I like to welcome you to todays program and as you know today is pearl harbor day and i would like to take just a moment to recognize those who have served and if there is any veterans or active Duty Service Member please rise and we can acknowledge your service. Thank you very much. [applause] today is a day that marked the transition of america from an isolationist nation to a global superpower and there are a few days in World History like december 7 because of what it meant for the world we live in i today in so many ways. Were very fortunate to be able to honor today with a Wonderful Program on a new book that has just come out and how many of you are members . If you are a member, raise your hand great while, look at that rate thats great. Thank you for your support. It makes these programs possible and because of members and trustees like you that we can do these programs and last year cliff who is a Program Manager put on 58 programs here at the library and i would was very impressed and began because of these supports we can have these programs for free and his way of us to get back to the community because they feel so strongly that fdr love this area and wanted to be used in this way we are honoring his wishes. Our speaker today is a journalist and taught, at harvat and taught at georgetown but also written a number of very interesting books and he is the author of perfect which is don larsons book about don larsons world series but anyone remember that . Perfect pitch world series. Raise your hand. Then he wrote a book called promise and performance about john f. Kennedy and then interestingly and i think this i want to hear about this event wrote a novel about john f. Kennedy, right . Deadly risk about his assassination so he wrote both nonfiction andio fiction book ad i bet they are a good combination. A book called empire on [inaudible] and of those of you who dont know William Taylor was a man that essentially built cbs and his rise to power parallels fdrs time of radio into television and probably one of most fascinating and certainly most powerful media moguls in modern world. Another lou book on Louis Brandeis so he is a deep grounding in 20th century American History which brings a fresh perspective to the book easier to talk about today which is called, in the cauldron. This is the very, gated time and story about how president roosevelt was trying to navigate this transition from america being an isolationist group of country and wanted to get into this war but he wanted to get into the war with germany, not japan, but of courset, american policy was forcing a decision one way or the other. You will hear a fantastic story in the book is in the cauldron and there will be a book signing after words and please welcome lew paper. [applause] thank you all for coming. When paul said he was going to introduce me i had only one request, i said i dont care if it is true or not but just make me look good. [laughter] i think he did a great job. But, i do want to thank paul and cliff for the invitation to be here. Its a great honor and im very privileged and very flattered to have received the invitation. Being here has a special meaning for me. As when i was a little boy my father talk to me all the time about president roosevelt and the reason my father talked to me about president roosevelt was because i had been stricken with polio as a little boy. From being a success in life. And he had no better example of scores than president roosevelt. I was very fortunate. My polio was not as severe as president roosevelts. And later when got a little older my father brought me here to the library and museum. It was a very special trip. I was awestruck by the place. And i can only say i wish my father could be here with me today. I think he would really enjoy enough about these personal matters all seen that film, president roosevelt standing in the United States a representative number eight, 1941. Saying december 7, 1941 is a date that will live in infamy because of japans surprise attack on the u. S. Naval base at pearl harbor. Theres noth evidence that president roosevelt or his cabinet new and advanced specifically that japan what attack pearl harbor. They would not be surprised japan what attack United States. November 1941, only a few weeks before pearl harbor, joseph sent to telegrams from the secretary of state. Warning him that japan was prepared to launch a suicidal more against United States and that conflict would come, dangerous and dramatic settlement. How did he know that . In november, 1941, joseph was 61 years old. Tall, lean, bushy eyebrows, full mustache. He had been an american diplomat for almost 40 years. He had been americas ambassador to japan, can you hear me better now . Joseph had been an american diplomat for almost 40 years. He had been americas ambassador to japan almost ten years. There were four factors that led him to send those to telegrams, secretary of state cordell hull and november 1941. The first factor was a japanese economy. United states had imposed economic sanctions on japan and in an effort to curb military aggression in china and Southeast Asia. Those economic sanctions have crippled the japanese economy. There was no gasoline for cars, tokyos streets had to be fitted with charcoal engines. Coffee important was also unavailable. It had been a place by another group, about