Coming in this evening and want to welcome you. I haveeo the privilege of being the president and ceo of the Andrew Jackson foundation and we are so happy to have you here tonight for our third history and court series, the third of the series tonight. I better look at my notes. These informal events are intended to offer you glimpses of the United States history as it relates to Andrew Jacksons america and enjoy some excellent wine we can seeak you are taking advantage of history always goes better with alcohol. [laughter] 2021 marks the bicentennial of when andrew and Rachel Jackson and their son Andrew Jackson junior moved into their newly constructed home. While significantly more modest demand the mansionis that you wl visit today. There was a substantial upgrade from this twostory farmhouse they lived in for the prior 17 years. But the question is why did they choose to construct this type of house beyond the functional considerations, what did it symbolize to them, how did it position them and at the community and how did it express the familiesto aspirations . Tonight we are honored to have doctor kevin murphy is this evenings speaker. The Andrew W Mellon chair in humanities and professor and chair of the department of history and art and architecture at vanderbilt university. He will explore virgos the history of early president ial plantation homes, but the buildings symbolized to their owners and to their constituents and what do they mean to ushy today. Doctor murphy grew up in the boston massachusetts area. He holds an undergraduate degree from swarthmore college, masters in Historic Preservation from Boston University and his phd is from the university of chicago and art, architecture and preservation. Hisar areas of particular intert are 19th century french architecture, american architecture and thes meanings f these styles in the periods when they were popular. Doctor murphy credits growing up around so many Historic Buildings in the northeast with stimulating his interest in architectural history and Historic Preservation. He calls old Hickory Village up the road from here home. Following doctor murphys presentation, there will be a time for questions and answers. If you would like to ask questions, please step up to the microphone here in the middle of the room because we are honored to have cspan here tonight filming this evenings event. And please silence your cell phones so you are not recorded and broadcast across america in a few weeks. So, now please join with me in welcoming doctor kevin murphy. [applause] thank youou for that very generous introduction. Normally i wouldnt make any editorial comments about the introduction except you credited my phd to the university of chicago and it was actually from northwestern and since we are such rivals, i feel like i have toe say that. My brother was a grad student at the same time but anyway, im really happy to be here. As you said, i am a neighbor up the street of old Hickory Village and have visited before, but ith dont think of myself as an expert. Ive written more about other president ial houses so we will focus on those. The earlier examples and ways of thinking about the building which is back here. Im told the Response Time is very slow. There we go. Okay. So, i begin here with a group of four buildings all of them associated with u. S. President s. So, we have mount vernon, the home of george washington, montpelier and then of course the hermitage. What do they have in common . Being in virginia its a common thing they are the residences of u. S. President s. They all are neoclassical in the sense that they look back to traditions of ancient greece and rome and build upon the interpretations of those traditionsns that have been made over subsequent centuries. And they are all plantations where the enslaved population far outnumbered the population of free white People Living in these places at any one time. So what i want to do is connect to things. One, the fact that these are limitations but also the homes of some of the greatest spokesman for the political freedom, religious freedom that we have in our history, and at the same time i also want to address the fact that they refer to certain architectural traditions in very different and specific ways. And what it does for the understanding of the plantations. Theres the political and social positions that they were obsessive buildersng especially washington andje jefferson whose houses werere in the process of being renovated for decades. Especially jefferson who was like obsessed with building and his interest in architecture was the deepest of any of these men. He is famous for having always looked basically in a constructionwe site. However, he will send so much invested in the architecture and didnt think that it would in the way that would see jefferson still it was deeply concerned with the design of his house and its furnishings and that basically bankrupted himself and was expensive Building Materials and furnishings from abroad that arrived in huge numbers out mount vernon and culminated in this building. In the introduction, howard referred to the log cabin they lived in. That log cabin would have been typical of the way that most people lived in the 18th century all but a tiny fraction of people that lived in houses that were one or two rooms that were made out of wood that did not have foundations. Most of that disappeared so what we are left with is a very unrepresented sampling of 1 the 18th century houses in which Something Like mount vernon would have just been unspeakably huge. It would have been like ten mansions today because it was so elaborate and lavish in the context of the way most people live. Now, to tell you a little bit about where this design comes from, i also want you to notice a couple of kind of bizarre things about it and i am hoping that this is going to turn into a pointer. Yes it did, perfect. You notice you have this kind of floating triangular that doesnt line up perfectly with either the windows were the doors in the first two stories which is a very un classical thing to have