Transcripts For CSPAN2 David 20240704

Work. To get informed straight from the sources. Unfiltered, unbiased, word for word from the Nations Capital to wherever you are. Its the opinion that matters the most. Its what democracy looks like. Cspan, powered by cable. As we come to the National Holiday of thanksgiving, we know that theres an awful lot of mythology that wet grew up with about what happened on that first thanksgiving and today we havee for you a scholar who has tried to look at what really happened att that time and put the history up against the mythology and talk to us about what is the real story during that time. David is the professor at George Washington university. You got your masters from william and mary. He wants to make sure we get that up. You get a little bit of props for both places. The most recent book that we will share with you in a followup note is called this land is their land the Plymouth Colony and troubled history of thanksgiving. The book was published in 2019 and professor silverman has become sort of the end of the go to scholars, so we are extremely honored that he has decided to devote his time and talent to us for thehe next hour. We are delighted to move forward. Telle us the real story of thanksgiving. I will do my best. Thank you for that introduction. I am honored to be here with all of you so we can think together about these issues. I am going to put up a slide presentation to accompany my comments so if you could bear with me for just a moment here. Before i launch into the content of todays talk, let me include some preliminary remarks that address the terminology that im going to be using today. Just a moment here. Youre going to see in the title of my book and youre going to hear in my comments here today that occasionally i use the term indians and i realize of course that this term is a misnomer. After all, the United States is not india and i realized that this is a word that has become increasingly jarring to segments of the public whove been taught its not only inaccurate but racially insensitive. The reason i use this term in my book and in my talk is that over the course of my 20 plus year career researching native American History, most, certainly not all, but most of the Indigenous People with whom ive come into contact have told me thats the term they prefer when referring to them in the aggregate. Let me also be clear to a person that prefers tribal names when its possible to use them, but the point is over the centuries, native people have appropriated this term and turned it into a source of pride so who am i to tell them to do otherwise. Its out of deference, not in indifference that i use this word. So, with that. For generations, americans have been telling themselves a patriotic story of the suppose at first thanksgiving that treats colonization as a bloodless affair. Im sure most if not all of you are familiar with it. The pilgrims, religious dissenters from england cram aboard the mayflower to bring the stormy atlantic in search of the freedom of conscience in america. These adventures land off cape cod with a copy of their proto constitution, the mayflower compact and after some exploring and brief conversations they define the settlement at a place they call plymouth. The future of the colony is very much in doubt in its first couple of months because they know they must depend for protection and they seem to be at best weary and shy and at worst, w hostile. Eventually they reach out to the newcomers through the interpreters and the story sidesteps the question of how, nor does it explain why they were suddenly so friendly. Could they know by the title even agreeing to a treaty of alliance over the spring and hesummer they feed the pilgrims and teach them how to plant corn and where to fish whereupon the colony beginsd to thrive. That fall the two parties seal their friendship with a famous first s thanksgiving. The piece that follows permits colonial new england and by extensionio modern america to become seeds of freedom, democracy, christianity and 20. In other words, to conceive to colonialism like pocahontas and sacajawea. They help the colonizers and then move offstage. What is now the southeastern massachusetts have long contended that this is not history but a myth that sugar coats the viciousness of colonialism. My book reckons with this assertion and its implications andta thus plenty of material after thee talk today. I am realize many of you are capable without any assistance but all the same. So for instance in traditional accounts based upon to Plymouth Rock and enter a new world but in fact human civilization in the americas is every bit as rich and ancient as in europe. History didnt begin with the mayflower. They already had a dynamic past, countless generations old that shaped who they were and what they did. In other words, they inhabited an old world and the socalled wilderness in which they arrived was full of villages, roads, cornfields, historic monuments, cemeteries and forests cleared of underbrush through controlled burns all by native design. And you can get a sense of what im talking about here in this drawing ofpa the community thats located on the very site that Plymouth Colony would be built and this is drawn by champlain in 1605, 15 years before the eapilgrims arrival. Though the thanksgiving myth essuggests the encounter was a First Contact episode since 1524 so in other words a century before the arrival of the mayflower. And those contacts took place with increasing frequency from 1602 onward as another drawing captures. It is timid and it shows they were easily the Stronger Party during the early years. The english did