Transcripts For CSPAN2 Chip Walter Immortality Inc 20240713

Therapeutics. The biomedical and received his undergraduate degree in Computer Science and a phd in biology from cambridge university. Doctor robert is chairman and ceo of cellularity inc. An accomplished surgeon, biomedical scientists and aviator. Its a graduate of Columbia College in columbia university, engineering and applied science. He also earned his md and phd from cornell university. Doctor Cynthia Kenyon a pioneer in the field of aging. An Vice President of aging research at lifesciences. In Google Alphabet company. She spent many years on the u. S. Avenue at the molecular biologist and geneticist. And earned her chemistry degree from the university of georgia and phd from mit. And finally, chp walter is a science journalist, National Geographic explorer filmmaker and author of immortality inc. Renegades science and silicate valley and the quest to live forever. Chp was one of the original employees at cnn. And then didnt beautiful san francisco. Ladies and gentlemen please join me in welcoming. These doctors and chp walter. They will be joining me on stage shortly. Science and business of antiaging. [background sounds]. So tonight we have the honor of some specialist here. Some experts in the field. We only have about 50 minutes. Toys for the science and quest for longevity. So i would like to keep us on a story line. Jim and i have discussed this previously. Who going start by defining your missions, then we will dig into the science of aging, and explore the strategy as well is the pros and cons of extending our lifespan. And then we will take your questions from the audience. So lets start with chp. You have written this amazing book, immortality, inc. What are you hoping to achieve. Ive always been fascinated with the idea of long life, longevity. I think all of us are fascinated in the human race. Its been fascinating from the beginning going all of the way back. There is been plenty of myths. Philosophies, religion, theres also been plenty of snake oil. I think whenever i was looking at this, i began to wonder is it possible that we are actually other place in Human History where science, not snake oil orbits, could solve one of the great mysteries that we have all wondered about. That is basically solving aging. I thought, i think this is beginning to happen and i wanted to go out and look at that question. Its really no way, you might think of it as a science book really is kind of a history book. Then i am trying to look, with the book i wanted to ask if this happens. For the people behind it. What would be the motivations. What kind of forces would need to take place. The staff and then tell the story. In this country do this book i try to find who the key people with big deep thinkers. What kind of money has to be behind it when we even want to do this. In the end i hope that i was able to read together a story that tells the tale. We read like a novel. Your leading research. What is your mission there. And what is your definition of success. I was a professor for about 30 years. This was before i went to calico. I became interested in aging partly because if youre at the time, most people saw the aging was just out, this marked disorder in decline. Thats all there is to it. What you see very different lifespans with different species. Some with very short and some of long so that means that gene changes during evolution has changed lifespan. Savings there has to be genes somehow determine the rate of aging. Thats me. The make us age much more slowly than a dog for example. So a tiny little roundworm. It just was a few weeks. And for my left, we look for gene changes that could extend five. There were very lucky to find a mutation in a single chain could double the lifespan of the animal can become went over the normal. Six times as long as normal. And so, that in the work that we deal with these mechanisms trying to understand them, really got me interested in trying to go beyond my own lofgren and try to help find out whether you could first of all translate this to humans in some way. The worse you some of the information that we know from studying the basic biology of animals, to improve our health. In longevity. And i also when i learned about kimco, if any company they wanted to do path this basic research. In the idea is being able to do creativity, driven basic research and really kind of moonshot way. Rats which dont seem to age for those mouselike creatures that seem to live for really long time. For example, counsel to be in a position where we can actually try to take to the clinics some of the information that we glean more on animals. And also make discoveries it cackled that could make. It was just too exciting and to become an opportunity for me to turn down. So success to me, there is two kinds of success actually. One i hope we can talk about this. A lot of really fundamentally fascinating discoveries about aging. How works. Emmy different ways you can slow down. I hope that we find another. Maybe two or three more. I think there is more picked discoveries. I hope that we can really can apply what we know. To humans. Weve been, i will stop in just a second but as you know, for a long time weve been trying to cure diseases. Which is fantastic. Didnt really, none perfect job people just dont dive in section four these two. Heart disease the way these two. But the people still age at the same rate so you have more people who are older