Professor explaining why when i was in college, what i wanted to major in like most kids do and i was torn between going into science and going into the humanities. I found those questions more interesting, engaging, and urgent. My First Political science course, we read the great political philosophers from plato on up. They were all asking the question, what is justice, what is good government, how can you organize government and society to make life better for people, to make justice . So before i decided to become a Political Science major, i already have lack of confidence, and social scientists, and i got good grades in science and math courses. I took a Political Science course and didnt remember the paper, you never remember is that stuff. You remember the nasty comments. This is a credible effort but never be a political scientist. I remember myself, a similar dilemma, slightly different reaction, one of the things i realized in middle school, talking about manifest destiny, is this a thing we should be leave . From the perspective of native americans across the country, this is not at all a reasonable theory. When i approved something i can be comfortable with that. The discomfort overwhelmed my interest but my interest was there and for you it was the opposite. I had a discomfort moment with numbers which led to this book. When i took the first economics course, and graphs on the board of supply and demand, what a beautiful model the market was, people buy things depending on the price, the price is right, a buyer wants to buy it until it wants to sell, it makes everybody happy. I raised my hand and said price is not the only thing people think about when they decide whether to buy something and the professor said that too. We can really get some powerful conclusions by stripping away the extraneous stuff. Thank you for that story. I took economics in th college, f the same reason. Too many assumptions, pure mathematics, that is fine. Th you make a logical inference. But the first bookish question was since i read your booki have been thinki through a lot the idea when we count things, i will repeat what you said, to classify them, strip them of context and that is something that was a deeply human thing. It ia metaphor. That is the key point of my book and we are taught in scho even by a parent, the right answer, one 23, on 2 things. You have to decide what belongs in the group of things you are counting, a parent puts do a bunch of oranges and apples, the kid has to know how to tell an applerom an orange and have tse rules beforehand. That is a simple one, easy to teach kids to tell an apple from an orange buto something mo interesting like counting ballots in aelection. You want to count votes for different caidates but someone making a decision before they count the votes, what is the valid ballot the mail in ballot, in all the right places. And who gets to cast the ballot, who is in or o, those get made before anybody starts to tally up a number of votes on the ballot. Reporter a very profound point. Figuring out two comes after one or 3 comes after 2 or one comes after 3 etc. What your book has done, the hard part is the invisible part, just asking them to categorize in the first place, reminds me of one of my favorite conundrums to come up with as a teenager, when you say hi to a piece of broccoli, at the end, and that is the same thing, what is an individual in this context. That is what we are always asng our sons and daughters to do in this category. It is important. Anotheexample, looking up this a lot, from his perspective, people think the tax calculation is hard, it is easy once you decide what counts as income. This doesnt count or this doesnt get rid of this or admit your income, what doesnt belong, negotiation what we are constantly doing, the important point i came to this insight, thinking about these numbers for a long time. I want to see how kids learn to count. That moment, i thought i remembered it, red fish blue fish, black fish blue fish, it goes on and on and never gets past too. Another person, the fastest blowfish, not one of them is like another. Dont ask us why, go ask your mother. Then i thought if one is like another, how do you know that . How do you count them all as fish. As only humans we need to group things, to think about things. When we look at his words, the word for nose, my nose, mom and dads knows, dogs knows, they dont look anything alike and babys knows doesnt look like my nose. They have certain similarities meaningful to us. We want them all under one word, another language for categorizing things. The question, and we had unbelievable power, you talk about that brilliantly with respect the system whereby people are asked to measure their own pain. What does it mea to measure ones pain. Anything thatauses pain as a doctor or nurse, they think one is highly noticeable and 10 is st people, are completely baffled by this question. Wexperience it, we dont experience it like a thermometer. What i found interesting, i asked lots of friends when they were writing this book, everybody says they find it difficult to put their pain, medical system keeps using , pain is not communicable. No o else can feel yr pain. It w one of those experiences that is yours and yours alone. The canadian doctor who came over, a much better way of tryingo get a handle on peoples pain, it is a system of words. Listen to people talk about their pain, came up with 100 different words to characterize pain and most of the medical professions i talked to think the word system is much more helpful to allow patients to express what they feel and helping clinicians understand what they feel and some are bingo words. A person says the man t physician knows that is systic, i am making up that example. Even though i think the pain, the paincale is very problematic and frustrating