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Thank you to our partners at Harvard University and thank you to all of you for tuning in and showing up for authors, publishers, bookselling and especially for science because it really matters. Finally, as you might have experienced in virtual gatherings these last few weeks, technical issues can arise and if they do, will do our best to resolve them quickly and thank you for your patience and understanding. Now, im pleased to introduce to my speaker, world renowned physicist and bestselling author, mario is known for his many previous reward Award Winning books, the golden ratio, accelerating universe into the equation that can be installed which is the basis for nominated program. As the a fellow of the American Association of science, hes made significant theoretical contributions ranging from supernova explosions and the emergence of life in the universe. In this world of Scientific Research and popular renown, hes appeared on numerous programs like the daily show, 60 minutes, all Things Considered and many others. Tonight is presenting his seventh book, galileo and the science deniers, a beautifully written controlling and insightful history. Jiggly in light of the current situation, the book, one would have hoped the galileo story could be treated, we need this because we are living through the next chapter of science denial with states that could not be higher. Theyre so happy to have him digitally tonight so without further ado, the digital podium is yours. Thank you very much. Will share the screen now. Just one second. Okay. This is the cover of the book so some people ask why i decided to write this book so there are simple reasons, among astrophysicists, founder of astrophysicists though i was always fascinated. His business of science denial which unfortunately, we still have to deal with today so these are, i think, good enough reasons to do this. I started by noting the fact that galileo is overweight oh, wait. My presentation jumped to the last slide. So i will start again. Start with the fact that it a largerthanlife hero following the history and for reasons many of you know, im sure but some of you will find out here. Because youre such a hero, many works of art in various areas so i collected a few paintings that are being painted and i throw one on top of the other, a bunch of photographs and look at them and throw them one on top of the other so this is the earliest portrait known of galileo when he was about 40 done by an unknown painter. His eyes are not symmetric which was something that appeared in other paintings as well, he probably had a problem there. This is a painting later, this particular painting is the famous painter but its not clear whether that true or not. This is one of the most famous paintings of galileo. Hes holding the telescope in his hand, we will talk about that. Galileo appeared in many other types of paintings, here is a painting, through the telescope trying to observe things and this is a cartoonish like painting with galileo trying to explain his discoveries to people from the Catholic Church but in addition to regular standard classical paintings, there are other types of works of art, appears even in beta, i saw this and what of the houses in florence, here hes painted as if hes scuba diving or something. The doodle as well, the telescope. He made into works of art in other areas, theres a very famous one at play, the life of galileo, this is a scene from one of the productions and theres even an opera written by galileo, we were unable to make the sound work on this shared screen so you will not hear the music but you will see the images so here are those images. Imagine this singing going on, it doesnt happen but it affects even the things advanced, which is even worse. I came up to tell you why that is happening. I will just jump over that. Let me jump to the discoveries. I dont know how to arrange anything of technicalities gra grade, the discoveries have to do with your physics. In freefall in particular, he drops it from certain heights. The tower of pisa, as far as i can tell based on my research, he probably had never done that. He did drop calls from various heights but i found no real reliable evidence. The biographer wrote that he did but he wrote when galileo was old, galileo was extremely young. So it happened on both sides. So he came up with this incredibly clever idea of using inclined planes. He realized that freefall is in some sense can be seen as an extreme case of falling down inclined planes when the inclined plane is truly vertical to the ground but by making the angle of the inclined plane very small, he was able to sort of dilute gravity to slow down so that he could make more accurate measurements for the motion. But he did more than that. By allowing the ball to roll down a plane and then fly into theair , he was able to see the trajectory that projectiles do falling into the air and he discovered that trajectory is actually a curve that was well known antiquity from the ancient greeks which is the parabola and he was the first to discover that that the projectiles trace a parabola as they go through the air. He also discovered laws of freefall, the distance traveled proportional to the square. Meaning if a ball falls for twice, once a one ball horse for a second and another ball that falls for two seconds the second covers the distance that is four times which is to square the distance covered by the ball that falls under one square and many other such things. Of course his most Famous Discoveries were with the telescope. So he did not invent