Good evening, [inaudible] [applause] to introduce our speaker for this evening who will tell you, Leeanna Keith teaches history at the Collegiate School for boys in new york city. She is the author of the colfax massacre. [inaudible] [inaudible] please join me in welcoming Leeanna Keith. [applause] thank you everybody. Forgive me for remaining seated. Im going to tell you what happened to me. I know you want to know how i broke my legs. They sideswiped me. I feel very lucky to be here at all. Now im going to tell you a story about the civil war and afterwards all i can remember is on the lady who a [laughter] what can i say, thats my story. Ive been traveling and one thing about my book is theres a lot of local history and their s, stories that happen in different places. This is not where much of the action takes place. Seeing how about how to organize this talk make me recognize a certain pattern to the geography of the civil war and the whole radical movement. Which in my story get started in the 1850s. And continues through the end of the war. It begins in the north, moves to the west and finds its way into the southwest United States. There is no story about georgia until i get to the very end of the war and i was intimidated by how to work georgia into the story. I was thinking about it. Georgia is in a way, the state that has the widest and least impact of the radical republican movement. I just want to tell you a little bit about what is the radical republicans and before i get into the georgia part of the story and what of the radical republic athe radicals are people, clerks who believe that kansas should be a free state and theyre willing to organize themselves as immigrants. They were willing to take up arms as necessary to defend the idea. And and the radical movement meant to exist in the operations of the north and the west. To organize the committees to assault courthouses sometimes with battering rams to rescue fugitives caught up in unjust rendition systems. Could be radical meant to be john brown is. Its not only the secret six that become famous. Also a lot of rankandfile republicans who made their nations to argue in favor of grants. Once they had been stage and browns had been executed as a traitor. Being radical meant to lean into that idea and when shortly after harpers ship period taken on the war arose to write matter quote radical republican meant to be in favor of hard work to be in favor of a war that would not and and be resolved quickly but would demand so much of the nation that people became willing to confront slavery and terminate it. For the radical republicans in the words of emerson who was a radical good is a good doctor data sometimes better. And the agony of the nation and the civil war was the only way we were going to address these fundamental issues. As the work is underway being radical also means to support the idea of military emancipation. First to the policies they call the contraband policy which recognized property place and yet said that people brought into the facility military operations being used for military purposes. Therefore, they were contraband of war and could legitimately be seen and protected. Sheltered from being repatriated to their owners and confederate in the name of the military necessity. And similarly radical supported the idea of military emancipation as its realized in the emancipation proclamation. In late 1862 early 1863. To be radical meant to support the idea of black military service and advocate for and organize black awhich happens during the war to be radical meant that on the foundation of their military Service Black men had earned Citizenship Rights that should be recognized and even while the war was still going on before the 14th amendment before the 15th amendment there was a movement to assure black men and women that they had full rights of citizens to recognize them in court and also to extend Voting Rights and other Citizenship Rights to brought black men at least. So thats not the last step in the radical program. But one of the most important and enduring steps. The last step that was only embraced by the radicals was the idea of confiscating and redistributing property. The idea that treason must be made odious and that the seizure of rebel states and the redistribution of that property to deserving africanamericans would not only the just deserve that rebel traders had earned but also the foundation of the new social order in which africanamericans would be elevated beyond their status and could take their place. As property builders and people deserving of respect in a way that most radical of all radical prints. And as it happens, thats the one that makes its mark most felt here in georgia but its not really until its last pieces of radical agenda that georgia comes into play and many of you know that even though step 127 about to be a radical republican dont make an impact here, georgia is home to the field order of the kings which designated 30 miles from the coast that could only be authorized by black people starting in january 1855 in each black family that establishes that self informally rebel held property would get 40 acres and in practice part of the order itself access to equipment such as meals and other Farm Equipment that the army had access to. And this is a problematic thing to present as my example of radical republicanism. Because of general sherman who was going to come to sherman. He certainly not a republican. In fact, he really hated politicians. And hes definitely not a radical on the subject of racialist. Next to politicians, black people he also hated and escorted many times making extremely racist statements. So hes not our man. When resetting the radical republicans. Yet i want to argue tonight that this order 15 on the policy of confiscating and redistributing rebel states which happens on shermans watch is the work of radicals and in the critical