Kevin obviously today were going to talk about the 1960s. Stephen stills wrote it. Crosby stills nash and young. It talks about he wrote the song after a protest. It they put a law on how long people could be outside of bars in los angeles. All of the young people protested. I dont want to go to edit 10 00. I want to party at the whiskey a go go. The cops came, they beat some heads. There was a protest. Stephen stills writes this song all about the contentious nature of the 1960s. The thing about that song as a key protest song, you nice know it all. It was written 40 years ago 50 years ago. The thing about that song is its not so much a protest song im right and youre wrong but it is about look at whats happening to our society. Battle lines being drawn. Whos right when everybodys wrong. Its a key song of the 1960s. Not because its a good lefty song or a good conservative song, but because it talks about the rise of this contentious nature that we know of as the 1960s. There are a lot of misconceptions about the 1960s. One of the key things that i want to learn today going to repeat this. One of the key themes of the 60s is call for freedom. People want freedom. In the 1960s, the cost of that individual freedom might be the greater good. The story of this lecture in the 1960s is going to be the rise of these calls for freedom. At the expense of the greater good. That sounds bad, but when you think about what the greater good was doing, why does the Civil Rights Movement happen . The greater good was not necessarily creating an equal environment for everyone area women were treated as distinctly secondclass citizens in a lot of ways. Thats the theme of the lecture. It really plays on what we learned since world war ii. America comes together and what does fdr say the words about . The four freedoms. Two freedoms from something, the two freedoms for something. Society in the 1950s gets incredibly wealthy as we stop making bombs and start making frisbees. But theyre all of these rules in this conformity. And, starting in the 1960s. It comes to a head in the 60s. All of a sudden, people want to bust out of that box. They want to bust out of contained society that has been successful in a lot of ways. Richest society in the history of mankind. But a lot of people feel that its still defying and not originally satisfy. The busting out of that, declaring their freedom from conformity. Thats what the 1960s is about. Thats going to be the theme of the lecture today. Does that make sense . Calls for freedom. Instead of the story. Normally i serve the story. Instead of the story, im going to show bunch of pictures to start us off. I think theres so much about the 60s that generally misunderstood. I went and looked at some images of the 60s. Evidently, if you Google Search the 60s, this is the kind of stuff that you get. Hippies, flower power. All of that kind of stuff. This is a Halloween Costume you can buy. To be a 60s kind of person. This is the poster you can buy. Can buy this poster. You are in tune with the 1960s radicalism. This was a miniseries that appeared on Nbc Television about 10 to 15 years ago. It was all about flower power and family experiencing what its like to have a daughter become a hippie. In our popular mind Popular Culture especially the 60s are really perceived to be this. Hippies, flower power smoking pot all that kind of stuff area of course, theyre way more complicated than that. You guys know what this is . Jfk getting assassinated. 1963. In the 60s, people listened to music. We talked about of his presley lifetime. We have bob dylan up there. One of my favorites, jimi hendrix. People into the next. I want to wear the shorts every time i give this lecture. Not intercut, but the shorts. The movement which we talked about last lecture, really gets up in the 60s. Even changes course toward the end. We talked about that. Remember this image . Martin luther king. The assassination of Martin Luther king. Calls for freedom. Freedom must be lived. Its called the freedom movement. Africanamericans are not alone. These are images of womens liberation. Liberation of course is just another word for freedom. Womens liberation. Dont call me girl. This is the rise of the Chicano Movement in the United States. Cesar chavez unionizing a lot of latino farmworkers in california. Trying to protest and bring their protest to national prominence. We must understand the highest form of freedom carries with it the greatest measure of discipline. Stay true to the cause and you will be free. All of these movements for freedom. And yet, we must not forget that in 1968, this guy becomes president. It is a this is . Richard nixon. The simpsons took his middle name. He wins and 68. Some of the things he advocates for our free market, freedom. Freedom is a call from the left and the right in the 1960s. The real challenge to the postwar society that emerged out of world war ii. If you remember what we talked about, it was premised on government control little bit of the economy. It happened during the new deal. It happened or will or two. Bureaucracies were taking over. It was premised on friendly corporate relationships with the government area huge amounts of federal dollars were being spent on the Defense Industry helping to prop up this economy that needed help after the war. Society and that. We can suburbanites. Remember asia do all the pictures of the Straight Lines in the middle of the potato field. Planting those houses everywhere usually