in some cases are living a very healthy condition present hope is that we can find ways like these little worms the stay healthy for a really long time. I maintain your health for longer. So that is another goal. Its not just michael. As a goal for the whole field. As a shared goal. What is your mission at the Research Foundation and was what is success for you. Personal is this working. Second. Really its very similar to her similai the understanding that e having aging of their medical control is a controversial subject. Nobody told me that it was not a medical problem. It was so actually it was 1993, the same or which cynthia published her piece that it i went through transformation of my own. I had married a biologist having previously been researcher of Artificial Intelligence. And i accidentally learn biology but gradually, he underlies she just wasnt interested aging. That was the other thing i was interested in. Affect is going on. After your two, i had switched fields. I had to work on it because the other biologist just werent doing it. And as time went on, i became able to and i do want to mention something else. Extraordinarily important. An often overlooked these days when the medical applicability of this field is more established. In the 90s, this was in the extreme. The idea of actually saying we want to do something about aging. If you have the anda grant application, and sunday it was one of the very first people actually went out and said this. And so often feel that im kind of standing on her shoulders and doing what i do. But to me success is all about helping wives. And saving lives. And about the quality of work have to have to remind people that longevity is just an effective health. And during medical research, this is that they are working a specific degree. Keeping people healthy, and we think that we have a striking chance of doing it so well that the magnitude of that side effect of longevity will actually have a bad side effect pretty. Can you find largehearted. We cannot qualified that. Its a really complicated machine. We need to look at what happens with simple machines. We know that the car for example can be maintained in as functional state as a had the date was built. For as long as you like. Their cars than a hundred years old today that were not designed to last only about ten years. And they are simple enough that we already know how to do with comprehensive preventative maintenance on them. So the goal of our work is biomedical intelligence and to develop medicines that do exactly the same thing. This eventually comprehensive preventative maintenance to eliminate that damage the body just to itself throughout life. And thereby, to completely transcend lets call it the warranty. The devolution has built into our bodies. Roberts, you said that you believe aging is a stem cell problem. The genomic based health and ten will induce Company Human law inc. What are you striving for exactly and where you have arrived. Cellularity was born of the company that was teaching to turn living cells into medicines and leaves the platform took advantage of a very unique biology in the placenta. The organ that we all know its hard to collect support system for the developing fetus. It turns out that time, i manure us surgeon returning. I was mostly interested in finding a way to include the i come as patients when stem cells first the airway and i said will this might be a tool for me to improve the neurological outcome. This will come into the field and link made a lot of advances during the cells and fuels to control inflammation which themselves are very good at doing. A stimulating regeneration. In the conflict of the medicine as a means to provide health is not new. In their longtime is during the period when the Company Became part of a growing enterprise. It is really cancer focused company that i first saw data that impressed me. In the database, we showed that in patients as they age, there was a very abrupt decline in the number of stem cells and one organ system that we were looking at. The bone marrow. Turns out that if you look at a bone marrow, when in about 20 to 30000 cells, fuel to the bone marrow of 80 yearold is 130 million. So what is it tell us surgeon is not a smartest the the rest of the folks on this panel, and we just had stem cells patients. So we did was we ran a very simple experiment here, we collected the placental stem cells from new Born Research animals and give the vector stem cells after sexual maturity on a real basis. And this will stoke study showed out those animals lived 30 to 4. But that wasnt obviously enough to launch a big research program. But in an treatise enough to say that stem cells may impact payroll and doing two things. Preserving performance. Anatomic performance. Maintaining the structure and function of her body as we age. And allowing the immune system to perform at optimal levels throughout our lifespan. God is there. Were showing these products are meaningful in the age related diseases. Immune diseases and cancer. But i think the future is going to be very bright. For applying them to Human Performance. The preservation of Human Performance to me is a nice way of saying longevity. I like that. So lets take a little bit more signs of aging. I think cynthia, youre probably best to explain basic terms, why do we age. What is happening to our bodies. The tissues ability to withstand stress and function, and the proper way is declines. Many levels cells