for people it is one big advantage of it is a lanage that allows people to communicate a little bit. If you say my pain was 10 yesterday but only 7 now you are communicating that you feel that much better, doctor giving to some Pain Medicine and you say you are still 10. So it becomes a language of communication and it is better than nothing but not a very good one. A couple fascinating details, the pain numbers, the first one was in spite of how well the more contextual language works, building companies, Insurance Companies refer to the numbers because they want to know how much they can charge or imply there was a if pain was above 6 we should be treated for it. The doctors responsibility is to give you a pain med. That is interesting. In some sense it becomes more quantified. Guest i learned from a friend who has cancer and is on some pretty serious pain meds, that she said to me they dont want you to be about a five. I scratched my head. What does that mean . And dont want you to be they to tell you not to stay above five. No, if youre above the five that means they want to do something about it, give you meds. So then i talked to more people, and what people told me, they know, its kind of a a cat and mouse game,hese numbers. You put down a five, and they put down whatever the answer is a whatever their next card is. People who are experiencing a lot of pain often make the tradeoff themselves, because they meds make you really a zombie, it reall messes with heread and you cant think clearly, they make you tired. People who have a lot of pain sometimes think i dont want to just be doped up on opioids. Several of my friends told me that the learned that when they learned to use the scaleo control what the nurse or the doctor wld do, if they didnt want more pain meds they would say a low number. Host one of the things i learned from the book was just how much the scoring system exerted in terms of power and authority, that light if you are talking about a Public School teacher, which your book also discusses, getting their value added model store, so man of the teachers in that system, like their natural reaction was to trust the number because it was a score. Were used to trusting her scores, we have our pico, o wait, our iq score. We are supposed to trust these things and the trust isnt always deserved. Its fascinating to see an example use gave with the payment, to see the patnt, in other , in other words, the target of these scores actually taking contro its so rare. Usually the scores are power over the targets of the scores and thats a rare case where the targets take back the power. You want to talk a little bit about the teachers and the scoring system around the teachers . Guest lets talk about our first. Just to go back to the pain thing, the reason why the patient can take control because they are the ones scoring themselves. Thats unusual. In most situations somebody else scoring you. We all grew up in school being scored all the time, being given grades. We are used to being the week end of the scoring system, subject of someone elses power. Unfortunately, kids learn very early on that the teacher is right, for the grade is right and a grade will make them doubt themselves. I doubted myself when i was when i got a b and i would never be a political scientist. I dont know why i long story why i cameround to it. Yet members have this or in our culture of being objective. Theres a l of slogans nowadays to s we want to make evencebased decisions, make databased decisions. We want our disions to be driven by research, driven by facts. What people mean nowadays b facts, evidence Data Research is numbers. I think those are objective, and words are squishy and subject to interpretation, which they are. Yeah, people use scoring systems in all kinds of organizations to make decisions that are going to affect other peoples lives, whether they hire them, fire them, promote them, give them a pay raise. You talk in your book, given insurance, how much to charge them for the insurance. Whether to give them a bank loan. The example that both fascinates us about teachers is that people in education throughout bureaucracies wanted to make sure that teachers were qualified and could do things results. They came up with a way to measure results, which was testing students on reading and math. Pretty much those two subjects. When students spend a year in a teachers classroom and to do well in those test, the result is contributed to the quality of the teacher. If students do well. Thats kind of a simple model of how it works but they developed fancy formulas to try to sort out exactly how much of the students test score was due to the teachers teaching and how much was due to extraneous factors what the kid had learned the year before and how good the teacher was in the previous grade was. Ost and how will he did in the past. The way i say it is, the teacher is given the credit if the student did better than expected. But that expected concept was itself a mathematical model. Guest yeah. So then in addition to scoring people, scoring teachers, the systems also either rewarded or penalize them on the basis of their score. Either they could get fired, whole schools would be shut down or taken over by Emergency Managers or whatever, put in receivership, and School Budgets will be determined by how well these teachers are performing. It could be lifeanddeath consequences, not literally, but job losing consequences for teachers who get a bad score. Its the combination of the scoring system and the attachment of rewards and penalties that leads to these consequences. Host yes. Guest the score is what i tell about in the book, is that all of us hope that education is so much more than teach people how to add and subtract and pass a reading comprehensive test or know the right grammar rules. We really