This weekend, i came up with this theme, the information war. One of the attendees i was chatting me about spies and espionage and that kind of thing. And my ears perked up and i thought that would be an interesting topic. So i broaden that a bit to think about different kinds of that civil war. Americans shared, transmitted and almost as soon as i came up with that idea, i started to think about a terrific book with an incredibly intriguing title, mr. Lincolns tales. And so early on in process, i thought to myself, if i could get the author of this book to come and speak maybe this thing will work out extremely. And so i was absolutely thrilled. When tom wheeler, the author of, mr. Lincolns t mails, accepted the invitation to be with us as, a speaker at this years civil war weekend, wheeler is businessman, an author and a public figure. Im not even going to try and read out the list of his accomplishments. A few highlights include his service as chairman of. The federal Communications Commission from 2013 to 2017. Hes a visiting fellow at brookings institution. As well, as a senior fellow at the harvard school. His publication does include a really insightful about leadership lessons from civil war, as well as the one ive already mentioned. And i know. Youve got a big clue about one behind me on the screen. Mr. Lincolns t mails and that, of course, is going to be the subject of, his presentation tonight. Lets give him a warm welcome to virginia tech. Thank you very much, paul. And and everybody. Its a privilege to be here. Paul gave a little bit of a overview of, my background. Im a techie you know, and and here i with a bunch of civil war civil scholars and one of the things that i have always loved is the study of the civil war. And this book ended up being an attempt excuse me, to relate my interest in technology with my love of the civil war and, and a couple of jumped out at me as thought about tonight and topic of of lincoln and the telegraph. The first was that as paul has indicated the civil war was the begin of the telecommunications era. It was the war in which telecommunications played an integral part. And were going to talk a lot tonight about how lincoln was able to take advantage of that, that telecommunications led us to the internet and the internet era and. Now on to a. I. And the Artificial Intelligence era. And as i began to prepare tonight, i thought, my goodness, the similarities between the telegraph and the challenge that it represented for Abraham Lincoln. And Artificial Intelligence and the challenges represents for us are freight parallel. Lincoln was called upon to deal with technology that no one had seen before and to come up with. No one had imagined. Its the same kind of reality that were facing today when we try and come grips with this thing called Artificial Intelligence. So they put the telegraph in perspective for a second. In 1861, when Abraham Lincoln first came to the white house. The concept of electricity was a vague scientific idea. It wasnt until 1789. Im. 1879 that edison patented the light bulb. And so the idea that you could send messages by electric sparks was truly something that was beyond the grasp of the typical american. In 1843. When the congress was voting on the appropriation for samuel f. B. Morriss test line between washington and baltimore. The members of the house were so unsure of this idea of message use by sparks that offered a series of last thing amendments such as well, lets amend the bill to study, not just telegraph, but also mesmerism and the ability to. By thinking and by hypnosis. Those amendments were voted down, but the more appropriate version passed the congress. By three votes. And whats most interesting is that there were as many members, congress who chose to from voting as who to pass the bill because they want to have to go explain to their constituents that they were putting up this big sum of money for this crazy idea of messages by sparks. Even after that line to baltimore was built. Its still was hard for people to get their heads around it in 1844, after line was completed. Alfred vail was morses assistant, who was manning the baltimore terminus of the line telegraph back maybe we ought to be suspending the trial because the clerk of baltimore had determined that this was black magic and that there was a riot, a demonstration being planned and he feared for his safety and the safety of the equipment. That was the environment into which Abraham Lincoln walked when he became president of the United States. He had first seen the a telegraph f in 1857 when he was writing circuit and was in the tazewell house in pekin, illinois, where he literally. We not forget he was a litigator. He literally in guarded the operator, a guy by the name of charles pinker who tinker, who then went on to work in the white house telegraph office, the administration. But he interrogated is how does this thing work work . Because one of the things that we dont think about when we about Abraham Lincoln lincoln is that if he were alive today would call him an early adopter. That he is the only president to hold a patent. His job when he was a lawyer, illinois, his frequent were the railroads. Which were the revolutionary network technol logy that was totally changing both