Frequent morning joe contributor and our fearless leader, president of the nonpartisan council on Foreign Relations in 2003 but today we are here to listen to Richard Haass the prolific author and academic who had come out with another book entitled not very ambitiously, slightly ambitiously the world a brief introduction, in about 300 pages. He calls it a departure from his previous books. I want to start because it was only after you turned in the manuscript that the world was confronted by the covid19 pandemic and in the two months since that happened this crisis has highlighted so many of the themes and concepts you tackle in the book so i want to ask outright what does the pandemic tell us about the world right now . Guest thank you for doing this and thanks to everyone on this call. I hope everybody is well and safe as we all get through this one day at a time, one groundhog day at a time. But i think the pandemic tells us first and foremost that the world matters. A member of the council on Foreign Relations, an obvious thing for everybody, the world matters, what happens around the world doesnt stay there. It was a small city in china where the virus broke out, ultimately spread through china and then spread to the United States and elsewhere around the world. 9 11, terrorists trained in afghanistan. Other various times what we have seen with Climate Change coming from everywhere, financial contagion from this or that country. What this should tell us is these two oceans, the atlantic and pacific, there is no drawbridge to pull up. Sovereignty or whatever else it is is not the same thing as security. We are affected by what happens in the world. What we do affects the world and the most Important Message to date is the world matters and isolationism, deny sticking her head in the sand or whatever else you want to call it is not a serious survival strategy. Host you talk at length about the interconnectedness of the globe and interdependence. How has the american response to this Global Crisis reflected some of the things you bring up, the notable absence of the us in the european convening to tackle the vaccine for covid19. This has not been a good experience of us connectedness to the world but we are connected like it or not, globalization is many things. How we respond to it, globalization itself is reality and as you say we chose not to participate in the european led effort to pool resources, intellectual and financial to work toward a vaccine. That reduces the chance the effort will succeed or succeed quickly and also if we were to succeed we would be hardpressed to make the argument we would be at the start of the q. The europeans could say you werent there when we needed you, now suddenly you need this, why should we favor you over others . Even more what probably hurt us has been the example we set. An important part of what foreignpolicy is about, not what diplomats say or do or what short soldiers say or do as important as those things are. The functioning and vibrancy of our democracy, when we heavy quality for all americans, when our economy grows at a healthy clip, how we respond to a foreign challenge. No one around the world gets up in the morning and says i want to do this just like america, i really respect how they are doing it. Inconceivable that that sentiment is being expressed. Host what about another chapter in your book, the role of multinational organizations like the World Health Organization. Donald trump has repeatedly threatened to withdraw funding at a time when people in bill and Melinda Gates have died double down to increase funding. Thoughts . One of the realities of the world is a between global challenges, Climate Change, pandemics, terrorism, digital cyber domain and global arrangements. An enormous gap. We use this phrase all the time in our business, international community, the World Health Organization like most International Organizations struggles to narrow the gap between challenge and response but it is no stronger than the major powers will let it be. The United States pulled out funding, china has ignored a lot of its requests so what this tells us, we see this time and again whether it is the un, security council, global governance, global arrangements and all that are only as strong as the United States, china and this will allow. We have to improve it in this crisis or i would say we need to find ways to supplement, to work around it, to come up with other ways of employing our efforts. The other lesson of this world, isolationism is a dead end. The other fundamentalists of the pandemic is unilateralism is another viable approach to the world. Host you mentioned china and its role in the pandemic, theres been a lot of criticism of intelligence and lack of transparency but also what is the role china has played in this crisis, about its role in the globe right now . It reminds people as if we needed reminding what an authoritarian Society China is, clearly the stakes mistakes were omitted, chinas initial reaction was silence. China still continues to push off requests for any sort of investigation. The first thing, it is a reminder of the nature of china. It has not met its International Obligations to cooperate fully with the world, health organization, cooperating artfully with our response to it. That to me is the basic message. While this is going on site has done pretty nasty things including repressing democrats in hong kong to mention one other thing. At the same