hope, for my money, i really could teacher is one who instills curiosity in the students and instills excitement about learning and confidence, that they can learn to make them want to learn, give them confidence they can, and boost them. And encourage their imagination and nurture their creativity. Those are the things i want my kids i dont have kids but i want my kids to learn and it was about to learn to read and write but so much more than that. I want education to do that. The problem is these formulas for how much value the teacher adds to a students knowledge are so really nearly defined to include only these narrow parts of education that are such a small part of it. Host yes, i often say that this is like the idea of assessing the teacher with test scores is easily seen as an insufficient concept with the experiment. Weve got to go through this experiment with teachers. I guess we did do that. I want to move back to a few examples you have of like what gets counted and what doesnt get counted. I have three examples that it want you to choose one. The violence against women, what is counted when were talking about violence against women . I am partly saying three examples because of what people to realize this book is wonderful examples. The gdp, what is counted as credit production as good news for the nation or for other nations . And, of course, madisons virginia slaveholder, his calculation of what gets counted as a human with rights. Pick one of those that you would like to go through about two sort of laid down the whole point strongly, its not about the counting. Counting is easy part. What gets categorized appropriately so that we c count it later. Guest okay, okay. Its hard to choose but i think we can come back to others in another context. The u. N. Wanted to develop a way to measure gender violence in Different Countries, and had a whole bunch of committee meetings, invited people from Different Countries. What they wanted to do is set up some indicators. So say what counts as violence. Is it rape, murder . Of course those things. Is it beating up somebody . Is it taking somebody . They got some women who are from north america and europe had a list of activities or actions that they would count as gender, as violence, and they would ultimately go around and do surveys in Different Countries and as people have you experienced this or that . So that was a rape in beating and kicking and so on were the things the northern and western people came up with. Then there were some other women at one of the means and they say we have different kinds of violence in the country, throwing acid in your face, burning, setting you on fire, dropping you from high please come sticking needles under your fingernails, smashing your hands. Those are things we think of violence. They also said it was psychological violence to take another wife, take a second wife, or to berate and punish a woman for not giving birth to a male child. Those with things they considered gender violence. The committee that ultimately designed the survey with all the indicators didnt include any of those things. There you have a case where its a question of who is in the room. It comes back to power really. So who is in the room when these issues are getting made . What counts as violence . Bangladeshi women were in the room but there were not Strong Enough to get the definitions of violence, their experiences of violence counted as examples of violence. When the survey gets done, that wont be done. Host it really is about power, but we dont have time for all the questions i have some going to move ahead. I would like you to come to guess i am looking for positive stories about numbers in power, talk about numbers with witnesses in the context of Lake Michigan if you would. Guest and i just, yeah, if roy talk about that i just want to say a lot of people in the first here my message they worry im telling people never trust a number. Numbers are no good can we should not count. That is not my message at all. I think numbers can be extremely helpful and that lots of examples of it in the book. The flint, michigan, water crisis is one of them, where the city of flint switched its source of water from the detroit reservoir to the flint river, i think it was called. And shortly after that people started noticing, people in flint, that their water smelled and tasted funny and they started having some pretty serious problems. Their hairas falling out, skin rashes. Everybody knows i think it turned out there was a lot o land in the water and a lot of children had lead poisong because of drinking this water a lot of lead in the water numbers are critical whatas nding the problem was. It turned out that the epa, Environmental Protection agency, s standards for what our safe levels of lead in water, and there shouldnt be led in water, and the clean water act sai no one should be using leadipes anymore. That was 1986. But all pipes are grandfathered in. And flint, michigan, had a lot of old Housing Stock with old pipes. An then the cdc uses numbers to say how much is a safe level of lead in anybodys blood. Guest you can do host you can do a blood test. Guest cdc says no level is a safe, but above a certain level we should be concerned. Host above five we should be concerned but we dont need to treat until we are above 45 or a person is above 45. Guest what happened ishe citizens of flint invited a water engineer to come in and test the water, and he figured out right away that there was probably led in the water because of corrosion from old pipes. He tested the water and sure enough there was very high levels. By the way, michigan, department of Environmental Affairs or whatever its called had tested theater but claimed that it s host it was a come there was no le in the period the wayhey tested it, it turned ou and this water engineer