Each family could come on and decorate the way they wanted. They needed to raise funds. There were no Government Funds for this. She came up with the idea of the guidebook. It was successful to raise funds for this redecoration. She solicited all over the nation for people to donate historical furniture and artistic items. Then she worked to make sure there was a law that cap. That those items became a permanent part of the white house collection. She succeeded in getting a new position created, the white house curator. She was a proponent of the arts. She use the white house to showcase the arts. She posted performances she hosted performances of ballet and modern jazz performed by american performers. She was very instrumental in the creation of what was the National Cultural center, the Kennedy Center for the performing arts. The whole country watched and mourned after the assassination. She impressed the nation with the way she held up after that assassination. President johnson said i shall never forget her bravery, her nobility, and her dignity. Lady bird johnson, born claudia born in karnak, texas. Her film father was a wealthy landowner. She had a high school education. She went to the university of texas at austin and has a ba in history and ba in journalism. She married Lyndon Johnson at the age of 21 years old and had two daughters. She ran his congressional office. She purchased and managed an austin Radio Station and she owned and managed large ranching properties. Lady bird became first lady when she was 50 years old. She was first lady for six years. She died at age 94 years old and is buried at the lbj ranch in texas. Lbj went into the navy in 19411942. While he was in the navy lady bird ran his congressional office. She answered correspondence, she coped with political problems, she gave especially attention to constituents in washington who visited his office. Lady bird johnson inherited from her mother a small Radio Station in austin, texas. It was in terrible financial condition, close to bankruptcy. She took over that station, she hired all new onair staff, she found commercial sponsors, she kept the financial accounts, she cleaned up the building itself. She served as the manager and then chairman. This became a media conglomerate , a huge Media Organization by the time the familyowned it sold it in 1980. It was so huge, it provided the family with substantial earnings. Mrs. Johnson took those funds and investments and invested in large ranching operations. She also managed to those. She was an early civil rights advocate. She was so strongly in support of the Civil Rights Act she was there when lbj signed that bill, the only woman in the room in 1964 when he signed that. She also was very strongly interested in an advocate of women seeking higher education. Most known for the Beautification Program, it wasnt just planting flowers. The Beautification Program was very encompassing. It was taking care of urban delights, taking care of cleaning up the highways. There were environmental elements. There were pollution control elements. There was National Park conservation elements to what she did. Part of Beautification Program was the committee for a more beautiful capital. They started in washington with cleaning up the urban blight cleaning up around the national mall, making a nicer place for people to visit. Then there was the highway beautification act which was very difficult because part of that was to get rid of billboards along the highway. There were organizations that were strongly in support of those billboards. She had a fight on her hands. She took the discover america trip to the National Parks to raise awareness of National Parks and clean them up, and get visitors to go to the National Park. She was involved in project head start. That was part of the war on poverty. It was to help underprivileged children, give them the tools they would need to be prepared to go to school with their peers. This was a very successful program. She was approached to be an honorary chair of the program and she said i will work on head start but i dont want to just be an honorary chair. I want to actually work on it. Very successful program. It just celebrated its 40th year in business. In 1964, Lady Bird Johnson went on the first so low organized Campaign Trip by a first lady. She went on the lady bird special. This was an organized train trip that took four days, went through 40 cities in Southern States. They had postcards whistles matches, banners menus at different stops. She was and always well received. She is doing this through the Southern States who are not happy about the Civil Rights Act. She wants to get support for lgb lbj so he can be reelected. At some stops she is booed and heckled. She is quoted as saying to a heckler, youve had your say may i have mine . Because of her warmth she was able to will over people to herself and her husband. When the trip ended in new orleans, lbj joined her and gave her credit for helping him win those difficult Southern States. Then we have in. Pat nexen is probably the first born into the poorest circumstances, born in eli nevada. Her father had numerous occupations, sailor, truck driver. He died when pat was 19 years old. Her mom died when she was 14 years old. She had a high school education. Her parents had died. She worked her way through school. She went to junior college. She went to usc. She eventually got a bachelor degree in merchandising and a certificate, the equivalent of a masters at usc to teach high school. She is the first first lady to have a graduate degree. She married Richard Nixon at age 28 years old. She had a wide variety of jobs. That would do anything to earn the money to pay her way through college. She was a janitor. She helped the family at farming before her parents died. She was a book keeper. She was a pharmacy manager. She was a High School Business teacher. She continued to work after her marriage. She had two daughters. She was 56 years old when she became first lady. She was first lady for 5. 