Lynn hudson is from the university of illinois in chicago, the study of race and gender is the author of the black entrepreneurship in 19 centuries San Francisco. From women historians, in 2019, the fight against californias discrimination and White Supremacy in california. I will handed over to you and see you again. Let me get this going. I would not have had a career historian without them. They have been me every step along my career. I have visited them where i did much of my research about maryellen pleasant, cant say enough, special part of that. I also give a shout out to the archivist, one of my chapters will not exist and allison more that i worked with for years is one of the people who gave me the idea of this book, and they launched the book, and lets get to it. And in the expense, with antiblack practices. The complex networks of resistance that have existed that involves networks of africanamericans and allies from statehood and the Civil Rights Movement. One book does not document every instance of segregation. They spent time in Public Libraries from riverside to montana, lack of time and focus on six stories that show the contours of jim crow, many other scholars have documented the nuanced ways jim crow operated in the state, scholars like scott, kelly hernandez, to name a few. They help us understand the ways racism and segregation are paraded across the state. Chartering the beginnings of the system. With antiblack practices, how is it refined and established before the 1950s and the first roads we recognize as part of the Civil Rights Movement like montgomery bus boycotts and before that area. In chapter 5 of my book, the way allies pushed back against racially restrictive housing and that all of white supremacist and the ku klux klan in that story. It involved some figures that are wellknown to scholars in california history. The longest publishing black newspaper published out of Central Avenue in los angeles. A very important figure, some of you might know about her, the first black woman to run for Vice President in 1962 on the Progressive Party ticket but my interest in this story, shes one of the first to talk about the arrival of the ku klux klan and the most formidable. When you think about the ku klux klan, probably talk about the origins of the clan in American History after the civil war, forming the effort to stop africanamericans in their quest for freedom. You see the published in harpers weekly in 1974 showing the clan there. On the left is another White Supremacist Organization and you can see the words worse than slavery. We associate them with a moment of freedom with foundations in the south and the terror that promulgated across the south. My concern is the second clan of the 1920s that became particularly strong in the midwest. You might remember the clan was popular in ohio and indiana but was also strong in california and 1921, that year the clan arrived in Downtown Los Angeles and the california eagle ran front page headlines showing shall we entertain the clan and what should we do about the arrival, talking about the dangers of the clan held in Downtown Los Angeles in 1924. And while the strength of this plan, it did spread up and down, oakland and anaheim. The fledgling naacp founded the alarm and road to the national office, what do we know about this, what can we do about this . As soon as the clan arrived, africanamericans across the state organized against it, the reputation of being a more congressional professional clan meaning members of the professional class. A lot of california clan members in the 1920s ran for office on city council, were middleclass outstanding homeowners was up secured by the violence, one of the points i make about the clan in california is we cant be full by this portrayal of the second clan or the third clan i will talk about in a minute. The concern with africanamericans unlike the first clan targeting newly freed black americans is the second was more concerned about catholics in america and immigrants in america, there were concerns about African Americans and their presence was a threat to clan members. I want to say that. The clan of california received tremendous publicity in 1922 when it rated the home of a mexican family and inglewood. This is a picture of clans at a funeral, and being bootleggers, a constable was shot, the clan was been and there was a trial. Everyone might not have known about this but this episode became national news. After that trial, to investigate the membership of the clan, to the states. This led to a raid on clan headquarters. What the das office covered surprised the observer. The la headquarters of the ku klux klan revealed 3000 clan members in la county alone, 1000 s. Including the da staff, and two names on the list spoke volumes, the la chief of police and la county sheriff were both members. The messenger put it in their report on the raid the same courageous thinker would contend that negroes can rely on police and the authorities when the evidence reveals the police and authorities are members of the ku klux klan. One would think this episode would put a end to the california clan but after the trial was botched, you can read about that in chapter 5 in which all these clan members debated their attack the local naacp, they continued to operate ever since the trial. What does this have to do with housing and segregation . Contrary to popular assumptions, this clan at a focus on africanamericans and catholics and others and another assumption i want us to get rid of and some believe that the clan disappeared during the 30s and especially world war ii, the tamping down of the second clan. Many believed that was the end of