happened. You would want the door to be centered and have the windows spaced evenly on the other side and to have them line up perfectly but of course because the house is built in stages, that isnt possible. So,er washington built the house overer the course of time and tt is what is the idiosyncratic was commentedich at the time. They were distributed across the side and would be very careful here so thats one thing. Theres an aspiration to the classes that are not totally realized because of the way that the building project unfolded which is of course how most building projects unfold over the course of time. The otherr thing that i want to show you is on the roof, a very un domestic feature. Its not something that is typicallyll found on houses. Washingtons aspiration was to make a residence but that also had a public aspect to it more than just the house of somebody of some importance. The other place where it appears is in this building the Governors Palace at the colonial capital. This signaled the presence of the important residents. It wasnt just a house that was the Governors Palace. So we seek to echo this feature. In other respects, hes placing some distance between himself and thist, colonial monument, which is something that jefferson, who was educated also did. They were attempting to establish for the architecture that was neoclassical, but it was trying to create a distance from the colonial architecture of that pre revolutionary period. So, you have here the prominence and those in virginia know that the soil is all really easy, very expensively but its also a material that is very familiar to british people. Its the material of london for example and other british settlements. So, as the material and that the style becomes associated in the colonial period so one of the things that i want to emphasize is this idea of difference and distinction of using architecture to separate yourself to connect and simultaneously separate yourself from the past. As you know, mount vernon was the iconic house in the u. S. Along withh of course monticell. That screen that goes back to. Particularly after washingtons death rate around 1800 when this became a brilliant pilgrimage destination. So you saw by way of the potomac which many people dead and you probably know its very prominent. You would have seen this long porch that was a completely unfamiliar future which would have suggested this isnt any old, but it is the house of somebody that is important and who is creative and has a specific idea of what they want their house to look like. And i think t that is really significant. This is in a painting from the early 19th century. Here is the plan of mount vernon. You have on this side of a column that i is a little bit blurry. Here is the plan of the house itself that you have in elevation and then on either side of this is the interesting part, you have these curved walkways that then connect to outbuildings one of which is the kitchen. Its a symmetrical or balanced composition of parts of the house so you have the Main Residence and then on the other side absolutely identical mirrored image connections to these service buildings. Now you can see its basically what we call a georgia plan which is a house plan which you have a center hall and we still build these today. Its very familiar. A hall that goes from the land or driveway side over here straight to the house, open celled and then you have the view of the river out there beyond the house and theres two rooms on either side with the chimney. Here, fireplace in the major rooms again office is typical and then you have on the end rooms that were added to that central court. This one was at the end. Its still called that. They extended thathe central coe of the house which is fairly conventional and plan so it got bigger. Now, the idea of having the various functions of a big fancy Plantation House separated into pieces that are connected in an artistic ways to one another is something that comes from the italian renaissance architect in who both washington and jefferson especially are very interested. They constantly republished through the 18th century and english translation and jefferson then hadn them in the u. S. Jefferson had one of the largest architectural libraries in north america. So, the school of architecture in the literal institution and at the design that first had an impact in britain and then in north america among especially wealthy educated builders Like Washington and jefferson. So the idea and you see it represented there on the righthand side were the great houses from around 1550. It wasnt to pack the functions in this case into one building but rather to separate them into smaller buildings that would be connected in a kind of artistic way. So heres the house connected to the subsidiary buildings by this kind of walkway. And then the main house at the center was that it make you think of . Its like a greek or roman temple so it takes the idea of a religious building and then baseden on the actual house the residence at the center so here you h see that and then the othr subsidiary buildings. So separating the different parts of the complex is very important. And for example in virginia from the mid18th century we have this Plantation House. In a classical Central Building and then we have these walkways this is what washington is thinking about and here you can see its two rooms with these big fireplaces which means that this is probably a kitchen building so its super hot like it is here, you want the kitchen away from the main house and then building this group. So its beautifully balanced and youte can draw a Straight Line o the center of the main house and they are mirror images of one another and that classical symmetry is modeled on what he had done in his series in italy that you could still visit today. Not only were they thought to be very classical and accomplished in terms of designs, but he also had wealthy basically farmers people that lived with agriculture about they were very well educated. They were sophisticated clients and therefore the style