commerce and culture in as they as it progressed west. He even thought that he could make it on the lecture circuit with a lecture discoveries and invent in, which he talked about the importance of technology. So we are lucky that regard. That this man who had to figure how to work with this new technology was in fact who was fascinated by technology which he. The other general observation that i will point out before we down to some of the specific things. Is that not only is lincoln use of the telegraph a study in dealing with technology, but it also an incredible insight into the man. As you know lincoln kept no diary diary. Everything that we know about Abraham Lincoln has three sources. His speeches, his writings and his telegrams. The first two are set pieces. Theyre out. Their planned. They. The purpose is to delay live or some kind of message as. Well see in a moment. In a minute. His telegrams are off the top of the head. Spontaneous responses, scratch things out, insert, respond to external forces. Its the closest that well get to a transcript of a conversation with Abraham Lincoln and. Well watch how. He went through three phases in his development of what i call the modern electronic management technique and how he had to ease in to what he took to the situation he was put in by this new technology. So. Lets take a look at some things. This the telegraph office in washington, d. C. When lincoln came to town in 1861, there was no telegraph line at the white house. There was no telegraph at the War Department. There was no telegraph at the navy yard. When the United States army wanted to send a telegram to some distant post out west, they wrote it out in longhand, handed it to a clerk who stood in line in at this office. Our National Leadership was flummoxed on how do we use this technology. Bankers had figured out how to use it. Newspapers had figured how to use it. Railroads had figured out to use it. But washington had not come close to figuring out how to this. And lincoln was put into a situation where he had to make those conclusions himself. He couldnt exactly turn to see what somebody done before. There was no press event. He couldnt exactly a book. He couldnt find a tutor that said, well, this is how we use this technology. And he had to figure this out in the middle of a civil war. So lets look at some of the experiences that he had in that process. And first, lets begin with with what i call lincolns aha moment where he began to realize the significance of the telegraph. This is colonel baker. Baker was amongst lincolns closest friends. He was a had been a senator from illinois and then a senator from, oregon, lincoln second son was edward baker. Lincoln had. And on 21st, 1861, baker was killed leading a regiment at the battle of balls bluff. About three months after the disaster, edmund versus. George mcclellan, who was then commanding union forces. The was was sitting with president lincoln in the white house discussing affairs when. A runner came in and handed him a piece of paper. Mcclellan opened it, read read it, put his pocket. Never said anything about its content to the commander in chief. And that report was a report of the disaster at balls bluff and the death of lincolns close friend. Later that afternoon. As lincoln was want to do. He wandered over to mcclellans headquarters. And mcclellan not there. But he said to thomas eckert, who was mcclellans clerk. Anything new. And accurate says, no, sir, theres nothing new in the file. He goes into mcclellans office and he sees theyre laying on his desk, a copy of telegram reporting on balls bluff in the death of colonel baker. To say he was in would probably an understatement. And he comes out and he confronts eckert. And he said, i asked you was there anything new. And eckert . Well, sir if youll recall my response, theres nothing new in the file that when he saw lincoln coming he took copy of the telegram out and slipped it under the blotter of his desk because he had been by the commanding general not to share military information with the president of the United States to and the secretary of war, simon cameron, was in cahoots on this plan. It was only a few months later after a few other missteps, cameron found as minister to russia. And. Edwin stanton came in as secretary of war. And he knew who his boss was and what his responsibility was. And in january of 62, when the congress came back into session, one of the first things they did was pass telegraph legislation which included the creation of the u. S. Military telegraph corps. Now it have had the word military its title, but it was entirely civilian. It did not report to any general in the field. It reported directly to stanton and stanton understood who he reported to. The lesson that lincoln learned from this is one that we see today in the internet and in other places, and that is that he who controls the conduit, controls the content. And so he took steps to, correct . That. This is an example of. One of those. First steps in the first 14 months of his presidency. Abraham lincoln sent fewer than 20 telegraph teams. Remember i said he had ease way and he had learned what was possible. On. May 24th, 1862. A date that i call his electronic. He sent nine telegrams in that one day and week, sent