it for the clan to be spouting their own white supremacist ideology and they didnt go underground, in the war years 5, 46 for the resurgence of the clan, we call this the third clan and target is black and brown families moving into white and brown areas of the state. Is the clan i want to talk about. Photograph from north ridge. One of the things the plan hopes to stop is black and brown homeowners through previously white neighborhoods some of you might know that miller was a prominent attorney or later a judge and was the point person on legality unrestricted housing. Many of you are familiar with the term restricting covenants that this house, this property may never be sold. Miller was naacp person on this part of the law and he would be instrumental against restrictive housing. Hed be a lead attorney up and down the state for thousands and thousands were black folks moved into previously white neighborhoods. He also defended some of the most highprofile patients including the case mcdaniel, the one who won the oscar so he it does part of the story also. Oh day short was a refrigeration engineer who lived and worked in los angeles 25 years by 1945. Like many black angelenos, heres frustrating by the housing shortage. His father of Young Children i do see his daughter and his wife, helen and they were of the desired neighborhoods by restrictive housing. The estimated about 80 of socal was tied up in restrictive housing. So that your had a lucky break and he got a job the plant from 1949. Many of you have heard of Kaiser Permanente clinic. In montana, the black workers in his shipbuilding yard in Northern California. But this plant was in montana east of l. A. And fontana promoted itself as a place of jim crow restriction so his job as an engineer at this. , he felt like he won the lottery. It was a good job and the plan was the first facility for the products on one site. Its an international benchmark. The job was a boom for africanamericans and they labored in lower pain, lower status jobs. 1945 in december, oh day short and his family moved to a plot of land and fontana. The property was south of baseline street there was an area where no family could ever live. As soon as they moved into their house, they were visited by two white sheriffs and told him he is out of bounds. He moved to the black neighborhood on the other side of the road. December 3, the Real Estate Agent who sold short the lot fulltime, the Vigilante Committee had a meeting on your case last night, they are a rough bunch to deal with. If i were you, i get my family off this property. Oh day short was well aware the vigilante for clan members and he prepared for trouble did three things. First, he called his attorney, who was a law partner. Second, he contacted the fbi entered he contacted members of the flock press. California eagle and another black neighborhood. They have recounted the threats he received from the sheriff about the vigilante. Ten days later, it burst into flames. The fire that engulfed the property begin with the explosion and neighbors electrically. The family managed to escape the house but not before they were all severely burned. Nextdoor neighbors statement later to the press the neighbor said they didnt know was a black family because they assumed they were right. The little girl 15 minutes after she was admitted in the boy died the next morning as to their mother, having. Here is some coverage of the press. As soon as the fire subsided, reports circulated, white neighbors agreed the responsibility of the fire light with short. Mr. Short was lighting a lamp and it exploded. Black press wasnt having it. The california eagle suspected foul play and sent reporters to the scene of the crime, naacp and the l. A. Chapter also investigated the crime. As they began to investigate the crime, it became apparent that it was almost impossible for a lantern to cross that kind of explosion. Heres a picture of the eagle office because the walls of the house were knocked to the ground so the lamp or lantern theory, they should doubt on this theory. Now its a long investigation process, many months of investigation and i dont have time to do to help all of it but in the aftermath of the murder, there is an elaborate coverup of evidence that would have led to criminal conviction. The corner in his investigation refused to admit evidence that was set by vigilantes. The lantern itself so intact i supposedly blew up was not entered into the investigation and the District Attorney, it became clear in the midst of this coverup but there was also an organized resistance to the coverup and the efforts to seek justice for the family were also ongoing. 1946, a leader of the Los Angeles Socialist Workers Party wrote and published this pamphlet. She distributed the pamphlet happened on the state across the country and she spoke about the short murder across the country. There was a forward by the sister of helen, his sisterinlaw. In addition to the workers party, the Labor Movement also pressured the governor, District AttorneySan Bernardino to investigate the murders. Since it is a refrigeration engineer, hed also been a member of the Labor Movement and cio in particular put pressure on state officials to investigate the murder. State attorney general robert the murder in the client, he promised an investigation but nothing came of it much to the disappointment of the organized resistance. An editorial and deliberative summed it up. When any person propel with entire certainty, the shorts were a victim of jim crow. Theyre finding a home in Los Angeles Jim crow was a violator of Community Tradition and built his house on the lot he purchased, the deputy sheriffs and set them selves toward a plan to deprive american citizens of his constitutional right. All the shorts are dead, only jim crow is alive. The story doesnt quite and fair because jimmy in 1946 stepped up efforts to investigate the client. You have penny here on the far right with two members, one is in a clan costume. 