Time you come from and i come from a small little town in oregon and i just ponder how, and your traveling the world, youre living in a different environment completely but you have reported on World Affairs from all kinds of Different Directions in the worst tragedies on the planet but you chose to really focus on small town in oregon, wife . We were running around the world, covering crises and free would periodically go back to my beloved hope town on the family farm and we saw a humanitarian crisis unfolding there. A quarter of the kids who were on my school bus are now fallen from drugs and alcohol for suicide. I tried to process that, kids who got on the bus right after me, and for her sister, smart and talented kids. He died of drug and alcohol abuse, he died in house fire when he was drunk. In one blew himself cooking method regina died from hepatitis, injectable drug use. Once arrived because he survived his intricate for a while, we wondered, is there something about my bus, we realized this is a National Problem that we had destined to spare, Life Expectancy is falling or was probably three years in a row. In my old bus, across america. You saw this through the lens of returning, i think it could have been titled School Bus Number six. So many stories drawn from the friends you had growing up there. So if you grew up in manhattan, Upper West Side and thats a whole different world. In your relationship, you saw it unfolding over the last couple of decades, how did the lens through which you saw come from . It gets farther then. It really is in the middle of the urban world. When i first approached this, one of these people like . [laughter] i grew up on a farm. Basically right now, a tale of two american there is a party going on. On the bottom is where the home is having people trying to figure out what to do how to stay afloat. So i think manhattan in many ways, the people manhattan, many are in the party. No was going on in the lower deck and once i started meeting these people learning about their background realized they are very complicated human beings. The stories we learn about their household, about background, it was so alarming touching and heartbreaking that he couldnt help but say we have this world. The analogy of the upper deck lower deck and whats going on below, your book uses another analogy in the title, tight rope. In some of my features and in congress, i talked about paving a wide, solid path of families to thrive and a narrow path, but a tight rope. What are you conveying by that . Those of us who are in the upper middle class and above are very low educated, at least graduated from high school from college, we a fairly wide path ahead of us so if we fall, we can pick ourselves up. These people, especially people in the small towns around america and rural areas around america people are walking on a tight rope. They miss and fall, there is no safety net. They are falling into a chasm that you describe in this book as drugs, alcohol, domestic violence, suicide, it is a pretty bleak picture and theres a dynamic you wrestle with about, is this personally responsible . Do they just need to write walk the tightrope better . Personal responsibly versus collective responsibly. What have you concluded . Personal responsibly is absolutely real. Blaming the people who fell off the tight rope for the catastrophes thatfollow. At this point you can predict this in accuracy. The outcomes of a newborn infant and when you can do that its not because that infant is making bad choices or showingirresponsibility. So look, by all means lets have the personal responsibility conversation. If we do that but also have a conversation about our collective responsibility to help the people who are on my number six in so many ways we can help in ways that benefit them in society paul ryan you quote in the book that says in our country the conditions of your birth do not determine the outcome of your life. In the book you introduce this term or you share this term Adverse Childhood Experiences and what youre basically saying is if you have collected several Adverse Childhood Experiences , your odds of succeeding are dropped dramatically which you portray as the odds of being in poverty increase substantially. So explain this how these childhood adversities really impact your course in life. Its pretty well documented by scientists who have analyzed thesesituations so many of us have adverse childhood experience. Theres a divorce, a big move from one state to the next is traumatic for a child but when you start going up six, seven, eight, that could have a traumatic experience partly depending upon the age of the child specifically as the child goes to zero and five. That is when the brain is developing at its most rapid pace for the rest of that persons life. When our brain develops quickly. We think of children as really resilient and are not as resilient as we think and in fact when theres violence in the house, yelling and abuse in the house, that creates stress in the baby and that means the cortisol hormone is coursing through that brain. And as that brain is growing it now impacts the development of the brain architecture for this little baby so if this is not corrected, that babys brain is not going to develop properly so if we can address these issues early on and there are treatments, there are ways of using therapy, counseling, we can put that young child onto a better course so that we dont see them two decades later in poverty or in drugs or dropping out of college or High School Even its not just that, if not just psychological