in pretty Straight Lines with no trees. People follow the rules of society. If you follow the rules, you too could have a 1200 square foot house in levittown. Which to us sounds unappealing but if you grew up in the Great Depression in chicago in a small Apartment Building your dad was always looking for work, that house sounds fantastic rosie the riveter have to go home and have children. That the social expectation. The number of children skyrockets. From there these complaints. The sense that where Conformist Society and we need to bust free from conformity area what happens in the 1960s is peoples are pushing back. Start of the 1960s, actually looks a lot like the 1950s in your imagination. That 50s idea lasts through 61 6263. Only in 64, 65 66 two things are changing and what we just saw as the 1960s. In 1960, this is john f. Kennedy. I have them here playboy millionaire catholic for president. He was the son of a very wealthy man. He made a ton of money and the liquor industry. In the movie industry, and he really wanted his sons to not be businessmen working on the margins, he wanted them to be president s or senators. Theres a scene in one of my favorite movies, the godfather where don vito is sitting there looking at his youngest son michael who is about to take over the mafia empire and he says michael, i never wanted this for you. I wanted you to be senator corleone he. And instead you became a mafioso. Thats what Joseph Kennedy one. His sons were given the best education money could buy. They went to harvard. It was actually the oldest on that he was priming for the presidency. The oldest son gets killed in world war ii. The second oldest who becomes the heir apparent. After the war on world war ii, he runs for the house in massachusetts race from. He gets elected and becomes a senator. Had a very young age, hes 43 years old. One of the things that was inspiring about him was not just the rhetoric. He had a very powerful way of speaking to people. He was very charming and very comfortable in front of cameras area he looked good. He had good looks they said. He was unafraid to use those looks on a variety of women as you guys probably all know. To great effect i should say. The people who were starting to complain about the conformity of the 1960s, they saw this young guy as a way out. It was an incredibly close election in 1960. He just squeaked by. This is the famous election where lot dead people in chicago vote. In his inaugural address, he gives one of the more famous. Says one of the most famous lines in president ial history. There are a handful of these. This is one of them. Am sure you guys know it. Ask not what your country can do for you, but when you can do for your country. Everything bellarmine . Ask not what your country can do for you but ask what you can do for your country area what can you do to improve the whole of society . Dont ask about your own individual freedoms. Ask what you can do to make our country better. You guys get that . Just to give away the lecture its hard to imagine at the end somebody saying this area so many calls for freedom had happened in the decade of the 1960s. He comes into office filled with hope. Promises of change in some ways. The cold war. And everyone assumes that the cold war is gosure enough, in the beginning it does. The focal point this time as cuba. And islands 90 miles off the coast of florida. Like many latin american countries in this. , there are revolutions. Like many. The United States tries to intervene. Castro takes charge. The communist. United states tries to unseat him, but it doesnt work. Bay of pigs disaster. It doesnt work at all. Slowly but surely, castro goes to cubas economy and they start taking out all the american businesses, nationalizing things like oil refineries. We start taking out american businesses. United states its very interested. In 1962, the United States puts an embargo on cuba. We are not allowed to export or import from cuba. Which of course still exists although there is much discussion about lifting it. Well see how that plays out ultimately. Funny story about the embargo. John f. Kennedy really loved cuban cigars. The day before he is about to sign the embargo he asked his press secretary to buy as many cuban cigars as he could get his hands on. He gets his hands on 1200. 1200. Delivers them to the president and three minutes later he signs the embargo. Jfk got his cigars. Thats not the end of the story of course. Now the cuba doesnt have a friend in the United States, it needs trade partners. Cuba is a communist country. But i think . The soviet union. In the soviet union and cuba become closer partners. The soviet union says hey theres a country where friendly with 90 miles from the coast of florida. I wonder if they would let us put some Nuclear Weapons on that island. So that we can be right in range of the United States. They plan on it. They Start Building facilities and cuba. Their building places to store these weapons. On tv, jfk says the soviet union should turn the ships around. No weapons and cuba. This is what comes to be called the cuban missile crisis. This is the closest we ever came to having allout Nuclear War Nuclear powers. The soviet union says were knocking internships around. We are entitled to arm our allies. We are entitled to defend them. You have weapons in turkey and in italy which is in striking distance of the soviet union. How is this different that. What ensues is remarkable for 13 days television is