not dictate instead it was in their domestic and intertribal politics. It will come as a surprise to most of you that the celebrated firstco thanksgiving feast playd a minor role in this relationship, far more influential where a series of esother less palatable episodes filled with violence and power politics. I also submit the emphasis on the nearly 50 years of peace following the first thanksgiving and its associated treaty of 1621 aligns the more important point. They came to resend the often underhanded expression. They look came to blows repeatedly during that piece culminating the king philips war of 1675 and 76. It requires tracing the struggles with colonialism through the centuries right up to the present day. Longterm historical perspectives like these were especially urgent as america grapples with new manifestations of White Nationalism while at the same time indigenous americans in new england and india all across the country are reasserting their political and economic cultural sovereignty. Histories like this will help us better understand these terms. So to explore these things today, im going to focus this talk around two cases. Spread across the centuries and which they post counter narratives to white americans trying on histories. And the first revisionist historian is none other than the chief better known to history as king philip as in king philips war. In the late spring of 1675, some 50 years after his father had created the pilgrims, they sat down to talk with the delegation of magistrates from the colony of rhode island. So this is the location where this conversation took place. They were there to encourage them to agree to a peaceful arbitration of the mounting differences with Plymouth Colony. They had already resolved to fight and agreed to this conference only to explain why. Lets take a moment to consider what he said that day. It seems we can hear a native american voice without access editorial sanitizing. He viewed the history of the relations as little more than the colonist failure to live up to the promise of the 1621 alliance. They recalled that when they first settled in plymouth 55 years earlier, it was as a great man and the english as a little child. They contended that his father could have wiped out the infant colony if he had wished. Instead he held back its native enemies and fed the colonists and grantedd them land. He left out his father made this choice left out of altruism or friendliness as they would contendan. Between 1616 and 1619 whereupon arrivals to the west began subjugating them. But generally the plymouth would have become yet another in a long series of colonies if it hadnt been for the largess. And how did plymouth show its gratitude . Of decades later now that it had become the great man. They denounced, and i quote here that in the english courts if 20 honest indians testified that in english man had done them wrong it was as if nothing. But if one of the worst testified against any suspected by the english that was sufficient. Furthermore, the english had began to interfere in criminal matters in the territories including including recently executing the leading men for the suppose it assassination. I quote again whatever was between indians and not in english townships, they would not have us prosecute. About half mostly on cape cods had adopted christianity and sworn off the leadership as well as the responsibility to pay him tribute. They feared no reprisal because they enjoyed if all there were still other issues. The english used these some fair, some foul to claim the territory for their own exclusive views under their own exclusive jurisdiction. This ran contrary to the natives expectation that the land sales merely conveyed l permission for the english to settle among them under their customs. In other words they expected that they were buying into the society rather than buying the land from out of society. When indians resisted, the colonists flooded with livestock with trumped up criminal fines and lawsuits. Haat the point was to force them to reduce their claims and resigned themselves to the english interpretation of the land sales. Such machinations gave the colonists as the medic, and put it 100 times more land than now the king manning them themselves had for his people. Expanding english law was nothing more than a shakedown. They saw where this was going and he said it would be suicidal to resort to arms because they said the english were too strong for them and in that case then the english should do to them as they did when they were too strong for the english. In other words he called on them to assume by acting with generosity, restraint and justice towards the little child. And that is where this conference ended because everyone knew that this wish was futile. Just days later they let a force against nearby english towns prompting a war that would engulf the entire region and ultimately break the back of indigenous power in southern new england. This terrible conflict is the most basic feature of the english relations that they studiously ignore. They g repeatedly had these settlements and ambushed troops on the march. Furthermore, soon they had the support of what is now Central Massachusetts from what is now rhode island and the colonists turned into enemies by violating their neutrality they took advantage of the use to take the lives up upwards of 3,000 englishmen destroy 16 colonial towns and slaughter 800 head of cattle. Eventually, however, the resistance collapsed largely, not entirely. I want you to focus on this part of the map. The easternmost nation was a gesture of alliance to the colony of new york and drove the winter d camp