the telescope. The telescope was invented in the netherlands but as soon as he heard about the invention he realized this would be a fantastic instrument. He basically took to from origins and furnished his own lenses and put lenses at the two ends of the tubes, these are two of his original telescopes, the only two that survive at the museum in florence. And instead of using this telescope to look at ships, after all he was in the venetian republic were to look i dont know, to spy on his neighbors he instead turned his telescope to the skies and there he saw incrediblethings. This was one of the lenses that he polished that is now this very ornate frame around but this is the lens. He very quickly managed to generate telescopes that had a power of about 20. The original telescopes and only a power of about four. The telescopes and a power of 20 and now when he looked, the first object he looked through, here is the First Encounter that we have with a situation where the levels are artistic education that helped him in his scientific discoveries. You see, at the same time there was this english colonel who also looked at the moon but when you look at what he drew from what he saw , you cannot understand anything and neither did he himself even though he saw some features there but galileo because of his training in drawing as an artist and his understanding of light and shadow, he understood immediately that what he was observing was a rugged circus of the moon. A service with mountains, with craters. By looking at the dark part near the terminator, if you look upwards on the bottom right small figure, the one that has three about it, you will see that there are points of light in the dark side, in the dark parts sorry , the unilluminated part i mean and he understood that that actually was tops of mountains that were illuminated by the sun and he noticed that the time was progressing, light was creeping down the mountains just as it would do on earth so he understood well what he was seeing and this was also extremely important because until that time, the idea was that there was a huge difference between things terrestrial and celestial. Things on earth were supposed to be corruptible, full of blemishes. It would die but things in the sky, in the heavens were supposed to be pristine. Perfect and no blemishes. What he showed was that the moon had a service just about like the surface of the earth and of course we now know that to be true and this is an image taken by astronaut billanders from the orbiter of the moon. He is an apollo astronaut and you can see that he uses craters on the surface of the moon and we also see the drive there. This has become a very very famous painting the cause of that. As i told you , galileo studied also free falling objects. And when he concluded again at the end which was amazing was that actually all objects in freefall fall exactly at the same rate. Irrespective of theirweight. But in the only difference we observe here on earth is because of the air resistance. Now, at his time there still were no vacuum pumps so he couldnt actually perform a service in a vacuum so it was really more is intuition and basing his things on thought experiments so thinking what would happen if you drop a heavy ball in a likable. This experiment was done on the moon. By astronaut scott. And i want to show you the video of that now but im not a little bit concerned because video also has sound in it and since the sound doesnt work im not sure if the video itself will work but lets see. I dont know if you hear it but he has a hammer. And he took both of them on themoon. And they hit the ground at thesame time. And he says i guess mister galileo was correct. Im not sure if you heard the sound but im telling you what he was saying. He said he got here to the moon because of a certain gentleman galileo who made some certain discoveries about falling objects then he did thisexperiment. Now, turning his telescope to other celestial objects, he discovered for satellites of teachers and that was an immense discovery. This is the first document where he describes it. This is in the bottom half of the letter he wrote to the dutch authorities and you can see his drawings, very simple drawings showing the floor. Sometimes you see all for satellites, sometimesonly three or two , two on the other side, three on one side, one on the other side and saw. The importance of this discovery cannot be you know, over emphasized. The thing is first of all, these were the very first objects since antiquity. New objectsdiscovered in the solar system. Second, the people who objected to the copernican method. At the time, what was still prevailing was a sickly the aristotelian model where the idea was that all the planets and the sun revolves around the earth. Galileo adopted the copernican model, copernicus lived some decades before him and wrote this book. Where all the planets including the earth revolved around the sun. Now, people who objected to this raised a variety of objections. Some of those were the following. He said wait a second, if the earth is really just another planet like all other planets, how come it is the only planet that has a mood. Well, galileo saw that jupiter is not just one moon but four. , there were saying all well, if the earth were torevolve around the sun. Surely it would have lost its moon. Outcome that it manages to preserve its moon. Well, here wasjupiter. Revolving around something , you choose whether you want to make it revolve around the earth or the sun but obviously keeping its four moons. So that is that objection as well so this was extraordinarily