trauma and troubles, it also helped so in fact, able who have stacked up aces are much more likely later on in life unless there corrected to have heart disease. You have chronic diseases like diabetes. Thats a huge problem on society as well. When thinking about the personal responsibility narrative , one is we mentioned the success sequence that cheryl sometimes mentioned and its true that if somebody thats doing three things, they largely avoid poverty a graduate from high school, get a fulltime job and then they have kids on the after marrying and only two percent live in poverty. If they do not of those three things only five percent live in poverty so those involve an element of bad choices on personal responsibility but they also reflect what we as a society do. One reason that americans get the same rates as european kids, but they have babies as teenagers three times as often because we as a society dont make comprehensive sex educationavailable and dont make Birth Control available. Our High School Graduation rates are substantially lower than those in many other countries because we dont place the same premium on it. There are certainly ways we can shift it. If not becauseamerican kids are dumber than others or less diligent. So i think that this obsession as neglected the public side of theequation or the policy side of the equation. The odds are stacked against those who are raised with the various stressors in childhood and i wanted to go back for a moment to your conversation about how the brain is actually wired in what ways is that rewiring pumpdemise once success. A lot of it has to do with the development of the brain architecture so the cortisol is the stressor hormone most of us as adults it happens for a little bit and then it goes away. It grows right through us but because of the babys brainis developing so rapidly at that time and also some young, its much more fragile than we think. It really does impair the development. But does it make those children more susceptible to addiction, less able to have if you will a committed relationship or just multiple effects. Multiple effects and they show later on at all of the things that you talk about also more likely to graduate from high school. More likely to have supper some things like adhd. A number of illnesses that make it harder for the child going up to actually succeed. So thats why pediatricians are so focused on trying to address aces and certainly in california the new Surgeon General there thats the information. The senate from university of oregon that all this cortisol that one thing it does is it prepares children for a violence, turbulent dangerous environment and it puts them therefore on a hair trigger right or flight response. And one consequence is that it makes it harder to concentrate on the blackboard because they are being trained to look for potential threats e. And so that seems to be one pathway in which this cortisol impairs education and concentration. I believe that in the book you know that Warren Buffett referred to something, i think the ovarian lottery and ive heard lucy up about how hed been born under different circumstances, he wouldnt be a multibillionaire. Both because of the infrastructure that others established but also the circumstances of his birth. So its disturbing that in so many ways, the United States hall countries seem to be doing a horror job and other democracies, other republics that could have similar problems and you note that we are 39 in clean Drinking Water and 40th on Child Mortality and the birth on School Enrollment and that we suffer more stress than the average person in venezuela and that our Life Expectancy is dropping so heres the United States our Congress Working on these issues. Our state legislature, how is it that were having a horrific outcome . Because they dont tell it to america. Weve got all these Economic Statistics that are showing us gdp is doing well, market is rocket high thoughwe look at these measures. Inflation is low and we say were doing well but then if you actually heal line the statistics and look at other broader statistics you can see that that not the full picture so a lot of men for instance are just drop out of the workforce they wont even be counted and these men may be selfmedicating. Theyve been out of a job for a while, they dont have the confidence to jump back in and we interviewed a numberof them and so we know thats what is happening. Theyre not even looking as though they wouldnt be counted as looking but if you then look at the Life Expectancy statistics as nick mentioned, that is another broader measure i which you know its because of the depths of despair which are these types of depths of despair that arecharacterized by two economists at princeton. I guess ethan and and chase and they looked at the ansys data and they saw that depths of despair were isolated some, death related to Drug Overdose and death and suicide were at record high suicide rate since world war ii and yes, they dropped a little bit, the Drug Overdose deaths dropped a little bit in 2018 so thats a good sign but its still 7000, 68,000 people who died from Drug Overdose, thats not a small figure so that ways on the entire nation, average Life Expectancy so its pretty dramatic. We are seeing that dramatic failure to pay the good road youre in those outcomes. What is the United States not doing a better job in getting people off the tight rope . Getting people onto asolid, safe road . I think this is really a fiftyyear erroneous course that the us took. I think it has something to do with nixons seven strategy