away from dutch runners on the hudson river and eastward into the teeth of the colonial new england forces. So they drive this direction here. From cape cod who under address cited with the colonies from the beginning and were forced to work there as the resistance fighters. Meanwhile they were stocked by hunger and disease as they lived on t the run away from their cornfields and fishing stations. Consequentially, by the late spring of 1676 so about a year into the war, growing numbers of them began to accept an offer. Theyve now taken all relations and almost broke his heart. Those relations included his wife and their son, we dont know his name who the colonists captured and sold into the horrors of the caribbean slavery. There were about two of the estimated 2,000 native people look, men, women and children alike that they sentenced to slavery and sold throughout the atlantic world. Some of these poor souls had surrendered based on english promises of mercy only to discover that the terms were harsher than colonial officials had pledged were still some surrendering learned too late that the authorities wouldnt despair any native person suspected of having taken in english life. Massachusetts, rhode island and plymouth all hold public executions in the summer of 1676 including 50 hangings ongs bostn common alone something which this public space has yet to acknowledge. They even exact retribution onen the dead. On august 6, colonial forces discover a female war leader and sister of the wife. Authorities order of her head to be severed next to a holding pen full of prisoners. The captives according to english accounts and i quote made a most horrid and diabolical limitations saying it was their queens head. A few days after this incident, he was dead shot down by a Christian Indian who the english called alderman. Filled with a vengeful spirit, he had him dismembered and the hand sent to plymouth. They are on the very side where his father had allied and authorities mounted and left it there to rot for the next 20 years. Its likely one of the last things that his wife saul from the homeland to slavery. Saving the colony from its enemies though h history rarely pays attention after king philips work, my book emphasizes that this conflict was just the first stage in a centuries long battle to defend their land. It should come as no surprise the english seized nearly all thean territory in the decades after the war, leaving only a handful of reservations for mostlydf Christian Indians. Less wellknown is that the english also seized them as neighbors. From the late 1600s through the early 1800s, merchant creditors, courts and government appointed guardians colluded to force them and their children into an indentured servitude. So many children wound up as servants in 1836, William Mavis who served as preacher on cape cod wrote what he called a eulogy to king philip in which he proposed the mayflower passengers was a grave mistake therefore he contended that they should treat every december 202nd the anniversary of the pilgrims landing and plymouth and every fourth of july what he called days of joy. Ng and much fast and create a great spirit who dealsra out mercy and not destruction. Christian town and others. The state divided the common land into private property tracks subject to confiscation for unpaid taxes. It then declared of the inhabitants to be fullfledged citizens as if the two were antithetical. Officials refused to listen to those who protested that the supposedly gift ofat citizenship was aip trojan horse to rob them of their remaining land in force them to scatter and that was indeed the point. Proponents of this measure have their more honest moments. And in any case it was the fate that manifest destiny of indians to vanish. Over the next century, white americans did everything they could to make that supposedly natural process occur including reducing and begins to romantic parts in the, countrys history as exemplified. Let me emphasize here this will come as a surprise i suspect to most of you. Throughout the 17th, 18th and even 19th century, thanksgiving had no association whatsoever with pilgrims and indians. The link between the holiday and that history appears to date to 1841 when the reverend Alexander Young published a primary source account of the 1621 harvest feastt posted by Plymouth Colony and attended by the neighboring. So heres the document and the famous footnote right here. This footnote attached to the passage this was the first thanksgiving, the Harvest Festival of new england. The primary source was red and over the next several years various authors, artists and lecturers disseminated to the idea until americans especially in the northeast took it for granted. Predictably new englanders were the first to tout them as National Founders and as a template for thanksgiving. For the rest of the country to go along the nation had to subjugate the tribes of the great plains and far west. Only then could people stop vilifying indians as bloodthirsty savages and the threatening role in the national founding. It also took hold because it had to use inn the nations cultural wars. It was no coincidence that the pilgrims emerged as Founding Fathers at the time of popular anxiety that the United States was being overrun by immigrants especially catholics from ireland and germany who were unappreciative of the origins and values. Additionally treating the pilgrims is the epitome served to minimize the record of racial oppression past and present. Betterer to highlight the religious and democratic principles instead of the indian wars antislavery much of the colonies including plymouth through such means