5 years. She died at age 81 years old and is buried at the next and president ial library the nixon president ial library. Pat nixon, very underappreciated , she visited over 80 countries. When she went on these trips she wasnt content to just go to receptions. She would do those things but she also wanted to meet the people. She wanted to go to schools, the hospitals. She wanted to go to orphanages. She wanted to talk to the people in the villages oneonone, meet them and find out what their concerns were. She was that he is no matter what the agenda was. She could discuss human rights issues in south africa. She recommended to yugoslavian officials [no audio] she took a vietnam trip and that made her the second first lady to enter a combat zone. The first was eleanor roosevelt. She visited hospitals, orphanages, military hospitals and later on she sent personal letters to each one of the injured soldier she talked to in matt. When peru was hit by the devastating earthquake in 1970 within one week she was on her way to peru. She had nine tons of food that was privately donated. She went into the worst areas with the peruvian first lady. They spent an entire day walking through the rubble, climbing through the rubble, talking to the citizens. Listening to what their problems and concerns were. Months later, the president of peru was thinking all countries for their help that he singled out pat nixon for coming to peru, thanking her for her help with this terrible ordeal. Later he awarded her the grand cross of the order of the sun the oldest decoration in the americas. She was a tireless campaigner. Richard nixon had many campaigns over his ears in politics over his years in politics. She was happy to do it. She liked being on the campaign trail. When he ran for president in 1960, there was an interior entire ad Campaign Based on the campaign pat for first lady. There were manicure kits, all these things handed out. And spoke at the 1972 republican convention. The first republican first lady to speak at a convention. She had other interests and causes. You dont hear much about this. She publicly advocated women should become more involved in the political process. She was the first incumbent first lady to endorse the civil rights amendment. She was the first incumbent first lady to disclose her prochoice views. She publicly called for the appointment of a woman on Supreme Court even before she started lobbying her husband to do so. In conclusion, first ladies continue to break barriers. They forge new roles, they do it in their own way. There is nothing wrong with that. They can use their special voice to get messages to draw attention to causes. Roslyn carter said she felt she was in a special position and that it was her duty to use that role to promote causes. Thank you. [applause] thank you pat. We do have time for questions. Ok. Thank you very much. Another warm round of applause for patricia. [applause] we will take a short break and be back for our next session at 4 00 p. M. We will be back for more of the symposium on modern first ladys in 15 minutes. We will join our cspan cities to her on the road as they explore the history of lexington, kentucky. We are at the henry clay estate in lexington, kentucky. The mansion is a unique situation. The original home had to be torn down and rebuilt. It fell into disrepair. He rebuilt on the original foundation. While we have is a home that is essentially a fivepart federal style home with italian details and an added layer of aesthetic details added by henry clays granddaughter and greatgranddaughter. It is very much a layer cake. You can peel the layers back until you get to henry clay. Henry clay was one of the seminal figures of the century. The Second Generation of Great American figures. He guided the nation from its ultimate test in the civil war. He was a secretary of state, a senator. As important a figure as there was between 18001815. He came from virginia, born in Hanover County in an area called the flashes. He was born during the revolution, he saw the nation form, growing up as the nation was being created. He came along when our nation was still a toddler. He was seeing that happen and wanted to do everything it could to ensure its longterm survival and its development. His parents, his mother and stepfather, they relocated here when henry clay was 14 years old. His stepfathers brother, it had good success there. He decided to follow along. He had been trained. He followed don and settled in the biggest area in this the biggest place in this area. He lived downtown, came to ashland in 1804. We think he was residing on it by 1870. We know that he places an ad for a lost horse. He specifies he wants to return to him at ashland and will offer a reward. We dont know the ever got the horseback. That is the first mention of ashland. The first he identifies himself as being at ashland. We are currently in a room we call the study. We know he had a study and that it was approximately in the location of the room we interpret of the study today. The study is the place where we tell the story of his career other than politics. He was an attorney, he practiced law for 50 years. On the wall is henry clays law license. He brought with him from virginia. It enabled him to have a 50 year career which he was successful. Some of the case reviews he used for preparing for