more telegrams than had sent ever in cumulative since he had taken the oath of office. And this is one of those telegrams. And unfortunately it is a copy clerks copy. Not in lincolns hand. The others we were going to look at in a minute are all in lincolns hand. But you can see that he is saying here to general. You are there for directed by the president to against jackson at harrisonburg and to give and and operate against the enemy as much to relieve banks. So this was during the. This was during the peninsula. Jackson was coming and threatening washing vinton macleish and had dissembled to the president in terms of how many troops he had left behind to protect the nations capital. And Abraham Lincoln. Stepped up in this telegram to become commander in in actuality, not just in title and. For the first time in history. A political figure operating in the Political Capital of the nation gave a order to. An officer in the field. You know, there was a reason why, charles the fifth was at agincourt. There was a reason why bonaparte went to russia because the government tried gamble with the troops. But that wasnt the tradition in this democracy. And on this day may 24th, 1862, Abraham Lincoln aiken rewrote the textbook on the relationship. Commander in the field and the commander in chief in and he used the telegraph to accomplish it. Now, heres whats spooky. May 24th, 1862, is 18 years to the day day from when samuel f. B. Morris said sent what have god wrought. George . Briton. Dont get us started. Its a great. Get out. Im sitting here and im saying to myself, lets just how good was he . He over estimated the forces that were opposed to him and underdelivered again and again and again, he loved his uniform, he loved the pants, the pomp. He didnt fare too well in his belief in the battle. But he understood the telegraph. When mcclellan was shortly out of west point. The army sent him to observe the crimean war war. And this thing called the telegraph was being used by british forces, not to command forces or not to back to london, but to to relay messages, supplies and things like this off the battlefield. And mcclellan saw that. Its possible to make the case that George Mcclellan was elevated to command in the east of the telegraph because he. He made a point of as his troops advanced, making sure that they strung telegraph wire and just happened to make access to that telegraph line available. The reporters that were covering him him so when he had his victories, western virginia against e lee word went out. Mcclellan was so proud of what he had done that he you know, he was famous for the letters that he wrote to his wife. He wrote a letter to his wife for the first time in history a telegraph, has moved with an army, the front. And he took of it. So hes down on the peninsula. In may of 62, stalled surprise and, he sends to lincoln a telegram that rambles on and on, but then says it is the policy and duty of the government to send me by all well drilled troops available. The temerity. Telling the president of the United States what the policy of the government is. And lincoln, his command voice delivered over the telegraph to. This way to mcclellan. This is written by lincoln in. His tight forward cursive. And it starts out and it reviews some of the things that he said, questioning some of the things he said. For instance, mcclellan claimed a big victory for Fitzjohn Porter and the president kind of questions that. But the important part of it is he gets down here to the end and he i am painfully impressed with the import ance of the struggle before and i shall aid you all i can with my view of all the regions too, and all the other fronts and. Last i must remind you, i must remain the judge, as the purpose underline of the government. And he crosses that out. And i said a minute ago that you could you could see thought processes as you read these telegrams. There is a classic example this is one on happy fella who feels its necessary to say hey listen let me remind you who establishes the policy he and then he says now no, this not the best way or the right time to deliver this message. And he crosses it out. A few months later. Mcclellan once again. Has his difficulties. Be polite at, antietam. And the background story to this telegram is this that in early october, halleck fell to its antietam. Was september. Mcclellan not follow lee. October 17, im sorry. September 17, early october, a couple of weeks after the battle. Halleck general sends a telegram to mcclellan quote the, president directs that you crossed the potomac and give battle to the enemy. Crickets. We week or so later Abraham Lincoln the president i states wrote a letter to mcclellan and had it hand delivered delivered. Mcclellan gave him back of the hand and did not reply. By this point in time, lincoln was maturing his use of his understand ing, of the use of the telegraph, and he was the messages that would come in to the War Department, even they werent addressed to him. And he saw a message that had come in from mcclellan to halleck saying that they couldnt pursue lee because his horses were sore tongued and fatigued. October 24, five five weeks after battle of antietam, Abraham Lincoln sits down and responds to a telegram that was not written to him