northeastern nurse could define the problem to an otherwise inspiring national heritage. Today they widely assumed that thanksgiving has been associated with pilgrims and indians since 1621. That tradition was a product of the protestants asserting their Cultural Authority over european immigrants, americans of color and other american regions. This invention became tradition by the early 20th century and has remained so in no small part in american Schools Holding annual thanksgiving pageants in which the students dress up as p pilgrims and indians to reenat the first thanksgiving. I myself remember participating in such. A sweet land of liberty and the pilgrims as my fathers. At the point of this exercise was to have a Diverse Group of School Children learn abouter wo we as americans are, or at least who you were supposedd to be. Even students from ethnic backgrounds would be instilled with the principles of representative government, liberty and christianity while learning to identify with english colonists as fellow white people leaving indians outside of the category of my fathers also carried important lessons. It was yet another reminder about which race ran the country and whose values mattered. By 1970, frank james, the second native revisionist history and reached the limits of his patients with this nonsense. James was born and raised in the community on Marthas Vineyard which had long ranked among the poorest in massachusetts. Nevertheless, james grew up determined to succeed and represent his people. Virginia drive carried them all the way to the new england conservatory where they studied trumpet and then to the regional schools on cape cod where he became director of music. Yet his passion was political activism and the study of history because he understood that knowing the past was critical to reforming the present. What he read in the primary sources made his blood boil with relation to the thanksgiving men that weighed around his peoples neck like a millstone. He saw it as a rare opportunity to set the record straight yet when he submitted a draft of the speech for the review, officials rejected it as inflammatory. For his part, he found an alternative script drawn up by authorities as he put it to be soy childish and untrue that he pulled out of the event altogether. And instead he arranged for a commemoration of his own in which there would be no sensors. Inspired by the Red Power Movement for the indigenous rights and justice, james organized what he called a national day of mourning to be held on thanksgiving day, 1970 at the site of the statue overlooking Plymouth Rock. Held after the assassinations of john kennedy and Martin Luther king he also reached back to the eulogy on king philip. When james moment came, he rose up from all across indian country, media and onlookers and delivered at that inflammatory speech. He began with a poignant assertion if he had the right to the dignity of his humanity despite the societys efforts to diminish him and his people to speak to you as a man, he stressed, a proud man proud of my ancestry by accomplishments, one restrict parental discretion. The thanksgiving quote is a time of celebration for you, celebrating the beginnings of the white mann in america. But however they had implications. Its with a heavy heart that i look back on what happened to my people. James proceeded to tell a history that turned at the the traditional bedtime story of thanksgiving into a nightmare. His conclusion he welcomed and was perhaps the biggest mistake. We welcomed you with open arms, little knowing it is the beginning of the gander. End. But before 50 years weren to pass, they would no longer be a free people. The moral of the first thanksgiving is that the english and the white successors betrayed those who had befriended them in his time of need and this message has echoed through subsequent days of morning that has taken place each thanksgiving at the same place up to this very day. As for the question of how to move forward, james answer is to confront the history including the fact that as he put it, they still walk the lands of massachusetts. He also urged americans to consider native americans as worthy as the same respect as everyoneev else. Let us remember he counseled the indian was and is as human as a white man. The indian feels pain, gets hurt, becomes defensive, has dreams, tragedy and failure, suffers from loneliness, needs to cry as well as laugh. If americans follow this counsel to extend the country men and women would make thanksgiving 1970 a new beginning and what james called a more humane america. A more Indian America in which native people could, and i quote again, regain thehe position in the country that is rightfully ours. Thanksgiving is a focal point for considering the native american role in the nations past. Its bad enough to have gotten the story so wrong for so long. Its no longer inexcusable. To continue the annual tradition of having teachers, politicians and Television Producers and Residential Homes and Shopping Centers sport declarations of happy pilgrims and indians. These practices dismiss native peoples historical historical traumama in favor of depicting their ancestors as consenting to colonialism to call the consequences harmless is to ignore the chorus of native americans, fellow americans who say the hurt is profound particularly for their children and in a pluralistic country it is morally unacceptable to allow the celebration of a National Holiday to damage part of the nations people never mind the first people or for that matter all of the people whereas the identity politics of marginalized groups tends to focus on achieving justice