Transcripts For CSPAN3 American History TV 20240622

He is very explicit about this. He says what is not now decided is whether these provisions could be upheld under the congress clause. That is not decided as well. What is clear is that bradleys favorite of the law comment reaches less far juridical he\\\ly that has been imagined. Bradley is preserving it in the context where republican administrations are making headway and are using the Voting Rights theory that he has already provided. This context, we are using 15th amendment exemption and federal elections law i am keeping this concept available. He is the one who first made available in 1874, and it was the klan lawyers who attacked his theory in 1876. This is his first chance since then to rearticulate it. It is vital to see newspapers sevis see this. Newspaper coverage sees this concept. I have given you an excerpt the tribune the black citizen enjoys everywhere the same clinical and civil rights they are calling the vote a civil right. The same political and civil rights under the law which any person enjoys. Any person who interferes is subject to the same penalties as if he had interfered with white citizens. If there are state or local officers who refused to extend the black citizens the protection which they are entitled, it is the function of the u. S. Court to defend citizen rights. Clear particulars asian clear articulation. One year later we get the yarborough decision. I want to conclude by asking, what follows from racism. If we make assumptions about what follows necessarily from bradleys racism and the civil rights cases if we make 20th century assumptions that people who articulate racist views are not going to support rights for black physical safety or black voting, if we make that assumption, that contemporary assumption, it is an anachronistic assumption. We are going to miss the possibility for protecting black rights that were present in these state action cases. We do see the death of her construction. The 1884 election was won by democrats. Grover cleveland wins. He stops Voting Rights enforcement. The last grasp at reconstruction we get from the lodge elections bill. Republicans win the presidency one more time in 1888 weather is one more push for an elections bill. It fails by one vote. At this point the Republican Party is turning over to other things. It is at this point the Republican Party does in fact abandon blacks in the south. What happens in the wake of this is that the Supreme Court gives up the legal edifice for jim crow. It begins with lexie and extent plexy and extends through the 21st century. A littleknown case of hodges that dismantles the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the one that bradley just spoke about. It is at this time that the 15th amendment exception is gone. So, reconstruction dies. It dies for many reasons. It dies first and foremost because of massive clan violence klan violence. There is the economic panic of 1873 the recession of the 1870s, grossly bureaucratic machinery and declining white commitment to black white rights in the north. It dies for a host of reasons. A closed doctrine of state action that handcuffed the federal government is not among those reasons. Thank you very much. [applause] the civil war airs here every saturday. To watch more of our programming anytime visit our website. You are watching American History tv, all weekend, every weekend. You are watching American History tv, all weekend, every weekend sees them three on cspan three. To mark the 50th anniversary of the newspaper roll call cspan is featuring some of their major reporters. When rroll call went to the press, they did not yet know the fate of Bobby Kennedy. They knew he had been shot in the new he went to a hospital in los angeles but they went to press not yet knowing what the outcome would be. The Editorial Staff at the time went ahead with a frontpage editorial when they address the broader issues of the day, regarding violence, particularly as it came related to guns. But more generally which was a topic of concern for roll call, throughout the 1960s. In those days, the newspaper ran a regular series of editorial features and had an editorial column in each weeks edition, and one of the topics of concern for a lot of people in washington, both on capitol hill and elsewhere, was the more general violence of the era. And that included the riots that were going on in the city. And so when rfk was shot, he became an obvious time to once again return to that topic. As it was happening, it turned out that the next edition of roll call, would not be for another week. They had a situation where they did not actually have an opportunity to report the news of the funeral itself or of, in fact, even Bobby Kennedys death in print. When roll call, went to print a week after Bobby Kennedy had been assassinated, roll call, was back to his coverage in the way it has covered washington since its inception. That meant there were two lead stories on the subject related to this, the death of rfk. One of which was the speculation about whom would be appointed to fill out the unexpired term of his senate seat in new york. And that was a situation where the newspaper correctly speculated that the best candidate on paper was charles goodell, congressman from upstate. Viewers will know that he was the father of the current commissioner of the National Football league, roger goodell. He didnt serve very long in the senate, but was the republican governors appointee to fill out the seat after there had been some speculation that the mayor of new york city might have been appointed. The other story that roll call, explored goes back to the