moment when decisions are made that culminate athe radical republicans are present, at least two are present. One the reverend James D Lynch who i will tell you about an African American missionary and republican activist traveling with the arms happen to be in savannah at the time its captured by trumans horses and presented as a Christmas Gift christmas of 1864. And also president is edwin stanton. Lincoln secretary of war who becomes he would becomes one of the leading radicals and so much so so important to the movement that his service of secretary of war becomes the fundamental issue during the administration of Andrew Johnson his effort to fire stanton and secretary forrest what culminates him johnsons impeachment in 1863. Mike to remove him by only one vote. So say the radicals are present and they are present behind the scenes of sherman still burger of 15 and that was a typical place to find not so much lynch but a typical place to find edwin stanton. Who gained a reputation during the war as a manipulator, as a back room opportunists. And a sneaky radical to put this mark without letting his face be seen. He is of course one of the more famous members of the Lincoln Administration and many of you might be familiar with lincolns famous statement about how important stanton was his block and without him he was not the kind of character who commanded a lot of loyalty and enthusiastic. In fact, stanton has two problems he comes from being to keep people from perceiving him as a humanitarian activist. One of those is his energy to operate behind the scene and no give you examples of that to keep his name out of the papers. But the other is his incredible aggressive rudeness. The thing about stanton was that he was incredibly intolerant of other peoples opinions and the warriors. He was incredibly impatient. He did not hesitate to speak out and say things that were not complementary. [laughter] in fact, he was described by one observer as someone whos rudeness was incredible whose unpopularity was amazing. Amazing unpopularity. The same critics described him as different from lincoln as any person could be. Where lincoln was kindly, stanton was imperative and where lincoln was funny, stanton was rude and humorless in fact, he hated lincolns stories and you can see it depicted in the movie. I cant hear another story thats very true to his real persona. Did stanton say im a abthen i guess it must be true. [laughter] because hes usually right. [laughter] he describes his incredible unpopularity also said that this was also part of his strength. His aggregation his total abnegation of himself in the war of urgency, his willingness to offend, to be unpopular. To never engage in courtesy to the boat every moment every interaction to the grand purpose of winning war and preserving the union it was a source of greatness as well as his flaw. Statins behind the scene operations from his reputation as a backdoor operator is also welldeserved but i do want to say i want to say operating on the down low in his own way stanton did so much to advance the idea, especially that black men should serve in the United States army and that service entitles them to the full rights of citizens he is very much an engine behind that idea and im going to give you some examples of how that works. Not only had this idea before he came secretary that black men should serve but he had ideas once he became secretary of how best they should serve. How the companies should be formed and how they should dress. In this particular he showed himself to be pragmatic as well as fun and advocating that black men wear red pantaloons. The practical part of this idea is that the army was well supplied with red pantaloons. Those of you who are civil war buffs, i caliber before you, im ready. But those of you who know about the war know that in the early weeks the craze for the rich style of uniform was a thing and that as they seek to the north they had shorts jackets with friends and red pantaloons and other distinctive options but they proved in military context to be kind of a liability. [laughter] and within some weeks, no white soldier is willing to step these depositions to notify. We can get the black troops to wear them. Grateful to the opportunity to have some nice pants were to put them in these uniforms, this is his idea. Not just to say that its has a very unplanning element as well but it points finger at stanton when hes abi wanted to say there are two places that come early into the fear of Union Control. In most places the United States would lose in the first year of the civil war. But the two places that are within axis of our making easy for the union can to control because the Confederate Navy cant resist the bulk of the union naval power. And its easy to claim. Adjacent to georgia, South Carolina and florida and also newark which saw the union in spring of 62 coming into Union Control in november 1961. These places are the first to really experiment with whats going to happen after slavery. What does it look like. To create a new social order. It happens also both locations will be home to the experiment for some of the first experiments with enlisting black men in the arms of the United States. Some of you have a sense that the abwere not in new orleans but were perhaps in kansas or North Carolina and in my book i tell the story of how its actually at the same time for experimental black regiments are assembled but the hand of stantons most visible in these two and i want to tell you a little bit about this. Two islands, places many of you georges are quite familiar with places like beaufort South Carolina, places like hilton head, these places fall early into union command and they early become home to social experiments. In the sea islands was a Great Northern michigan a missionaries who came down. To assess the labor situation to slavery and find ways to make money and make the