Welcome to the Ronald Reagan president ial foundation and institute Virtual Event series. Our center for Public Affairs programming offers lectures and forms presenting perspective on important Public Policy issues of the day, each year we bring you 20 to 30 events from politicians, authors, members of the media, business and military leaders and more. Since the march 2020 closure of many businesses across our great country, the ragan foundation is bringing events online to ensure we are still delivering worldclass content even if you cant get to our hilltop to watch it in person. In this weeks center for Public AffairsVirtual Event we bring you Chris Wallace, inker of fox news sunday. 2014 marked his 50th year in the broadcasting industry, hes participated in coverage of nearly every Major Political event and also secured high profile interviews with dignitaries in u. S. Leaders to stop for the last three years Chris Wallace has broadcast a sunday morning show live from the Reagan Library air force one pavilion following our ragan national to defense form in december of each year. Hes here to talk about his new book countdown 1945 the extraordinary story of the atomic bomb and the hundred 16 days that change the world. An unforgettable account of the lives of the ordinary american and japanese civilians in war times as well as american soldiers fighting in the pacific. Waiting to launch possible invasion in japan. The story of how in 116 days harry truman goes from being Vice President to then completely cut out of the fdr white house temp suddenly becoming president. Is not only his story, the story of scientists, flight crew and others. We invite you to join our Virtual Program from our ab with Chris Wallace and ragan Foundation Institute executive director john hi bush. Chris wallace, congratulations, what a terrific book. As you may know, we have a lot of guests come to the Reagan Library with good books and im not able to read them all, i could not put this one down. This is a terrific book. A really really, a historical thriller, i loved it. Congratulations on not just the first effort and a great first effort. Thank you thats awfully nice. I will say the idea of the historical thriller seems to be out there because my favorite review was one in the Washington Post that said, i know what happened in 1945 but this book is a thriller. A lot of people have said that its a page turner, they couldnt put it down. Im thrilled because frankly, thats exactly what i wanted to do. So much history is written in a distant past we know what happened, why did it happen . Thats not at all what i wanted to do i wanted to take you into the moment, in this case its come down 1945, the 115 days that change the world, the key moments in those 115 days from april 12 1945 when truman is summoned to the white house, he thinks to talk to president roosevelt that he finds out that roosevelt is dead and he is sworn in and Henry Stimson, secretary of war takes him aside afterward and says i need to tell you about an immense project to create the most devastating weapon in history which is the first inkling Vice President now president truman international of the existence of the Manhattan Project and to take you not just truman as he struggling and making the decision but los alamos dont know the gadget as a call the atom bomb would even work until 21 days before the bombing and the flight crew of the enola gay on the mission during their mission to hiroshima the 1500 miles to hiroshima from tinian island dont know if the bomb when they drop it its never been dropped out of a plane whether the aftershocks will knock them right out of the sky. Thats what i was trying to do and the fact that you and other people have said it was a page turner and a thriller im thrilled. My father was a b29 pilot in the Army Air Force so i was riveted, as you can imagine. Your father doesnt need to have been in the Army Air Corps to like this book. Really well done. You put us in the room where it happens on many occasions and that is just a masterful job, well done. Thank you. Thats exactly what i was trying to do. There are so many dramatic moments. Truman, he has a meeting with his war cabinet on june 18 and henry stinson, the secretary of war is there, George Marshall the general of the army is there, all the top brass. They are discussing now that nazis have surrendered may 8, how they are going to finish and win the war against the japanese. For about 45 minutes there is a long discussion of the invasion of japan, how many troops it will take, how long will prolong the war, how many hundreds of thousands of casualties they will be on both sides and at the end its quite a junior man in the room, the assistant secretary of war named john mccloy ended up becoming a major figure in midcentury america, he was a high commissioner to germany, he was the member of the warren commission, head of the world bank and he was a junior guy there and truman says, nobody gets out of the room without telling what they think. Mccloy asked Henry Stimson his boss at the War Department he says go ahead. He said, i think we ought to have our heads examined if we dont at least discuss the bomb. That was literally the war cabinet the first time in this meeting they been talking about the casualties and the length of the invasion and how bloody it was going to be nobody ever said, yes but we might have the bomb, until he said it and basically it was dismissed at that point largely because it had never been tested. It wasnt tested until july 18 just 21 days before the bomb was used against hiroshima and at that point back in june truman viewed it as a science project, if it worked, great, if it didnt, we had to go ahead. So many historical moments he wrote about. I