newspapers traditional focus on the capitol hill community. The campus life for those who are around the hill. There were new security concerns, obviously, following the assassination of someone who had been a United States senator. He was running for president but he was at the time United States senator. So there was both an action taken to introduce legislation designed to make it a federal crime, or to ensure it was a federal crime, when a member of congress or an executive branch official was assassinated, and that was not something it would need to be handled at the state level, but the federal government could indeed step in. The other thing that was a matter of concern was how exactly to contact the folks in the Capitol Police in the events of a sort of Security Threat on the hill. And so roll call, was focused, as we have throughout our history, on Police Matters and the way that the members of congress can get a hold of Law Enforcement personnel on the hill. Caroline harrison, this sunday night at 8 00 p. M. Et on first ladies, influence and image. Examining the public and private lives of the women who filled the role of first lady. On American History tv on cspan three. Each week, we bring you archival films to help tell the story of the 20th century. Additional forces will be needed later and they will be sent as requested. This will make it necessary to increase our active fighting forces by raising the monthly draft call from 17,000 to 35,000 per month. For us to step up our campaign for voluntary enlistments. You talked about a timetable in connection with vietnam. You have said and repeated today that United States will not be defeated and will not grow tired. Donald johnson, in National Command of the american legions, went to vietnam in the spring and later called on you. He told white house reporters that he could imagine a war there going on for fiveseven years. Have you thought about the possibility and do you think the American People ought to think of that possibility . I think the American People ought to understand or is no quick solution to the problem that we face. I would not want to prophesy or predict whether it be a matter of months or years or decades. I do not know that we have any accurate timetable on how long it would take to bring victory in world war i. Nothing people knew whether it would be two years or for true or six years to have success in world war ii. I do think that our cause is just. I think our purposes and objectives are beyond any question. I believe that america will stand united behind her men that are there. I plan, as long as i am president , to see that our forces are Strong Enough to protect our National Interests and that our diplomatic and political negotiations are constantly attempting to find some solution that would substitute words for bombs. If anyone would question our good faith i would ask us to meet them to try to reason this matter out and they will find us at the appointed lace at the appointed time in the proper chair. Coming up next on American History tv, Cyber Command historian Lawrence Kaplan talks about the history of computers and to the emergence of hackers and other computer abuses. Mr. Kaplan discusses the contributions of inventors like steve jobs, students at m. I. T. Who established the term hacker and the onset of computer viruses that began in the 1980s. This presentation briefly traces some key milestones in the history of computers including a variety of internal and external which helped lead the way to the establishment of the u. S. Army Cyber Command and that continue to involve as an ongoing cyber threat. Will first go over a brief overview of computer history. This computer was developed with a u. S. Army from 19431946, initially to calculate artillery firing tables for the armys Ballistic Research laboratory. It can fire 5000 operations per second, and at 18,000, it took up 1000 feet of floor space and weight 30 times. Wade weighed 30 tons. Calculation of a firing people for a gun, which took staff two months, could be completed by any act by a day. The proliferation of computers through commercial, scientific and military purposes spread in the 1950s with a number of firms entering the computer field. Between 19541959, for example computer sales increased 675 . Ibm controlled about 70 of the global computer market. By 1977, computer sales reached 41 billion in continued to climb. And continued to climb. Even so, the high cost of computers remains the limiting factor on sales. In 1975, micro instrumentation telemetry systems introduced a mail order build it yourself 256 byte computer. It began the personal computer revolution. Thousands of people bought the kit for 400, making it the first commercially successful home computer. Its a success led to the first Computer Store being opened that year. And the start of a number of computer clubs nationwide. They minute deleted data by flipping toggle switches. The following year, 1976, Steve Wozniak and steve jobs, both engineers in the Homebrew Computer Club in Silicon Valley, california, built a homemade computer called the apple 1 that was more sophisticated than the altair, could be hooked up to a Color Television and store its data on a external cassette tape. Apple letter replaced those tapes with floppy desks. They sold 200 total units at 666. 