and says, have read your dispatch about sore tongued and, fatigued horses. Will pardon me for asking what the horses of the army have done since the battle of and tedium that fatigue. Remember i said that you get some insights into into his personal reac tions when hes prodded on things. And this was another another insight that it gave was how fed up he was because as know, less than two weeks later, mcclellan was relieved of command. This is the War Department. It sits on the site next to the white house of the current old executive office. I cant reach it. But here on the second floor, behind that portico, in the former library of the War Department was where the telegraph got set up after lincolns aha moment with mcclellan. So he when the u. S. Embassy, u. S. Telegraph corps was was was created. They took all the telegraph lines out of mcclellans headquarters, moved them into the War Department, and created the telegraph office just outside the secretarys office. And it was here that lincolns spent more. Than any other place save the white house and maybe his sanctuary at soldiers home. They had a cot moved in so he could stay there, monitor the wires and sleep and it was, if you think about it, it was the first situation room. And what he would is he would walk in and hed go straight to. The clerks desk and hed open the bottom, the clerks desk and take out a stack of flimsy. There were the copies of the telegraph traffic that had coming in and out wouldnt addressed to him. But all of the telegraph traffic going through the War Department and he would take that stack over to desk next to a window overlooking avenue and he would sit down and start reading them. And he would page through and when he came to one that he was interested in, he would set it aside. And when he got as far as he need get, he would endeavor to ably say to the telegrapher around him, well, boys, im down to the raisins. And finally one of the telegraph clerks said, mr. President , you keep saying youre down to the raisins. Whats that mean . And he told the story of classic Abraham Lincoln. He tells a story about a time in springfield where a young girl was celebrating her birthday and the party plied her with all kinds sweets and foods to the point where she became. Or as the president said, she began casting up her accounts. And the parents worried that she was sick. So they send for the doctor and the doctor comes over and hes going through the bowl of accounts. And he to the parents. What was the last thing that she. And they said raisins. He said, we have no fear. The raisins are here and shell be fine. And so lincoln said, so, boys, when i come to the telegram i saw last time i was here, i know i have gone far enough. And he puts them back in the drawer. Ultimately. It was. That act of reading. That the nature of his. Of the telegraph from one of transmitting his command to voice to one of having a keyhole into the headquarters of. His generals, so that he could understand what was really going on and use that information to guide his actions. This is an example of one of those listening first experiences. Think about august 17th,. 1864 was a pretty dark time for. The union. Lincoln had just. Note around his cabinet table asking his cabinet secretaries to sign in anticipation of his defeat at the polls and that they would continue to fight for the union because they knew that whoever beat them would not keep the union together. Grant was stalled before. Draft riots were going on in the major cities. You all was up the warren path, Shenandoah Valley to threaten washington washington and lincoln saw. A memo or a telegram that grant had sent to halleck in which grant asked about the of the riots on his troop strength. They be taking troops away to put down riots and also was just kind of a okay how are things . Whats whats happening. And lincoln saw that and he picked up a piece of paper and he wrote this. I have your dispatch expressing your unwillingness to break your whole where you are neither. Am i willing hold on with bulldog grip and chew and choke as much as. When grant received this telegram when he was handed the telegram by his telegraph clerk, he read it and he chuckled, and he turned to those around him and he said, the president has more courage than any his advisers. And he was right. But not only was president saying to him the most unmistakable. Dont worry, im with you, keep at it. But he was delivering that message in a way that a political leader couldnt previously. And providing the support that his general needed for what had to be an incredible, lonely experience. But it was not always that way. I call this lincolns dutch uncle. Telegram. It was actually sent before the telegram. And it contains the four key components of how lincoln to use the telegraph. I have seen your dispatch in. You say, well, first of all, i have seen your point. One. I am listening. Im watching in which you say i want sherrod in put in command of all the troops in the field with instruction to put himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death wherever they may go. Let our troops go. Also. This, i think, is right. As to how from how our forces should move. Second point i what youre doing. I understand what youre doing. I agree with what youre