in 1968 and a tendency to stigmatize investments in Human Capital and in benefit programs on the basis that it would be African Americans who would disproportionately benefit. I think that letting part two and underinvestment in Human Capital and inbenefits across the us. I think it also relates to rep president reagans narrative where government can do no good and is invariably part of the problem. And a kind of glorification of business, taking of power from labor unions to corporations. Coupled with the war on drugs, mass incarceration. I think a few of these trends came together so until the 1970s the us was essentially in line with other countries. Our Life Expectancy was higher than oacd and the other oacd past this and i think the root cause is and underinvestment in american Human Capital and in american citizens. Oecd countries many developed countries to our own. And i cant let me throw out a little bit of a thought here because i see this the lens of trying to change policy and government. And what i am seeing is that our institutions have been changing ways that create power for the powerful and we talked on this in the book and you note later that we have high wealth divisions. The wealthy that have disproportionate political power which leads to rules that benefit the wealthy. Now, if we think about America Today and the inequality that were seeing between the rich and poor, we are at a very high ratio compared to these other countries. So is it possible that our inequality and wealth is influencing the political system in ways that is preventing us from investing the resources on the front on the mental that paved the path for success or ordinary families. I think thats another prism through which are looking, thats right that you create this inequality that then perpetuates through the mechanism of economic power turning into political power. I think its similar to what happened in the gilded age in american history. And i hope so because of course progressivism followed. But it took a Great Depression. It took a world war and so thats a little scary and it took that type of intervention to put us back on the path where really for the three decades after world war ii we had an investment in programs that really did lift up the middle class. Not everyone is relations are so rampant in some sectors and but we made some progress in that realm as well. Is there in order to implement the various policy proposals in your book that will get to in a moment , we need to change the structure of politicalpower . I do think that we need more enlightenment when it comes to this segment of society and i think that there being totally ignored partly because everybody can point to the eye gdp and theres no need to change anything but on average everything is going well but if jeff basil is walked into a room honored people on average everybody will have a higher level of wealth. He comes in your and hangs out. It doesnt make any difference in the people are not just visas so that the problem, its just recognizing that there is this need to lift up all americans and i think also its important for maybe it helps policymakers to recognize that if the us want to compete against the rest of the world other countries like china and india which 1 billion people power, we that people power, especially we have much less if we dont try and lift up all americans and have as Many Americans as possible, we can reach their full potential to be productive, innovative and to really bring americaback to number one. I know that my parents really talked about that sense of Community Coming out of world war ii. And they really how in their lifetime, theyve experienced this greatly bored, my mother came from an extraordinary level of poverty her mother with her three children loss of three children to the county in the middle of the Great Depression she lived in a boxcar. Who could imagine my grandmother realizing that a grandson, might serve in the u. S. Senate. Its an for gary change for both sides you describe in this book how the community of yamhill saw much of this impact of moving forward during those years and how in roughly the mid70s, started to stall out and then to decline so what happened in the mid70s that started to drive this reversal . First of all, i think many people probably in your hometown of myrtle creek would attribute their success to rugged individualism and theres certainly a lot of that. Frankly, historically, it was also a certain amount of brilliant government plans and that the reason people came to places like yamhill was the homestead programs. And electrification transformed places like anthill. The g. I. Bill of rights likewise so i think those investments in people and communities currently help. And then when things, i think when potentially the root cause of things going downhill was good jobs going away. Because local employers and the greater the annual area was a blood factory that closed down and there were some new jobs that camein but the people that work at the glove factory were not able to get those new jobs. Then in particular felt the loss of jobs not only in monetary sense but psychologically as well. They local institutions like churches were not able to handle the trauma of people selfmedicating. They got criminal records which made them less employable and less marriageable. Family Structure Collapse quite quickly and the social fabric attending very tightknit unraveled quickly. So you have a light manufacturing, you have gloves and you have their consequences. You mentioned the bill of rights, a big portion of that