which the New York Times correspondent, said it was better not to ask too many questions. There was a second factor. That led him to send those telegrams the secretary of sta States November 1941. A japanese mindset. He knew a crippled economy would lead to a sense of desperation among the japanese. A sense of desperation would lead to war. It was all part of that samurai do or die spirit that still prevailed in japan. He knew that for japanese leaders, annihilation or suicidal war with the u. S. Was better than to the accumulation of succumbing to american pressure. There was a a story which ella part illustrates that japanese mindset. In 1941, he received word from the American Embassy in china about a japanese soldier captured by chinese troops there. The japanese soldier came from a well to do family. He wanted his family back in japan to know that he was alive and well could he password onto the japanese government and he soon received a reply. The japanese government said neither it nor this mans family were interested, as far as they were concerned, that japanese soldier was dead. Because, said thed. Government, any japanese soldier who had allowed himself to be captured dishonored his family and his government. There was a third factor that led to send those telegrams to cordell hall 1941. Their concern for japanese leaders ability to control the japanese. If i was writing a book about germany, would not have to tell you about the fatality of the government. Japan was also a very Oppressive Society secret police were everywhere. Surveillance wasnt present in discrete word, ordered to a friend, i and finding himself arrested and jailed and subjected to horrific torture. He understood the upshot of all of this. If japanese leaders issued a command to launch a suicidal war against the United States, the japanese people would obey that command and they would fight to the death. Theres a fourth factor. Led him to send the telegrams and november 1941. That revolved around discussions which japanese representatives were having at washington d. C. Secretary of state cordell hall about a possible agreement between japan and the United States to resolve the differences between the two countries. Notwithstanding that do or die spirit, japanese leaders recognized the risk of war with the unitedes states. So they supported anis initiatie in the spring of 1941 to have discussions held in washington to see if the two countries could reach an agreement. Heres the part secretary of state cordell hall knew there ss virtually no chance of japan and the United States reaching an agreement. He regarded japan as one of the Worst International desperados in the history of mankind. He subscribed that no promises on paper would be worth anything. He could not tell that directly to the japanese representatives who came to washington d. C. Why . s in the spring of 1941, americas military capabilities were woefully inadequate. So president roosevelt in the military chiefs urged him to drive the conversations out with japanese as long as possible. To give the United States time to bolster its military capabilities and defer or delay any conflict in the pacific by which the United States was not prepared. So thats what he did. Spring through the summer into the fall of 1941, he spent untold hours talking with japanese representatives about an agreement that he knew probably would never come to fruition. By the fall of 1941, he reported from tokyo that japanese leaders were very frustrated about the lack of progress and the discussions in fact that japanese leaders were beginning to sense that the United States was not really interested in an agreement that the United States was merely playing the time. For japan, time was running out. In those months before pearl harbor, he made many recommendations president roosevelt and secretary of state cordell hall. P about things they could do that might avoid the war that he saw coming. Very few recommendations were acknowledged, none except of. Why . Back in the United States and especially in washington, people could not believe japan would directly attack the United States. The United States was so much more in terms of population and resources, people in washington announced it would be utterly stupid for japan to directly attack United States. So he made it right that american policy and those months before pearl harbor was completely inflexible. His reporting to the government from tokyo was like throwing pebbles into a lake at night. When pearl harbor occurred, as you might o imagine, joseph was rary frustrated and bitter. He felt the administration squandered a chance to possibly avoid work. Pearl harbor did occur, he and the other members were immediately arrested and taken as prisoners of war. They were all played American Embassy in tokyo for about six months while japan andnd the Uniteded States worked out a Diplomatic Exchange agreement so that american diplomats in japan could return to the United States and japanese diplomats in the United States could return to japan. During the six months thatt he was held as a prisoner of war, joseph wrote a 60 page report, detailed his criticism of american policy in the months before pearl harbor. He planned to give that report the president roosevelt and secretary of state cordell hall and he returned to the United States. But it never happened. When