important. It is less known that galileo also detected the planet neptune in 1612. This is a point that you see on the very left of the figure. He didnt recognize it as a planet because his telescope wasnt good enough at observation, not long enough to be able to tell that it was moving but he did detected. The discovery of neptune was delayed until the middle of the 19th century it was really discovered to be a planet. One of the most important discoveries of galileo and by all means just a flavor of these discoveries is the basis of the planetvenus. You see, the thing is like this. Venus was known to be between the earth andthe sun. Venus is revolving around the sun, then it should show a whole set of phases just like the moon. For example, when is the farthest from the earth, and the top of the figure, it should look smallest and full elect. When it is closest to earth, which is in the bottom ofthe figure , it should look largest in basically dark. I mean, between it should show these areas phases, just like the moon. This is not expected if venus was revolving around the earth. So like showing this galileo gave us a strong argument perhaps the strongest against the aristotelian or ptolemaic form. I want now to move to Something Else which is particularly important since we are talking in the context of a store and so on. There is this author and chemists, see the snow in the 1950s noticed the following area he noticed in england that starting from about the 30s, people in the literary circles started to refer to themselves as intellectuals. Thereby excluding scientists from that definition. And furthermore they were complaining about scientists not knowing much about the humanities all. At the same time, cp snow noted that the same intellectuals actually knew almost nothing about the scientists and that they did not seem to bother them. So he wrote this book, he first gave a talk and then wrote the book which is called the two cultures where he basically described a schism that he thought has developed between the humanities and the sciences. Now, if you look atgalileo , galileo would not have been understood what cp snow is talking about you see, galileo lived during late renaissance. So even in terms of the chronology, i would call him a renaissance person but he was a renaissance person in every other aspect to area already at age 24 he gave two lectures on the dantes inferno. This is from dantes divine comedy. So he was very familiar with. He could cite dante and gave lectures on the location and structure of the inferno. He was also a great admirer of this public, validity go aristotle. He could cite entire passages from him. He actually wrote an essay comparing him to another poet , basha. He thought he was far superior and so on but it wasnt just in literature and poetry. First of all he was a musician area his father was a musician in the music theorist and galileo was an accomplished player and very often played his father. But not only that area as i said, he studied himself drawings but in addition to that he had paid your friends. The famous painter to me was one of his friends and this is here, the chapel, the dome of the chapel that he planted area and i want to draw your attention to the figure at the bottom which shows the virgins on the moon. And if you look closer at that, you will find that she painted the moon just as it was seen through galileos telescope. Until that time, most painters when they tried to paint these things from the book of revelations, they the book as perfect and pristine and with no blemishes but she painted it just like galileo sought and another famous painter that was a friend of his was one of the great painters ofthe renaissance. But perhaps one of the very few women painters. She painted this painting which was due to be heading holofernes and she spoke to galileo and he told her of this business of projectile tracing babylon, one shooting in the air and she applied it to the blood squirting from holoferness neck so in her second version ifyou look at the same area at the bottom , you will see this where you actually see the blood creating this parabolic trajectory and this is her second version of this painting. And for some reason, things look stock over here. I cannot tell why. I have no idea why. I apologize but we do have a technical issue here which is im trying to resolve. I cannot even escape from the presentation. I dont know whats happening. You want me to cancel out of it and bring it back up again . Please do one moment everyone. You want to hear it share again. Im not getting it. Everyone sit tight for one second. Class thats great. Okay. I dont know if it advances or not. Perfect i wouldnt say because i have now advanced to a place where i didnt want to go. Ill go and make it. So we saw the second version of her thinking and this is the full second version area thank you very much kate area okay. Lets now jump over a few decades. In galileos life and this booklet he wrote area and tried to publish in 1633. This was called a dialogue on the systems and the book was written as a conversation among three people. One of whom represented galileo. Another one was an educated but layperson and the third one was supposed to be an avid aristotelian. Galileo had been called that person simply seal which was named after a great supporter of galileo,of aristotles theory. But it also is somewhat of a connotation of a simpleton. In this book, galileo , anybody read the book immediately sort of saw galileo was a strongly supportive of the copernican model of the solar system and was basically ridiculing the opinions of simply