covering with every single day. Cecil start writing wills. They start plotting for the destruction of humanity. Finally, after 13 days there is an agreement. On paper, that agreement is the United States agrees never to invade cuba again. And the soviet union will no longer plan on putting office of weapons in cuba. They turn the ships around. Secretly, the u. S. Also agrees to take weapons out of italy and turkey. This a bit of a quid pro quo there. Kennedy is hailed as a hero. One commentator said he placed the scariest and a anyone has ever played and he won. Theres a pretty decent movie about the scope 13 days. It talks about the anxiety every day. The end could come. I guess we also live like that. But maybe not without much fear. Jfk is a cold warrior, but hes also facing the challenges of the cold war trying to maybe back it down a little. Hes willing to use diplomacy in pulling Nuclear Weapons out of italy and turkey. He also slowly but surely gets engaged in the Civil Rights Movement. This isnt really because he wants to get engaged, its because the Civil Rights Movement forces him to be engaged with it. The citizens really created the modern Civil Rights Movement. Public spectacles anyone can be a part of. Martin luther king picks up on this and he starts his confrontational method. Having anybody dressup in really nice sunday close and go march for freedom and get arrested and invites all the cameras to show up. And these pictures are going to mobilize america to fight for civil rights. One of those people that gets mobilized is john f. Kennedy. By the end of his presidency, he has this great line here. He a cautious supporter. 100 years of delay have passed its president lincoln freed the slaves yet their heirs are not fully free. They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice from social and economic oppression. And this nation, for all its hopes will not be fully free until all its citizens are free. Hes cautiously endorsing civil rights. Why . Not because hes this advocate of civil rights, because of images like this. Remember it was this image that he said made him sick. These visceral images of the Civil Rights Movement. They prompt him to act. Kids getting counted by fire hoses to stop them from marching. Before you can see through any of this change thats being pushed upon him. This happens. November 22, 1963. He is shots. Have you seen the footage of this . Its prettier ethic. Its gross. Pronounced dead shortly thereafter, but basically he was dead when the bullet hit his head. An unbelievably tragic events. But of course, just the beginning of all of these assassinations take ways throughout the 19 to these. This is really the first prominent one. Pretty soon we will have not been asked and Martin Luther king. Robert kennedy. It sort of starting this violent push back. Of course, we can talk forever about the conspiracy theories and who killed jfk and stuff like that area is in the onion . They have a great newspaper from 19 i guess its november 23 that says jfk killed by fbi. The dell castro, the cia, the mafia. All of these conspiracy theories the people who may have had a hand in it. More importantly for our story though is what happens next . Whos president now . Well at this guy. Lyndon baines johnson. Lbj. Heres Jackie Kennedy a the hours after president kenny was dead. She is still wearing the same outfit. She standing next lbj as he is sworn in on air force one. Lbjs great. Hes from texas. Mccollum big daddy. Really tall guy. You can kind of see outselling is right here. He became a lefty during the new deal. The 1930s. Thats what he became a democrat. Thats when he became politically engaged. Remember the new deal. Fdrs cannot throw much a throwback to step against the wall and see what sticks. This is the energy. These are the kinds of programs that he becomes a part of and it becomes his sort of calling. He gets involved in the new deal in texas in the 1930s. Then he goes on into the house of representatives and the senate. He becomes one of the most powerful members of the senate. He same as this is called the johnson treatment. If you dont believe if you dont vote the way he wants you to vote, he gets in your face and talks with you and insults you. The johnson treatment. He becomes a really skilled leader pushing legislation through. But hes also got this sort of kennedy had hollywood good looks. He was from boston and spoke well in front of people. Lbj is from texas. Hes got a rough edge around them. One of the great joys of being an american citizen. About every three or six months or so, somebody discovers a new recording of either lbj are next in. And you realize how hilarious or awful or funny these people are. These ones are getting right now about lbj ordering pants from his taylor. Hes very crass man say. In the middle of the phone call he lets the huge belch out. Hes burping and is walking around. Hes not making any sense in using foul language. Its pretty fun to listen to. If you werent sure how to vote in the senate, he would do that kind of stuff to you until you are like fine go away. When he becomes president , which is something he always wanted. Thats why the onion headline has him in there too. Something he always wanted. What he wants to do is revive the new deal. He gives it its own name. Called the Great Society. Both have good classrooms. Every human being has dignity and every worker has a job. The thing i want you to get about the Great Society. Its like the new deal