1946, the client step up efforts to terrorize black homeowners in this cost to continue the investigation. That year in 1946, the client and the homes of many black homeowners across socal, and also burned a Jewish Fraternity at usc because the fraternity put in and in spring of 1946, they began calling clan members into his office but again the results were disheartening for those seeking justice for the shorts. He found no evidence he found no evidence of vigilante activity to be directed at the Africanamerican Community against mister short personally. Many people wondered if kennys tepid response was linked to his bid for governor that year. He went up against earl warren and was defeated. But what kenny did do was the help of a superior court judge is to revoke the charter making it unlawful for the organization or meeting in the state. Carolina behalf had her own confrontations with the flag and knew it was symbolic. In the 1950s, clan activities were doomed. Are here you have a picture from 1962. The timeline for this photo in the examiner was new racial intimidation feared. You can read the caption, the reporter examining the letters kkk on the sidewalk in front of a black family and the home of a negro tshirt was recently bombed. That was William Bailey who lives in South Central la and clan attacks continue in the 50s. We also know that brown versus board of education in 1954 would inspire White Supremacists to push back against integration, with new inspiration so while the clan may have morphed into a different kind of organization it had not disappeared. So just going to close here. The threat segregationists saw was many layered. They were educated men with good jobs, they could purchase property, they could vote, they could inhabit public spaces and institutions. The california eagle or los angeles sentinel mounted against housing discrimination and the clan was formidable but miller never acted alone. Joined by the naacp, the cio, the communist party and experts like Terry Mcwilliams and van marshall californias movement against restricted housing went broad and deep. Individuals across the state few of them remembered risked everything to across the color line and move into neighborhoods known to be watched by the kkk. Oday short and his family and others sounded the alarm against the client. The white supremacist violence since 1940 found no expression in fontana after the brown versus board decision. The back lash against School Desegregation and revival of the plan became so successful that by 1965, president Lyndon Johnson ordered an investigation. Two years earlier in 1963, an africanamerican captain in the air force bought a house in San Bernardino only to watch it destroyed by arsonists before he and his family could move in. Little had changed in the 17 years since the murder of the shorts. The golden state had long punished africanamericans who dared to challenge segregation. Some paid with their lives. Thank you so much for listening. Thank you so much. Keep the card. Anybody have questions in the q and a box, and maybe while people are starting to do that i read a quote by you in an interview and you said sitting to the south you might learn about chicago, you dont hear stories about los angeles or the west. Why do you think do you think that is changing . That is a great question. My recollections are dated. School teachers in the west and california are doing so much to teach children about resistance, and the movement in the west. I will get to my question in a minute. I want to say that i know School Teachers in the west are teaching about the west. I personally didnt learn about the Civil Rights Movement in the west even in my hometown. I grew up in pasadena and a lot of what i learned about, i learned from acquaintances and teachers but not the approved curriculum. I learned from teachers like stokes, my eighth grade teacher who taught us about black history and a program that was extracurricular. I learned stories from Matt Robinson who worked at my high school who told stories about the Robinson Family that i recounted my book. So i think a lot of things have changed in my public school. One of the reasons its left out of the textbooks, not about public teachers necessarily but the textbooks. The textbooks get to the chapter on civil rights and it is always Martin Luther king, the south, montgomery, alabama, maybe chicago, maybe. That also has to change and with the work of the scholars i mentioned at the beginning of my talk i think it is changing, but to see the Civil Rights Movement and White Supremacy as National Phenomenon and the resistance against White Supremacy as something that is national. I have questions. I am going to do the first one but want to remind you, the q and a, we will get through in order. The first one, how did brown versus board of education restrict housing for people of color with that connection there . So, so very quickly at the end when i was reading from my book, the back lash against brown was phenomenal, across the country. That unanimous decision that segregation was not equal, we know that it didnt necessarily get implemented in the ways folks might have liked. We know the backlash against brown was phenomenal and something we are still living with today. Those of you who are interested, the book democracy in chains where she charts the way that think tanks and scholars