defending the aristotelianview. Galileo knew that and his friends told him that it wouldnt get permission to publish the book. You see, to publish a book you have to get permission from the Catholic Church. So for the book to be actuallyaccepted , he ended the practice and a conclusion section which seemed to say that yes, whatever it says in the book actually things are inconclusive that you cannot determine whether the copernican for the ptolemaic aristotelian version are correct area now, unfortunately this preface and conclusion really looked to anybody read the book asan afterthought. And in fact, special commission was appointed to say whether galileo defended copernican as him and it concluded thatabsolutely , copernican is in one of them even said that he holds that opinion. Now, that was considered heretical. And i should also mention that 17 years earlier, actually there was an injunction against galileo. Which in the strict version of it, hes not allowed galileo either to hold nor defend nor teach in any way the copernican as him area he had in his possession a letter from chief cardinal at the time over odell amino. Which was a somewhat softer version basically said that he couldnt hold a copernican position but didnt say that he could teach it or talk about this. So he thought he was okay. But that didnt fly very well and he was contradicted. I want to emphasize a few points here in his discussion. Very often, when people talk about thegalileo affair. They present it as this was a clash that between science and religion. Absolutely was not galileo never thought it as such. Galileo was himself a religious person. The class was between the science that he was presenting and literal interpretation of the bible. Galileo was that one shouldnt interpret the bible literally because the bible is not a science book. It is safe for example the mobility or stability of the earth on the sun neither a matter of faith nor pace so there is no contradiction he said. And he pointed out that, as every day davis was not written as a science book is that you dont even, the names of the planets are not even mentioned in the bible. So basically, his point was that the bible was written for our salvation. And not as a science book. And therefore should not be taken as a science book and that whenever there is an apparent conflict between what observation and experiments tell us, and a literal interpretation of the codecs it means misinterpretation and it has to be different because the bible he said was written or a Common People to understand so my which was not scientifically accurate. The strongest point on this was that he said that he did not think that the same god who has given us our sin, reason and intelligence with us to abandon their use. So basically, the same if observation and reasoning on the one thing which appears to be contrary to a literal interpretation, you need to change theinterpretation. Now unfortunately all this did not help him. And he was put on trial. The reason it was perhaps an attempt to reach some sort of a preview but that didnt work particularly well. And the bottom line here was that this resulted in one of the most horrible events in our intellectual history. Where galileo on his knees, was found to be mentally suspected of nursing and forced to adjourn. I want to make a point here. With eyes of today of course, we see this trial as a assault on intellectual freedom area you see, the point is that at irrespective of whether galileo was talking about the correct interpretation, suppose the copernican model was the wrong one was still his right to write about this. The church did not really have the right to condemn him to prohibit his books. This book, the dialogue was on the index of prohibited books until the 19th century. And so on. , they read this verdict he was supposed to adjourn and recount office and he did. He recanted on his kneesagain , i am sure and test the errors and heresies which basically went against much of his lifes work. So this is a really horrible incident area now, i do want to emphasize that from its own perspective, because galileo didnt tell the people who gave him permission to print the book about the injunction from 17 years earlier, they found him guilty in that but there is no question aboutthis. I hate to use the following phrase but galileo ended up giving them the finger. This is galileos finger is in the Galileo Museum in florence. When his body was moved from rather obscure grave to the current tomb where it is, a couple of fingers, a tooth and a vertebrae were removed from his body or whatever reason and those are now here. In 1992, Pope John Paul ii recognized that galileo was right and the church was wrong. Here is what he said. He basically said simply and again, weve lostconnection. Kate, can you please do something . Kate . Sorry, my mike was off. The pope said paradoxically. I canceled your screen, do you want to screen share again one minute . Sorry i canceled that, i thought we were redoing it. Thats my fault. All right. There you go. Okay, now. So Pope John Paul ii in 1992 said paradoxically, galileos proved himself more on this issue then his theologian adversaries. The majority of theologians did not perceive the formal distinction that exists and its interpretation so basically the pope completely agreed with galileo but it took them 350 years for that to happen. Pope francis, here i am with the pope. Only its not the realpope, its a cardboard image of the pope. But it looks very real. This is at the university of america and pope francis also said the big bang does not contradict the divine act of