66. To make the apple 2 as useful as possible, the company encourage programmers to create applications for it. For example, the spreadsheet called busycalc made the apple practical tool for all kinds of people and businesses, not just hobbyists. The apple 2 soon became a leader in the growing personal computer market. By 1978, the proliferation of personal computers was turning america into a computerized society. In february, 1978, 2 chicago pc users reportedly established the nations first electronic bulletin board, which allowed multiple computer users to share and exchange information. As the conceptual preserve precursor to an internet webpage, Bulletin Boards spread widely and were operated by disparate groups and individuals. Anyone with a pc could set up an electronic bulletin board. In 1959, the department of defense 1969, arpa demonstrated the practicality of interconnected Computer Networks that initially allowed University Researchers to communicate with each other. It later expanded to include government, industry, and major universities in the u. S. And europe. The number of networks gradually grew in the 1970s, increased significant as the personal computer revolution spread. For example, there were 61 arpanet computers in 1955, 2000 by the beginning of 1986, nearly 30,000 by the end of 1987, when arpanet became known as the internet, and over 160,000 at the end of 1989. In 1989, timothy bernerslee, an english Computer Scientist working at the European Council for Nuclear Research successfully implanted the use of hypertext to facilitate sharing and updating information on the internet, earning him the distention of inventing the world wide web. The European Council for Nuclear Research built the first website, which went online august 6, 1991. When commercial computers were first developed in the 1950s, people assumed it to be a benign environment. However, computer crime involved handinhand with computer development. Beginning in the early 1950s, unscrupulous insiders successfully began using computers for fraud and embezzlement. There are not many recorded cases of computer abuse from the 1950s and early 1960s. Since Companies Fearing embarrassment and lost Public Confidence rarely reported computer abuses. A trend that still exists. At a new york Brokerage Firm someone siphoned off 250,000 from the company between 19511959. By the time it was uncovered, he had become a vice president. Later, the spread of personal computers in the late 1970s coupled with the developed and spread of the internet fostered the spread of unscrupulous external abusers, hackers, who sought to gain unauthorized access to Computer Systems. The Defense Department became concerned with Computer Security in 1957 as resource sharing to peter systems spread to dod. That your, the defense Science Board recommended computer safeguards that would protect classified information and multiaccess resource sharing Computer Systems. The task force report, published in february 1970, showed how corrupt insiders and despised could actively insiders and spies could actively steal or copy information. They succeeded in every attempt. Dod soon established uniform policy for protecting classified information ons Computer Systems. One of the first computer abuse cases publicized in the u. S. Army occurred in 1971 when of the army uncovered a sophisticated scam involving one of its computers south korea. A group of u. S. Army personnel and south korean blackmailers, excuse me, black marketeers, use the computer to siphon off as much as 18 Million Dollars of u. S. Military supplies per year. As they sold the stolen items, sometimes back to the u. S. Army, they manipulated computer files to cover traces of the fraud. Amid rising concerns of computer abuse, jerry and snyder attained National Attention of the mans most famous computer criminal in 1972. The 21yearold university of California Computer engineering student was arrested for stealing about one quarter of a Million Dollars of equipment from the telegraph company in california. By remotely accessing the companies computer with a touch phone and reselling the equipment to his los angeles telephone and telegraph company. A disgruntled employee of schneiders turned him in, which led to his arrest for grand theft. He only served 40 days of a threemonth term in the county jail. He then turned to a Computer Security Consulting Firm explaining to a reporter it it took a lot of ingenuity to crack the pacific computer, and many large corporations are getting into Computer Systems. It opens up a whole new field to criminals. in 1976, a Government Accountability Office Report identified 59 computer crimes over the previous two years 69 computer crimes that cost the government over 2 trillion in largest. In losses. 2 million. In december 1976, the Washington Post reported that 200,000 computers in the u. S. , only 200 were rated secure by computer experts. The post added, however, some computer experts arent sure about machines at these agencies. That same month, the Social Security administration penetrated its own system and peculiar safeguards after top officials in the administration repeatedly assured congress and the privacy Section Commission that such a penetration was impossible. There was a precipitous rise in unauthorized access to federal computers by the late 1970s. For example, in 1978, the department of agriculture had more than 5400 on authorized users, mice its Computer System. 