was a Mortgage Program or veterans returning, being able to buy health, equity, have savings and i think youre right about jobs being critical to the strength of the family. Because it does give proctor. It gives dignity. And it gives resources. And when you are unemployed, bad things start to happen we seen this in meltdowns across oregon for example a lumber town loses its sawmill, you see some people move right away. You see others who dwell in domestic violence, alcoholism, drug use increase so jobs are critical. I think in yamhill and probably a lot of what communities around the us in the 1990s there were a lot of generated comments made about africanamerican communities were struggling at that time and a lot of sanctimonious thought about how the problem was black culture which was a byword for what were called deadbeat dads for people making bad choices, etc. Area meanwhile the psychologist William Julius wilson said its about jobs leaving and he was right because when jobs left, when they left maine, when they left parts of ohio, the same colleges unfolded. This wasnt about culture, this was about jobs. In the us we are not as resilient a country when it comes to job losses and you can see that very easily with the comparison to what happens in canada so after the financial crisis happened , when automakers laid off a lot of autoworkers and they lay them off in detroit and in windsor ontario canada, often by the same company and you could see the difference. In the us partly because of the financial crisis they extended Unemployment Benefits and people got more money but they lost their jobs and also lost their healthcare which is a huge dresser on a family. In canada they said they lost their jobs but didnt lose their Healthcare Canada as universal healthcare and the government intervened and looked around for where the demand was for other types of jobs and they found out that nursing had a demand so they arranged for Training Programs for autoworkers to retrain to go into the nursing field and yes, its not their dream job but they were able to get ushered back into the work world and years later they are not selfmedicating, theyre not depressed or isolated the way people in the us were. I want to probe for a minute the loss of jobs and this is an area where we all might have different opinions so im just throwing it out there. Because what i saw happen in the mid70s was the start of the opi opening of our market to basically chinese production. And chinese benefited from competing with americans with lower wages so low or environmental standards, lower labor standards so they can make things more cheaply so you have a glove factory and that glove factory have said we cant compete the chinese making gloves or maybe we can right now but move our factory to china because we will benefit and our cost of production will be less while our selfpress will be the same and we will make more money. And we have seen a lot of actorsgo overseas. And some of this is maybe we made a mistake about being so quick to open our market in the way we did. Helping to drive this jobloss. I think on the one hand, globalization could have been a force that we couldnt actually compete, prevent from happening because individual factories are going to make their decisions based on what is going to yield the best return so if they were going to costa rica or other places in latin america were in asia,theyre going to make a decision on their own unless theres a law that says you cant go. But i do think it would have been competition other countries going overseas so i think its force that may have been slower but nonetheless we didnt adjust very well. And overall, it kept down inflation because costs were lower or goods that americans use so that goodness, the benefits were spread among the hundred 20 million americans rather than just the workers losing their jobs which felt much moreintensely by a Smaller Group of people but i think as a country , other countries also have globalization, also have automation. They havent suffered to the same degree the us has partly because of the policies the us has taken, we dont quickly to job losses. We dont actually as a society try and help the people who have been laid off. Youve got to find your own job now but other countries, they also have universal healthcare area the other. Countries and they do much better job retraining and helping laidoff workers retrain for other types of jobs. You want to touch on that . Im a somewhat case in free trade and a lot of us didnt appreciate how we talked about creative destruction. Its great in a textbook but i think we had appreciated was that those people who lost their jobs in all industries might self medicate and might cook meth and their families might break down andit became , while the trade might benefit the size of the us pie as a whole it became all the more important to make sure that we supported those who in the process, as part of that discussion might lose their jobs and invest in their education so that they can adapt to new jobs and we blew it. The winners did notcompensate from losers at all. I remember very well as i was studying economics. The argument was if you have a trade deficit, the Exchange Rates will adjust over time so the trade deficit will adjust and therefore you wont havea net loss of jobs. Turned out to be wrong for a different conversation. But one we were slow to respond to. So in the situation that youre describing with universalhealthcare , you mentioned that in the book as one of the remedies. I often talk about the Poor Foundation for a family to