world a better place. At the same time, it becomes home to not the first but the second order of general emancipation issued by a union general. I tell the story in my book about the commander in st. Louis the addition of the west where fremont in summer of 1861 issues and emancipation proclamation and its immediately and specifically shot down by the Lincoln Administration saying thats not in the authority of the general thats only within the authority of the president and fremont is forced to rescind to the emancipation. But much more lowprofile emancipation takes place in the sea islands theater where general david hunter, who was a friend of lincoln and radical of republicans, took command and even before he arrived he advertised to president lincoln himself his intentions to break slavery and experiment with a new social order. He pleaded in a letter to lincoln, please let me have my way at your guard slavery in such a way that i can leave a mark and i promise none of the responsibility will fall on you. I will take it all on me. A lot of the commanders in chief wouldnt want to but lincoln was ready to share that. Lincoln was eager to expand. Also very eager to moderate and control the public discussion of preslavery. Lincoln would call him arms to aid but if you look at politics in action he was very careful to use deception to use silence, to build Public Opinion in favor of things that were important to him but controversial. David hunters intention to make trouble in the sea island zone, welcomed to lincoln so long as hunter is in his position to keep it quiet. If he can keep quiet, it creates a great opportunity to see just what happens when you issue an emancipation order. And thats what happened. He issued an order and said all the obvious apeople in the department are declared forever free. In the next day he follows up with another proclamation all men of military age in the district are subject to constriction and we will begin the process of forming black regiments so he senses Junior Officers on the plantation, they find the healthy and ablebodied men and they encourage them to join the union army they appoint officers and he creates a regiment calls itself the first cerro afirst South Carolina volunteers. They participate in military operations in jacksonville florida. A letter surface where lincoln said, thats really interesting whats happening in jacksonville and buried interested in that. He tries to keep going, try to keep quiet. We want dont want people talking about this. This is where stanton gets involved but he plays the role in helping to encourage general hunter and also to encourage general hunter to be quiet. Yet the news gets out. Something like this cant be kept under wraps especially when theyre beginning to engage with confederates in military operations it soon becomes the subject of a scandal and next thing you know congress is involved in the asked questions. This is bad news for stanton. He doesnt want to hear. Charles sumner many of you know is the leading of the radicals and he said he had been allowed to free slaves without talking about it. He was recorded saying, stan why did you do it and say nothing about it . It becomes a controversy that lincoln has to weigh in and lincoln writes a letter where he says to slaveholders he cannot be blind to signs of the times. Look at whats happening. So even though he doesnt permit moving forward and he requires congress to issue counter order nullifying emancipation and disbanding South Carolina volunteers hes waiting for the idea on the inside as Congress Gets involved they want to know, how did hunter get the idea . Whats the connection between hunters aand the War Department in stanton. I couldnt do that. That would be betraying information only served between myself and the president. He doesnt testify in the name of executive privilege but general contour is another matter because hes all the way down in South Carolina he has to answer written queries from congress and the written queries are read out loud in congress and to be honest, it makes people laugh. I just have to read you a part about that. He created a regiment of fugitive slaves . That harrison said no i did its a regiment of fugitive slaves but is fine regiment person whose former masters are fugitive rebels. [laughter] men who everywhere before the appearance of the National Flag so far indeed are the loyal persons composing this regiment that they are now one in all working with the markable institute to place themselves in position to go in full and effective pursuit of their judicious entry torres what were the observations to this . How did you supply that . Did you have direct authorization from the board . He said, no, they didnt tell me i could use these guns that i have to create a black mayor regiment but neither did they say use the use to make ahes making the tool that he sees as being at his disposal. And as a commentary thread allows the radical republicans are laughing. And in fact, the smoking gun is not present we want to know if the War Department has supplied them with pants yet they cant use the presence of 50,000 pairs of pants as evidence that hunter was authorized they mightve talked to him in that particular. But the hunters emancipation failed. At least initially. The first remains in an informal congregation the officers stay with them they participated in later will be formalized once the United States troops are made legitimate and official. The other place this happens is which fell through the union and is occupied by one of the great colorful characters radical republicans of the civil war era a guy named Benjamin Butler of massachusetts. I would love to tell you about the story but im not going to am going to say instead that one of butlers subordinates general from vermont whos a real Bernie Sanders style grouchy vermonter but very passionate abolitionist s base of operations north of