and politicians who were part of the backlash against brown, who were against brown versus board, fighting integration, the way they sowed the seeds of the modern conservative movement. What you are asking is the link between brown and restricted housing. What i would suggest, its not always called the clan. The back lash, part of that broad conservative backlash against segregation against integration, that violence, that experience in 1963, when you bought a house in San Bernardino only to see it go up in flames, that is still part of the backlash against the Civil Rights Movement and their successors. So the connection is just that black homeowners and brown homeowners were targets of violence and intimidation and jim crow policies if not laws after brown obviously. Talking a little bit related. The same clan in california tied to the great migration . Yes. I cant believe i didnt talk about the great migration, thank you so much, absolutely. What i was talking about, the 1940s clan that i was talking about. That is directly linked to the influx of black migrants and the great migration, absolutely. You know about that, you know about the history of the great migration. The great migration transformed california. It was astounding how many africanamericans came from the south, especially the museum, Walter Mosley fans out there, part of the great migration, that is also a part of the clans anxiety. The clan is targeting those homeowners, black families have been there for generations. Many of them, who lived in los angeles. A recent migrant, yes, absolutely. This is activities that we see. Quickly, one question. They wanted to know about oh day short. He passed away. Wow. Talk about leaving off an important sentence in my talk, yes, i left that sentence out, thank you. A few days after his family died he was told the hospital and his friends he supported were trying to not tell him. He was in the hospital with severe burns and they were trying not to tell him family had died. The dea went into question him, certainly illegal in his condition and he said im not in any shape to answer questions and they informed him his two children and his wife died. In my excitement to get to the end and finish on time i left out that important information. It was really tragic. You could probably talk two hours and not cover everything. One question. What is the relationship between private property and white supremacist racism and domestic terrorism, how does the book in form your personal resistance Going Forward . The relationship between the destruction of private property which is what the clan was, one of their tactics. One of the things to say about that, one of the things that is so important about the property we are talking about tonight, it was particularly threatening to White Supremacists that africanamerican men were owning property. If you think about that first clan, one of the things the first clan targeted were newly freed black men and women who were voting and who were free and trying to carve out a piece of land for themselves so if you know anything about that first clan they often targeted black entrepreneurs. Ida wells and her story about the moss brothers who owned a Successful Grocery Store and the clan murdered them, one of the things that inspired her to continue journalism and leave the south and come to chicago. In some ways, this is not new. The fact that the clan targeted in california black property owners, actually theres a continuity between the first, second, and third clans. We dont associate that with california. That something i want to say about property. It has particular resonance that black men, its associated with masculinity. The gendered role of the 50s and the 40s, black men are buying a home, building a home. That was to claim masculinity for yourself or black men and that was also threatening. One thing the clan was concerned about his gender roles. The second and third plans were active in policing gender roles. They would come anything they heard about women smoking, women in cars, flappers, voters, feminists, those were all on the clans list of people who were violators. So that was one thing. The other thing was how resistance Going Forward and this book or this work. Thank you, thats a great question. Writing this book, i lived for a long time, this chapter in particular with white supremacist violence and also violence perpetrated by Police Departments. As those membership showed as early as the 20s, the lapd was filled with clan members and they constantly told their readers if the police knocked on your door in the middle of the night do not answer the door. They warned their leaders that police and the clan could be the same. I have been studying this and it informs my present concern, Police Violence happening in our country in the last 18 months, with the deaths of george floyd, breonna taylor. As historians we are trying to understand this kind of violence, also to understand the history of it and the resistance to it. It is not new. This is not new. We need to be sharper in hours understanding of it and that is how it informs me, i guess. I try to Pay Attention to how it has changed and hasnt changed. Historians are concerned with change and continuity. Seems like the same in 20 one is in 1921 or 1945 and 46, but theres a lot of continuity. A couple questions about your book. If somebody asks is your literature included in any schools, any reading lists . That is to tell the story. I dont know yet because it hasnt been out for a year yet but i do know its going to be on the reading list of some College Courses but i dont know. That was one of my hopes when i wrote the book. Something i had for