know you are a student of history, what is it that made you choose this particular moment . Its a funny story. I had the idea of doing exactly what i talked about, to take a key moment in history and try to put you in it, at the time they didnt know all these they are faced with momentous challenges, it would be like talking about ragan and what happened in terms of arbor control gorbachev, i was fortunate enough to cover six years of ragan including world war abhaving covered it in real life the drama of ab these enormous discussions and the possibility that they might ban all Nuclear Weapons and that it all falls apart. To say it failed is one thing to say they went there with these hopes and have this meeting and it creates a tremendous sense of suspense. I wanted to do that but i didnt have a subject. In february 2019 it was the day that President Trump was going to deliver his state of the Union Address and nancy pelosi, speaker of the house, invited several tv anchors over to her hideaway in the capital and this was the hideaway that a lot of speakers have and its a tradition in washington that if the speaker and the president are of opposing parties, this is true for republican president , democratic speaker, vice versa, that the speaker will deliver a prebuff which is basically before the president even delivers a speech to tell you all the reasons that its bad. We are sitting in this room and nancy pelosi says, this is the board of education, i dont think the other folks in the room knew but i knew the board of education have been sam rayburns hideaway and this is where he had people come after hours to gossip or plot strategy or have a bourbon and bran water and Vice President truman was a regular. April 12 after he finished presiding over the senate he went over to pelosi is telling us the story that it was in that room that truman called the white house he was told they wanted to speak to him and he calls and speaks to a white house official and says, you need to get to the white house as quickly and quietly as possible and truman puts down the phone and says jesus christ and general jackson, which i had never heard before. I thought to myself, thats it, thats my story. Thats the one im going to delve into and try to create a historical thriller, as it turned out, i didnt know then, 116 days from when he is alerted that roosevelt has died and hes president until the bomb was dropped on hiroshima. In your first book, some writers report after their first book they just had a fabulous time they love the experience, some found it miserable, how did you find writing your first book . Yes. [laughter] its a very odd experience. Its a roller coaster. There are times when you get a delicious fact, thats what is so exciting. I didnt know that when truman abi knew the story about jesus christ and general jackson i thought that would be a good start, i didnt know when i started the project that when truman gets to the white house and is sworn in he is alerted for the first time about the existence of the Manhattan Project and there are so many juicy Little Details like that. One of the details is the fact that they only attested the bomb once on july 21, july 16, 21 days before they ended up using it so now they are at tinian island, the launchpad for the flight to hiroshima about 1500 miles. Somebody says, if we put this 10,000 pound bomb, which was very inappropriately called little boy, in the front of the plane, then we have to put a bunch of extra gas in the back of the plane so it doesnt fall down, it will be more weight weve ever carried him the plane might crash on takeoff. We can have an atomic explosion at the u. S. Base on tinian island which will destroy all that aand wont do anything to the japanese. They say this is only about two days before the mission, we cant take off with a live bomb were to have to arm the bomb, on the plane during the mission, they turn to the chief workmens office or a guy named dave parsons and they say can you do that . He says, i never have but i guess i will learn. [laughter] he sits on the plane on the ground in tinian island in sweltering heat working on it trying to do to it and whether and when they finally take off an unarmed bomb get off safely they are on the way to hiroshima, he gets down, cradles in the bomb bay next to little boy and he has to take off some of the case and do some of the rewiring, then they have to take off the safety plugs and put in the farming plugs and its only then, midway through the flight that they say, the bomb is actually armed and ready to go. Thats a detail that is just a joy. To go back to your question, moments like that its a joy, then there are times you are just trying to, how do i tell the story . How do i put all these different elements together . You think, this is hard work. My daughter is in publishing and at one point, shes been in publishing for 10 years, not at my publisher, no reverse nepotism here, i said to her, writing a book is hard work and she rolled her eyes and said, gee, dad, im glad you discovered that. [laughter] its tough to make a living stop chris, did it surprise you, it did me, that truman didnt know the first thing about ab it seems as though the Vice President wouldnt have been let into something as important as this but that was the case . A lot of people have asked me about that, it seems in incredible, he had been Vice President for 82 days and met privately with roosevelt twice in those 82 days the fact was this was roosevelts fourth term, not his first or even his second vice presidency so he had gotten pretty good at ignoring Vice President. He thought, Vice President s come and go, and got my war cabinet and those of the people that i count on to make these decisions. He had just