and he pushes all of this legislation. A lot of it passes. Its kind of a whirlwind. What is tackle poverty. Tackle racism. But hes doing it in the new deal kind of way. Hes doing it with government programs. Hes doing it with your accuracy area remember the beginning of the lecture. Theres a tunnel coming from underneath thats pushing for freedom from those kinds of boxes. Hes trying to educate everybody. Every human being has dignity. Every worker has a job. The way hes doing it is going to be against the push of the times. That make sense . What he does is admirable. He pushes the civil rights laws we talked about on monday. The Civil Rights Act of 64. The Civil Rights Act of 65. The Civil Rights Act of 68. Hes pushing all of these things. Hes one of the greatest president ial speeches he gives after somma area one of the greatest president ial speeches is after somma. He ends that with we shall overcome. And he pushes for Voting Rights legislation. He pushes all the civil rights laws through. But for lbj class is more important than race. He wants to solve economic problems and the race problem will take care of itself. You can argue with that, but its not an insubstantial argument. What he really wanted to do with end poverty. The war on poverty. Thats one of his phrases. The war on poverty. He starts this bewildering series of programs to make america more fulfilled. In education, he starts headstart. He financed preschool forget to can afford it. He wants all americans to get to the country. Its like lets go to clean up the lake and pick up trash. Lets go volunteer in this way. But for these people to work. Like the new deal, these programs just keep on coming. Medicare, which is health care for the elderly. A lot of these Public Housing programs we now call the projects. Some not terribly successful. Highway beautification. That was a particular love of his life. Clean air and water act. Numerous education asked area he lowered taxes. Hes just throwing stuff out there trying to make the United States with full of promise and what he thinks it can be. Related to the Great Society not technically a part of it but related your designs into law the immigration act of 19 to 25. Which is why many of you are here today i would guess. Many americans come. He signed the act. He wanted to do the back. This is a chart of immigration. Others along. It takes up a little in the 50s. It starts shooting straight up. Were going to get rid of the quotas that were put in place in the 1920s. Were going to have it based on family need on what kinds of jobs we need. Unbeknownst to everybody, nobody predicted this. Its not the european to take advantage of this the most. People from asia, latin america, and africa. If you look at the yellow, those are immigrants from asia. Europe is blue. It changes the complexion of the United States. Lbj gonzales. Says his congress was a congress of the a congress of realize dreams. He thinks he has brought america to the millennium and is going to end poverty. Hes going to do it with all of these marvelous programs. The reason i have a picture of him with a Christmas Tree is to prove to you what he thought he was doing. When he like the national Christmas Tree this is the line he says. These are the most hopeful times and all the years since christ was born in bethlehem. We did it. The Great Society has been created. But guess what. He is out of sync with the tenor of the times. The pendulum swings back against him. It starts in a way with radicalization of the Civil Rights Movement. Calls for freedom from those government programs. Freedom from the government bureaucracy. Freedom from the housing project. Freedom from somebody on high telling us all we are supposed to do and how we are supposed to do it. The Civil Rights Movement changes town in 19646566. The best way to remember it is by black power. Stokely carmichael appear. As part of snake. Student nonviolent coordinating committee. He was integral he was integral in the freedom rides. He wants more on the second Civil Rights Movement. Greater equality in economics. In 1966, he gets this dramatic speech. He says our integrationist days are over. If what we need to do is take care of ourselves. Buy goods from our own people. Protect our own people because the police will help us. What we need is lacked power. Everybody hears this and they say black power. Can you going on . This attitude is reflected in almost yearly riots. Usually in the summertime. They become called long hot summer. Dozens of riots all across the country. 68 after Martin Luther king is assassinated there are thousands of riot. Africanamericans in the Africanamerican Community is frustrated that these programs which are supposed to bring them freedom and greater raleigh are not working. Theyre going to do it by themselves. Black power. One of the most famous illustrations of this is the black panthers. Theyre born in oakland in 66 and 67. They spread from oakland around the country. Theyre going to be the ground soldiers. Theyre going to arm themselves and make sure the government says that what says. What they say they want is freedom. Lbj is sitting there saying im past all this. They say we want freedom from the white power structure. This is not working. This attitude is not just coming from the Africanamerican Community. Its also coming from students. There are organizations. Students for democratic society. They and in 64 and 65. One of the main sparks for them growing is what comes