many years, i taught a lot of teachers, going into the classroom and hope very much this class, this book might be taught in class for teaching. You have in Northern California, los angeles talking about one particular chapter, people purchase of the book, does the book encompass the extensive civil rights of the 1960s, San Francisco and the bay area . Many folks have been working on those books. What i said at the beginning is they talk about planning and many others, a host of others have written about the long Civil Rights Movement and the black freedom struggle. That is not what i set out to do. What i wanted to know because a lot of my students know about the Civil Rights Movement, but they dont know jim crow has a long history in the west and a long history in california but for those protests. That is what i set out to do. What did it look like in 1960 . Where did these systems of jim crow and what they didnt spring out of nowhere so i dont cover those important protests in San Francisco, all those protests according to the black Panther Party and all the ways california was a part of the Civil Rights Movement and black freedom struggle, that is not what is in this book. Regarding educating students, many us textbooks are published in texas or not focusing on california. For that question about the state as a whole, i will say i do have a whole chapter about San Francisco, the bay area, my first two chapters are about the bay area and i also have a chapter about allensworth, that black community in the middle of the state. So again, i dont cover, certainly couldnt cover all instances of jim crow up and down states but the book is not about Southern California. Thank you so much for asking these questions. Many now realize widespread burning of singlefamily homes resulted in continued segregation. What hope do you have for zoning changes that might mitigate segregation . I dont know about that. I wish i knew more about that. I dont live there anymore. I dont know how that will go for you all. But i will say, thank you for that question because one of the things, this ties into the question of how has it shaped current thinking. I guess i encourage my students, we need to get better at seeing how segregation, White Supremacy changes. So yeah, we dont have secret covenants anymore. They are illegal thanks to the work of Lauren Miller and the naacp mother got struck down. But we have segregation, we have it because of tax codes, property taxes, segregation works in different ways now. Public transportation. Neighborhoods, they have no jobs. That is something that i encourage my students, we all how does it work now, and if we want to fight it, what kind of things do we need to fight and it doesnt look the same but we can see it all around us. The connection between, for example the antichinese sentiment in california and very strong from the 1850s on. So declaring a lot of the same routes as the antichinese movement in california in the bay area. A great question on an exam. I write about the antichinese movement in the first chapter, freedom claims were i talked about reconstruction and the ways in which the antinegro, antichinese sentiment coalesced and there was a lot of overlap there, the fear of africanamerican men getting the vote in the fifteenth amendment is very much linked to the fear of chinese immigrants, you can see the California Historical society, the 2 you want to china been and a negro to be voting on your ticket, things like that. Outrageous cartoons and racist memorabilia from reconstruction california. The roots of the clan are not i dont see a direct line there but very many, so many ideological connections, linked between antiimmigrant sentiment and antiblack sentiments is all over the place in reconstruction california and in the clan so absolutely. We dont see a clan member, we dont have records that show that but it is also a different generation but absolutely the linkages, such an important point between antiimmigrant sentiment and antiblack sentiment are all over. Obviously the national history. In the second clan so obvious and the third clan so obvious. In your research you find similar cases of American Families experiencing this brutality. Absolutely, mexican American Families were victims of the clan like the inglewood clan, attacked, they tried to kidnap of family and take them to jail, they were taken to a local jail but they are not admitted and there are reports in some la papers that they had the woman of the couple that was a mexican family terrorized by the clan in my story and mexican homeowners, crosses burned in front of their houses and absolutely. In my last chapter when i talk about pool segregation, mexican American Families were also, lived with black families and asian families in the segregation policies that allowed them to only go one day a week, first was called negro day and then was changed to international day. So absolutely that is a part of my research. I didnt talk much about it tonight. Didnt mean the question to come in so strong but here it is. As a white person, to examine what is about our psychology that motivates so many to hate people different than we are. Its difficult to stomach. And the book is, you read it and it is devastating but it is so informative and so important to have those stories that have gone hidden for so long. Part of it is public domain. These are peoples names we should know about. How do you think the legacy of the clan in california informs White Supremacy in the state today . Great question. As ive said, one of the things that happens there is we see that the clan comes in and out of focus. One of the dangers of focusing on the clan. I said this