Transcripts For CSPAN3 American History TV 20240622

Track. We have a fairly large campus, full security and maintenance apartment. We have when we have training going on we are open 365 busy year for training. We recently did our dirt surface here in keeneland. We have highly engineered dirt. We are fortunate that we have a great surface and the trainers that are in our service love it. You have a lot of traders that treat this as their home base. And they ship to those other racetracks to run in those other races and then come back here. Trainers love to come back here. Every morning, you see some of the best horses in the world working out. You see those famous trainers. There are so many people because of the horse farms who can live anywhere in the world which used to live here because of what they are able to do here locally. Keeneland is a fun and social atmosphere, much like an sec football game. You have tailgating early in the morning. Our races do not start until 1 00. People start piling in around noon. On our larger saturdays, we have between 30000 and 35,000 people inside the gate. On other days, 5000 to 10,000. They watch races on the big screen. On race day here, there is nothing like it. The social atmosphere. One of the toughest things about working here, everybody else is having fun. You are out here and working hard and make sure that everything is running right and everybody is having a blast. Win or lose, people never have a bad day here. That is what we hope to accomplish. Announcer throughout the weekend, American History tv is featuring lexington, kentucky. Learn more about lexington and other stops on the tour at www. Cspan. Org citiesto her. You are watching American History tv. All weekend every weekend on cspan 3. Announcer each week, American History tvs real america has archival films that help tell the story of america. All the gardens are covered by rose leaves. A thousand years ago, a poet sang the praises of spring. Today, the people of iran still look to their mountains for water precious water for the high arid plain on which most of the people live. But too often, rivers flowing down from the snows, disappear in the Great Central deserts of iran. East and west lie other muslim lands. The soviet union lies beyond the olivers mountains. From this vast land, king darius ruled over the first great empire in history. The home of 100 columns the heroine for the many royal wives, and the sculptured stone their were among the marvels here the focus of the sculpture was the lifesized carving of darius himself receiving tribute from the peoples he ruled. In the procession with syrians, bringing gold and bowls bracelets shaped like horseshoes, and small horses from what is today arabia. This was sold on tax day. There were humpback cattle from what is today india. All these part of the persian empire in its days of greatest glory. There was a chariot, like those of the pharaohs. Even egypt was ruled by this persian king. The tax collectors were the men of his mighty army. Here in gold was outlined the empire that was handed to his son. Xerxes is the head of vast armies and extended persian rule to the known world. The persian armies met to defeat in greece at the battle of maritime. Grace pursued the purse greeks pursue the persians back. Conquerors of a different kind came a thousand years later when from the arabian so Arabian Peninsula swept in men. As the faith islam grew and mellowed the followers of the great profit mohammed built temples. Shaw a bus ruled doing the second persian golden age. It was developed and played in the great square all the shaw watched them this porch. From his palace, shot a bus ruled a reborn expanding persia. Shotshah abbas ruled a reborn expanding persia. A new era began marked by a turn from old customs towards western ways of thought. The young shaws palace is typical of modern tehran. Former rulers lived in the rose garden palace. In its mirrored throne room is one of the worlds most fabulous objects, the peacock throne. This golden seat of state was designed so the occupant sat crosslegged with his back against the upholsterer. Above is the jeweled peacock. Tehran is the capital of iran located in the north. Tehran is a modern city with roots in the past. The great muslim religious college is one of the intellectual centers of the islamic world. These young men are studying to be religious leaders. A woman wearing the enveloping should do or is a reminder that even here in this modern city are strong links with eastern tradition. New buildings and modern apartments are among the visible signs of progress in tehran. Young iranians with a growing spirit of National Pride are becoming the doctors, teachers engineers, and leaders of the future. Esfahan is the art and craft center of iran,. Much of the imperial splendor survives. And in the bizarre the ancient crafts like copper smithing continue little changed. Modern machinery has come to iran but it is still far less difficult to 5 two higher a skilled craftsman by the day that to buy a machine to do his job. The hands of craftsman turn their special skill to the creation of fine articles of silver. Machinery will never be able to replace craftsman like these. Their skills are not easily acquired. Their hands have guided tiny chisels. One of the worlds great silver masters creates things of lasting loveliness. This small case is ornamented with a scene of persia long ago. They shop windows display other traditional arts. Here are miniature paintings. Themes used today are little changed from those of the great shag abbash. His brush is three camel hairs. This is some of the work he does. The best known product is the persian rug. An average rug is made up of at least one million tiny knots each that must be made by hand. The foundation of the rug consists of a friends wound between large wooden rollers. Rug industry wages are low. One of these skilled weavers earns less in a week than an average receives an average American Worker receives for two hours of work. Childrens tiny hands tie the smallest knots the smallest knots of the finest design. Although it is discouraged by new labor laws. As modern industry like this textile mill comes, owners and workers alike adjust to the machine age. Shiraz is the capital of [indiscernible] its history is full of the names of astronomers, philosophers and how it in the climate is agreeable here. Oranges grow new reflecting pools in which muslim poet saw the tranquility of their faith. 