discovered guest theyold residents but they sent their inspectors in. They l the water run for 30 minutes. They flushed all the lead particles out of the pipes so of course they cou low readings. At this water engineer came in and he said come he did hiswn test and he got numbershat were very, very high. And then a doctor, a pediatrician with human concerns and the mothers of her patients, and she had aess to all of those log level, blood lead testing. She worked in the hospital where it was done and she compared those blood levels with kids before the switch to the new system o water to after, and sure enough levelsent up dramatically. So those two ss of numbers put together the storyhat the water engineer made very convincing, lead pipes corrode and send parties into the water which gets intoeoples blood. Those two sets of numbers became e witnesses to condemn the citys where its change and its lack to do anything about the water. Host i still feel like the story though, because it is often the case you do find out the numbers were on your side and yet you lost, you kno there mustve been, i think the answer is i think that was good Media Coverage of this. I even heard that pediatrians be given somehow those real numbers like the nonfake lead water levels, it were somehow brought to the surface. A power somehow was overcome. Do you know how . Guest i tnk two things, and its pretty typical. Ere were a fewitizens, i think one mom in particular, who justnew not to trust the numbers, and she insisted on sherought water samples in to Government Agencies and so on. But she contacted the water engineer, but the second, citizen advocacy was one thing. She eventually got lots of moms to test their water, the kids the water engineer provided. The second ingredient for overcoming power is that the citizens had allies who were in agencies come in government or in science, science experts like the water engineer and the doctor. So they became passion about the problem and they worked with the citizens, the patient, the homeowners and so one. Host thats good. So of course numbers even when they are right they dont always emerge victorious. Can you tell me a a little bit about, tell the audience about what you call im skeptical. I want you to explain and i will ask you some pushy questions if you dont mind. Guest okay, good. That little device a fitbit is little device where on your wrist and aounts your steps. People whoear fitbits try to make them feel exercise more by turning founder steps and try to reach goals. The interesting thing is everyone i kno who has a fitbit says that they walk more because a fitbit is count them. It makes him walk longer than it otherwise wld, climb up some steps if they havent reached their 10,000 step goal for the day. And they use that as a metaphor for this phenomenon that when you count something, especially when you count yourself,nd you want to look good on the measure, then you will change your behavior to get a good count, t get a good number. Thats the fitbit effect. Host heres what im going to push back on. I hope you appreciate my point. I dont disree with the fact that people le to look good. If there is an impactful metric that is measuring them they will change their behavior in order to make their metric look good and that is well understood. I write aut that myself in my book, when i talk about colleges trying to gain the ranking model but certainly a very, very important factor in how colleges act. With respect to fitbits, specifically i have found almost all fitbit users stop using the fitbit after government or completely ignore them. One thing i was a interesting that has happened is as youre listening to the people who still not only whether fitbit still very narrow gup of peoplef you dont mind me sang. The real fitbit effect is that fitbits are really annoying and most people ignore them. You know what i mean . Overwhelng story about fitbits is a dont actually causeeople to change their behavior but there are a few people for whom i can fitbits is what they really watch. For them its the story is different. You see what im saying . Guest i do. Its a very good point. Clearly, only people who are motivated can change the behavior, get a fitbit and went. Once they are no longer motivated but what im saying it still holds for the short term. Maybe it doesnt change peoples behavior for the longterm, but at the moment doing that time maybe a couple months when eyre infatuated with it, gungho, they have a diet and they are gungho and the public to lose some weight at first but maybe they dont stay on it. Host diet is of course the ultimate example of this. Fitbit dislike him for that matter diet, theres one thing havi some people self select to buy them, but even most people who buy fitbits to u them. Theres experiments because fitbit super superuser look son fitbit, Health Programs will buy it for everyone under health policy, guess what. Those people never wanted a fitbit to begin with. They are not fascinated with it. They never lose it and its like a complete disaster. Its very selfselected, small slice that humans with that effect actually happens. Lets not dwell on that. As a metaphor is perfectly reasonable can you talk about polling and races polling and a fitbit effect . Guest okay. Social scientists have really trd to understand racist attitudes and racist thinking. They do that by asking People Survey questions. And so some of the questions, when i started looking into this, just appalled me that anyone could even ask these questions. One of them is on a scale from one to seven where one is lazy and seven is how hardworking, where do you think blacks fall . The same thing on intelligence, the same thing on violence, for example. Survey questions likehese, lots of other survey questions come you think immigrants are generallyood for the country or bad