6400 off on authorized users. Unauthorized users. The history of computer users involved people like Jerry Schneider who used skills to steal money. By that time, a new hacker emerged that engaged in malicious hacking one of the first publicized cases is in january 1979 involved a 15yearold Los Angeles High School student who disrupted the university of California Computer system using a secondhand teletype terminal. He was arrested and charged with felony vandalism for disrupting the universitys computer programs, among other charges. Two years later december 1980, two Chicago High School students were arrested after using a home computer to access and a shutdown depaul universitys peter system. Computer system. A Los Angeles Times article warned if if a high school printer can shut down a a university system, think about what hackers can do. And yet you did working on computer crimes in 1980 noted that only one in 100 computer crimes were reported and that the probability of a computer criminal going to jail was 1 in 22,000. The term hacker reportedly originated in m. I. T. In the 1960s where it meant someone that knew anything there was to know about computers. By the early 1980s, the term described anyone that could invade elses computer. In 1983, this new breed of hackers began receiving widespread attention. First, a group of thrillseeking milwaukee teenagers known as the 404 broke into Computer Systems nationwide, including an unclassified government computer at Los Alamos National laboratory, a Nuclear Weapons facility in new mexico. This was followed by the fictional film war games released in the summer of 1983 that popularized the high school hacker who broke into the north american air Defense Command Computer System by telephone to run a nuclear war similar, believing it to be a computer game and nearly started world iii. The Defense Department first became concerned about possible soviet hacking into its systems after the milwaukee hacker group breached the los alamos Computer System and also breached arpanet trying to breach intelligence information as well as breaking into the gone and cia computers. By the end of 1983, he became very clear that personal computers introduced opportunities for unprecedented widespread hacker abuse. In september, the New York Times reported the number of young people roaming without all the authorization in some of the most sophisticated Computer Systems runs into the possible thousands according to computer experts. Further, the number is going handinhand with the growth of personal computers. These electronic expirations are no longer behind experts. The existence of electronic Bulletin Boards allows the nationwide exchange of information and have opened up pathways to a vast universe of curious young people who often have a rudimentary knowledge of the field. In october 1983, the fbi launched a nationwide crackdown on the homes of 19 computer hackers, in investigation of unauthorized intrusion of large commercial and Defense Department computers. No arrests were made, since there were no federal laws at the time against unauthorized intrusion into computers. The Computer Fraud and abuse act of 1986 became the first primary federal legislation aimed at curtailing computer crime. In november 1983, fred cullen, university of california graduate student, developed the first computer virus in a controlled experience. Within a few years, malicious hackers, mostly disgruntled employees at first, began creating Serious Problems by spreading viruses to sabotage their company or organizations Computer Systems. In september 1988, donald gene burleson was the first person to be convicted for sputtering a computer progress. For spreading a computer virus. He planted a computer virus in his former employers system 2 days after he was fired, which wiped out 168,000 records. November 1988, Robert D Morris junior, a cornell science graduate student only the first unleashed the first largescale malware attack on Computer Systems and raised Public Awareness about the vulnerability of computers and the internet to such attacks. It was a malevolent computer worm, Self Reporting program that did not destroy data, but temporarily disabled about 10 of the internet, or about 6000 computers at the time. Morris goal was begign. An error in his program caused it to replicate have control. The dod developed a 24 hour Response Team at Carnegie Mellon in november 1988 in the wake of the morris worm incident. The purpose is to be a central repository for information about Network Vulnerabilities and issue warnings over the internet about software that hackers could exploit. The vulnerability of Defense Department computers to foreign intrusion was highlighted during this time when a west german Computer Science student with a alleged ties to the soviet kgb breached 30 dod unclassified Computer Networks out of 450 attempts from 19861988, searching for data on Strategic Defense Initiative missiledefense programs, and other sensitive matters. July 1989, a report was issued Computer Security that highlighted security on a virus attack. The private sector and the dod experienced widespread vulnerability when a bulgarian virus called dark avenger infected many of dods 400,000 personal computers. The u. S. Army first developed an offensive Cyber Operation capability using viruses in 1990, when the u. S. Army center for signals warefare had been trying to develop Malicious Software concepts to use against an adversary. Control system. The challenge was how to get the virus into an adversarys command and control system. The first publicized foreign hacker threat to National Security began emerging in 1989. In march 1989, three west german hackers were arrested after selling western military passwords and computer codes to a soviet kgb agent. About a year later, in 1990, and australian hacker was arrested for breaking into the leavenworth lavatory in california, a Nuclear Research facility, also shutting down a nasser Computer Network in norfolk, virginia. In 1991, a group of dutch teenagers who were later arrested, hacked into Defense Department computers and got access to Sensitive Information related to the persian gulf war operations. Meanwhile, another group of dutch hackers contacted the Iraqi Embassy in