earlier and want to repeat it, is they are just one group of White Supremacists who are particularly visible, partly because of their costumes and the raid in la but there are many many other groups like white supremacist groups with names like the White Citizens Council that came up in response to the Civil Rights Movement. One of the things i mentioned is the Civil Rights Movement, some folks that were members of the clan, their membership lists, thousands of klansmen and women hurry around to get their names out the lists because some of them were going to get fired. They dont, lots of folks were committed segregationists who might not have been cardcarrying clan members. Thats important to recognize. As the 50s progressed into the 60s. Folks that were pushing back against the successes of the black freedom struggle were not always clan members. The connection is that White Supremacy morphed into something that became more respectable. If you have certain jobs in the 1960s, you could be a member of other kinds of clandestine organizations or just members of your Homeowners Association still trying to prevent black people from moving and in other ways that got around the law. Thats one of the connections, that it changes shape and we need to look for other ways that White Supremacy operates, not always someone in a white hood. Were challenge widespread in california another great question. I looked for sundown towns, tried to find an example of one. I organized the chapter around, thats another thing, sundown towns are wordofmouth sometimes in the south. Not always documented. But there were certainly places in the state where black people know and brown people knew all people of color new could be dangerous and not safe, neighborhoods. I know that from growing up in la, i knew where teenagers shouldnt be after it got dark. As a white teenager. If i was in a car with students of color they knew what neighborhood you dont want to be in. I didnt really find any towns but the success in this statement there were towns that became infamous for arresting people of color that drove farouk. When i was growing up, glendale had that reputation. Dont go to glendale. With brown versus board of education in the 1960s that meant there were certain areas of Southern California that were known, white families are moving so that they dont wont be best wherever. So that is the california version of a sundown town. Does your book talk about byron rumsfeld, working 64 . I dont get to that. I love that story and i want everyone to learn about rumsfeld and his history. I read through his papers and that law, such an important part of the story of california segregation, but again i was trying year. Roxanne examines the us as a white settler colonial nation to explain historical racism. How do you see that analysis . Thank you for mentioning colonialism. I read about that in my first chapter, where i wrote about the ways in which native americans were enslaved in the state, for those interested in that story you should definitely check out the book about freedoms frontier. The book is amazing and i absolutely think that we need to make those linkages between the ways that native americans were enslaved, imprisoned, the way that land was taken, and the ways in which mexican landowners were disinterested of their property. I hope some of you have read city of inmates in the linkages she shows are so clear between settler colonialism in the mission and how we get to human caging in la in the 2,000s. I think it is one of the best books that shows that you cannot think about segregation, White Supremacy in the state of future not start with that. I can talk about chapter 1 before chapter 5 but absolutely an important part of the story. The way the system gets set up for taking land and systems that get set up for imprisoning, enslaving, and setting up segregation. Was originated before statehood obviously but especially in the native american era but thanks for asking that. In San Francisco, a white neighborhood in world war ii, the same thing, the white flag. A mixed neighborhood that i dont know history of, having worked here. I wonder, tell us a little more about what they actually, the amount that was written in specifically. You can find examples of things that have that covenant in it. It means it is part of a deed. You purchase a piece of property you get a deed, the deed says, on this one, i can never sell this property or even rent this property, Lauren Miller was famous for bragging about california had a great sense of wit and published a pamphlet in 1946 in which he said californians love to vote, i want to vote, just a covenant. No one has a better one than california. You could find restrictive covenants in california that say i cannot sell or lease this property or rent this property to, and it was whatever, some said a hindu, mexican, oriental, there were some that said age you. Restrictive covenants could be very expansive but almost always said negro. Remember california isnt the only place that practiced to perfection in the city i now live in, chicago, and the famous playwright lorraine hansfords father took his case against restrictive covenants in the 40s. California doesnt get the numbers all by itself so Lauren Miller believes it was the most successful using them. So if you can find old deeds from your neighborhood. If you can find property deeds you can find what they looked like, you can find them online now. I am pretty sure there are some librarians out there. And in the q and a, it was 1948. That was Lauren Miller was part of the legal team that took that to the supreme court. One of the reasons we have such an amazing record of the fight