creating. Evolution in nature is not inconsistent with the notion of creation so to popes now basically agreed that there is no contradiction. This is all i want to tell you about galileo but the book is called galileo and the sciencedeniers. And like i said, one of the reasons why i wrote the book, one of the main reasons is because we are unfortunately in encountering science denial today and i want to give you one very clear example and that has to do with climate change. But look, i want to make what i present here completely nonpartisan. I just show you some data and you can judge for yourself. This shows the Carbon Dioxide concentration in the earths atmosphere in thepast 50 years. Measured very very accurately as you can see and the main thing i want you to look at is not so much the values of the concentration but the enormously rapid rate at which it is changing over these past few years. And if that did not impress you enough or certainly may be did not convince you that this is somehow related to human activity, i want to show you the past 300 years. So here is the past 300 years and if you look from about1850 , ill remind you Industrial Revolution around 1848. Here is the rise in the concentration and in particular the rise of the last few years. Furthermore if you look at icebergs, people can determine, scientists can determine the concentration of co2 in the atmosphere even in the past 10,000 years and this is what it looks like. So you can see that its sort of bounces all over the place but look at the rate at which it happens in the last 50 years and we even have data for the past800,000 years. And, but this is not the right figure. So again kate, im stuck again. I hear you. Want me to guide it out . Would you like to screen share again . Yes i would we are getting really good at this. Yes but its unfortunate. If i give a talk for seven hours maybe we would buy then be perfect. All right. There we go. Let me see here. Looks good on my end. Here is the 800,000 years. So you can see that i mean because people say yes, but the co2 concentration changed over the years and it has and you can see the changes here but look at what happens in the recent past. It just blows off the ground here. So when you have todays situations where people try to ignore this or two or three times, the existence of climate changewas after that , whether humans had anything to do with this, this is i think what they should remember area and and again, its very sad to say we are in the middle of apandemic now. And this pandemic at the very early stages in the us for example, statements such as o, we now have 15 cases and very soon it will be close to zero did not help. There are now models that show that the initial response had been to actually trust the science, we would have ended up with far fewer people dying from this disease. So basically i want to finish here with some lessons from hereand there is a main lesson. Its a beautiful tomb, right here you can see me standing in front of it. It is in the basilica in florence and it is by the way right across from the tomb of michelangelo. And the main lesson here is the following. You see, it is never really a good idea to bet against science. And to do so when things like human life or even the future of life on our planet are at stake, it is really unconscionable and it is not that science is always right. Scientists are actually the first to admit that science is always only provisional. Science is only as good as you know, the data that was available to create the models and things at a given time. But science also self corrects. Sometimes theself correction is very rapid, sometimes it may takedecades but it does selfcorrect. So basically , the main lesson is believe in science. And so i want to thank you and i will take questions if there are. All right. I will take this and close it. So everyone if you have questions , about this book or any of doctor levines previous work feel free to enter them in the question box below. But lets look at ones we have so far. Doctor Lemuel Richard asks what was the relationship if any between galileo and other enlightened scholars out of the time such as the jesuits kircher, may have pronounced that wrong. Not with him but he definitely, he was in good relations with many scientists of his time. In particular, for a while after a decade they had a quarrel but for a while he was on good relations with johan kepler, very famous astronomer. The exchange correspondence. He was in relationship with a jesuit astronomers and mathematicians romano in rome. With some of them, he had very serious disagreements and in particular he was a very annoyed when they didnt come to his defense even though their observations fully confirmed his. So he was you know, in relations with other people, people of science at the time. Paul greenberg asks does science tend to advance in common small steps building on itself over a long time with many incremental contributors or does it advance from vast leaps like galileo, who is the galileo of the 21stcentury . I imagine from the question that this person also read marcos book which talked about revolutions in science but the truth is i think that science advances in both. Not in one of the two, rather than the other but there is a lot of incremental work which eventually leads to a revolution. So, but sometimes its very incremental work area and its not so noticedand then the revolution is much more noticed. There are revolutions that are inspired by for example in galileos case also by technology. The fact that the telescope is available suddenly. So when you have Something