to be called the free speech movement. Uc berkeley decided to outlaw political activism on campus. Students dont always listen to what the dean says. So protester happening. When one of the guys sits at the congress of racial equality advocating political change, they arrest him. They put him in the back of a police car and there is a spontaneous rally at berkeley. The students they were teaching lesson instead. A spontaneous protests. The 3000 students, and they surround the car. 432 hours. Weinberg is in the car for 32 hours. Which is kind of gross when you think about it. They use the car as a platform. To say we need to break free from the structures. We want to push out of this. We want freedom to advocate politics. We want free speech. This sparks the movement on College Campuses. He goes to michigan and wisconsin and columbia area College Campuses become hotbeds of radicalism demanding freedom. Who also freedom . Womens liberation picks up speed significantly in the mid1960s. And started a long time ago. We talked about what about women in this class. Betty freedom and rights this book called the feminine mystique. Shes very welleducated and politically astute. She became a mother and got married. She did the house lifestyle. But she kept writing. She wanted to do a report on what her fellow smith graduates were doing 20 years after college she realized they were all miserable because they were expected to go in the box. There were expected to make his Peanut Butter and jelly sandwiches. Sisi writes this book feminine mystique. The problem that has no name. Women are expected to do this and women dont have the freedom to do with they want to do. This book really ignites the womens liberation movement. Betty for dan in 1966 makes this formally political by starting now. The National Organization for women which still exists. This is betty for dan. Radical feminist are bubbling up to. They want the end of marriage. Its a maledominated structural thing anyway. Some like my sixyearold daughter want the end of the patriarchal language. When i say hey guys, my sixyearold daughter corrects me im not a guy dad. Shes right. Gender normatively. These medical things start making us aware of these things. Not just women bursting for freedom. Latinas as well. Which, movement picks up. I was a great word. Fun to say to. It means our people. Cesar chavez starts out protesting on behalf of the great growers in california. I will not so my family to the growers. End slavery. Rias from this tyranny. Anyone know of Political Organization has . The rough that. The grapes. And then theres the fun stuff. Theres the cultural stuff. Rock n roll transforms in the mid to late 1960s. It becomes overtly political not that it wasnt always, but it becomes overtly and directly political. Bob dylan famously puts out his Acoustic Guitar and plugs in his electric guitar and initiates this new sound of rock n roll. It wont be your dads folk music. Were going to plug it in them were going to scream. Remember the first class and i played some of this guys music . Freedom. Thats what we want. Sly and the family stone is another one of these. They promote the interracial challenge. Jimi hendrix is by far the leader of the bands. The two guys that play back up to them are white guys. Were going to challenge the structure. Healthily challenge it . Drugs. Drugs proliferate. Everybody smokes marijuana. Even conservatives although they say that they went on about outside to the International Boundaries of they can smoke legally. This is someone smoking marijuana for those of you who have not seen this before. Im not promoting it, this is what you look like when you do too much drugs. That keith richards. Hes done a lot of drugs. Maybe he looks like it. Think of this as a challenge. The useful people are choosing their own forms of recreation. And what is ever useful persons favorite form of recreation . You said it not me. Sex. The Birth Control pill gets perfected in 1963. Its illegal. Finally in 1963 in the famous case in the famous case of griswold the connecticut gets legalized. It makes sex something that can be enjoyed for pleasure without a significant percentage of the risk of pregnancy. For women who bore the indisputable larger cost of these unintended pregnancies this is free. Liberating. My mom came of age in this. Talks about how the hell can a long and opened up the possibilities for women. Which i congress your mama talking about. But thats how important it was. Of course, freedom is not just people pushing from the left. People pushing from the right. What you see in the 1960s is a resurgence of conservatism. A resurgence of the conservative movement. You know these two probably more famous. Ronald reagan and richard nixon. They want freedom from the Great Society. Freedom from the bureaucracies of the tax burdens. After this class remember the song i started with. The battle lines are being drawn. After one of these clashes, one of the guys looks down and he says dear ms. , we will be fighting for 40 years. And hes right. The thing that makes this fight for freedom go from just being a call for Political Rights to something that violence in the streets is the vietnam war. Thats talk about next time. Thanks guys. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] kevin lectures and history are also available as podcasts. Visit our website at cspan. Org by history podcast. Were dumb of them from itunes. 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