the city and in these areas slavery remains intact in 1862. The union is attempting to administer an area where people who are recognized as loyal unionists are permitted to operate were slave labor remains in force. Yet general phelps is not going to participate in any scheme like that. Hes very much opposed. When hes asked the refugees in his area to build other kinds of manual labor he says, im not a slave master i didnt come down here to force people to labor, and happy, however, to organize these men as aand begin drilling in may, june, july and louisiana he takes the field to teach these guys how to fight. It becomes a national story. And a controversial one. Where people like johnson writes lincoln saying my god this man phelps, hes upstaging the social order hes arming African Americans. To have this preposterously. Lincoln said, can you imagine anything worse than general phelps . Because i can. And anyone who feels like a rooster surrender this field and leave my car about slavery enslaved is defeating himself. Lincoln is also very very interested in phelpss program to create black regiment. And once again, keep it on below headlines. Lets not let them hear about that. And here he is saying, your political guy im sure you know how to keep this out of the paper. Wheres my quotation . It is confidently hoped that you in your custom scale and discretion to deal with this question as to avoid serious embarrassment to the government. Please. And yet in advance for himself the guy who tapped into this great resource and in a sense the person who is the person whos given figure out how to win the civil war. He wants to be that guy. Ultimately, sodas stanton. They have a vision of appropriated by the men in the army to become the official policy of the United States emancipation proclamation january 63 it becomes the subject of this huge organize campaign that sense the general of United States i would love to tell you more about the story 60yearold man gold blade and desk man in the army the Mississippi River valley into the most contested theater of the war where he will spend almost 2 years tara traveling up and down the river visiting contraband camps and Army Facilities to say, im here to the interest in black people is identical ill to the interest of the union in winning the war. Anything we can do to create sense of security among African American men that gives them the sense of liberty to join with the army of the United States is good for the union. Good for the country. So stanton puts this full force behind this idea and in a way hes the unseen presence. The result in the enlistment of more than 180,000 average american men into the war in the last stages of the war when there energy and numbers mean so much to the union victory. No one who fit the description fought with georgia. Georgia was liberated as you all know by sherman. It was, as i said before, one of the great racists of the civil war era. No one couldve gotten away with what sherman did which was that there would be no black soldiers. Yet sherman cant avoid the black presence in georgia. The issue of race religion and end of slavery because all his army is beset by refugees and these ultimately create huge conflict to military operations and humanitarian crisis and something that sherman cannot abide. When he presents the city of savannah his army is accompanied by at least 10,000 refugees through slavery. Many of whom are in very dire straits. People in the escape from slavery dont emerge home they dont come equipped. The china cook without a cooking pot. Hes having to figure out not only how to abbut also how to move efficiently in the presence of so many civilians. The time he gets to savannah is very eager to find a solution to the problem of refugees from slavery. But by that time also, he has gained a bad reputation. Even Ulysses Grant is concerned by the winter of 1864¤5. But sherman studies are not as they should be. He is not operating and keeping with regulations which encourage people to consider the interest of slavery as being identical to the interest of the union and the military efforts. And if there are specific concerns about civilians many of you here about might know about the ebenezer factor which alost their lives. And theyre concerned about vacancies made in particular in his first set of orders regarding occupying the city of savannah makes reference to be surrounded by surplus negroes horses, and mules. This statement got in trouble with the Supreme Court of the United States and chief justice who was a radical republican and big figure. And i just want to say that he doesnt come off that great in my book there just driving selfinterest person but i just want to give a moment for his will to complain to sherman about shermans talk. I think its a misfortune that you class negroes with mule and a document that sure to be historic. So in a way us grant was the hidden hand behind absherman said its a big deal for sherman to leave washington and go out into the work. He had that mark before when he did it this time he was so concerned that wasnt him for him personally. He is not ready for combat. He goes and gets a new Life Insurance right before this. He does that unannounced. And he got with other dignitaries to support master general in the army he makes it clear hes there to look into shermans business about race relations. He wants to know more about what happens at ebenezer creek. He wants to begin the process of recruiting United States colored troops he also wants to know more about what sherman plans to do regarding the black population in the vicinity of savannah and he wants sherman to know that he is not only interested in the military phase of this but he also stanton and lincoln have an agenda or interest in what happens to the black population and what black people want and that shermans request stantons request 20 africanamerican leaders the famous conference