associated but not just being but also somebody that is sophisticated and expressing that in the architecture that is caused to be built. So that is kind of what, not kind of, it is what they are thinking of. They are living off of agriculture. Here are a couple of views and here is that walkway. Now one issue for these ambitious builders, theres the sophistication in terms of building which is much less common in the 18th and 17th century than so when it came time to model and architecture that had been pioneered going all the way back to rome it was a challenge for perhaps people in the u. S. And often what was done was the more prevalent Building Material and then to make it look like stone so in the case of mount vernon you get a glimpse of this here. Its flat boards that are then scored to make them cast these shadows between them and to give the appearance of blocks of stone. It has sand mixed up in it and it gives the texture of stone. What they tried to do is give the impression of this very monumental building but to work with the conditions at hand and materials that are familiar. In mount vernon and monticello, there is an explicit connection made to the pan atlantic era of revolution, theev socalled agef revolution in the 18th century in which washington and jefferson were both Major Players not just to the u. S. But to then revolutions in europe particularly the french revolution as well as to the revolutions in the caribbean in the early 19th century. And they represent the International Sphere of the connections not just in the architecture to the british and European Development but also objects they bring into these spaces that are fascinating because they make them into the places where the history of the early u. S. In International Context and the great objects of mount vernon that weve written about a little bit, so im kind of fascinated by it. Its the key to the bastille prison, of which was ordered by General Lafayette and i will say more in a minute and to whom he was very close with this message give me leave, my dear general, to present you with a picture of the bastille just as it looked a few days after i had ordered its demolition. It is a symbolic beginning of the french revolution in 1789. And after that point, lafayette is the head of the National Guard orders the demolition of what remains of it. With the main key of the fortress of despotism, it is a tribute which iao to my adoptive father as a camp to my general and missionary of liberty to its patriarch. So, lafayette was a wealthy french nobleman with materials that would support the american revolution, served in the u. S. And became a kind of lifelong friend of washingtons and so he sends this key as a symbol along with of this image before its demolition. The key then was displayed in philadelphia and washington state. A leader and a citizen of the hall in mount vernon where lafayette signed during his famous farewell trip in the u. S. He was heralded as the hero of both the french and the american revolution. They visit the tomb of washington and that was actually built on the grounds of the estate quite close to the house. The secretary said lafayette descended and after, he took his son and me by the hand and led us to the tomb. Weve known we supported with our lips and weve mingled our tears with. So when he makes this trip to the u. S. , he takes his secretary with him and the secretary writes every day about what to lafayette to date over the course of a year and a half in which he went to basically every major city and what was then the United States. And then they would to send these comments back to france and published papers in the u. S. But its important that he went because it reinforces the fact that by the 1820s, it is a shrine and more than that a shrine to washington but its also a shrine to the idea of freedom which i would suggest is paradoxical given that its also a Plantation House. To be at the plantation of a man who freed his slaves in his will. So theres a tomb on the righthand side as it existed in this country and then it kind of drawing of the landscape with the tomb right here that shows you theun absolutely unbelievabe amount of interest as you know how many places in the u. S. Are named mount vernon. Of mount vernon is a really, it might even be bigger than the size that has on the screen here. Sorry its will hard to see. You see it on the trademark Port Washington and this is published well after that. Its based on a famous portrait of washington which i am sure you recognize. Its the basis of the u. S. Currency. And thene the two on the left is lafayette. Its the meeting of the two men on the porch on mount vernon i 1784. What else do we have going on here . Interestingly you have the two women in this group to the right. I think there is a little child here. And then to the left is the white child and the africanamerican child playing together over here. And at vignettes thought up a of aparadoxical hard to understd image but one that does remind us the africanamerican president of mount vernon far outnumbers the white ones and it does kind of signal the diversity of people. Now i wondered for my mark here. Washington was keenly interested in opening his own house. But also keenly interested in the design of the city of washington d. C. , the district of columbia which began to be constructed shortly after the establishment of the United States. There is a very famous a Group Portrait of the washington family, george is to the left. There are other members of the family on the other side. And you have at the center the map of washington d. C. The city that was devised by a french engineer. Interestingly you have martha gesturing a plan of the city of washington. Okay. Now, jefferson as president also keenly interested in developing the landscape and orc architectural language of the new United States. And, in virginia he is responsible for this design of the capitol of richmond. Although expanded in the 19th and 20th centuries. And then on the righthand side you have a painting from the 19th century which gives a better sense