for the country . Kind of ridiculous question when you tnk about it. What those questions do, they have i think an impcit lesson, which is stereotyping is legitimate you can decide thatvery member of a racial group is some degree of laziness or hardwoing, or whatever. Thats a legimate way to think. Thats what the question implies is a legitimate way to think. It reinforces for people that race is real thing and its a real category and people can be categorized easily into black or white and it reinforces the people that they can make judgments about a whole group and that political leaders who are waiting to hear their political opinions want to know how people stereotype. I think its the self reinforcing effect that i liken to the fitbit. Host a disconnected his ideas you want to look good . Guest yeah, a lot of work in survey research, should people, is called the social desirability effect. People want to give a desirable answer. They want to appear smart. They want to appear not prejudiced. Whats amazing, plenty of people are quite willing to express prejudice. But in general that is a huge problem with survey research is that people sometimes do facetoface that sometime telephone interviews, but people want to sound good to someone interviewing them. Half the time people dont know what a question means. They dont understand it, but they give an answer just so ty wont sound dumb. Host like a lot of latenight tv talk shows tha use that against people fight interviewing them about absolute non, like garbage questions and to get people to answer them quite siously. I want to talk about the senses and the category of hispanics because i i found that to be a fascining story in this section of the book. Also i think related to this, if you dont mind mentioning that. Guest sure. The census first started asking a question about is this person hispanic, in 1980. Before about 1970 the term hispanic wasnt even in use in the united states. There were a lot of people whose origins were in Spanish Speaking countries come particularly mexico, cuba, rico. They tended to cluster together in certain areas of the united states, and they didnt think of themselves as hispanic. They found themselves as cuban or puerto rican or mexican. But in the late 60s and 70s after the Civil Rights Act and equal opportunity act, the government wanted to get racial and ethnic classification in order to make sure that it could enforce equal treatment and equal voting, for example. It wanted to collect data on that, and s the Census Bureau want to hav a hispanic question bu they really didnt know, the leaders didnow how they would get people to tnk of themselves as hispanic. They called a meeting of hispanic leaders of these different groups and asked them to promote the census to their communities and to encourage people to identify as hispanic. The leaders were all in favor of that because at that point they understood that they would be benefitso be had from having big numbers. You maye would get more seats in congress that more people were counted in aas where they live, and you would get more federal aid to cities and places with hispanic people liv again, the measuring itrument, the census created the category, but theuestion out there, then quit actively recruit people to encourage people to answer the question yes t answer it all and to answeres. So it was an interactive kind of feedback effect where the category was there and people put themselves into it. What i like about that sto, first of all i didnt know that was a new concept, by taking on that category actlly had an effect on people self regard and self image as an identity, was very interesti. It also reminds me going back to the earlier discussion we had about, like people choosing the pain number that we give you the treatment they want, that this is another example o some out the targets of the county, the senses, the target, the people, asserting control over their own agency by filling out the own fo. Sometimes they were again the masters of their own destiny by naming their own ethnicity and their own race, which is a whole different discussion you also have their about the race they might choe. Guest yeah, it is thank you for making that analogy. I didnt see it quite in the same way but it is very much true that people, the census gives people ahance to identify to sit wither race is an weather ethnicity is andhat choices you and you canrite in some other race. Once fascinating factoid i i ce up wit is about some other race was the thi largest category of race in the 2010 census. Which tells me that pple dont like to accept, a lot of people dont like to accept the categories that they are offered. Its a funny paradox of the senses, on the winamp it says you can identify whatever race you say you are on the one hand, what you want t be or you consider yourself but on the other hand, the senses people give categories, except for some of the race one. They provide some categories. Host yes. So the last topic i wanted to cover, i had a few more but were running out of time, is of this concept of the allegheny child county Services Hotline algorithm, which is a mouthful. Basically its a childabuse hotline, and i have read a wonderful book out of many the quality which talks about it, you talk about her work and some other stuff. I had to say i spent quite a bit of time talking to people who started that algorithm, and i do feel like him him its not. Poor people are much more likely to be red lighted. People of color are much more likely to be reported on their choosing the wrong prediction variable, which means they are printing their own reality by say this case is more likely to be taken from the home, thus making that get more likely to be taken from the home. Theres also the problems but let me make this following plea. First of all we had been talking about