doing. But please look over the dispatch. As you may have received from here, every ever since your you made that order and determine if you. That there is any idea in the heads of any in the heart of any our heads of quote putting our army south, underline of the enemy or following him to the death, underline. Third point. Watch out. Watch your people. I agree with what youre . Doing it may not be unanimous opinion. Watch out. And then the fourth point the most important part of the message i repeat to you it neither be done attempted. With unless you at every day and hour and force it. In other words. Im expecting you to deliver on and that you understand your responsibility. This is one of the great examples of how lincoln ended up using the telegraph. So lets leave the battlefield. As you know, mary lincoln was quite peripatetic, traveling around around and in april of four she was in york with 11 year old ted and she was using telegraph like you and i used to her use the email to communicate with our family. Now, something was atypical at the time and she sent a telegram to husband the president. We reached here safely. Hope are well. Okay, ive got all the pleasantries out of the way. Please send me by mail today a check. 50 directed to me care of mr. Warren leland metropolitan hotel and in a run on sentence she says ted says are the goats will. The president of United States receive this. It was april. 64. He was working with grant on what would become the overland. And he responded immediately with this telegram. The draft will go you. The checks in the mail mail. Tell ted the goats and are very well dash especially the goats. I think this is favorite of the approx emilia 1000 telegrams that Abraham Lincoln sent because it gives you a insight. You can feel pathos of the pressure that he is constantly been under. You can feel the of dealing his wife and you can see how he refuge in wit wit. So at that desk that i was telling you about a minute ago over pennsylvania avenue. Abraham lincoln invented something that no other National Leader in history had ever been able to do to a new technology that people themselves that the rest of the country really didnt understand how to use. And to build on that technology, a leadership model that said in essence, as we saw in the grant to telegram lets agree a plan ill supervise it electronically and i wont hesitate to step in if i think need be. I think when we think about our emails, thats a model for that as well. And so all i can say is. Thank god he was an early adopter and. That he had this inquisitiveness about what is the application of technology. And he was unafraid to use that technology. And so just as we thought there was nothing new that lincoln has to tell us. His t mails reach out to inform us in our electronic experience and to give an unprecedented insight. Into this great man and how he used this new. At a hinge point in history. Thank you very much. Okay. So we got people with mics. If you got questions, theres one right here. Okay. Is there any idea of how many telegrams sat and received . Yeah slightly fewer than a thousand. That mean there were there were thousands. And thousands of telegrams that are in the in the through the whole course of the whole war. He sent about a thousand. Are these telegrams in the official records . Great. Yes or no . The. Ill give you a backup. So the answer is most them are in the National Archives. There are others. The Lincoln Museum and library has some brown has some. Because of of. Hey. I stumbled across this story. I, i was privileged to be the the president and chairman of the National Archives foundation and and one day i was taking a potential donor up into the stacks. The archives building on pennsylvania avenue. And one of the archivists pulled out a book, glassing pages that had these handwritten telegrams in them. And i said it at that point in time. Wow. Those are mr. Lincolns t. And the idea for lets pursue this that story was born at that point in time. But most them are at the National Archives. So sir, thank you for a great enjoy. Thank you, sir. Learning morse code cw, as you call it, did not come easy for me as i learned. But it took me a while because i probably have started before i was, in fact, writes another feature of. Computers an idea how big this telegraph corps i mean how many people that knew how to send and receive. And do you have idea how fast they were sending and receiving . Yeah, i cant answer. Dont know the that the speed is. You know at one point in time i actually sat and tried to calculate how many bits per second were being transmitted so we can compare it to today. But but a a good telegraph operator could do a few words a minute and, and there were multitudes of them and throughout the army and, throughout other forces as well. You didnt ask this question, but i love this story. John moseby where were samuel john mosbys reading the book about mosby right now . John mosby and jeb stuart had guys in their command whose specialty was climbing the telegraph pole cutting the wire and then hold doing the wire to their toes so that spark would react. The saliva and they could read the dots and dashes. Howd you like that for a Job Description description and and so so there was the skill was was widespread. Sir, here we got we got one right down here. One more. So thank you i know that there a transatlantic telegraph that in 1850 president buchanan talked of tried talk to queen victoria. Yep. Did Abraham Lincoln. In this attempt to win the civil war ever talk internationally Cross Atlantic to bring victoria or anywhere in the British Government and great question the magic of ten. Great question. There are no records such as i showed today of Something Like that. And you the great sort youre youre right i came this close from mentioning this when i was saying was no telegraph at the white house. 