sort of shunned truman off to the side so i mention the fact that stenson takes him aside today he sworn in and says, im gonna tell you about this project. But he knows truman is overwhelmed, he just became the president , he said im going to give you time to settle in and then i will come back. On april 25, 13 days later, he comes into the oval office to brief president truman, now that hes settled in, not even quite two weeks, meanwhile, general leslie groves, the real military commander of the Manhattan Project has snuck in through underground tunnels and one of the reasons was they had given this a lot of thought at the pentagon, they thought of the two came in the front door together people are going to wonder what are groves, who had built the pentagon, he was the big mission man, what is groves and stinson were doing together. So he snuck in and they gave truman a detailed document to read, which really explain the Manhattan Project in historical detail and technical detail, truman complained he said i dont like reading long documents like this. Groves said, mr. President , we cant say it any more briefly or simply, its a comp located project. At the time he had made the decision he knew he had mastered all of them. Another remarkable fact i found from reading your book is 125,000 people, americans, working on this Manhattan Project and not a word gets out. That just amazes me. You are exactly right. Its one of the things that astonished me too. People say to me, what was it you covered trump and all the ups and downs and the ins and outs of washington today, what was it like writing about this book . I said one of the things i enjoyed most about writing, researching, and writing and now talking about this book is it has absolutely nothing to do with donald trump. [laughter] thats not a knock on the president , its just to say that it took me away from all the stuff we are in and goes precisely to your point because they had been working on this project for almost 3 years, 2 years, 125,000 people at oak ridge tennessee uranium enrichment, los alamos, working on the bomb, flight crews in windover utah, not one word leaks about the project. I thought to myself, if you had 125,000 people today working on a secret project to bake apple pie, by day two somebody would tweet, this is outrageous, this is immoral, im blowing the whistle. It was a simpler time. It was a time when the country was more unified, everybody hold it together in common cause to win the war against the nazis and the japanese. Boy could we use that now. You are not kidding. Another thing i found fascinating about how you wrote the book, of course you covered the major major figures involved during the project from truman to tibbets and groves and oppenheimer but you also chose to focus in on hideko tamura. Tell the listeners about those two i thought it was a great juxtaposition throughout the book. One of the things we wanted to do with this book, i very much wanted to abnot just to be on top level because of course the war wasnt just top level of the scientists, it engaged all of america. One of the things i wanted to tell was the home front. We found ruth sisson, there are websites, there is commentary about various people and amazingly we found two people who are still alive, obviously all the big players are long gone. Ruth sisson was a 19yearold girl, she had volunteered to work at oak ridge at the uranium enrichment facility, she didnt know what it was, she knew it was a big factory and there were these giant machines called peloton machines, they basically had a bunch of knobs they had to keep the meter in the right place not go to the red, they had no idea, they were just told, keep the meter in the red you will help win the war. They have no idea what they were doing was enriching uranium creating plutonium to fuel the atom bombs. What made her story especially interesting was not just that she was in the home front but she had a boyfriend, later her husband, Lawrence Huddleston who was in europe had been an army medic and survived the fighting. May 8 the war in europe ends, the nazis surrender and like a lot of other people she is delighted because her boyfriend has gotten through this but shes terrified because hes not, come home, the expectation is hes now go to be shipped to an even bloodier conflict in japan. What she didnt realize, the dramatic irony of this, she is creating, helping create the weapon that if its used could save her boyfriends life. Thats exactly what happened. Hideko tamura, even more dramatic story, one of the great things as you know as a student of history often times history there are plot lines you would never dream of inventing yourself if you are going to write a novel or do a movie. Hideko tamura was a 10yearold girl, came from quite a wealthy family and hero sheila, like a lot of the families, they certainly expected to be bombed, they had not been bonded all. The parents would send their children out to the countryside so that if there were a bombing they would be safe. They sent to hideko to what they thought was a school, but ended up being a work camp. Hideko, a very well avery willful 10yearold a lot of the students were saying get me out of here. She snuck into the pound and mail the letter in the local post office saying, get me out of here. Adeccoshideko mom shows up to rescue her. The mother says, hideko, there is a lot of fear in the city, lets stay out here in the countryside for a few days. Hideko says absolutely not, i want to go home. They spend the night and go home august 5, that means they are in hiroshima when the bomb was dropped on august 6. Thats amazing. I had the chance to see a clip of you and hideko going in to the smithsonian to see the presence of that massive enolaw