he returned to the United States in august, 1842, he showed the report, the secretary of state cordell hall. He glanced at the report, he immediately saw the report criticized decisions which paul made in the months before pearl harbor. He immediately demanded that he destroy that report. In theat state department, he ft he had no choice but to agree to his demand. So he destroyed that report. I should add theres no evidence that president roosevelt knew about the report or its destruction. He never publicly acknowledged the destruction of the report. Even when he was asked in a postwar congressional hearing, whether he had prepared in our report upon his return to the United States. Thank you for that indulgence. How did i come to write this book . About joseph and pearl harbor . About six years ago, i was going to write a book about america in 1941. It was a pivotal year for the country. Franklin d roosevelt had been inaugurated for an unprecedented third term as president. The uaw signed its first contract for the car manufacturer. The new york yankees, safely 56 consecutive games, record which still stands. Of course, japan attacked pearl harbor. In the course of my research, i came across the name of joseph group and his efforts orchestrate an agreement between japan and the United States to avoid the war he saw coming. I was intrigued and the more i researched, the more i realized his story had never been told. So i switched gears to tell that story. Writing this book, i wanted to bring the characters alive for the reader. Take president roosevelt. Hes a central figure in this drama. When you see roosevelt standing in the well of the United States house of representatives on december 8, 1941, sank december 7, 1941 was a date that will live in infamy, he looked so strong, he sounds so vibrant and yet, as we discussed, heres a man who had been stricken by polio and could not walk. I was thinking about it when i was writing the book. You and i get up in the morning and go to the bathroom, we do our business and come back and get dressed, we go about our day. Roosevelt could not do all that without assistance. Assistance was not going to be provided by his wife, eleanor. She had her own bedroom down the hall in the white house and more than that, she was almost always traveling. Instead, roosevelt lied on a valet. Roosevelt had two valets during his 12 years in the white house. I thought, wouldnt it be great if i could find some commentary from those valleys about what roosevelt was like those private moments would valet . I was able to find that commentary. I learned most private moments with his ballet, he almost always displayed a sweet amiable disposition. Roosevelts ballet in december 1941 was arthur, big black man who was a chief petty officer in the United States navy. He was also a very good looking guy. Although he was married, roosevelt liked to tease him about being a ladies man. Every time roosevelt would tease him, he would respond, one does not refute the chief executive. I wanted to provide that same intimacy talking about joseph group. To do that, i talked to him many members of his family. His grand children, his cousin, greatgrandchildren, they told me many stories that were very useful. One story stood out because it displayed demonic skills and his stature. It was january 1949, he was asked to provide remarks at a dinner in honor of general george c marchal who was retiring as secretary of state. General marshall had been chief of the army during world war ii. After the war, truman appointed him as secretary of state. Now in january 1949, general marshall was going to retire in virginia with his wife. In the audience, general eisenhower and his wife, im sure you allr know generalized now is the one who led the allied invasion of normandy. In closing remarks, in honor of general marshall, he said all he wants to do is retire to his farm in virginia, with missus eisenhower. As soon as he said that, people began to laugh. He immediately recognized his mistake and quickly said, my apologies to the general. At that time, general eisenhower blurted out, which general . I did not rely solely on discussions with members of groups family. I also had access to a lot of documents. No document was more important than his diary. This guy was incredibly disciplined. Long diplomatic career, almost every evening during the week and on weekends, he would sit at his desk, his pipe clenched between his teeth, and he would write out whatf happened, what they said and what he thought the previous day. I had access to thousands of patients pages of his diary. I knew almost everything he did, everything he did and thought in those months before pearl harbor. I knew what time he got up in the morning, i knew his favorite scotch whiskey was Johnny Walker red. And i knew, too, about his very deep feelings for his wife, alice. In fact, in many respects, this book is a love story. When joseph grew married alice perry in 1904, she was a tall, vivacious beautifulhe woman with long dark hair. Alice came from a prominent family in boston. She had little formal education because the family was always traveling. Alice was very smart and she had a lot of opinions and alice wanted to share those opinions with her husband. E he is willing to listen. Group told his daughters that he really rarely send out an Important Message of