1858. Buchanan has a telegraph key put in the white house from the east room of the white house so that he can receive and respond to. Queen victorias telegram coming over of the first transatlantic cable thank you very much show is over they took it out again what i going to use this for. Yeah sir. Im curious if Jefferson Davis or any of the confederate used to telegraph as well as lincoln and the generals. Great question. The answer no for multiple reasons. Reason number one is that there wasnt much telegraph infrastructure in the south. If you look at the census report sort of 1860 before the war, north of the masondixon line, there is spider web of telegraph lines, south of the masondixon line. There is one telegraph line that runs down the east coast, one telegraph line that runs down the mississippi valley, and one telegraph line runs across to new orleans. And thats it. During the war, the United States military telegraph corps built 15,000 additional miles of telegraph. The confederates 500, because as they had a supply problem. You need glass for the insulators and then you need metal for for the wire both of which were in supply for them. The other part of your question i think is interesting about the confederates of telegraph. It wasnt as if lee didnt send telegrams and so to his generals and and to to davis davis didnt send telegrams to his generals. But Jefferson Davis had an entirely different leadership style from Abraham Lincoln. He read his in their basically telling the recipient how dummy is that they are they are not lincolns list and responding i know best and let me berate you. So there was a difference in capability and there was a difference in temperament that made an entire huge difference in how the technology was used. Maam. I think just for some context, for me obviously the telegraph, the delivery unit stuff such wasnt instantaneous. Things still have to be transcribed and then delivered to you, to the generals. But before this, how long . Days, weeks before they would receive dispatches, it would get back to washington before the telegraph, yet depend on the distance and the availability. The railroad. Heres a heres an example. First manassas. Lincoln could the. From bull run 25 or so miles away. But had no idea what was going on out there. Winfield scott who was the general in chief then. Actually took a during the first manassas and had to awakened by the president to say, well, you know, do you have any idea what thinks going on . Because. That just, you know, you didnt thats not the way things worked. You know, when when when scott was in mexico in 1847 and took mexico. It was all his doing. You know, the a general the field was the closest thing to god. And as a result, many them were not thrilled with the telegraph. And if that was the last question, i want to add one last question because its a fascinating thing that normally i get asked and and i want to make sure that you understand the story and thats what about the on these messages i talked about mosbys men you know, the and if you look at well at this this is the this is the dutch uncle cypresses at the top of his cipher. And this is the grip. Its a cipher up at the top and this meant before its transmitted, put it into code. And that code. Was never during the war. The south would go so far as publish the text of intercepted telegrams in the newspaper and offer cash prizes. If you could break it. Heres how the cipher worked i never actually counted how many words there are in this message, but lets say theres two dozen. Lets say theres 24 words in this message. You would go to the code book and you would look up the code for a. 24 word message. And lets say code was whiskey. And then you would it would you would transmit a message . That was a 25 word message that began whiskey. So the guy at the other end would get his code book and say, okay, there are 24 words to come and. I make a grid columns, rows and put one word in each of those holes, each of those spots. And for a 24 word telegram, the coding like this over to down one over three or down to back for up five and that was the way the code worked and why it was never broken. It was called the root means of coding because coming with the telegram was a coded word that said here is the root that was used to create this coded telegram and that you should then reverse to get it out at the other end. Thank you very much. Its been a real thank you for. Welcome to the Second Annual special collections author Speaker Series on behalf of Bailey Library three, the college liberal arts, the Alumni Association and the green and white society. Im judy silva. Im the University Archivist and