a documentary for fox news and anybody out there i assume a lot of you subscribe to fox nation you can find their called countdown 1945 like the book. I said to her we had just talked on the phone up to that point i said would you consider coming to washington for an interview and she said, i will under one condition, i want to go see the enola gay. I wouldve never dreamt of asking her to do Something Like that but she wanted to do it. We drove out one day and we got permission to go there before the Museum Opened and we went to see the enola gay and i didnt know what her reaction would be, she was kind of stunned, as you know from your dad and b29s, they are enormous. Really big planes. Big bright silver, all shiny, we walked up to it and she was just taking it in and i said, do you feel anger . She said, no i feel deeply grief stricken. She thought for a while and then she said, i want to say a prayer for peace, which she did. Then she said, i think hes an old man, i think he needs to leave this museum and go to sleep. With awhich i thought was interesting forand then she sal. I think it created some closure. Lets go back to truman for a second, i know its not easy but, summarize for me the dilemma that truman faced with the dropping of the bomb. His rationale. As you described so well in your book, it was going to save a lot of lives but take a lot of lives as well. I think there are a couple points i would make. Obviously this has been one of the great moral questions for the last b,75, this of course i the sum of the 75th anniversary of all these events and the droppingof the bomb on hiroshima. Should we drop the bomb or not . I havent really studied and thought about it. It wasnt a choice between dropping the bomb or doing nothing. It was a choice between dropping the bomb and invading abor invading. If we invaded, as i said, the top experts, general marshall, secretary of war stimson, all the top people at the pentagon said this was the summer of 45 you can expect the war to go on at least another year and and a half until the end of 1946 and you can expect a million japanese casualties and and a half a million american casualties because as they got closer and closer to the japanese homeland instead of the japanese soldiers getting to lose spirit may in fact fought abwhen they went to okinawa they thought they were going to take it over in two days, it took them three months and they ended up having to kill 100,000 japanese and the 20,000 that were left, none of them surrendered. Some committed suicide, some kept fighting some were taken prisoner but they didnt surrender and so they knew they were going to have a terrible battle on their hands if they did invade some people say okay so abthey wouldve surrendered anyway, to which my response is, we dropped the bomb on hiroshima on august 6 and the Japanese Military government does not surrender has not surrendered for them three days. The u. S. Then drops second bomb on nagasaki and the Japanese Military government still does not surrendered. Its only then that emperor a decide to go over the japanese government directly to the people and gets on the radio, literally the first time the vast majority of japanese have ever heard the voice of their emperor and he basically says, we have to surrender. It took two bombs and an emperor going over the heads of the government to get the japanese to surrender. I think one issue for truman, honestly, i dont know that any president wouldve made any other decision, if you had invaded, and if you had sent thousands or hundreds of thousands of americans to their death or to grieve the injury and later were to come out that you have as a president you have access to a weapon that conceivably could have ended the war in a flash and you have said, im not can use it, i dont know any president could have face that or would have wanted to face that. I leave it to others as to whether it was the moral thing to do or not but i think as a realistic practical matter i dont think truman had any choice. I think you are right. It was such a catch 22 at the time. Chris, one of the ways that feels like you take the reader right into the room on some occasions, the material you got was just excellent. I wonder, what were your core sources, particularly as relates to trump stop. I wonder if youre doing this as a commercial. [laughter] after i read all the histories, there are a lot of histories out there that are very good, you want more. I went to the Truman Library in independence missouri and spent a few days there was an archivist, as im sure so many scholars have with dragon, going through these and the treasure trove was that aires. I often think to myself, as i covered dragon in the 80s, as i covered not as directly because i spent six years in the White House Press corps, as i cover trump now, what are they thinking at that moment . Now we have access to reagans diaries and a much better sense of that. What trumans diaries were terrific. He really was a very good diary keeper as was president ragan, also a very good writer, as was reagan, he said a lot of things in those diaries that give you the inner conversation. One of the things i found very interesting is that, and its different than i think most peoples perception of truman because hes famously thought of as this very decisive man, the buck stops here. He never looked back on this, he always defended and said i could do it again but as hes making the decision at a summit conference with churchill and stalin in july of 45, he was really struggling with this decision. He was having trouble sleeping at night, he complained of fierce headaches, which he had whenever he was under stress in his career and in his diary he keeps talking about this terrible weapon and