kim occasion, really of anything of consequence without consulting alice. C alice was a force in her own life. A story told by grew secretary. The concerns in tokyo, shortly before pearl harbor, they invited over for dinner robert, British Ambassador to japan and his wife. They liked them, they did not like the lady, they thought she was a nasty woman. In any event, these social occasions in tokyo, they would often show up after dinner. The problem was that the projector they used to show the movie was often breaking down. In this particular occasion, as they were watching a movie, the projector again broke down. When it did, she turned to alice and said, isnt unfortunate, my dear . That that machine of yours is always breaking down . Without skipping a beat, alice turned to her and said yes, but isnt it great we have no important guests tonight . [laughter] i tried to provide that same intimacy and describing the other characters in this drama, both american and japanese. If you read the book, you will see the attack at pearl harbor was not merely a clash of governments, it was the product, personalities, the perspectives and prejudices of people like you and me. If you read this book, it will change the way you look at pearl harbor. I want to thank you for coming and people have a question, id be happy to answer any questions anyone might have. Just keep it clean. I think there is a microphone. I have a couple of questions. One of the things the japanese are fairly well known for his their resourcefulness. Forgive me but we all, i think, pretty much drove here today and we are all aware of the price of gas. Back in those days, the japane japanese, one of the primary sources of fuel further, not only their navy but army and their domestic use, pretty much came from the United States. It seems like the british, the germans with their steaming around the Southeast Asia coast, they didnt have any problem getting fuel for their ships, the british didnt have any problem getting fuel for their ships. 1937, the japanese attempted to get an Oil Construction agreement with southeast portuguese and nothing seemed to ever happen. Why couldnt the japanese by fuel from theev and i a . Flush with oil today, why does it have to come 5000 miles across and 5000 back . I know that doesnt pertain exactly to what you are talking oeabout but he had been there tn years. I cant help to think that maybe somewhere along the lines,nkha e you guys think about another fuel source rather than the u. S. Grew wasnt going to help the japanese in that. I dont want to create a misimpression here, grew was a patriot. He saw his role as an ambassador, representative of the United States, he saw it has his mission to promote peace because he had been in the embassy in germany during worldf war i. He understood the consequence of poor. He knew what work brought. He was desperate. To try to wro avoid work, not to advance the cause of the japanese but protect america. To go to your question, would not have given japanese any advice about that but the japanese, you are correct, very resourceful. They did pursue other turnips to gethe oil and they were everywhe that they went. In part, if not entirely but in part because he United States also recognized what you just said and the United States worked with other countries to prevent japan from running around the sanctions with United States it imposed because japan could be resourceful and get around it, then the sanctions would notot e effective. United States Government was very much aware of that. I have one other question since you are able too see this diary that he kept, was there any mention of a person, by the way, did he keep a diary like that, not only when he was in japan but throughout this whole time . Yes. Was there any mention and that diary of a person by the name of tyler. You are really testing me now. I cant remember the name but you can go, i should say for those of you interested in the book go to my website blue paper. Com, go to my website, theres a description of the book and you can see some reviews and also, a video about the book. I know it doesnt sound like a blockbuster but theres a video about the book on the website but the reason i bring it up is if you have questions, after yoo leave here today and say i wish i had asked him this or that, go to my website and you can reach me through my website and i promise you, if you sent me a question, i will do my best to answer promptly. They work more than that, and Court Alcohol and other countries are aware of whats happening in china, this wasnt justpe here battle or fight goig on, this was destruction of horrendous portions. He said Court Alcohol was repeated in his paper, is there anything diary to show what the mistakesre were . Would anything have happened . Festival, you are right. The japanese military, they engaged and they were brutal. A number of atrocities including thousands of chinese civilians raped and murdered, beaten, it was unspeakable. That was the army and they did do very bad things. I would say this, the United Statesin, grew understood that d accept that. He was looking out for the Unitedd States and he did not want the United States to come involved in a war if they codified with maintaining their integrity. In terms of what paul did, paul refused, grew felt that secretary of state hall was not receptive to suggestions