1876 in michigan. He went to the university of michigan and studied law and graduated in 1902. Afterword,