he describes it in apocalyptic terms, he describes it as fire destruction prophecies in the bible so he made the decision and as i said he never looked back but this was an enormous decision and he gave it all of the weight and all of the inner turmoil and struggling that i think you should have. He wrestled with it. Tough job to be a president. Robert oppenheimer, talk to us about him, im sure there has been extensive books written about him. What a man. I think as you describe, a renaissance figure endogenous. Absolutely, i think half dozen languages learned, sam script so he could read, the buddhist writings, fabulously brilliant as a physicist but also, and people have no questions about whether he would have any executive skills at all became a very skilled administrator, he was a scientific director at los alamos and one of the things he had to juggle was he had general groves, who i mentioned before, this bulldozer of a man and military man, then he had all these prima donna scientists who rebelled at the idea of deadlines and military order and he had to keep both of those things going, i one of these great nuggets in the book, after the bombing and after the war ends, truman never looks back. Hes asked about for the rest of his life and keeps saying, i had to make the decision that ended the war and if i had to make that call i would do it again, all the people on the flight crew said the same thing, paul tibbets, all of them, it ended the war military men and this was the way to defeat the enemy, the people who had second thoughts where the scientists, Albert Einstein really started the whole Manhattan Project in 1939 when he writes a letter to roosevelt and what his concern is and the concern of a lot of the german refugees is left in nazi germany and now in the west either england or the u. S. , they were concerned, the nazis were going to get the atomic weapon before the same acted. God forbid adolf hitler had a monopoly on the most the first true weapon of mass destruction. About a month after the explosion oppenheimer comes to the white house and he sits down with truman and by this point hes just wracked with second thoughts and he says, mr. President , i have these terrible regrets i feel that i have blood on my hands. Truman says, dont worry about it, i give the order, i got the blood on my hands. They finish the conversation, oppenheimer leaves and truman says to his staff, i never want to see that son of a ain my this office again. You tell a story in the book of never heard about i want you to tell the whole story with regards to this fellow William Lawrence with the New York Times the opportunity that he had in this project and how all that turned out. This is the joy, you talk about a good day and bad days, this was a very good day, William Leonard lawrence was a science reporter and a very distinguished science reporter for the New York Times and he had won a Pulitzer Prize with a group of other people, i think 37 for writing an article on a scientific project and groves, this military man, he also thinks to himself, this is going to be, if it all works out an immense story, i want the story told right. This is another example of the difference between the unity of that time and what we have today, this military general walks into the New York Times and goes to see the editor and he says, i would like, he knows about lawrence, i would like to get William Lawrence and i like you to attach him and i would like him to basically disappear off the face of the earth and i want him to go inside, hes going to get the greatest story of all time. Im trying to remember, i dont think you told the editor what the story was. I most sure he did it. The editor says, okay, can you imagine that today if a general ablawrence is told, he basically tells him, you have the greatest story of all times but youre not, be able to tell it until we tell you you can, of course any news man worth a cent would rebel at that but the idea of this great story he, he was intrigued so he did it. He hung out at los alamos and was part of it all but money was there at alamogordo when they tested a bomb on july 16 and he had a genius and we quote at great length from some of the dispatches he wrote none of which appeared until after the bomb exploded and truman announced the whole project to the world, his writing was fantastic and he came up with the phrase, maybe you heard about it, the atomic aid written by William Lawrence, hes there for all the testing. I wish my writing was as good as lawrence but you get to read some of his of the book and then hes brought to tinian island. Is there with the cruise, hes not allowed on the first flight because its obviously the first flight and they just have 12 men and they were going to spare an extra seat. But he does end up going on the second flight, the nagasaki flight. Hes there and describes of the firstperson witness the detonation of the second atomic bomb in warfare hes a great character and its a delight to think about, how do you describe the first atomic bomb blast . How do you describe seeing an atomic bomb take out a city . He does it masterfully. The surprising thing its almost like a postscript that you wrote about was that i guess there was a movement several years later to pull the Pulitzer Prize from him and the New York Times because of the arrangement that had been made at the time i thought, i wouldve chose that. An interesting story, what had happened was, during that period of time he was behind the scenes he was on the government payroll. There was just a different sort of relationship in terms of people, the media, the country, it was much more of a sense that we are all in this together that obviously has ended at a certain point i think in the 50s