which grew had made that grew thought would avoid the work. In terms of the mistakes, one mistake he made from cruise perspective was a meeting that the japanese Prime Minister requested a meeting because of president roosevelt. This was in the summer and fall 1941 this Prime Minister had a unique stature and he commanded respect with competing factions in japan. Wasold grew that he prepared to go to the United States and meet with roosevelt on american soil, anywhere roosevelt wanted and he would give the president concessions to reach an agreement to avoid war. This Prime Minister wanted to avoid war. In his camp was an emperor. He was reviewed throughout japan and in those days, the emperor truly wanted a diplomatic resolution and the Prime Minister told grew if he c could meet with roosevelt, he h had te support of the emperor to stop the fighting of japanese troops in china. Hall did not want roosevelt to meet with the Prime Minister and he convinced him not to meet with the Prime Minister. Roosevelt wanted to meet with him because president roosevelt had great confidence in his ability to deal with other people and he met with a lot of foreign leaders during world war ii. In terms of grew thought about what prompted wrong, i think grew felt he was very inflexible and unreceptive to suggestions that grew thought might lead to an avoidance of work. Do you feel the chinese the japanese whatever withdrawal from china . If not, what we would be the basis . Its interesting you brought that up. When he was sailing back from japan, august 1942, and he had this report that i described a moment ago that he wanted to give to president roosevelt and korda hall, while he was on the ship coming back to america, grew wrote a long letter, a cover letter to president roosevelt and this was like a deer frank letter, they went to school together. So grew and roosevelt knew each other very well. He drafted a deer frank letter to explain he was attaching a copy of this report. T. In that letter, grew explained this japanese Prime Minister said that the chinese troops would be withdrawn except for a small contingent. Thats what grew was told that the Prime Minister told him the Prime Minister had the support of an emperor in doing that. If you had booked the army, i believe he said he would have been assassinated by the army. I cant respond to that because i havent seenec that comment. I can tell you the emperor was revered so the emperor was somebody, he wasnt a passive receptacle, throughout this time, he was engaged with the civilian and military and what they should do. I will tell you, in the final months, fall 1941, when a lot of people in the military were pushing work with United States, the emperor did not want it. When this Prime Minister, he was october 1941 because they could got get roosevelt. The new prime c minister was to, very well known in many circles because his Prime Minister when japans attacked Prime Minister. The japanese army, theres a lot of pressure from the army from which he came to go to work with the United States. His advisors told him when he became Prime Minister in october 1941 that he should ignore every policy statement japan adopted previously and called a right message, he was to do everything he could, within reason to reach a resolution with the United States and he did his perspective, he said he had to abide by that, it didnt work out in part because as i say, i think the japanese right or wrong, they felt they were never going to get anywhere with the United States reaching an agreement. The bottom line is, i cant speak to the, that you made because i never saw the interview but i can tell you that theau generals in responseo a request from the emperor that they find a diplomatic resolution. Thank you. Good afternoon. Thank you for coming. Thank you. During the period of time, speaking about the joseph grew had any communication or good repertoire, if any with william, the fdr ambassador to germany at that time . Thats an interesting comment. I actually do discuss that in my book. Is a reason why you should buy the book. I do talk about that in 1940, at the age of 70, 1941, it was published in the United States. It was later used as a basis for a book called in the parking of beast. When his book came out, grew was very much aware because joseph grew was the United States diplomatic corps. He was very interested in seeing what god had to say about germany in part because grew serviced germany and because he was wrestling with a country bent on war. So there probably, i cant renumber, i would say good ten to 15 pages of perus diary devoted to this analysis as the ambassador to germany between 1933e and 1937, i dont want to spend a lot of time detailing that but the bottom line was grew had a low opinion of god as an ambassador and thought he did not intro the country well s because he did not, grew felt god had not accurately or adequately advanced American Interest of dealing with hitler. Wanted to go back to bruce suggestions to roosevelt, besides meeting with the Prime Minister, whether other suggestions . There were a number of other suggestions, one suggestion that grew made was, heio felt roosevt should issue a statement that would be wellpublicized in the United States and he would have publicized in japan. If roosevelt were explained about the benefits that would accrue to japan, abandoned