time this isnt necessarily a rationale, i have been writing about this, for the United States to get up and say we need to have hostility to china epicenter of our Foreign Policy. We need to push back and criticize china where need be. We can talk about that. Wouldnt it be a much different and better 21stcentury if on occasion we can persuade china to work with us. Against future pandemics, against Climate Change, to reign in north Koreas Nuclear and missile ambitions. The real foreignpolicy challenge, one way to think about it is how we push back against china where necessary but also how do we protect cooperation where it serves our interests. That will be a major challenge to the next generation of diplomats in those countries. Host you talked about how the pandemic has similarities to other global crises, for example Climate Change or cyber terror. In what ways do those challenge the order or disorder of the globe . The similarity is it doesnt matter where these things start. They spread everywhere. They dont respect borders. You can deny them but you cant insulate your selves from the consequences. Climate change one of the interesting reactions is how in this country the rejection of science and experts, we see it on the pandemic, on the Public Health front, we see it regularly on Climate Change and one of the things i am hoping, i admit it is a hope, not a prediction, the comes out of this is greater respect for facts, greater respect for scientists, greater respect for experts, wide respect for doctor fauci is a welcome development. You them by yourself. I keep circling back to the rejection of isolationism and unilateralism. Let me say one other thing. What is interesting is how much of the last few hundred years of history were about power jockeying and how it got out of hand and we had world war i and world war ii and then went through the cold war, very managed power competition. We will have competition with china and differences with russia but what really defines the arrow we are living in, defines the 21st century and makes it different is i would predict the major challenges of this year are not so much great power competition, a familiar challenge that continues to exist but the bigger challenge could well be how to contend with these global challenges. Imagine we are successful at pushing back against china. That still doesnt provide an answer to Climate Change or future pandemics. We know there will be 25 or 30, held doesnt help us deal with terrorism. It is necessary to deal with major power competition but one of the lessons of this is it is not sufficient. Host i want to highlight my dogeared and highlighted copy of your book, it is called the world a brief introduction, it is on amazons bestseller ranked 53 among books. You took great satisfaction in edging out Good Night Moon for the moment although that bright shining moment passed. It is number 2 in world history, and yet you said, i must say, one of the most fun aspects of it for me is seeing you pop up hitchcock style in chapters of the young state department, administrator or another diplomats. What made you write this book . It is a bit of a departure from the 15 others you have written or edited. I tend to exaggerate. What made me write this was a concern. In high school or college, born around the turnofthecentury, if you have the kind of long lifespan we are now hoping for it means your life will be a 21stcentury life. What is so striking to me is how many young people dont have even a rudimentary knowledge of this world that in many ways could make or break their lives weather is professionally, personally, this book came out a day where rarely enough to me, without fishing, which im not known to do, i met this young man going from a junior to senior year at stanford and he was a Computer Science major and i said that is interesting. What do you study when you are not study coding for computers . What history courses have you had, he said i havent had any. I said how many economics courses . Havent had any of those either. We went on to the large curriculum and clearly this is a really intelligent young man who is going to graduate with a very narrow intellectual foundation. When i came back to the council what i noticed was this was not an exception. You can graduate from virtually any college and university in the country and avoid these courses. They are offered virtually everywhere. They are not required. What made me want to write this book is so Many Americans young but also young lack the foundation, lack the knowledge in order to among other things hold elected representatives and officials to account. How can people walk into a voting booth this november if they havent read up on the positions of the candidates and havent said that doesnt make sense, why is that in my interest . I love people to get empowered so they can become better informed and as a result more active citizens. Thats what this is about. Host you are fighting the illiteracy, foreignpolicy illiteracy, that is one of your missions on the council of Foreign Relations. I take exception to the fact you had to mention my, motter, stanford. When i was there there were distribution requirements. I took a few history classes was part of the joy of reading this in part of the reason i highlighted it is we are in an era of specialists where you can take nothing but asian history, nothing but african history and missed out on what the early chapters of your book does which is