drive. And i picture a house and four sides of the foundation and you have healthcare and you have housing and education and you have good paying jobs. And so in your final chapter in the book you start to address various issues and they pretty much fall into those were categories and maybe starting with health, universal healthcare and eliminating unwanted tendencies. Which goes back to having access to healthcare and a family planning. And why is the United States doing so poorly on pregnancies versus other countries and of course you have noted already that that is one of the three factors that has a huge impact on the success of the next generation, having children outside of the structure of a family or having them early in life. I want to stress this,we have made progress. One teen pregnancy the peak was in the 1990s and there was so much teen pregnancy and then we sort of recognized this problem and we have addressed it a lot, its come down a lot, its still higher but it has come down a lot which goes when we put our mind to something we actually can. It actually does and we actually have madeprogress on things including homelessness. We actually reduced veteran homelessness by nearly half in six years and is continuing to go down under the Current Administration so when we want to make change, we really can do it very well. Its a matter of having the political will so i do agree with all those, they are really critical and i think healthcare is very important. I just hope that policymakers will remember that it can be available to everybody if we want to list all americans so that they can help america compete against the rest of the world. Healthcare is prettyimportant. As i travel around rural oregon, ive heard a lot of people note that the extension of medicaid has greatly helped in rural areas. For one thing it doesnt have a deductible. That means you have to make thousands in the beginning and avoid going to the doctor and because people can pay bills through medicaid it means the local as often expanded in size and taking on things like drug addiction or Mental Health. And i wondered if any of this strengthening of rural healthcare might have been something that affected or improved healthcare in yamhill . We have talked to a lot of people who say that they are so grateful that their healthcare is paid for. Including one of our friends dying but he died in hospital and was in the hospital several times before he passed away so the family was very grateful that you would be in the hospital and at least have more time with the family. So some of those families that you saw that were struggling with these have been able to get help with Mental Health and social health. Im not sure that they make the connection okay, oregon wasnt extended medicaid and therefore they got it, i dont think they make those connections but there thank you for the results. Im starting to see a little bit of your government hands off michael care reaction and certainly the premises of the exchange which means you can get a policy at the same price even if you have a preexisting condition have become highly valued factorss let me turn the tables andask you a question. Let me make the case. We make the case in tight rope the politics on some of these issues may be changing but youre in the front lines, youre the ones have to get votes in some of these but we argue that as some of the social problems have become associated in the public mind not with africanamericans but with a working class whites, its up to the framing of them has made it easier politically to address in a way that is hypocritical, but perhaps more compassionate as well. And that on issues like medicaid for example, that the politics may now be and listing the minimum wage, white workingclass is socially conservative but economically more liberal ,do you buy that . Certainly on healthcare, absolutely. People use tocome to my town halls and sayim trying to get to 65 and stay alive so i can get on medicare. I dont hear that anymore. And in the poorest and most rural parts of oregon, those are the places where the extension of medicaid has had the biggest impact and i think you would have a hard time praying that out of their hands. Because it really has a very positive impact and for the community for jobs, thats a significant contribution to the community as well. Things i hear about now are what am i getting gouged from the high cost of drugs . And why is it a situation where healthcare if youre not on the Oregon Health care plan is so stressful . I changed jobs, i changed healthcare. How do i get healthcare in the middle of the year, my spouse has healthcare but im not on her plan or i was on my plan and it dropped, what about my kids . So the complexity of our system, and i hear people saying the other challenge and just hear this throughout rural oregon is why do i have to fight with the Insurance Company so at the very time you are sick, maybe you are struggling with cancer or some other major disease, youre studying these bills trying to figure out can you pay the deductible and then shouldnt this be covered and youre having to be , this stress is much higher on our system than anywhere so healthcare is one piece and by the way, that gouging of americans on drugs, 80 percent of americans are ready to say we should get the same fair price as any other developed country but congress cant get it done and thats another sign of a damage to our institutions that lobby can exercise political power, the wealthy through both the super majority in the senate and through the level of lobbying and Campaign