of what the original building look like. If you think this too looks like a temple theres a good reason for it. Jefferson, before serving asoy president , lives in paris and while he was there he commissioned and on the left which is a roman temple that was built in Southern France at the time the roman empire was colonizing all around the mediterranean. As a perfect example of a roman temple. Much is a style of classical architecture that uses these very elaborate support up above it. It is based on the idea of a greek temple of which we have a very good approximation here in nashville which is an excellent idea and greece and athens looks like. So the roman idea of the temples notes upon the idea ofh the greek temple was surrounding columns and pushed outward to expand the enclosed part of the temple. So the greek temple you have the columns typically goes all the way around. And the roman temple in this example the walls pushed outward push outwardthey create a large. This type of temple becomes the model for jefferson design is the capitol of the state of virginia. His notes of the state of virginia how deplorable and of the United States. His attempt was to elevate the practice of architecture and public architecture by the Classical Tradition. Tony and architectural historian is also looking at this and building which becomes a touchdown not only for him but for other american and british made in century the pantheon at rome. The roman temple has a trouble like facade that leads to this dramatic space, was domed rotunda and has this concrete dome above it romans the pioneers of the use of concrete. With its ocular central openerop which is open and yes rain does come to the building. Has it mopped up on the floor but also light comes into the building and cuffs these Beautiful Spots that move around the interior over the course of the day. Jefferson was a huge admirer of this building who would imagine the big basketball inside the space has the building erected around it. Gave it a geometric purity that was admired by jefferson. Now what he does is so clever but not very orthodox. You could say its clever or weird and perverse. I say its clever. Insert two slices through the Virginia State capitol. One is a transverse section that goes along the short side one goes through the long side. Heres the porch that looks out on the river which was located. And then you see you have a roman temple and then you have an side of it this domed rotunda. Of course he domed rotunda is a center of the. Conception of the u. S. Capitol. And other State Capitol as well. What is the difference here . Ff you think of the u. S. Capitol what is different about this dome . Has the impurity of this idea to put inside the domed rotunda there is the central space he does not have that can support the dome but rather he sensed the dome on a square basically a square room. You have the issue of how to get him a square room to adult has a circular base. Sift out weird triangle or bits in between. Anyway, at theth center the sculpture in a stance that is meant to evoke a roman statesman and its also one that is familiar to antiquity going all the big back to the socalled cultural oppose the prose in which one leg holds the weight of the body the other is bent, can you see it . The ideas was because then the upper body has to adjust to that uneven distribution of wet. So that became very popular it would give life likeness to the human figure. The 19th century sculpture of washington which is of a contemporary figure but represents the Classical Tradition. Jefferson, washington, both of these men depended for all of the building and all of the intellectual activity that caused this trade with which you are familiar. Which sought manufactured goods being exported from Great Britain and then to africa and elsewhere. It was then brought to the caribbean and ultimately to north america from where other goods were exported in this famous triangle trade which the plantations of jefferson, washington and others cannot be disassociated. Despite the fact that architecturally the references they gave urge the Classical Tradition and focus. In the 16th century. Jefferson also returns the Classical Tradition in his own design which is an obelisk that was devised first by the ancient egyptians. And then used again throughout antiquity, where he wanted to be known for his declaration of american independence. Of the statute of virginia for religious freedom. And the university of virginia. Those were major accomplishments to be inscribed on his monument. He is promoting his p contributions to freedom. Jefferson had a biography here of monticello boarded 1773. Early on as a young man he cleared the site of 250 feet at the top of a hill thats where he lived for much of his life and for the course a very long time. Not just bite monticello as well. Jefferson had from his father and even more from his fatherinlaw. He bought and sold his slave people about 80 lived in monticello which is south of monticello. Will a Beautiful House making his living. Some in the main house. As you probably know some of the story and tradition says they were half brothers to the his wife martha. Giving credence to the oral history they were related. Jefferson fathered at least six of Sally Hemmings children, four who survived to adulthood and are mentioned in jeffersons plantation records. During his lifetime the two youngest sons others of the sons actually worked which was built as a kind of retreat for jefferson while they were under construction site that wouldve been there so, building this plantation operation he is also collaborating this monuments main house which is in the particularly in the classical as is understood he had a change over the course of a life knowledge of developments so the first design was this one. This twostory design will see an amount was very much based. Again we thought is the bible. The first architectural in the u. S. Who knew jefferson, said of him he is a good architect of books. He is good, is using the books of architecture which is not entirely his fault there is no