highlight the global perspective. Im a great believer that history is extraordinarily valuable. As mark twain said history doesnt repeat itself but it rhymes and it does in many cases inform our decisionmaking, inform our analysis. Ive been lucky enough to work for four president s on each occasion history was boarded into the conversation. Is beginning else history can be used or abused, it is helpful in order to make sense of the flood of stuff coming at us between the internet, television, what have you. It was something of a filter to make better sense of it. My son is going through ap history testing. Give us a sense of your writing process. We know you have a day job, there are a few crazies your handling. How do you write when you write . What is the process like . In the sense that i had to think hard about what went into it. If you want to write a brief introduction to the world by definition you have got to rule a lot of stuff out. Not assume anyone has taken these courses. Taking a lot of long walks around central park and thinking about it and when i sit down i am ready to write. And never to accept working breakfast. And and then if i have a few hours on the weekend i am lucky, i can write quickly but that is pretty much dont think of it as a sequential process. Then do all your writing. Instead start writing. My wife susan is an editor, tell us by writers what you want to do. It all starts at the top and build the book from the bottom, think why you are doing it, what is your readership and what action you want to have and before you get buried in the details. And take a departure from his usually, and weizen on the isolationism. By tiptoeing to it, on one end zone or the other politically. The purpose of this book is not to tell people whether to support this policy or that but rather to give background by themselves. They are so intrinsic to the book, criticism of isolationism and unilateralism and they would come out, we can argue that are the details we want. Those are legitimate policy arguments. There wasnt an argument about ignoring the world or the foreignpolicy was a game of solitaire. I had to come out of the closet on it. Host i envision you coming out of the closet, was overarching advice would you give on covid19 . Guest i would make a big push for diplomacy. For working with allies and force multipliers. I would make a bigger push for explaining American Foreignpolicy to the american people. They put great emphasis on recreating foreign service, one of the real historic strength of this country. People are essential, whether they are soldiers, we need diplomats and people who train to represent this country around the world and advise the president sitting in on washington but on covid19 its beyond the purview of the state department argue what president s or mayors are doing domestically but it is not beyond the purview of the state department to argue for our participating in the collective scientific efforts dealing with antivirals and vaccines. It is not beyond the purview of the state department to be designing the economic help the United States would coordinate to help other countries through this and beyond the purview, it is the purview to focus on the other things. It is understandable. There is no giant pause button in the world. History hasnt stopped. North korea is developing Nuclear Weapons and missiles, getting closer to the edges of the 2015 agreement which reduced the warning time we would have if in fact it did choose to make a dash for Nuclear Weapons. Venezuela is hemorrhaging people, russia is occupying crimea and parts of Eastern Ukraine in the south china sea. The state department stays focused on the rest of American Foreignpolicy and one of the things i say about this crisis, we have a whole new set of problems, now is the time for the United States to be focused inward and trillions of dollars, this is really dangerous combination that makes it more important that the state department keeps its eye on the ball. You have said not just in the book but Numerous Television Appearances that this is a precarious time. The order or the lack thereof or declining order keeps you up at night. What you think is being ignored most when we are preoccupying with covid19 and whatever else is that front of mind. It is a critical moment. For a lot of my career i used to do things like analyze arms control agreements, European Nuclear forces, strategic arms control but all of that took place is intricate it was. As important as it was, i would framework, when we got up during the cold war, we knew what we were going to wake up to. Far fewer assumptions the what the United States will do. Even because the institutions keep up with change, couldnt be accommodated the United States is not prepared to play its traditional role and at a moment of history you have all this dynamism, this pandemic in economic and human costs, they have the bandwidth dealing not just with problems caused by the pandemic. In a macro sense that is the biggest concern, two problems as the relationship goes so go a lot of the century. It was deteriorating in the crisis. The other issue is Climate Change. What is so interesting, another form of the Global Crisis, unlike covid19 it is a slow motion crisis so it is harder to galvanize national or international response. In california, the warmer weather and all sorts of agricultural, human and other impacts on us. It was not close to be adequate and it is quite possible