maybe the 60s that he went to the times and said, basically he was riding Government Press releases, theres a big player you mentioned, i think only wants but it leapt off the page at me because i did notice this as a piece of history but this fellow clouse fuchs, and the german that was a scientist on the Manhattan Project actually turned out to be a russian spy, can you tell that story . Just real quickly, one of the big issues for churchill and truman, because the british and the u. S. Had been involved in this all along together roosevelt and churchill and truman when the bomb explodes, truman gets word and churchill gets word almost at the same time. One of the things they are discussing is, when do we tell stalin because stalin doesnt know anything about this project, or so they think. Just before the conference ends and the decision is, we dont want to tell him too early and we dont want to tell him too much but if we dont own anything were supposedly allies hes gonna resent it and its going create more problems, when they are in pot stand there already major problems between russia on the one side and u. S. And britain on the other because of course russia swept in from the east and taken over most of Eastern Europe and they are not going to give it up. Later in the conference after one of the sessions, truman goes over to stalin to tell him about it and its been very practice what hes going to say and he doesnt even bring his translator, he uses the russian translator the translator stalin and truman by him themselves and truman says i want to let you know we have an enormous indescribably powerful weapon we have developed an stalin says something basically, i hope you put it to good use with the enemy and thats it and then he turns away. Truman is dumbfounded. He doesnt ask a question and churchill comes up and says, he wasnt there but he can see that its a very short conversation. Trumans russian translator, not the russian but the american who served as a translator, is wondering whether the translator had translated properly. The truth as stalin was interested, he just wasnt surprised because exactly as you say, there is this german scientist who would become a refugee, gone to britain ended up in the United States but he had been a member of the German Communist Party because he saw the communist party as being the only force inside germany that was resistant to hitler, he leaves eddies in the United States and because these are brilliant scientists, he is working the Manhattan Project for his loyalty distal to communism so gives a courier named raymond all kinds of information which goes back to the russians, the postscript to the entire story is, later that night stalin and molotov, the foreign minister, and up back in the russian compound together. Somebody overhears them having a conversation in which they are discussing the fact that truman has told them theyve got the bomb and the bomb works and stalin says, i guess we need to get going and an historian would later say that at 7 25 pm on that night is when the Nuclear Arms Race between russia and the u. S. Officially began. What a moment. Chris, do you have another book in you . It seems like you must. It seems like you really enjoyed this, it turned out to be bestselling book. Whats your next one . One of the thoughts i had was to not only do the things i said create historical thriller but to be able to replicate it. When i came up with the countdown idea instead of telling it as history but we will countdown the days i thought if you can do countdown 1945 you can do countdown whatever, i have a couple ideas, i havent settled on one yet but writing the history book there are ups and downs, highs and lows but i think there are enough ups. One of them was getting the chance to talk to you about the book. There will be another countdown. I cant wait to read it, youve got a home other career ahead of you. Just wonderful to see the work youve done and thanks so much for joining us today. Best of luck as you do this book tour virtually around the world. The virus is going to end and i will be out at one my Favorite Places in the world, the Reagan Library, ive been there many times, including with mrs. Ragan when she was still alive. I look forward to coming and talking to all you folks in person. Thanks chris, you are welcome anytime. Thank you for joining us for todays Virtual Programming event, we hope this conversation has inspired you to share what youve learned with your family and friends and that you will join us again for an upcoming event. Let me offer lesson number one about america, all great change in america begins at the dinner table. Tomorrow night in the kitchen i hope the talking begins and, children, if your parents hadnt been teaching you what it means to be an american, let them know and nail them on it. That would be a very american thing to do. Starting now, its booktv in prime time. First up to look at efforts by the late new yorker writer john hershey to report on the shortterm and longterm effects on the American Bombing of hiroshima in 1945. Then business strategist offer their thoughts for approving how the american political system works. Also tonight, activist shawn king reflects on his involvement in social justice movements, Breitbart Joel pollak ways and moments 2020 election and Nicholson Baker talks about the challenges he faced uncovering a secret 1950s air force program created to develop chemical and biological weapons. Checker Program Guide for more schedule information. Here is journalist lesley blume on the fallout of the bombing of hiroshima. Good evening, welcome to the knights Virtual Program we will be discussing breaking the truth of the true impact of the atomic bomb. We are honored to host the