and equality or in the native american case, sovereignty as well. White identity politics has always centered onop pressing others, but theres been too little public reflection about how the thanksgiving myth teaches the proprietorship of the nation. Why should a schoolage child with the name of say silverman identify more with the pilgrims the and the indians . After all such a student is likely to descend from either group and the descendents of both are silvermans fellow americans. If the student is taught to think of both the pilgrims and indians like a historian more dispassionately as they instead of we it might be a step towards a more critical understanding of the past which all the actors can be seen as more fully human if all the virtues and shortcomings one would expect to find in any population. Atat the same time if the studet is fought to think of the groups more inclusive fully aware of the associated risk of appropriation might be a step toward a more compassionate national culture. If the public continues to associate their relations with thanksgiving and ii dont think we need to, the least we can do is try to get the story straight with the actors and the perspectives at the center. Imagine if instead of yttrafficking in the mythical thanksgiving, we as a country reckon the story as told. Im not naive. I know the challenges are significant at many levels. A number of americans are uncomfortable with the native american past. It tends to turn patriotic episodes inside out and he rose into villains or at least deeply flawed heroes. The claims on morality and authority. It raises political and cultural questions about justice and threatens toit tear down monumes and rename buildings. But confronting this also promises to shed light, cultivate National Humility and most importantly i think signal to native people that the country values them. As one elder once told me we do ourselves no good by hiding from the truth. I think she was talking about all of us. You certainly gave us a different perspective than we learned in grade school and clearly one more grounded in the reality of what our history is. We have a series of questions from the audience and let me start with one of our questioners suggested that perhaps james speech was an analogous to Frederick Douglass is speech on the fourth of july about what is the fourth of july. Would you like to comment on that . I dont know if frank james was aware of that speech. He very well might have been but heres what i can tell you is thatec when douglas delivered that, it was in a broader 19th century that included native activists i including the 1830s preacher. They might very well have known each other is what im saying. They certainly had some of the same contact us. Advocating for Indigenous People and those for africanamerican people. Ask another question is, was this sort of manufactured history, what was told in the residential schools . Indians are swiss be transformed intorm americans . What a terrific question. I think you have just hit on a topic for one of my next seniors looking for a thesis. Heres what i can tell you but there has been increasing amount of research about the curriculum in these boarding schools. And yes, suffice it to say that curriculum was steeped in racial ideology White Supremacy and the degradation of them native people. How thanksgiving game to play i did not even think to look there for thats with the great things about having q as like this it gives me new material to work with, thank you. We are happy. One of the other questions is, what was the concept of Land Ownership . We learned indians had a different concept. And it became more european you talk to but the loss of land. There is an urban legend that native people in a sense of ownership thats just not true. They are not like wolves rubbing the forest as the english have styledam it. Groups of people, communities and tribes understood fully for their territory began and where it ended. If you wanted to enter and use their territory you needed their permission. Ed but within the territory the people held the land communally. Certain families might grow their horticultural crops on the same piece of mind every year. But if they stopped growing those crops on that land, the land reverted to the community as a whole. As for fishing places and gathering places and hunting places, those that belong to everyone within the corporate group. The fundamental difference between european ways of Land Ownership andow native american ways of Land Ownership is native people held net land communally as a group. Whereas europeans held land privately. Fascinating. One of the questions we q have s one of our listeners said was in that family tree on the question was when did the indians and the settlers start intermarrying, do you know . That almost never intermarried but is not to say they did not have sex plate pley examples of that almost from the very beginning. But to my knowledge there is only a one case on a record during the 17th and 18th centuries of a formal marriage takingal place. What is especially striking about that, we cannot say for certain whether to adjust the english or the english on the whop analysis whose values leading to the lack of intermarriages. I suspect its the english. Native people widely engaged in intermarriage with their foreign allies in order to secure their diplomatic relationships. What is especially striking about the lack of marriages between the groups is a sizable percentage were christian. So its not a religious difference which religion was fundamental to these colonists sense of identity. As soon as native people become a christian then all the sudden