Climate Change will be defining challenge, they are squandering the moment, heading off a deal that was manageable. I will open up to members who are on line, presenting those question. The world in disarray, what are the forces that are causing an additional disarray in the world . It is pulling back a historic position, restraint, we are seeing a growth in authoritarianism. The biggest challenge to the european conduct to stabilize europe in ways that are fantastic for the last 70 years. A court in germany today, with european institutions and the resentment of Northern Europe to help 7 europe. Let me stop you on one . Do we all we see also to examples, whether they are influencing american how do you sort of confront that power . Guest we may not be able to. Russia not only has conventional military power but has nuclear might, destroy the entire planet. One would be we want to negotiate nuclear arms, one of the first efficiencies going to have to make is what do we do about strategic arms control agreement, and at a minimum, dont need to add a Nuclear Competition to all else. And mister putin is quite vulnerable. The mishandling of the pandemic, the plummeting of Oil Prices Hurt the russian economy, it is 1dimensional. I would show russia respect. I never thought in my life diplomacy was a favor we bestow on others. One area that i thought was right was to provide defense if support to the government of ukraine, to push against vladimir putin, ways to say if you interfere in our politics we will look in some ways to interfere in europe. Host you have a chapter on cyber terrorism. What is the strategy, the best way for counterterrorism perspective to deal with misinformation in the cyber terror in these rogue nations. It is unregulated space. The analogy i like, that is where we are and cant agree on what the fools of the road are in cyber, arms control, we dont have the equivalent where we set rules, United States and china agreed there wouldnt be theft, economic secrets, china went ahead and violated that agreement. It is one of the other reasons history is hard to manage, they are not the only players on the chessboard, we got to deal with others but i would Work Together initially with the companies but also europe. Of the United States, europe, japan, came up with rules of the road. It was already 60, 65, 70 of the global economy. Lets start there. We set the rules there, the chinese and others and the russians you want to have an economic relationship with us, we are 70 of the world and here is what it is going to take. Nothing if not prompt. To direct the questionandanswer session we will unmute. Just now there are north of 500 people participating so we will try to get as many questions as possible. We. Richard to be brief so we can hear from many people. Lets unmute the first question are. As a reminder to ask a question, please click on the raised hand icon on your window. When called on hit the unmute button and state your name and affiliation followed by your question. Caller i am with facebook and the state department. Thanks, what is going well, any positive trends happening to double down on. The default option toward the negative. One thing that isnt present in this world, simply because for the first death in the 21stcentury we had two world wars and the cold war. The fact that that is not defining is a good thing. It may seem bizarre to talk positive things in the area of health. Lifespans are far longer today than a generation or two generations ago. All sorts of diseases have been eradicated. Lets put aside the recession we find ourselves in as a result of the pandemic. Economic standards living in the United States and around the world, much higher than it was decades ago even though in recent years there have been setbacks for democracy, looking at 1950 versus 2000, the world is more open than it was. The internet, technology, brought us extraordinary advances, hopscotch around the world and find some countries that are doing quite well. Columbia for example, 25 years ago, had a terrible civil war and is one of the poster child of successful country in many ways in the americas, that came out of difficult times. Asia is a successful part of the world where you have the greatest concentration of wealth. Theres lots to be positive about. What im worried about are the trends. If i were to take a snapshot from a Historical Perspective i would say not bad but what is worrisome is where we are compared to where we were some years ago and where we might be heading. Next question. Next question from jim siren. Caller how are you . I just unmuteed myself. We could hear you even if you didnt. Caller i am shouting because im down in florida but i think you might be able to hear me in new york. My question is do you see anything in the policies and programs of either president ial candidate that address at all the problems you describe in your book . Guest in terms of this president the policies are there. He is incompetent, has a record of 3 and a half years, he is in many ways when he took a job made it clear, the value of his inheritance, hes going out of his way to dismantle that inheritance. I am quite critical of that, he didnt have anything better to put in its place. Selectively, he was right to call out china, quote, about its behaviors, yugoslavia, despite the ukraine, a lot of his policies with unilateral tariffs and opposition of the wto. There was progress whether it was nafta 2. Oh, the us mca agreements. The