Donations that make a fundamental problem affecting people across the spectrum, where not addressing it. Its troubling. Lets go from healthcare to education. Early childhoodeducation and trying to seekuniversal High School Graduation. How can we do better on education . The us actually pioneered mass education and we used to be number one in high school education, it was the pride of the country and thats how we became number one but we have slipped over the years. To number 61 in one year and we might be, they actually used different data so we might be up to number 30 but its still far from number one. What can we do . Right now only one in seven, one in six studentsgraduate from high school. Thats kind of appalling. Some states do this, require kids to stay in school until the age of 18 and hopefully they will graduate by then or we could tell them if you want a drivers license you have to be enrolled in high school. You can do things like that and its sort of like theres no one overbought. Theres a lot of different silver buckshot that you have to fundamentally get many different ways and its kind of like the way we improved car driving safety. We first and lamented seatbelts. I remember when my parents first got the car we didnt use seatbelts at all but that was very dangerous so to improve safety we started adding seatbelts. We added airbags. We have padded dashboards but this personal responsibility, this narrative is the equivalent of saying lets put darts or needles inside the dashboard so lets teach you a lesson but i think what we need to do instead is at these little safety measures, keep nudging these kids to stay in school. You mentioned earlier the structure of childrens brains and we learned a lotof that. In your book you touch on how Early Education can have a huge multiplier effect. According to some studies seven times the return for the investment and ive seen studies that were in order of magnitude higher than that, 42 times because the reduce prison costs and more taxes are paid and so forth. Less crimes are committed and so when you see it laid out like that as you all have laid it out, shouldnt we all just rush and say we are going to invest a lot more on Early Childhood . Absolutely and that is the highest return on investment available in theus , not on a hedge fund. And just about every other country is able to provide. They can afford Early Childhood programs. And you know, i would argue that the big reason to do it is it benefits the children but it also has huge benefits for the parents, especially singleparent in terms of providing an ability to work. I must say, when we were raising our kids and there were two of us, we can barely figure out how to drop the kids off and pick them up, i thought is a single parent do it . Its incredibly hard to read and you mentioned a High School Graduation, keeping kids in high school read me back to when i was in high school and our high school was expelling students who smoke. And so i went to the demonstration. And i said is this really the right thing to do is to mark these kids are not going to get a high school education, should it be Something Different . There are high schools in the area, i told administrators that have decided to go the other way. Have a smoking room for students. Figuring it was better to keep them in school that graduating andthat they were going to stop their smoking habits. There was an interesting thing, i went around to a bunch of high schools but thats a point that theyre making here cheryl is find a way to help keep kids engaged in school and thats something you didnt mention at all cost out there in that regard. When i was in my bluecollar school growing up , i didnt have to pay any fees you for the sports, crosscountry, tennis, speech team. Chess team, i was on the others but no fees. And now my kids have graduated from the same school, same bluecollar school and everything as hes attached which really reduces Student Engagement and if i could wave a magic one i would get rid of those fees to help students date in school. I think thats a real issue and i think that administrators are sort of caught between okay, we know that these are the kids we want to keep in school. On the other hand, we need to make ends meet and if that is disrupting the teacher and entirely so that she cannot teach 20 other kids. I mean, is that good as well . Its a tight rope that the schooladministrators have to navigate. If we dont charge, how are we going to pay for these other afterschool teachers come in and do something . They need to get, we have to pay them for their time. Lets talk on to other areas you talk about in the book written for letting homelessness for children old housing factor and jobs. A right to work. How do we improve in those . Homelessness, we know the cost of homelessness for children are enormous. The impact because of these cases that we talked about earlier. And homelessness, as cheryl mentioned earlier we were able to reduce better and homelessness by half. Between 2010 and 2016 because we found it unconscionable that veterans were out in the street. If we similarly found it unconscionable that in America Today have on any given night more than 100,000 kids homeless we could reduce that i have. We could eliminate but we could dramatically reduce it with somecommendation of vouchers , shelters, priority, etc. And so again, it comes down to political will and instead the president s budget proposes putting housing programs. What do you say to those that say, youre sayingraise my taxes which isnt going to help me. It helps somebody else out. Why cant they figure itout for themselves . It easier to make that argument about adults. In the case of these kids these kids have not made any bad choices, they havent been responsible. They are homeless is about ovarian lottery you mentioned earlier and we know in the case of those Homeless Children that if we dont pay , were going to end up paying at the backend many times over so if you want to save tax dollars its that in their interest to invest in getting these people house. But its important to point out that you have them look at these reductions so you are getting a subsidy there or maybe for instance youre at the case of the hedge fund local who paid 238 million for a condo in the heart of new york city and pay property taxes only if as if the condo were 9. 