paris and offered to disrupt the network handling just ask messages between the u. S. And saudi arabia for 1 million, but the iraqis turned them down. In 1994, the Defense Department examined the vulnerability of its networks to hackers. That year, hackers from the defense Information Systems agency, or disa made about 12,000 attempt to gain entry into various dod computers and were successful 80 of the time. In 96 of the time, their intrusions were undetected. That year, there were 255 gnome hacker attacks in dod networks. Known hacker attacks. In may 1996, a gao report on Defense Department Computer Security warned that hackers posed a serious threat security in the wake of an estimated 250,000 computer attacks on dod computers in 1995. In which 65 of the time, the attacks were successful, and the number of attacks doubled each year. The report added, the potential for catastrophic image is great. Organized for an nationals, or terrorist, could use warfare techniques to interrupt operations by harming commandandcontrol systems, the public switched network, and other systems or networks that event relies on. Defense has taken action to address this growing problem but faces significant challenges in controlling unauthorized access Computer Systems. Currently, defense is attending to react to successful attacks as it learns of them, but it has no uniform policy for assessing risk, protecting its system, responding to incidents, or assessing damage. January 1997, a defense Science Board pelling warning of an electronic pearl harbor recommended the dod seek Legal Authority to repel and pursuit offensive action to those who tried to hack into its compete or systems. Since current laws do not allow counterattacks against computer hackers. In june, 1997, the dod conducted its first largescale test to work with other government branches in responding to a cyber attack on the National Information infrastructure. An exercise that involves teams from the National Security agency equipped with offtheshelf computers, demonstrating they could interrupt Major Military command and interrupt power and Emergency Phone Service in several u. S. Cities. The exercise revealed that dod and the government were unprepared to respond to such cyberattacks. In february 1998, the pentagon underwent the most organized systematic attack on its unclassified Computer System to date. Over the course of three and a half weeks, a group of american and israeli teenage hackers broke into systems. The defense secretary warned bill clinton that it might be the start of a cyber where that cyber war perhaps by iraq. After the first week of attacks, dod leaders to the unprecedented step to mobilize a special crisis cell on the joint staff under operation solar sunrise to deal with the intrusion. In the wake of cyber vulnerabilities, by exercise eligible receivers, and operation solar sunrise, dod created joint task force Computer Network defense under u. S. Base command in december 1998 to serve as a focal point to defend dod Computer Networks. With added Missions Including offensive Cyber Operations in april 2001, the organization became the joint task force for Computer Network operations. October 2002, the disses management of usbased command the organization was realigned under u. S. Strategic command. March 1999, during the nato air campaign over kosovo, the Defense Department launched limited cyberattacks against serbian Computer Networks. Later over the summer, u. S. Intelligence community reportedly mounted hypertext on Foreign Bank Account of yugoslav president and other serbian leaders to bring their assets and alter their bank records. China, outraged over the may 7 1999 bombing of Chinese Embassy in belgrade by nato resorted to a series of cyberattacks against the west the attack the department of energy, interior, and the National Park service, and took down the white house site for three days. In october 1999, dod conducted a second cyber exercise called venus star to test Lessons Learned from eligible receiver. Nsa hackers attacked Power Systems beating several feeding several military systems. The test showed that some improvement had occurred, but coronation between agencies coordination between u. S. Agencies were poor and vulnerable to a cyber attack. In 20012002, gary mckinnon, an unemployed scottish Computer System administrator with ad service syndrome hacked into hundreds of computers on u. S. Military bases across the country, including two in the pentagon. He also hacked nasa computers. He was indicted november 2002 at the biggest hacker of military computers ever detected. And i emphasized ever detected. But he was never extradited because the british determined in 2012 he would probably try to kill himself if extradited. In july 2002, george w. Bush signed National Security directive 16 to develop guidelines for cyber warfare to determine when and how the u. S. Would launch cyberattacks against adversary Computer Networks. 