700 years ago its beloved son wrote poetry that is still the basis of the living persian language today. The people are shiraz are among the most aggressive in iran. Behind the caravans still used for transport rises there grain elevator. They built a fine new Technical School where young men are learning to use Machine Tools reducing irans dependence on foreign manufacturers. They point with special pride to their rapidly expanding medical school in which young people are being trained to fill a shortage of doctors. Some of the students are women marking a change that is disturbing to much of the traditional energy. About 90 of the people live in villages. This one exists because it has water. Three centuries ago, elaborate Irrigation Systems operated. Today, this waste reaches only 60 feet. Its capacity is two goat skins, about two gallons of water per minute. The Village People come here to wash their clothes. And in the same water, they do their dishes they see nothing wrong about having the sheep and goats come to drink at the same source from which they draw their water to take home for cooking and drinking. A girl carries on her head the court of water she has walked half a mile to get. She has not heard of the dangers of back. In drinking water. This is called and dusty in winter hot, even best year and much more uncomfortable in the summer because of the flies. At home, her mother makes bread from wheat flour which is the families share of the crop. The land owner owns the top field. Soap is expensive. The main food is bread and only occasionally are there vegetables and a little goat milk. Meat is scarce. For all their poverty, these people are kind and decent, honest, honorable, and friendly. Theyre betting is the most precious thing they own. Together with their clothing and cooking utensils, these things are all this hardworking family owns. The house has two rooms, a sleeping room upstairs and a booking room downstairs. This is the only stairway. Mother is baking bread this morning. Although iran is rich in oil, oil rocks are still too expensive for this family. So mother walked 15 miles together twixt for her fire. Father walks to work and realizes he is neither much better nor much worse off than his neighbors or most of the 16 Million People of iran. As he works in the fields with the landlords oxon, he knows that little has changed in 25 centuries. There is still the old system of Land Ownership that we wires tenants to pay 80 of their crop in exchange for the privilege of working the landowners land. Like most people of the middle east, [indiscernible] change is coming as the great Natural Resources of iran are developed. The most important resource is oil. At our done is one of the Worlds Largest refineries. Developed by british interests iranian oil has in the subject of bitter dispute. With no tradition of mechanical experience, iranian technicians are learning to operate complex machinery. High wages have attracted men from all of the country. Men from the highland tribes, men from the city bazaars of what the workmans helmet. This is the new man of iran, a man who looks with hope to the time when, with further development of industry and her great Natural Resources, iran may know against some of the glory that darius newknew. Announcer tonight Molly Crabapple on her use of drawings to tell investigative stories from around the world. Gang affiliation may mean reading a book from a lack answer or having a tattoo. The pelican bay is not alone in this. Around the country, you can land in solitary for art for reading, your beliefs, your gender status, your sexual orientation, or your friends. I go around with a sketchbook and drop. Vary often, when you have a big camera, it puts a distance between you and the person. Youre taking these images. They cant see what you are taking. It is almost them. In a way even know you see beautiful things later. Whereas when you draw, it is a vulnerable thing. They can see what you are doing. If you suck, they can tell you so. Most people are pretty delighted to be drawn. A lot of times i draw people because i like to and i like talking to them when i do it. Announcer tonight at 8 00 eastern and pacific. Recently, American History tv was at the organization of american historians annual meeting in st. Louis missouri. This interview is about 20 minutes. You are the assistant professor of women gender and sexuality study at ohio state university. The title of your panel here in st. Louis is organization of historians meeting, women behaving badly. It is a nice play on words. We are looking at women who challenged the norm at the time. Whether that was gender norms or what women should be doing or active is an they should be involved in, what will they should have in the public sphere. So we thought of them as behaving badly or outside of the boundaries. I looked at a woman named lucy dix low and how she really challenged howard to become a more progressive space, a