school of architecture. And then you have the final design which was close to what exists today which is really interesting. Because as you can see its been totally transformed from this earlier model. What he did principally was to really disguise it was a twostory building but he really suppresses the second story. Thats the one he was so enamored of it. So his first model i took one example. It has a true story portico. Thats very clearly what jefferson has in mind here. And then he goes to france. And while he is there erected this building. Have any ofs. You been to paris . It survived the legion of honor its right nextr door. If you ever go there is something to notice. She gave jefferson the idea of building a hotel in the french sense of not a hotel you check into and spenda the night but rather a large house. So it gave him the idea of building a larger residence with kind of a dome similar disguise second story. This is what eventually develops. So here you have the approach and the main entrance and monticello like mount vernon is a virtual pill grimace site even though all jefferson is alive goes back to mount vernon, he lives there its incredibly important and of course statesman people just go there open to meet up with them. So they would wind their ways around the mountain. They would come up the road, the pathway. Then we met at the classical portico which would signal this is an important house somebody with a lot of aspirations. And then if they were invited in they could move through it through the space where there is a dome up above. N then out to the lawn which is open to the west and opens up the north american continent. Very interestingly with these walkways makes the whole complex into a kind of cshaped. Now we first started building at monticello when he was quite young. He starts out right here. Close little tiny brick building where they actually live. It is eight modest building. It survives you can see these offices and so on. And then below ground and this is the key part, he creates these walkways and then you have all the Service Areas for the work is being carried out primarily by enslaved labor. So he promotes it with the main house, he suppresses evidence of enslaved labor which in many ways would cut against the enlightened perspective on him that was offered by the main house. So here it is the famous prince of the 19th century. You just see that walkway you do not see the work areas below it. Its the most contemporary view uc. The prospect over whats beyond. Constantly being tinkered with over the course of a jeffersons lifetime. Here is the main part of the house. It will make you to think back to the plan of mount vernon with the schedule hall, four rooms. One on the other side. Chimneys pushed to the edges. But then what you have all these Service Areas. A series of rooms functions to be required for such a big Plantation House. You could still go see this see about the life of people on the plantation. Here it is anymore develop version. At the upper level north and south are confused before. Heres jeffersons law office off to the right. And there is the servant spaces down below. So its the sense of the working person this complex are separated out. Theyre not all pushed into the same building but rather expressed as different architectural forms. But where you would enter it you would not be the least aware will be reloading your entering through into a space that is invested in the history of western culture. It ends up on the point. And again in the history of transatlantic revolution of the 18th century. This is where the spaces you would enter. The top so they do not want to see you. Jefferson referred to it as indian hall. For the reason that it contained other objects that also included classical sculpture including bust of frightful officers thatr date more that had jefferson was living at the moment the time invested in labor. I came increasingly important. It really is a phenomenon represented by jeffersons clock. Very complicated and so on. Its a museum space. A museum of jefferson investment in western culture and democratic conditions and contemporary political events. I mention one things that those in the reworking of monticello as at a dome. They never actually had much of a function. A visitor in front of jefferson to a beautiful and circular room in the dome. It is 26 or 27 feet in diameter. Eight circular windows in the skylight. When they found on the account of the situation in the dome to be too inconvenient for that use. And it was to miscellaneous purposes. It was extremely important because it associated jefferson with wisdom. With cultural tradition. With the great monuments of the past. It was to go up there and hang out and apparently did not like that idea. They open the door on the side. Except the commanding view. I was sticking up in the doorway. Digit with the Plantation House in connection with the idea of democracy somewhat paradoxically i would say. Theres a gorgeous commanding view over the landscape. We ended this building far better than i do. Given the portico of a continuation of a tradition that goes all the way back on though he cant say theyre thinking about. The portico was pioneered in mount vernon. As a space that gives a commanding view over a plantation. Something that is a place that represents a clinically extreme important thinker. Im jefferson times classical architecture had very specific meetings. So for jefferson was closely connected to the democratic traditions he saw going back to the roman republic. Not only are the sources in the sources that jefferson and washington were looking at. It is greek architecture. Takes on a whole new cast. Work for independence it took place which americans followed that record for independence was a replaying of the american war for independence. They are very closely with the cause. So the 1820s and the 1830s when they use greek architecture that was in part to signal the political allegiance to the cause of democracy. Around the world and particularly the atlantic world. But i also want to keep in mind that in