our, and a lot of the times i get frustrated because people are so autrity and power in an unreasonable, unacuntable way. They are trying to get away with something basically. That happens a lot with numbers, believe the scoring system because it objective. Anyway, you have the right to appeal. But i would argue in thease of social workers trying to deal with child abuse, like i would like them to have cover, a little bit of cover. If it works for them. I s that as a friend of many social workers who got burned out because they have so much responsibility to make theight call on these like actual lifeanddeath matters. Do you see whatm saying . In some sense i would love it and if they we can all agree, i would love it if they had a machine that could actually help them do their job. And if the machine was wrong, it would be like the machine was wrong. Usually when someone says dont blame me, blame the machine, i am like thats a copout, take responsibility. But in this case yet, you did your best. Its reall hard to make calls. Andt really is. Its really hard. I think the other and probably more relevant plea i will make for that algorithm, and again its problematic, it is problematic, is tha because it is dated, because you are collecting data, it is auditable. This is the same thing true to be said for like uber system of hiring, managing by algorithm. These are systems that are once made algorithmic. The good news is you can also make them work better because theyre following rules and so you can shift rules if the old rules are not working very well. So thats my other plea. The final thing i will say, you talk a lot in the second part of the book about ethics, and thing i i keep on point out when i talk about his childabuse hotline is that there is a trolley problem in the childabuse hotline and it is for children. Theres a falsepositive of an algorithm or the process, the process itself of how to decide whether to take the child from the home if they are at risk of abuse. You can be taking kids away from their homes when they shoulde taken. You could be leaving kidsn their home when they should be taken. See what i mean . Those are mistakes a system could make and they are different mistakes and they are not equal. Its worse to leave the kid to abuse then is to take a kid away from a family that is not really abusing them. Im not saying this is a good idea. I think this is worse. Try to let me jump in. Absolutely. Anything we can do to help people and help our leaders make better decisions is a good thing. I think the good thing about numbers and trying to measure things, come up with a system whher algorithm or a simple list of indicators, is that the exercise of trying to measure things forces us to think about what we value, what we care about whats important. Host yes. Guest and i think the point i want to leave people with is that weve got the system, maybe it is better, maybe it still has problems but its a better than winging it or whatever. Anything tha can take the burden off is goo we still dont stop ever. We should always be trying to improve those systems and those measurements. I think if wehink of numbers as a language we are talking about about use and whats important and who is bng hurt and who is being helped, then we are using them wisely. If we thi of them as, this is the score, that is at the end, i am right, you are wrong, then that is not a recipe for progress. Host deborah, i could not agree more. Am really glad i had a chance to read this book and glad i had a chance to have this discussion we do today. Guest thank you. Thank you very much. Weeknights this month were featuring booktv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan2. Tonight its a look at business and economics. That all begins at 8 p. M. Eastern, and enjoy tv this week and every weekend on cspan2. 2020 was a historic year for women with the election of the first woman Vice PresidentKamala Harris and it happened in the year we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the womens right to vote sunday night on q a journalist and author elaine weiss on her book the womans hour about the ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920 which granted women the right to vote. It passes the house and it has to be a twothirds majority. It passes the house by a margin very small. It passes the senate with only two vote margin. There are senators were sitting on it, after the house passes it actually come in 1918 and it takes until june of 1919 before it passes both houses. And then the senate knew they were sending it out for ratification to states, was called an off year when most state legislatures were not going to be in session. That was sort of purposeful, o make more difficult to they had to convince 30 governors to call their legislators back into special session to consider the amendment. Elaine weiss sunday night at eight eastern on cspans q a. Theres more booktv coming up next with David Eagleman who explores the evolution of the brain and how neuroscience impacts the future of artificial intelligence. Good afternoon, everybody and welcome to politics and prose life at lunch when we bring you are politics and prose programming during your lunchtime hour. I name is beth wang, im an event cornered at p p and we thank you so much for joining here to celebrate the release of livewired by dr. David eagleman. At any country that today you can click the link that i will put a check to purchase a copy of two nights book on our website. You can ask the author question afternoon by submitting to the q a box come the button for which can be found at the bottom of your screen. Be sure to put your question in the q a and not in the chat to make sure that the author and i see it. Onto a main event. Dr. David eagleman is a neuroscientist and New York Times bestselling author. He has the city