cases. He practiced at that level. He was heard a number of times at the Supreme Court. Among other things, the man who introduced the america secure a brief, a brief filed by someone who is not a part of the case but who has a vested interest. A friend of the court brief. It is not a standard part. The career he enjoyed the most was farming. He left farming and threatened to give up politics and law for it several times though he never did. He had a farm of what she was proud. Hei occupy a farm as good as any. I acquire that farm not by hereditary consent but by my own hard work. That was important to him. He thought a great deal of people who made their own way who were self made. He coin the term selfmade man. His farm was a camp plantation. He grew thousands of tons of it here for making rope and saleils. His advice was so widely sought people often ask him to write it down. In this case it was published in a textbook for farming on the subject of him. This is another example. This letter, he wrote it 1837. He is writing to a gentleman who had written for advice on jackson jennings, they had bred them with his forces to create mules. He explains where to buy them and how to raise them, how to go about breeding. It is a really nice example of that sort of advice. It features one of my favorite lines. He says at the beginning i believe there are more good a sses now in kentucky than in any other country in the world. It shows just how soft his advice was and how good it could be. The volume here next to it is his stock journal. He cap this book to record stock transactions, to record breeding records. All sorts of interesting information about the farm. It is very important to us in understanding the farm and what he did here. The other area in which henry clay made great contributions particularly to lexington was horses. Henry clay had a number of great horses here at ashland. A prized bull and two prized mayres. They have lines of dissent that include 11 Kentucky Derby winners. In this years triple crown races, while we cant claim american pharaoh, we can claim a mintel the mento. We are on the second level at ashland on the second floor landing. Here we have one of our most important portraits of henry clay. Few that rise to the level of importance of this one. This portrait is a visual encapsulation of his political ideology. This is a copy of an original. A commission from a group of wigs, the whig party was his political party. He wanted to have an image to help him get elected in 1844. His ideology was economic in nature. He thought the best way to ensure the nation remained united was for a Strong National economy that blended the agricultural economy of the south and the industrial economy of the north as one. You can see at the bottom corner of the industrial north and the agricultural south. Clay calls his plan the american system and it has several planks. The first of those was something he calls internal improvement. They would include roads bridges, waterways, other sorts of infrastructure funded by the federal government. Today clay would have loved if you go any direction north south, east, west on that infrastructure. That is what he wanted to accomplish. He had protective tariffs to protect from british influence. He wanted to create a bank of the United States which would lend money to state banks which would be sent out to stimulate agriculture. One of the things that is interesting about it, it is personal space predominantly. Family space. It is now in henry clays bedroom. We have it set up in his bed. He likes the bed so much he wrote a newspaper testimony praising the maker and how the man to patent the design. He said he slept in it very comfortably. He was not home a great deal. He traveled for a variety of reasons. He traveled for politics, for law, for business. He traveled for pleasure and often for his health. He was a man that just seem to be challenged healthwise. He had a lot of health complaints. He will go places like lincoln springs or white Sulfur Springs where the greenbrier is to take the waters or engage in treatments. He traveled for that reason. He used some items that we have here this is a lap desk. The kaine belong to henry clay. He gave it to a gentleman, a common gift during the era. One of the things interesting about the kaine, there is a little blade inside of it. We dont know he ever used the blade. But he was an immensely popular figure. When he showed up he was also someone whose visage was well known. When he arrived it was an event. People wanted to it to know him to interact with this person. That could create somewhat of a frenzy. He showed up in town one time and a group of ladies assembled with scissors because they wanted locks of his hair. As soon as he got off of his stage they basically charged him and chased him down the street with their scissors. He locked himself in hotel for 30 minutes until the crowd dispersed. Having personal protection was a bit of comfort to him. This is the most impressive of all of the artifacts. This trunk was made for him by e and w. It is pretty spectacular. We recently discovered in photographing it it is heavily decorated on the outside. Right there is an image of henry clay. Above is a beehive. Some stars around the edges. It is an incredible piece of work in addition to being an interesting trunk. As interesting as he was politically or as a lawyer, he was perhaps more interesting as a person. People loved henry clay. He love to gamble. It was not on camera and it was not uncommon. He was asked once if it concerned that he gambled. She said he almost always wins. Which is true. Usually he could find a way out of that without actually coming off with a loss. He