question what he would do with a second term he hasnt articulated. Keeping with the traditional forms of American Foreign policy, operated within the 35 or 40 yard lines from one side of the field to another, republican and democrat alike. I just suggested donald trump, or President Biden very much would, for President Biden or donald trump if he were to be reelected is the inbox and because of some dynamics in the world, structural change because of covid19 or many things this administration has done. The inbox would be extraordinarily demanding, daunting, challenging but whoever is sitting in the oval office will come at a time when the us chinese relationship is in worse shape, us resources will be stretched because of what we have to do at home. I actually think it is a different foreignpolicy challenge whoever is sitting in the oval office next time around. Host excellent question. Next question from fred. Please accept the unmute button now. Guest im not hearing anything so we might go to the next question. Caller did you get that . Host you are on. Caller that was spectacular. Somewhat related, you said today very compelling in terms of americas goal, how do we make this follow. Whether it is on trade or americas role in the world to see this. Americans benefited honestly by roles in global currency, this is an elite idea but they dont see that. It is a way people see that it creates a lot of jobs but it seems hard to make the case to the american public. Guest a great question. I would argue we have been stunningly well served in Broad Strokes since world war ii. Im not going to say we didnt make errors, we obviously did in vietnam and iraq and all that, strategic errors but by and large, safer, avoided major power conflict, trade on balance has been a great driver of American Economic improvement. I would say immigration on balance has been a great driver of american innovation. How do you make the argument . President s and other senior officials need to explain things, fireside chats are quite a powerful tool, the oval office can be a powerful classroom if the president wants to use it. The other thing i want to do in this book is make the argument that the world matters. There are things weve done or can do that would make a positive difference in all of our lives. Parents should push to say what a high school to curriculum is. White is it they understand domestic dna or civics equipment and the basics of how the world is, same on college campuses. Was would be wrong with requiring every graduate to take one course in the basic of how the world works and how it matters, and and freds question. Theres nothing about the future. All the things and people get interested, and excited at the process. How they can leave the world better off is not simply an act in philanthropy but again redounds to our own advantage. It sounds like a cliche but from the top down from leadership and the news media can make more of a commitment to cover these things. Youve got what happens in high school and college and the council on Foreign Relations over the last ten years. We have added a new dimension to what we do and we basically said we are going to live up to being a resource for those inside the foreignpolicy conversation around the country and elsewhere but we are going to get into churches and synagogues and mosques and be a resource for local officials, mayors and governors, get into classrooms at virtually every level, help journalists around the country. Essentially we are going to be a resource for better understanding the world on Foreign Policy choices. It is a larger mission. Host well worth the extra time. Next, thank you, fred. Next question. Caller can you hear me . Congratulations on the book. I wanted to ask you about threats to press freedom and threats to the media ecosystem, rapid technological change. The Los Angeles Times is committed to expanding international understanding, there are fewer correspondents for American News organizations working overseas then there were 10 or 15 years ago. I would ask you to address that because it is part of the education issue. On the other hand, washington post, Financial Times also continuing to cover the world. I wish Major Networks cover it selectively on cnn, pbs, npr where people contribute to it. Foreign affairs, numbers are way up. There is a demand for in the space for quality journalism analysis, the optimist in me is hoping something as awful as this pandemic, growing interest, growing awareness the world matters. I havent given up on the idea people support or demand greater coverage of the world and consumers show they are interested, the supply will be forthcoming. Host next. Guest we take the next question from neely gilbert. Caller great to see you. Many thanks to juju chang as well. When you speak of the need for acknowledging and responding to issues of global interconnected and interdependent it strikes me that one barrier to this is our institution from nationstates to International Organizations funded by nationstates. To deal with issues specifically owns. I wonder if you could imagine any new type of organization that could manage of the common, particularly if you have any thoughts on people in this movement. A really important question, unilateralism is not an answer, global challenges are real. The problem with existing institutions, all institutions whether it is business, nonprofit, theres always a resistance to change and that is true where