against those is because as i said in my talk, the person, the expert was a californian. Wasnt originally californian but moved in the 20s and he became the expert and he became a part of it. The precursor to the Legal Defense fund of the naacp that fought those in the 40s and 50s and 60s. At the Huntington Library to learn more about that. The chapter you did, maybe you could answer quickly, your chapter suggesting the beginnings of your research, for huntington, important conceptual framing lens and later the role played by so many california institutions and its a true line in this text. Havent had a chance to read the book yet which is why they are asking. Thank you so much for that question. It is a through line and it was one of the ones i felt strongest about. I didnt know how i would encounter it in my research, didnt know where it would come in the book but it ended up being a through line. I cant tell you all the ways that it comes in but i will say this. Not only is eugenics popularized at the international exposition, i write about it then in chapter 2, you may know the person who asked the question, the Human Betterment Foundation was founded in pasadena, my hometown with an office on colorado boulevard, and the strength of eugenics in the state absolutely ties in to the White Supremacists, resistance to integration. I pulled a chapter in pasadena, books i pooled in california, i write about how it is no accident that pasadena had such a strong, organized resistance to their integrated pool or integrating pools, they also had a strong genesis community. Absolutely. It is very important. Anyone who wants to learn more about this should read alexandra derns eugenics nation. People were also asking for your recommendations. Talking about how extensive clan activity was in Southern California as opposed to Northern California. Absolutely. Thank you for that. I read the Western Division of the naacp, also read a lot of the naacp papers at the library of congress in washington dc. Their correspondence on the clan from Northern California. For for a while in this chapter, i had stories about clan violence against black homeowners across the bay area except it was absolutely important. It didnt end at making it in the book because for the purposes of storytelling and the narrative, i stuck to this one area. The question, do you think labor and socialist groups with black resistance in california, between Southern California and Northern California in your book you talk about there is also, and communist. The coalition i was talking about between labor, the naacp. Those fell by the wayside and dont Pay Attention to them and the communist party with the coalition pushing for justice, one reason, i absolutely think the Labor Movement was essential not only pushing for justice for people of color. One reason we dont see those connections or talk about those coalitions, focusing on one group or one organization and the success of the anticommunist movement in california, redbaiting was very successful. The la times, hearings up and down the state, successfully washed and not only that, but also the naacp and the west coast thought to be communist infiltrators. That led to a lot of anticommunist rhetoric, between a rock and a hard place. It is different from chapter to chapter. It is an amazing book, they were successfully resonated and avoided any coalition, the national naacp, they are worried about taking their case since the communist party were strong advocates, the 9 men in alabama. That is a long story. Not sure how to get to that, to put my email in the chat box, so people can send their questions and learn will answer them after this talk. There is so much you could speak about how Law Enforcement reinforced jim crow because it is an important part of it. Current Law Enforcement, different from racist policing policies and i think that no better piece of evidence that this has a long history than those membership lists where thousands and thousands and thousands of members, clan members, almost every Single Police department had members on the list. I didnt get to talk about, this wasnt just membership of la. The la office was a regional office, Police Departments all across the state were revealed and some newspapers called them names. One of the reasons i picked that chapter tonight. I wanted to tell that story because i think the surprise is way past being surprised about this. We know that this is the history in the us of violence against africanamericans and we need to move, as members of black lives matter have shown us, we need to move to new strategies. I look forward to joining all of you in thinking about those strategies. Hoping you come back, i think even though you have a certain time range but in the time range, there is so much. I hope everyone will join us. Last question, which Homeowners Association and iteration of covenant . Absolutely. I didnt say Homeowners Associations but for those familiar with how this works, Homeowners Associations were in the forefront of segregated housing. Absolutely. A big story that involved bank loans, Homeowners Associations. I only focused on a tiny part of the story tonight so absolutely, Homeowners Association successful in california. Thank you so much. Apologize to those with questions that we didnt get to you but we will try to answer them after this program and it is a reminder, on our Youtube Channel in the coming days, and a link to how to purchase the book ocasiocortez west of jim crow the fight against californias color line. Appreciate your time in coming here. Thanks for the wonderful questions. Appreciate it. Incredible. 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