8 million , theyre getting a subsidy there so there is a lot of unevenness in our tax codes. And loopholes that you can drive a truck through. Youre so right. The tax code is all kinds of subsidies to the very well off. And that when i was working with habitat for humanity and isaw the impact of a home for childs , i knew that what youre saying about the need for children to have a home is absolutely right. A stable home changes life for the child and the children who so personally ive been able toinvite a friend over. Because i never had a place and they been living in a car with their parents or in a can with their parents or in a basement, and those children started to do better in school and those children are going tocontribute more in taxes and be more productive citizens. And so lets make that happen. I was, there is one less ideas you put forward that doesnt fall neatly these four areas of education, health, housing and jobs and that is kneedeep on the monthly child balance. How should we look at. So britain was able to reduce Child Poverty in half under the attorney in 1999 and one of the key elements they provided was child allowance, basically in monthly payments, it could also be done and in the us there wasdiscussion about doing this through a tax credit. Michael bennett has cosponsored a bill that would do something along those lines. Just what every other industrialized country does. The National Academy yesterday and some other strategies to reduce Child Poverty by half in the us would cost about 100 billion a year. Cant afford a 2 trilliontax cut that we cant afford to reduce Child Poverty by half . So that mostly goes to the parents and reverberates in their ability to do much, maybe keep them in their house area and maybe it enables them to have a child participate in sports or who knows what. But we know the outcomes are better and congress pioneered them, they were often called individual Development Accounts and they involve a payment to a child that would be in a savings account, often next and could only be used for the savings but they can only be used for buying housing, for starting a business, thingslike this. Know this but i started the first iea program in oregon. So thank you for highlighting that in your book. And it came about because of my work at habitat for humanity i saw ownership made a difference developed rental Affordable Housing area and i said how can people get some stake in this . I had an Internet Research the idea of matching grants to buy homes and she discovered the start of the idaa program and i became a state legislator and we, oregon as the biggest subsidy for idaa programs in the country and we need bipartisan help now to reauthorize a new idaa bill so i hope you like publicized that because it was a bipartisan help to the three pathways from poverty to the middleclass. And that being education, Small Business and homeownership. So i so much appreciate you all engaging in this conversation. And exploring the challenges we have in america through the lens of a struggling rural community. What happens next . I hear there might be a film comingout associated with this . Thats right, theres a film version of tight rope that we hope will be on tv in the fall so state unit. Cheryl, what time is that we should make sure viewers know about the experience that you all have gone through examining the challenges. I think your focus on jobs was important but i do think that jobs are at the heart of so much pain and suffering that befalls a household. Certainly the ones that we interviewed in yamhill and also around the rest of the country. I think it appearsto be a common theme sowhatever policy , job creation is key. So thats everybody has to contributeto that. And policymakers can be very influential when it comes to job creation area. I think your examination of these issues through School Number six and through yamhill and the broader challenges facing america invited me very much in a way of Robert Kennedy going to appalachia and saying what im seeing in appalachia. Here in america such poverty and such stresses and then realizing that these situations work on a par with countries that we think of as somewhat cold poorer than the United States of america and can we do better and that is an examination of that helped launch a lot of thinking towards making our country work better for all americans. So thank you for exploring this. Its been a pleasure to converse with you about it. It highly in the sense that we are in the middle of a policy discussion that always companies apresident ial campaign year. Well done. Thank you very much. Cspan has roundtheclock coverage of the federal response to the coronavirus pandemic and its all available ondemand at cspan. Org coronavirus. What white house briefings, updates from governors and state ofal