2003, dod operation titan rain responded to a widespread series of cyberattacks sign cyberattacks from chinese ip addresses and other agencies. Incursions have reportedly going on for the previous three years. February 206, the department of Homeland Security conducted the most largest Cyber Security exercise ever held. Called cyber storm. Which uncovered critical problems in the governments elite to handle a largescale cyber attack on critical infrastructure. More than 100 public and private agencies and corporations in more than 50 locations in five countries conducted exercise that disrupted Energy Transportation in the structure and targeted federal, state and International Government with the intent of disrupting Government Operations and undermining Public Confidence. In june 2007, unknown foreign hackers broke into defense secretary unclassified email account. As part of a larger series of attacks to assess and exploit the Defense Department networks. September 2007, when irans excuse me. Their union there you ring in enrichment they collaborated on a project called Olympic Games that infected Computer Systems with a virus. It reprogrammed the centerpieces to fail. It reprogrammed the centrifuges to fail. It was the first computer virus to go after industrial systems. The spread to systems in indonesia and elsewhere subsequently led to its discovery in october 2010. In 2008, the Defense Department received a wakeup call to the vulnerability of its Computer Systems when a Foreign Intelligence Agency used a portable flash drive to infect computers in u. S. Central command. The malware spread undetected across classified and unclassified Computer Systems in the most significant breach ever of Defense Department compare systems. Dods operation buckshot yankee countered the attack, which marked the turning point in u. S. Cyber defense strategy. New security procedures were in place, including a banning of portable flash drives. In june 2009, defense secretary gates ordered the creation of u. S. Cyber command, which assumed the auction of u. S. Tax courts operation and became a sub unified command of the u. S. Command. There was a was a requirement for the services to report Cyber Command elements by october 2010, when u. S. Cyber command reached full operational capability. In january 2010, Army Specialist bradley manning, a disgruntled Intelligence Analyst in iraq thought to be discharged through a gender decipherment disorder downloaded more than 450,000 documents, including state Department Cables about their operations in iraq and afghanistan and offered it to New York Post newspapers, who were not interested. He then provided the material to wikileaks, which allowed whistleblowers to Sensitive Information online. Manning was subsequently arrested, demoted to private first class, and in august 2013 sentenced to eight 35 year prison term. Sentenced to a 35 year prison term. The army established Cyber Command to support u. S. Cyber command on october 1, 2010. In march 2011, foreign hackers breach the defense permit Computer System and stole 24,000 files, one of the largest breaches ever on the Defense Department computers. In june 2013, edward snowden, an nsa contractor who grew increase really concerned about u. S. Surveillance programs released tens of thousands nsa and documents. He fled to russia where he received temporary asylum. In 2014, Russian Hackers reach the state department unclassified Computer System which allowed them to infiltrate the white house on classified to Computer Systems. In october 2014, the white house state permit uncovered the breaches, which included access to sensitive email. In may 2014, the u. S. Indicted 5 Chinese People Liberation Army officers for cyber economic espionage against 6 american commercial targets. The indictments marked the first ever charges against known state actors for cyber espionage. In 2014, unknown hackers believed to be chinese compromised the personal information of over 4million current and federal employees in the office of single management. The intrusion was discovered april 2015 after opm begin to upgrade its equipment. In early 2015, Russian Hackers in an unrelated attack infiltrated the state department and white house breaches, infiltrated the Defense Department unclassified Computer Network. In february, director of National Intelligence told a Senate Hearing that russian cyber threat is more severe than we have previously assessed. In january 2015, Islamic State caliphate or isis hackers temporarily cover might u. S. Central command social media twitter accounts, putting out a stream of tweets such the one depicted here as well as personal Contact Information of u. S. Service members with threatening messages. In april 2015, a gao report on Cyber Security and air Traffic Control noted there were significant Security Control weaknesses that threaten the faas ability to operation the nations airspace systems. That month, United Airlines chris roberts, a security researcher flying to syracuse, new york, claimed that through tweaking to have hacked into the Inflight Entertainment system to a consul under his seat. 11 to monitor traffic through the cut computer the founder and chief Technology Officer of wone world labs began his investigation into cyber vulnerabilities in 2010. He claimed to have hacked into Aircraft Systems on more than a dozen previous flights by connecting his laptop into the aircraft entertainment network. He also claimed to have altered the aircrafts course on his most recent flight. More recently, on june 8, 2015 the Group Calling itself the Syrian Electronic Army comprised the u. S. Armys website, demanding the u. S. Stopped training rebel fighters in syria. The Army Temporarily down the website after the hackers posted messages as the one depicted here. Well, in retrospect, the history of computer abuse and hacking dates back to the first commercial computers in the 1950s. It took off with the start of the personal computer revolution in the nate 1970s. The increase in hacking eventually led to these that was meant army Cyber Command has not abated. Today, the cyber threat continues to evolve to a variety of internal and external domestic and foreign abusers and hackers. With that said, i conclude my presentation and take any questions. [applause] does anybody have a question . Okay, 1 point i will add that i did not say any presentation. In the 1960s, when computer crime