they called the sherman colloquy conversation between sherman, stanton and these 20 men. Local men preborn, formerly enslaved, and one was the radical republican james c lynch. Im going to show you a picture of lynch. Theres an incredible relief sculpture that was commissioned by the state of mississippi when lynn dies of Natural Causes he gone on as a carpenter mississippi elected in the legislature and had no not won the heart of a lot of people he said hes there for the public good and he was in fact a sort of great example of the kind of heroic that republicans blackandwhite engaged in in the civil war era. The personal sacrifices, lynch was a missionary the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church a disciple of incredible outreach and incredible missionary bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church daniel payne payne sent lynch and others into the south. There was especially important for episcopalian who had in their liturgy abto get a pray for Abraham Lincoln . If not, we are going to close your church. Many people were willing to risk that. Not everybody was aware of prosperity in west dallas. Many churches and locations all across the south are closed and for one example is something i just learned about the entire episcopalian bishop rick was expelled from aduring the war. Everywhere they passed facilities on, people like lynch are establishing new black churches. They are using abto see properties that have belong to established white families and put them in the hands of people who use them for schools is black children. Heres the schools commonly arts grow attached. And lynch happen to be in savannah at the time of shermans victory and he is a prominent political man was invited into abhe doesnt always agree with what that person says. For one thing, when stanton asked pointblank whats in your experience at work with general sherman, lynch doesnt want to answer that question. Said the best thing for black people would be to separate themselves from the White Community that the hatred of white people towards blacks is so great that it could become the safest and best way. Lynch is appalled by this idea. He was an integrationist. He was a republican. He didnt see it that way at all. But in the service of this view them black families could be kept separately from the white population the seal order 15 is conceived and complicated today after the meeting basically says that no White Christian can live within 30 miles in the 30 acre plots would be provided along with other such military over supplies this is the 40 acres and a mule and the other place it never happens in that way during the war and really set the template for expectations after the war but really means to confiscate and redistribute ultimately 40,000 families are settled on Something Like 435,000 acres. Proves to be temporary and one of the great early radical movement support for the idea of permanent confiscation and redistribution to give black people in the south a measure of coming up in the world. He never made it. The other parts of the radical agenda were more successful. The ones that push the civil rights back at least temporarily opened up public spaces for both places. And set the 14th amendment. This equal protection and due process for all americans in the 15th amendment which is tainted anyway to lay the foundation for africanamerican voting. Thats my story. Im also interested in your comments. [applause] i noticed you focused on executive branch reconstruction. Some think that William David and Patty Stevens some interested to hear about since we know so much about the radical republicans, what role they play. Its an interesting thing at the same time my book was publix and another book was published wellestablished author his is called congress at war and all about this congressional radical. And just seeing the title of the book made me aware of how little my story is about congress you actually read. Congress comes into my story. In the 1850s with the responses to cock campus aband that sort of thing but definitely warrior 61 is a lot of contesting in interpersonal level all kinds of stuff happening in congress i told some of those stories i didnt get the honor to that much legislation except for where it really directly affects the question of what it means to create black soldiers what it means to create security for black families. You cant just go off and parts of the union still feel to feel your family will be provided for. How to recognize marriages among slaved persons where marriage had been ban. In how to create legislation that provides assistance for the widows and these more informal marriages. I certainly dont tell all the stories about congress. And it really kind of glad to know that there is this complementary book that at the essence that six together. My story is a little bit of a tear below. Its happening the army whats happening with missionaries. Whats happening with the abolitionist movement. So youre absolutely right. I dont tell that much of the story. Thank you for all the stories. Weirdos lincoln stand on the continual republican and radical republican there was the tension or was this difficult or easy political decision for him . Thats a great question. Lincoln is regarded as a moderate moderate or conservative. I take issue with that a little saying that when he makes his debut in politics in the 1850s and into this antebellum the first words that come out of his mouth are how divided a house divided cannot stand. If thats a radical stand. If i become a mere to the idea that house divided cant stand and lincoln is going through all his power toward making that house ceased to be divided. Thats actually quite a problem in 1857 when he mixed the comments. It really does imagine that this can be at confrontation and the antislavery forces are going to win. He so abbut having made that statement he doesnt say