place more inclusive for the women attending there, every caring women for careers outside of the home. In the last, a person who married an inmate on death row as a political act request she felt he was innocent and a lot of people wanted to create a political cash around this political call and relationship. There was a lot of antipoverty work and antiprison work, interesting figures across the 20th century that went beyond what was expected of them in terms of their roles as women in society. What was it like to be a woman in washington, d. C. Week at a range of challenges. People think of it in terms of the great migration in the late 19th century to cities like new york and chicago. A major vibration migration of women happen to washington around the civil war. 1865 to 1900, you have so many women coming to d. C. I liken d. C. To this urban upper south. A lot of people have connections to washington, d. C. There are a number of institutions that employ black women. There is an opportunity to work as a teacher. You have Howard University, one of the most Prestigious Institutions at the time. And you have the heart of the federal government that is already desegregated. So you have a white collar economy that black women can go into. There is Domestic Work available there your and a long established Left Community that has been there since the late 18th century. So there were already churches and businesses and doctors and all kinds of services. So even though the city is largely segregated, there were spaces that created affluent communities and new migrants and settlers were looking for those kinds of opportunities. A lot of women were coming from the midsouth, North Carolina south carolina, virginia. You have some coming from georgette. But predominantly you will find this carolinabased culture. So there is this interesting train of connection you will see even as early as the late 19 century of the lack community moving from north airliner farther north but not quite all the way to the north. Still below the masondixon line. But new opportunities that may be available but still vary much the jim crow south. There is still start segregation. You do have an established insular black community with an interracial opportunity. So from its inception, it is a school that can admit anyone regardless of race, National Origin or gender. So is supposed to be this inclusive space on the hilltop ride up the hill going on to Georgia Avenue in washington, d. C. The first graduating class was all children of the trustees. There were five white students. It is known as a black institution but that largely becomes the case in the early 20th century. A lot of big heavy hitters are associated with this old 20th century intellectual renaissance. A lot of the work is foundational in the seed. A lot of the work is made possible by the work happening at Howard University. So it is locally celebrated as a Prestigious Institution on the hill but gains a National Reputation as africanamerican in the united states. So lucy dix low graduates from a colored high school in baltimore and she is valedictorian. And shes the first female student from the school to go to howard and one of the first to receive a full academic scholarship to go to howard. She is involved in everything. She is a tennis player, a singer, a student leader. She is taking incredible courses and graduates as valedictorian of her class at howard. She goes on to register will graduate school. She wants to come back into education in mary particular ways. So sure so she first becomes a principal at a prestigious junior high school. And she is the lady principal. She turns it into a team of women who move from the roles of matron and an intellectual leader for them. She is building up an amazing reputation in washington among black washingtonians. She is vary well respected. She is approached later by the president of Howard University to become the dean of women, a position just created at Howard University. So she is the first in of women at Howard University. All issues pertaining to women go through her. Also a professorship within the image department. So she really fetches out from the beginning of the negotiation that says i am not just going to be here. I want them to be leaders intellectually on this campus. How does that go over at howard ; she is met with some challenges. She is challenging students and faculty and staff to think about the roles that women can play. She becomes the first president of the National College association of women. To advocating for equal pay for faculty and staff. She is advocating that women take the same course plan that men do, which at that time was indifferent. Women were often guided in a particular course strain. She advocates for students being involved in things happening in d. C. And around the country. And she is also challenging female students in particular always becoming teachers. That was one of the most noted and respected professions you found. Even somewhere like howard, if some he went into those positions and got married, they were considered to have resigned their positions automatically. So you positions, new opportunities, new majors for these women to be pursuing so they can filter into these other jobs and leaders in numerous fields, even though she never discouraged anyone from becoming a teacher, knowing how important that was in the community and how many prestigious schools there were in washington specifically. She establishes a womens campus where women can live on campus. That waswe need to create leadership across campus so lets create a womens campus. In 1927, a new president the first black president of Howard University, an ordained black baptist minister