Like this clearly that is a quantum leap. When you have people like einstein who suggest general relativity seemingly out of thin air, in the sense that it was not in the air at all, thats the type of revolution but otherwise, most of the time its more incremental and also like i said, dependent on whats available in the 21st century. I dont know that we have one to the honest area for a while we thought that superstring theory would be an answer to many questions. Now there are serious doubts whether that is actually true. So we dont really know. I think that with advances in new telescopes and things like this we will have new discoverieswe will have many new discoveries. Mark helton asks how do we combat the continued assault on science is happening 400 years laterhow do we turn the tide back to science . I wish i knew the answer to that. As i said, i think that the current sidelining of science is alarming. To be honest. And what worries me more is that there are some studies which appear to show that once doubts have formed certain opinions it is extremely difficult to change those opinions even if you present them with clear contradictory facts. So the only way in my opinion to combat this, but it takes time is to really start with Young Children and throughout the whole education system. The education system, not everybody should become a scientist. God forbid that all of us were scientists, we need the humanists and we need the artists and musicians, we need all of that but we do need to see and i have a whole chapter in the book about this. We need to see science as a part of culture area as a part of one human culture. Everybody needs to have an appreciation of science. Everybody needs to know for example that in galileos time people their Life Expectancy was half ofwhat it is today and its only because of science. If you look at the difference between what we call the modern world and the medieval world , the main difference has to do with science. So people need to have this appreciation of what science is and they need to know some basic things like that there are laws of nature that the whole universe appears to obey and things of that sort. Im thinking of another one. Question about galileo. Given his fascination with cosmic objects that he tackle the question of gravity itself its a good question and the answer is number he didnt. Galileo, he was a revolutionary but in some ways, he was still a prisoner of previous use. So he did not believe much in Mysterious Forces acting across distance. This for example, this is also for example why his explanation for ocean tides was completely wrong. Galileo wasnt always right. On many occasions he waswrong. So he didnt understand, even though kepler already suggested that the moon had something to do with times but galileo never accepted it. So no, he studied motion itself and found laws of that helped newton but he wasnt newton. He didother things. This is a related question about his Research Area would galileo be aware of your odonnell brunos supposition that the different points of light called stars were sons and weather, where of this or not did he have his own speculations. I think so among his early discoveries that he turned his telescope to the milky way. And he showed that what normally looked almost like a sort of continuous light broke down to many, many stars of different luminositys. So he understood that there was a vast number of stars and he was aware of brunos faith. He was burned at the stake unfortunately. Had galileo been found not vehemently suspected of heresy but to be heretical, he would have been burned at the stake to. So i dont even know what tosay to that, thats horrible. So Michael Connelly asks concerning the term intellectual. A parallel term in india has been in use for some time in the continent. Intelligentsia referred to scientists and literary scholars or only the latter and if the latter was intellectual , in response to the foreign bolshevik . I dont know if it was a response to the bolshevik term. In galileos time if we go back 400 years but certainly there was no very, very clear distinction among artists and things and scientists. Leonardo da vinci famously did lots of science experiments as well as being a painter. Who by the way was born on this date today. May 21, was a great painter but he was also an accomplished mathematician and did all kinds of things so people around that time, they did both. The distinctions were blurred between and artist and people were architects and at the same time they were painters and this. Surely the phenomenon that cp snow noticed, i dont think really started in the 1930s. It probably started before that but the kind of documented it since then. That schism, there are people who still think today that there are people like humbly myself who tried to bridge the gap. By writing Popular Science books and things like that to make it clear that this is part of world culture. Randy calvo as the question is rather bleak to put it interestingly about experience. The professor think the covid19 experience will be and of ions deniers . Know. First of all i dont wish anybody to die. Even if i completely disagree withtheir opinions. It would not be the end of science denial and the fact is that even now, we are living through a stage where there is no question that the response of the us was inadequate at least at the very early stages and maybe even to some extent now. Look, here is a statistic i looked at area i looked for example on may 14. I looked at the number of deaths in the us and in south korea and i look, south korea as 52 Million People. The us as we hundred 28. I calculated the number of deaths per Million People. In south korea and in the us. In the us, the deaths per Million People are 264 people died per million of population. Do you knowwhat that number was in south korea . It was five. What in the us was 264, in south korea was five. 5. 