high politics come in. One path is to say, adapting institutions, the other is to create nuance. The idea of coalitions of the willing is an important idea and you bring together those entities that are willing and able and relevant so you dont have to worry about 100 approval or vetoes. Maybe you get 10 or 15 countries who account for 75 or 80 of its Climate Change problem. If they could come up with rules about their own behavior and how they deal with nonmembers of this group that gets you somewhere in cyberspace, same sort of thing, the other democracies and big economies and we could come up with rules of the road. You are getting at this, how could you have a serious conversation about cyberspace without the big Silicon Valley companies there. Or talk about the pandemic, you want companies, the gates foundation, bloomberg and big actors. When i was put in charge of afghanistan after 9 11, the interagency meetings but we also had groups like Doctors Without Borders represented at the irc, whether they were nongovernmental organizations, and even flexible, to be creative about giving birth to new arrangements, giving birth to new approaches rather than changing existing ones, with World Health Organization prove unable to adapt the challenge, to come into being that proved to be extraordinarily effective. They are open to that sort of thing going forward. Next question. Next question from jeffrey rosen. Caller good book, good presentation. I intend to ask the next book is so i will let you preserve that. Guest lets not set up expectations please. Host assume the biden administration. Caller what would your advice be to the president about how in the first instance to reposition relations with china so it is more consistent with what you think the rights and objectives should be without necessarily conceding whatever strong position in the us has in that relationship and the second more broadly is how do you rebuild trust to world organizations and traditional allies in the reliability of americas commitments and works, and concede too much to do so. Guest how do you rebuild reliability . Takes time. In the existing form, in these conditions. Whether it is dealing with climate, dealing with iran, dealing with migration, you name the challenges, injuring these organizations as is, what use entry as a lever for reform. Reliability, people see us differently and a new president through words and actions and so forth demonstrate the United States was reliable and became more predictable. In terms of china i would invest much more in a private conversation with china. When i was in government we often used the phrase Strategic Dialogue and in my experience, no dialogue was called strategic, you had dozens and dozens of people in the room, every agency was representatives you couldnt have a serious conversation, we need serious highlevel conversations whether it is the secretary of state, National Security adviser but at that level sustained basis, what it is, we would have to decide what our priorities were, where we would push china domestically regionally and globally and where we were going to back off. Serious conversation about where we are going in this relationship but secondly we wouldnt do it in the current context. The most important thing we could do to increase the odds, the conversation might bear through it would be to shore up our relationship with traditional allies in the region and around the world but you cant be beating up on south koreans and japanese overburden sharing and expect them to work with you on sign up. Same thing on europe, on a common front through Technology Issues with china. I also think one of the biggest strategic mistake the Administration Made was in its first week by leaving the Transpacific Partnership which was close to come into force at that time. That would provide a regional Political Economic basis basically going to china and say here are the standers, the rules of the road. If you want more developed trade and investment without you have to raise your game rather than lower it. These are the rules you have to play by as we will not give you access. Those are the kinds of steps it would take but we will take time to create is a cree. A lot of these changes have been troublesome or problematic. They were reinforced and accelerated by this administration but some of them could be discerned before hand. The broad policy has certain elements of how the policy takes a little time and sustained effort to turn around but i think there were opportunities to be there. Host excellent. Next question. Next question. Caller thank you. It was an excellent book and i got my copy this morning. You identified two defining programs. Climate change, you pointed out clearly, this is the defining problem. Given where we are today, if that were to come back, what are the chances you put on making progress with the two issues. And the Climate Change thank you. My last job in government, director of policy planning and i used to say not policy planning, not policy predicted. I dont know what a second trump term, whether it is an extension of the first term. Might there be some changes on climate because of events. It is conceivable. I wont say, it is obviously likely but conceivable some of the costs of Climate Change became pronounced enough. With china you have an odd combination of extremely, whats the word, generous rhetoric at one level and some behaviors, some are generous, some are not or overly