anything radical again really for the rest of the year. Behind the scenes he is very aware that americans in the 1850s and 1860s are living through revolutionary ain the cooper unit addressed which doesnt advocate for any of the radical policies. He nonetheless imagines really creative societies in which life right makes might. And the sense of the antislavery will prevail over everything else. He pursues radical policies as presented. Quietly, with indirection, manipulating Public Opinion and gradually developing a good working relationship with radicals to share with him this unlimited commitment and war. Not everyone on the left respected him, they like to use linkedin as a punching bag. You guys were six weeks ahead. Right there following up with the same policies. Even though he gets scarce credit and they did take aim with other talks to replace him in the head of 1964 but in fact, his policies are radical and hes the one who creates the United States athat wins the war and by the end of the war he is beginning to advocate for black men he says what if we let the really Intelligent Minds and those who been in the army registered first. And then he makes a similar call and that was of course the call push don wilkes over the edge the last speech you will ever get. Thats my lincoln, he does feel a little to the left. The end. Am curious. For the cover of your birth book whats the event . Thats the ratification of the 15th amendment chronologically that has not been my story. Hey when the war ends. These people are people of color. They are patriotic. They are celebrating they write into the constitution protections for black voters and civil rights and africanamericans. A contemporary christian since you are involved in education my question is are College Prep Students today being taught that history are all for the Republican Party. [laughter] im his schoolteacher. I have been working with my students on this project from the beginning. Every fifthgrader has written a paper about radical republican. And they have listened to be taught about entered up documents for me as summer researchers. And i teach a course in the summer and they help me finalize the things i talked about in book. They got the whole world at their fingertips. In looking at old newspaper. If you like the civil war you like my book. He said it was through the end of work for the scene. Im wondering if the felt any kind of coalition with what radical republicans were doing at the time or how they felt about that. Thats a great question. The last chapter in my book is about black republican which in the first way she and black republicans meeting we dont share about that. This black men who are republicans. People like the langston brothers of ohio and as the war turns out more and more of the population of the deep south southern black men identify as republican. Like North Carolina or somebody whose name im forgetting. And these folks join with people like james b lynch. Succumbing to the south as adjuncts to the army and would name them or as elected officials once the voting gets underway. There is a map of the end of the book that shows South Carolina in the islands how many africanamerican men establish themselves and elected to public office. Take the story mostly about reconstruction so i want to present them as part of this phenomenon of the Republican Party become an crosssectional alliance of white and black men. Which is a temporary arrangement ultimately republicans decided instead to have a white on white north and west combination and forget about the cell. But temporarily in the 1850s especially in the wireless list of. Okay. You mentioned a great number of very distinct republican man. Were there any women . Thats a great question. Mexico google who diminished look at the pictures youll see theres number of women players in 1860s. She does that in the vicinity with the encouragement of radical republicans. If you see harriet and make it quick glimpse of it in the end of the movie where she rides into our roles in on the Columbia River to an area of densely populated with people brings them out 700. It actually paid in jew pension from the United States army and even though she worked with a white officer radical republican general james montgomery. She chose him. The commander of his Department Said who should we bring in . She said bring in montgomery. So especially in the years before the war when katie stanton, Major Players informing the Republican Party. Very prominent. So the next lecture two weeks from tonight talking about the women in congress today. Please join me in giving leeanna a hand. Wrote a very new thing here to look at what the Publishing Industry is doing to address the ongoing pandemic. In recognition of last weeks world book day, the association of american publishers the Authors Guild and American Booksellers Association released the dread statement encourage readers to patronize local bookstores ally were to make a donation to save india bookstores. Com who to provide book through the greater online store present. In its first month the site posted 50,000 in revenue with a 10,000 disbursement to stores, total sales are 4. 5 million with over 870,000 to participating bookstores. Also in the news, mpd book Standard Book sales were down 3. 5 percent for the week ending april 18. Adult nonfiction print sales is the decline of 12 percent for the year practice that many book festivals and conferences forced to cancel are now offering attendees a virtual experience. American Library Association which cancel the annual conference in chicago this summer will hold a virtual do 24th of june 26. The bay area book festival kicks off online programs during this weekend and marilyns gettysburg book festival into the goldmining maze. Talking to you through the lifestream presentation. As we get underway and what technology our institution stands on the unseeded traditional