arrives and he has different ideas of what opportunities should be afforded women on campus. That is kind of where it ended. He was did she lose ground or did she push back . ; she did lose ground. The Womens Program was dismantled. It was said to be dismantled because of budgetary reasons. She was not given raises when all the other deans were given raises. She was publicly scolded in various ways for raising charges of Sexual Harassment. She had a lot of allies in general, but the university did eventually become a hostile space for her. Did she have any connections with other likeminded women in washington or other africanamerican intellectuals . She did. A playwright, a woman she shared her home with for most of her life who was also in community with Langston Hughes and a number of the writers associated with the harlem renaissance. They would meet on saturday nights in washington d. C. And write and plan and thing together. It was a vary in the black artistic space that was created and she was a part of that. So there was Community Behind her, but there were gender norms and even in the community at large. She had the role in founding an africanamerican sorority. Yes, founded at Howard University in 1908. She is not a technical Founding Member but she is in the first cohort of women. It was another way to create space for black womens leadership and the on the front lines of cultivating something vary particular, a particular space for black women. Did she continue to be an advocate for womens education . Absolutely. She is pushing for the campus. She was pushing for what was rolled back. She is still mentoring howard students mentoring students who may come to howard at some point. So she is a lifelong advocate for women on campus. She also has a community of an Interracial Community of white women involved in personnel at this time who are trying to reshape the role of women at colleges and universities. There were vary supported and wrote letters on her behalf. How do you see her legacy connecting to the larger Womens Movement as well as the larger Civil Rights Movement . She is h or mentis legacy. There is now a biography of her. A few of us writing about her now. There is a dorm named after her at Howard University. She is absolutely a pioneer when it comes to activism around women and Higher Education. She has one of the most known documents addressing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education that talks about race and gender. I think she should be remembered in that light. I think she really advocated for the voices of women and for the voices of women being put to the forefront and being valued in certain spaces. She encouraged her students to think about suffrage, a hot political issue in the early 20 century. Especially for women who sat in the intersection of racebased discrimination and also women being disenfranchised in the context of voting. So getting women involved in that cause and pushing beyond and saying we still have to be advocating for this and what it means to be a citizen in the modern world. Your first book is titled cuddled no more. It is an early 20th century history of African American women in washington. Im taking a few different venues to think about what life was like for africanamerican women in washington at this time. One focus is on howard. I look at beauty culture in d. C. Because it is such a huge way in which women enter an artisan come almost a workingclass economy, doing here in their homes, beauty schools being formed, techniques books a print culture around it. Many women identified as beauty culture lists in the 1920s. I look at the community where you see all of these writers and artists coming together and being politically, socially, and culturally connected to one another and making space for their voices in the world. It is a mosaic way of approaching what d. C. Looks like four different africanamerican women. Wax what kind of documents did you find the ring your research . What kind of documents did you find in your research . There were a lot of advertisements and letters between people. You actually have people sending things to one another, corresponding. One of the sets of letters is a letter sent to mary dix sloan when she passed away. Acknowledging how important she was to washington, to howard, to africanamerican leadership. I also looked at organizational documents from their meetings to get a sense of what organizing was like, what community was like what political activism meant to these women. What types of documents are you working on now . \ i am interested in the idea of turnofthecentury womanhood. Im thinking about the ways in which africanamerican women represent themselves. So still kind of a cultural history but a different type of representation and how women imagine themselves in this new modern world at the turn of the 21st century. Thank you very much. Announcer tonight, Molly Crabapple on the use of drawings to tell investigative stories from around the world. Gang affiliation may mean reading a book from a black panther or having a tattoo. The pelican bay is not alone in this. Around the country, you can land in solitary for or your friends. Like i go around with a sketchbook, and i draw, and that is not to show the finished drawing but to build rapport with people. Very often when you have a camera, there is distance between people. You are taking images. They cannot see what they are taking. It is pretty empiric. Whereas when you draw, it is a vulnerable thing. They can see exactly what you are doing. If you suck, they can tell you so. Most people have not been drawn before, and they are delighted to be drawn. And i liked you, and i like talking to people as i draw. Anno