03 to be precise. Whats the difference . The difference is that their response from the beginning was followed the science. They did the Contact Tracing and isolation and all the steps that we eventually ended up doing. They did it right from the start area and vietnam did things like that, germany to some extent. Germany the number is not as good as in south korea and add Something Like 95 deaths per million. Cities in germany as a population had some 83 Million People. But again, they responded more quickly and follow the sites. I think we have time for one more question. And i think im going to take sydney renders question and sydney asks what would be your answer to someone who doesnt agree with the consensus on Global Warming which i know that you talked about some but i think maybe for the people in our own lives who not just Global Warming but are not teen to look at the science as part of culture or as a force for decisionmaking. How would you respond to people in our own life like that . What can i say to mark i should hear those grass. I think this is totally nonpartisan those grass speak for themselves. We see that in the past 50 years, again. Im not talkingspecific numbers, im talkingabout the rate of change. Its unprecedented. In history. In recorded history in any fashion. So clearly we are facing a serious problem here. And even if you are not 100 percent convinced that humans are responsible for this, there is no doubt that human activity is we continue to burn fossil fuels does not help. So we must do something because if not, places like bangladesh and like florida and so on maybe underwater. We have to do something about this and hopefully everybody will recognize that at some point and yes, it will cost money. Yes, now what with this pandemic it didnt cost money . Of course. Sometimes things happen and they are so bad they cost money and you have to pay a price and the price maybe very, very difficult. We have now so many unemployed and these things. Its horrible area i recognize that its horrible. But it is also horrible to havehundreds of thousands of dead people. Its a bleak note to end on but. Believe in science is a positive note. Thats a positive note to end on and thats what this theory is all about after all. Thank you once again to doctor livio for your presentation and for your patience with technology and thank you for all of you out there for spending your evening with us. Please feel free to learn more about this book and purchase galileo and the science deniers at the link below. On behalf of Harvard Bookstore and the Harvard University division ofscience and the Science Library all here in cambridge massachusetts , have a good night , keep reading and please be well. Good night everyone. Thank you kate andthank you everybody. Tv has top nonfiction books and authors every weekend. Coming out this july 4, saturday at 11 pm eastern Iowa Republican senator joey ernst talks about her journey from growing up in iowa to being the first female combat veteran in the u. S. Senate and her memoir daughter of the heartland. Thats sunday at noon in depth, alive to our conversation with retired admiral james to read us author of several books including command see, the accidental admiral, destroyer captain and his most recent book sailing through area join the conversation with your phone calls, comments and tweets at 8 30 p. M. Eastern and in her memoir day or to fry fly . Sally reflects on her military career as they first female pilot to fly in combat at 9 pm eastern on after words pulitzer prizewinning Washington Post reporter mary jordan on the life and influence of first lady melania trump. Shes interviewed by Washington Bureau chief susan page. What tv on cspan this weekend. Heres a look at books being published this week. By the for larry time recounts the life of joe mccarthy in demagogue. And say it louder, Tiffany Cross argues black voters are vital to american democracy. Julie kelly offers her opinions onthe Never Trump Movement in this loyal opposition. Also being published this week in the end of white politics, msnbc analyzed Alayna Maxwell examines the success and failures of liberal politics. Aj bain provides a history of the 1948 election and its importance for americas political course in dewey defeats truman. Townhall senior colonists perch lecter argues against claims made about President Trump and his voters in the 21 biggest lies about donald trump area and in length and tweets, political scientist jacob hacker and paul pearson argue that conservatives make populist claims while actually benefiting the elites. Find these titles this coming week wherever books are sold and watch for many of the authors in the near future on book tv on cspan2. Hello everyone, welcome. My name is samantha ashokan and i manage Public Programs at the museum of jewish heritage, a living memorialto the holocaust. It is my great pleasure to welcome you to tonights event celebrating the launch of Esther Safran foers book i want you to know were still here a postholocaust memoir. Esther is the former executive director of the historic synagogue in washington dc. Her starring literary debut she recounts her remarkable journey to find a family that hid her father during the war to meet the siblings she never met and heal the wounds of her past. We are joined byth