generous, i dont know. I cant discern a pattern but i worry the overall thrust is negative. The pandemic is reinforcing it. It would take real diplomatic intervention to improve the us chinese relationship not just from us but also from china. In terms of climate if we didnt change could the rest of the world do things, sure but it is limited. Middle powers, europeans, some of them asian, can set standards and principles but at the end of the day they are not a substitute for great power involvement, basically dont have the have to in terms of diplomatic weight, that is what it comes to. It is very hard to make the sort of progress we are going to want to make without the major powers, above all the United States. I dont like phrases like we are the indispensable power. It sounds arrogant but i would say we were not sufficient but we are necessary. That is why it is so important that the United States find a way back to playing a leading role in the world. Host let me get you to elaborate on that. An excellent question. The idea in your book, you go swiftly through carbon capture. What about reengagement . What direct policy recommendations do you make . Guest we need to do more at home. In terms of regulatory environment, closing coal plants. The pandemic is a potential opportunity. The government is paying massive amounts to various businesses. Why dont we condition that . Why dont we basically say one of the conditions is for Automobile Companies for mild standards or this kind of business they use, this kind of energy, we have a tremendous lever in order to influence the Domestic Energy picture. Globally the real question is how do you get others to do it . An interesting article in foreign affairs, by professor nor house where he basically said we should band together with other likeminded countries and he sensually say we will introduce a tariff for the goods of those countries that dont meet certain climate standards, incentivize them to do it and an interesting thought. Im still working on it but also going back to a previous question. You will never get that agreed to globally and i think paris has real limits because everybody is there, the goals were met, it is not sufficiently ambitious so we may need to think about work arounds. What is a we do with likeminded relevant countries that will put us on a trajectory, more ambitious trajectory towards dealing with climate, not one that is imposed on this but one that we agree to. Weve got to accept the fact that some Climate Change has already happened and more is going to happen. Even if we get our act together on climate tomorrow a lot more Climate Change is baked into the cake. We have to limit a lot of things we do and how we do them in terms of where people are encouraged to live. What are the rules, right now we are on a trajectory, we havent prepared the country for Climate Change, any more than we prepared for a pandemic. One of the keywords we need to think about and start using is resilience. A lot of these problems will come at us. We will never be 100 successful stopping climate or pandemic or terror so how do we make American Society more robust . How do we building resilience . These global challenges and pretty much continue. Thats a real challenge for the 21st century. Host in keeping with the tradition of the council we end on time. It is now 5 59. Since im entirely skeptical you can answer a question in less then a minute. Im not going to ask another one. I will take a moment as moderators prerogative to hope that everyone out there is remaining safe and well during this pandemic. Your insights are always indispensable even though you dont want to use that fourthgrader power. Let me echo what you said about healthy and safe and careful out there. These are important issues, important times and it is great to have not just you but so many people interested and participating so thank you all for that. Is a look at some Publishing Industry news. Jonathan karp has been named the new ceo of simon schuster, he joined the publisher in 2010 and was previously the president and publisher of the companys adult publishing division. He succeeds Carolyn Reedy who died last month. The New York Times reports on a busier than usual publishing season with the addition of books from the spring delay due to the coronavirus pandemic. The expected logjam of new titles has many concerned about Media Attention and sales. The president and publisher of probe Atlantic Wade in saying all the decisions we make our guesswork, none of us know what we are doing. Former wall street journal reporter turned young adult daughter Karen Blumenthal died in may at the age of 61, author of several nonfiction books for children which included histories of title ix, roe versus wade, and the 1929 stock market crash. Also in the news, in pd book scan reports print book sales were up 11 for the week ending may 20 third. Adult nonfiction sales 2 for the weekend remain down 8 for the year and the library of congress has announced due to the coronavirus pandemic the National Book festival will take place virtually from september 21st through the 20 sixth. It will include talks by authors such as Madeleine Albright and Melinda Gates to name a few. And our archive programs, booktv. Org. Welcome to a new Program Sponsored by the institute of americas history. And president of the institute. Will present American History which behind me, our current important books in our country. We present each historian