started becoming recognized. As i said earlier, the first largescale commercial computers have the market in 1951 was the univac. Crimes were going handinhand. They werent going public. It wasnt until the mid1960s that the very first news reports that i could find about anyone doing a computer crime. In the mid60s, people in the computer business said, wait a second, what will we do about these people getting access to computers . There should be some kind of ethics or guidelines for people doing this. There was a big challenge, early on, you have people that were welltrained technically, but they didnt have any professional ethical or moral guidelines about accessing computers. Thats took quite a while. For many of you in the audience, you know that we have courses were ethical computer hacking. That as a backdrop to all of this. Getting the educational training goes handinhand with the technology. You will create people that are ethical hackers and people that will not be abusers. They will be the foundation of our core people going after the abusers and unethical hackers. So again, i want to thank you for your time. If anyone has any particular questions after the presentation, i will be here for a few minutes. Thank you. [applause] with live coverage of the u. S. House on cspan and the senate on cspan two here on cspan three the competent that coverage by showing you the most relevant public hearings and congressional events. On weekends it is home to cspan tv, including unique series like the civil war am a visiting battlefield and key events. American artifacts touring Historic Sites to reveal americas past. History bookshelfs. Looking at the policies and legacies of the nations commander and chiefs. Our new series, a reel america featuring archival government and informational films. Cspan created by the cable industry and funded by your local cable or satellite provider. Considered underrated by many historians, Caroline Harrison was an accomplished artist who took up china painting and carried that interest into the white house. She was interested in womens issues and helped raise funding for Johns Hopkins university on the condition that it admit women. Caroline harrison, this sunday night at 8 00 p. M. Et on cspan s original series first ladies, influence and image. Examining the public and private lives of the women who filled the position of first lady from Martha Washington to michelle obama. Each week, american artifacts takes you to Historic Sites and museums. We travel to Silicon Valley to learn about the history of computers. I am the ceo of the Computer History Museum in the heart of Silicon Valley. The Computer History Museum is born out of a private collection that began almost 50 years ago by a man named ken olson who was the founder of deck computing. He was a graduate student at m. I. T. Who worked on a very famous compete are called the whirlwind which was an analog flight simulator. He collected pieces of the simulator and edit it to other private collections. Added it to other private collections. It moved to california and 1986 and we moved to this beautiful building in 2002. This is the Worlds Largest collection. Much of what we have is oneofakind. Computing moves so rapidly that computing artifacts are lost very quickly. Our collection could never be duplicated. We have more than 100,000 items in our collection. About 2 is on display in the main permanent exhibit and the rest of it is archived in museumgrade storage in california. The museum is privately funded. We have donors, individual and corporate, all over the country and the world. About 85 of our total funding comes from individuals. We joke that this building is our largest artifact. This was the International Marketing headquarters for a Company Named Silicon Graphics. Very Famous Company here in Silicon Valley in the 1990s. Sgi won the oscar for computer animation for jurassic park. Eight short years later, Silicon Graphics had moved out of this building with financial trouble after the bubble first and our trustees smartly swooped in and buy the building. That rare moment when real estate prices were way down. We have been here a little over a decade. My name is dag spicer, i am senior curator of the museum. Were in the revolution exhibit. Revolution is a longterm history of computing. We call it the first 2000 years of computing. It begins in the days of the abacus and goes up to the iphone. This is a replica of a census machine. This was designed in 1890 two to the census. The 1880 census took almost 10 years to complete. They knew they were in big trouble for the 1890 because they would run out of time before the 1900 census would be due. The way out of this was to mechanize the problem. The way that hollerith solved this was to ask a bunch of questions that census takers ask, and punch the responses into small pieces of cardboard called punchcards. Apparently he got the idea from watching a train conductor punch out the physical characteristics of people in his seat. Apparently train tickets had a section that you would punch out if it were a male or female. Maybe their hair color. Hollerith got the idea of categorizing information in the form of punched holes. It was the result of the competition by the uris and these cards could be fed into this machine under the correct. Tray. Wherever there was a whole a circuit would be completed. There were pools of mercury underneath each of these ho les. Wherever there was a hole who would touch the mercury and move one position. At the end of the day to tabulate the responses you would read the dials. He was a germanamerican engineer who became quite wealthy based on the convention and the invention on the