their military policies and adopted more peaceful courses, grew was concerned because the japanese, off the Japanese Pressf controlled by the government. The japanese leaders, Japanese Press and japanese leader, grew felt had a mistaken view about sentiment in the United States. There were a lot of other movements led by lindbergh and others in the u. S. And whenever isolation in the United States made statements, they were given great obesity in japan so he was concerned that japanese had mistaken view of what the United States was willing to do and whether the United States would stand up for itself. He wanted to counter that and he told roosevelt if you can make a statement to explain the benefits, i will make sure through my contacts, that this gets a lot of publicity so everybody, japanese leader and the people can understand the benefits they would have if they change their policies. I was one suggestion grew from never accepted. I was wondering, what was japans overall Strategic Plan for the empire and their place in the world. So had there been a peace treaty that would have been signed, they have kept expanding throughout Southeast Asia and and would work have been essential . I would say this, grew thought theres no guarantees in this, theres so many factors in this situation is so fluid, he could not guarantee as to what the future would hold but he did think at the United States could reach an agreement that japan might get the benefits that it was seeking without work. You have to remember that japan is an islandyo of, a nation of islands. They had very few resources so they had big population but no resources or few resources. China and Southeast Asia were very important for the japanese because they were having the resources japan did not have. Japan had a legitimate right to be in china, they had a railroad and other rights that enabled them to stay there and they could have stayed there. W Japan Business interest in china long before there was war. I guess the response to your question is, we believed that there was a chance, a reasonable chance that there could be benefit to japan and peace but i will tell you in your other points, as i mentioned, japanese leaders understood the risk of war with the United States, they understood they could notnd survive in a long work with the United States. Admiral is the one who devised a strategy to attack pearl harbor. He did it because he said japan hant last in war with the u. S. And the only way to survive a war is the United States, a crippling blow with the upsets. He thought pearl harbor would do that. Even in september 1941, he said that a war with very little chance of success should not be fought. As a possibility that certain elements of japan would have responded to an agreement that would promise the benefits japan needed. Thank you. One short question, why, if mr. Grew website good friend of franklin roosevelt, did he not sent a letter, not just to mr. Hall but you are to understand what i know, why did we speak up . Today, people would do that. What was the attitude in 1942 . Fortyone . Thats a good question. The short answer is, grew did write several dear frank s periodically. He knew the president was busy with so many things, periodically, he did v write letters to president roosevelt. Dear frank letters. The problem was, roosevelt was primarily concerned with hitler. Roosevelt deferred most of the japanese, the decisions to stop because he was so focused on that. To give you an example of what happened, grew wrote a letter, one of the dear frank letters september 29, 1941 to tell him about the things he thought were meeting for the japanese Prime Minister to see if they can reach an agreement. The letter comes to roosevelt, roosevelt the letter to the state department to draft a reply and grew finally gets her reply by roosevelt by the state department on october 29, by then, the Prime Minister wanted to have this agreement have been forced to resign because he could not arrange this meeting. Grew recognized that, theres only so many letters you can write and i guess the question is, should he have come back japan . Travel wasnt easy in those days but thats a good question. One more question . Dont sell yourself short. It depends on your answer. You mentioned ambassador grew was like the dean of the demand daemonic core. Yes, i senior. Theres the existence of something called an aa be done alliance. It stands for australia, ameri america, britain and asian. This was to prove this was signed off by fdr, secretary war it was on a treaty because it had never been approved by the senate. Heres my question. Based on the knowledge and existence of this treaty and as early as february 28th, 1941, there was Communications Alliance held by these four countries and they exchanged all of the code information from Office Countries new collectively with the United States, everybody had some skin in the game. U. S. West short on intelligence but yet, at least we hadad some shifts. My question is, was senator aware of this alliance did the tate department, japan have any cross over or exchange of information or the Naval Intelligence . Thats a good question. The short answer is, grew was a civilian employee. Grew had very little contact with the military in the United States. That said, grew was friends with and elaborated with the diplomats in tokyo. I