theso standard for who is us and who is then began to shift. I am a scholar of ways as well as native american. The quite clear patterns in colonial American History is that Indigenous People and enslaved africans began to adopt christianity the language of race, especially the identity, white begins to supersede the european identity of ase christn in the americanhe context. Fascinating. I have a short time im going to give you lightning rod questions. Can you y talk about the federal recognition of the groups and when did that happen or did that happen . Rates. I will try to make it complex a process as concise as i can. When massachusetts and other states of the original 13 states dissolved native American Communities on state authority that was in violation of federal law. There are three acts in the 1790s give the federal government exclusive jurisdiction over diplomacy with native people. So fast forward to that mid to late 20th century and native groups throughout the east began to sue the federal t government. Saying these estates had no right to dissolvee our legal identities as tribes and take our land away from us. The ruling of the courts are by and large it was that is exactly right. During the carter administration, there was a massiveal settlement with the state as the first in a string of these settlements. The whump a dog followed in this and they were the First Community to gain federal recognition. They were rejected early on. They had a Court Proceeding at infamous a Court Proceeding in the 1970s in which the court ruled they were not an actual indian tribe. Which of them was preposterous. That ruling eventually got overturned. They gain federal recognition and some other lands were taken into trust by the federal government. The Trump Administration and department of the interior tried to dissolve the reservation. Ill be happy to discuss the politics of that if anyone is interested. But recently congress overturned that act. The reservation has been restored you have two federally recognized tribes which are thriving let me say. To what extent is the real history of the Plymouth Colony reflected in the restored story . Is there an attempt to tell the real story . I would say in this. The people who i know have a range of opinions on the thanksgiving holiday. And on this history. On the one hand thanksgiving season is the one time of the of the Greater Public pays attention to them. So they certainly appreciate if they are overwhelmed sometimes by that attention. At the same time they feel the weights of the weight white americans have sanitized colonial history and ignored native American History. They feel that very deeply and are resentful about it. Very conflicting opinion about this parade the history that i am telling lets be clear i am not telling this to hear it from a modernd perspective im tellg it from a historians perspective. The power intertribal politics and sometimes the ruthlessness of intertribal politics and indian colonial relations, sometimes is jarring to them as my depiction to sate the mayflower descendents. All of us struggle with seeing our ancestors in threedimensional form because all of our ancestors were complex people who do good things and bad things and behaved in ways that might have been appropriate for the time but are unfathomable to us. That is what critical history does. As a historian it is not my job to make people feel good about the past. It is not my job to make people feel patriotic or unpatriotic. It is only my job to capture a complex past and all of its complexity. A complex past and all of its complexity tends to upset people of all t descriptions. We could continue these questions because we have so many. But we are up against our time and we what to remind people this has been a video recorded d it will be available so that people can go back. If someone wanted to see all of the slides are available in the recording and we hope youll share it with your friends and neighbors. We do this, we honored to have nearly 200 people with us todayd live. But we want you to share it with others. Because we are about telling the history. So here is the final question. I think this is a really thoughtful question. One of our listeners said, and their family thanksgiving is not so much a nationalistic holiday, but of time to give thanks for the blessings that family has into recognize the good things that come together as a family. Given what you have just shared and the real story of thanksgiving what kind of the messages should people be sharing around the thanksgiving table that is respectful . Here is what i would say. For over 200 years white americans celebrate thanksgiving without. If we detach the myth from this a wonderful ritual of getting together with family and friends and offering thanks for what is good in our lives that is far more traditional either i nor for that matter any Indigenous People i know are calling for a war on thanksgiving or to cancel thanksgiving. The message here is that if you are going to attach a story of pilgrims to the holidays, get the story straight. You do not have to attach the story to the holiday. They are two separate thing so lets continue our thanks giving traditions with families and friends and leave this myth to the dustbin of 19th century and 20th century cultural history where it belongs. Doctor silverman, thank you. Thank you for your time. Thank you for your contribution. We look forward to your continuing you said youre looking at your next thing. We hope we will be continuing to be in conversation with you. Thank you for sharing your thoughts with our listeners. 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