manyar ways they make paradoxical claims because they make these claims of affiliation with democratic positions in the context that is extremely limited and who it enfranchised as we know. The movement to change that is ongoing. Aspirations of these buildings are the things that we could really hold. Ive probably gone on too long and im happy to can the questions. If i havent worn you out already. Yes. I would like you free to comment a little with jackson and jefferson they had basically a blank canvas to build whatever they want washington was kind of stuck with the house to then modify. Cox yes. So he inherited the house. Therefore he had much more already built there and he tried to adapt it. That is why there is fondness about that was noted at the time, its quite imperfect. Its for that reason he wasva trying to renovate rather than build from scratch. Thank you, great presentation. I am curious. Early in your presentation one of the slides you showed for properties and referred to those as plantations. In todays society, how you see today and may be looking forward, securing these properties and the p threats of these properties as we have seen other things threaten. You speak about the threats . Whats with the removal of history, are moving history into the basement of certain properties. But the Actual Properties today how you see that might be threatened in thehe future for concerns . And is there part b2 that is are there things from the past, we are still a young country. If we look to europe over thousands of years of history what can we learn from that . Might work is also on france. Famously in the french revolution in the wake of the revolution they destroy every building i had to do with the monarchy and the church. Those received as repressive institutions. They were overthrown there buildings are nationalized. There is an initial movement that very quickly gets turned around. People Start Talking about it or vandalism is the way we would translate it. They argue from the fact that although they are monuments to a thing called suspect chisholm they still represent the ingenuity, the creativity, the hard work of the french people. An artistic paralysis. They are deserving there is an effort to stop the shearer of wanting theer imagery that seems right repressive. Ig that is an example there is a legitimate we dont accept any longer. That represents time at also represents the Creative Work peoples whose voices we dont have it. So for example recently wrote a book on the cathedral of notre dame after the fire. There is a moment after the french revolution people want to destroy it basically of the church they didnt like it anymore. Other people came forward and said this really represents we dont know anything about. The only evidence we have withve monticello. Or other of our public buildings. Dont have records of them by and large we do have these buildings that represent their handiwork. That said i dont think we want to repress the uncomfortable part of the history. I think in this regard monticello as montpelier bringing to life and not only on these places but the people who work there. So keeping it inside both the populations and showing the paradoxes of on the one hand highly ambitious very sophisticated era dates rest on the labor of enslaved people. There is nothing wrong. There is everything all right with understanding and looking at that paradox squarely. In places like this allow us to do that. I dont see those as threats i see them as beautifulbo opportunities to talk about us only the case of the u. S. Thats the case of all of western history. The simultaneous existence of great ambition for equality and democracy and so on. And at the same time phenomenal cutting edge does t not fail to bring about the realization can really teach people how to save time use as as an opportunity to see both sides of the coin. Monticello of course. Its really, really important point to bring up. Again thank you i really enjoyed your presentation. There are favorites of yours are important to our history would suggest we visit . In the u. S. . Okay. I am from new england. So i am totally prejudiced. You may know some of the residences own by regional preservation. To your big farmhouses. They also have a very wonderful modest house from 19381937. The in denver. Molly brownne is house tours. That mark twain has. Its a crazy house but also a wonderful tour. And then the plantations in the southeastern author of the favorites of mine. Im madison plantation nearby i got to visit all them. The monroe was interesting. Not as significant as these. With the history of the stepson who bought asi mansion of the doors of Ronald Reagan that has now been restored, im a little scared to walk out there at night to see it. They spent way too much money washington had to get involved in negotiating all that and thought is fascinating. What they do to trans dorrit the way it was compared to mount vernon. I would say madison was to interpret the diverse population. I was there last weekend hearing for my colleagues a great job they have done there. A really interesting history. Who owns at one point with parts of it. It was interesting. As of the questions for doctor murphy. Lets give him a rousing thank you. Thank you very much. I urge all of you to come back into her again you will now see it through the lens doctor murphy created for us this evening. So please come back and study the hermitage and stare out at the way jefferson stared. Thank you all. Thank you. If you are enjoying American History to be signed up for our new studies in qr code on your screen to receive the weekly schedule of upcoming programs like lectures and history, the presidency and more. Sign up for the American History tv newsletter today be sure to watch American History tv every saturday or anytime online cspan. Org history. Healthy democracy does not just look like this. It looks like this. Americans can see democracy at work. Citizens are truly informed. A public thrives. Get informed straight from the source on cspan. 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