mentioned the one story about dinner with the British Ambassador, grew and proper, they were very close. Grew is on good terms with oil of the ambassadors or ministers from the United States allies. They exchangee information regularly, they met regularly and so anything they felt they could share, they did. So they were pretty much in the same boat. He returned from japan, did he have a role in u. S. Policy toward japan . Or what was he doing at that time connected question. I guess because he was a loyal employer, he destroyed that report, grew continued in the state department, he started off secretary of state and he became chief of the eastern than november 1944, half resigned as secretary of state and he was replaced and later burns. November 1944 grew was appointed secretary of state, number two position in the state department. During 1945, up until august 15, 1945, grew spent a lot of time as the acting secretary of state because secretary of state was traveling around so much, they were forming the united nations, dealing with a lot of issues that required the secretary of state to travel to different places in the secretary of state was out of washington, he became acting secretary of state and the great irony is that grew was the acting secretary of state, when the bombs were dropped in iwo jima. Then he retired august 18th 1945 shortly after the last bomb was dropped. Grew was 65 years old, in those days, that is considered old. Today, it is middleaged, right . [laughter] your 65 years old so he retired and he retired, he commanded the respect of a lot of people, it goes back to the t story i mentioned about retirement general marshall, is asked to provide that dinner because of this. Grew was a pow was this treatment changed at all after the raiders did the bombing in tokyo . That he have amb conversation wh the prisoners of the raiders . Short answer is, i dont know if he had any communication but they were heldf more or less in the American Embassy. They were not out and about, thm embassy was very nice, one of the nicest embassies in the United States but they had to do things but a lot of the people who work in the embassy outside the embassy before pearlin harb. When pearl harbor approves, all the Embassy Staff had to be relocated inside, there is not enough room for everybody in the embassy so officers were turned into bedroom so people could stay there. Grew did not have any i dont think he had in contact with other prisoners of war, was that your question . He really didnt. They were pretty much confined to the embassy they didnt have Radio Communications and rarely went out of the embassy. The treatment was not changed when the bombingf hit . I would say they were treated better than most prisoners of war. They were living in the american industry, its crowded but a nice embassy. They had life relatively good compared to the treatment of other prisoners of war and on that score, by comparison, journals, american journals were in tokyo reporting for the newspaper, almost all newspaper journalists had prisoners of war, they were thrown into jail. They were tortured. To give you one little story about that, now that you bring it up, on the ship, youre supposed to take grew back to the United States, they were taking all the embassysy and otr americans and all the journalists, they were on that ship as well. There was a delay because United States insisted on getting some people from northern japan on the ship so as a delay on the ships living the harbor. The passengers were not told why there was a delay so a lot of the passengers became very concerned the ship was not going to leave and they were going to be taken off the ship and taken back onto land and japan. One of the journalists there said ill jump into water and drowned myself week before i go back on land in japan. I should give you some picture of how the japanese treated other prisoners of war. [applause] again, i want to thank you for coming and your patients and i hope you enjoyed it and i hope you learned something from it. Roank you. There will be a book signing in the lobby. [applause] you are watching a special edition of book tv, airing now during the week while members of congress are working in the district because of the coronavirus pandemic. Tonight on afterwards, first New York Times magazines conservator, peggy examines culture and young male masculinity. Former Deputy National security advisor, mcfarland tells her time in the trump administration. Later in New York Times reporter jennifer articles the first year of the largest class of women ever elected to congress. Enjoy book tv now and also watch over the weekend on cspan2. Television has changed since cspan began 41 years ago. Our Mission Continues to provide an unfiltered view of government. Already this year, we brought primary election coverage. The president ial impeachment process and now the federal response to the coronavirus. Watch all of cspan Public Affairs programming on television, online or this and on our free radio app. Be part of the National Conversation through cspan daily Washington Program or social media, cspan, created by private industry. Americas Cable Television company as a Public Servant and brought to you today by your television provider. Im pleased to be with you to talk about the new book you put out, tight rope. Particularly because it looke