lose the tissues their integrity to some extent. The cells within the tissues lose their ability to carry other functions in the way they behave. They dont coordinate their behavior with one another as well as these two. It is really interesting if you take the materiality rate, of a species humans. As you know, the chance that you will wake up one morning and i that day, is up with the older you are. He goes up and very regularly. If you plot it on exponentially straightline. Starting in about age 30 chance of death, known it is. So that is the human right. And especially right now. The dog, doubles much more quickly. Obviously dogs have a much more shorter lifespan. Especially her puppies. Its very interesting it says that theres something inside on young person you dont know where it is in the person. All of the cells in just one place. Two but to program the person to age insert right. And start start when theyre young. Tims arms. So thats what i think is most interesting thing is to find out what is the programming. What is it that creates this resilience. That is different in different species. Even this simple genetic mutation that can double or make six times the lens or lifespan roundworms. Can you explain in simple terms how that happens and whats going on. Yes it turns out the very early in evolution, it looks as though simple organisms develop, the capacity to withstand stressful conditions. Like the removal of food for the presence of a large radiation for hot temperature. Defecation, or for the different sources. What they seem to do, is to first proclamation of any of the stresses. They have a system at least that can make them resist the stresses. All the ones. And it turns out, the mutation that we, the change in the genes, gene change so what we found as we change this one jean, just one base pair in the whole dna. That is all. The animals, everythings changed and the animals age much slowly. How did we do that with one base change. It turns out the regulatory like a Computer Program any kind of have an hierarchy of control systems. We had intervened at a very high level without knowing what we did at the time. Now we know. He came in and a very high level and we did is essentially the cost of the animal to kind of on site sink. Then it was under stress. So what happened is this animal had changes in reprogrammed itself. So now much more resistant to any kind of damaging going to do it is they had proteins and repair the dna, all things that they do at different levels. There were all coordinate leak switch on. It was very interesting. And those animals lived twice as long. No really know exactly but at least some of these things, these same properties or systems that can protect animals from stress, also protect them from the stress of aging. This kind of a high level not very nuts and multi explanation but i think it really is true. The thing that is really cool about this is if you change the same genes in a like mice, they all live longer. Mice are mammals like we are. So its universal had a programming mechanism. There are hints that is present in humans as well. In fact we are ready little pretty long time for someone my fears that perhaps the system is already a little bit turn ominous on evolution allowing us to be naturally more resistant to the stresses of wear and tear in time. Youve identified seven aspects of aging damage as you call it, accumulated side effects from metabolism and eventually kills us. Can you briefly explain a couple of key side effects. I will answer this quickly. The best way for me to do this is to jump off from what cynthia said. Having said this, we focus for long time not slowing aging down but actually reversing it. Actually repairing the damage their body does to ourselves throughout life. Truly rejuvenate people. And of course in principle, this would be far more valuable than just aging down. But also one of the things that i am the concept, 20 years ago is that has now been taking more seriously is the idea that this actually might be easier to do medically and slowing aging down. One thing the cynthia just touched on is that in humans who may already be somewhat adapted to doing the kinds of things that we can confer. In fact it does seem to work. For example, if you put longlived animals under stress, in particular under the stress of famine, then they tend to live longer. The proportion by which they live longer in this organism is much more than what you get in shorter living organisms. Theres a lot of complications that we certainly dont understand. Into people is to figure out how much we need to understand. Look at this is a technology, i dont find things out just for the sake of it i find them out in order to figure out what to do to manipulate the desirable amount. So the kind of damage that we are look at, waste products. New organisms, but a different way different cell types in different organisms. For example, stem cells, to resort the number of sales and organ is not producing them. Ultimately the driver of aspect of parkinson disease. Many examples, the approach it that we are taking, rejuvenation of drugs, is very much a divide and conquer thing. We have to repair a bunch of different times of damage simultaneously in the same person. And this is kind of complementary to the more unitary approach that has dominated the field of verses and really made this leave this whole thing open. Youre a pioneer in the sense of research, and the use of the placenta as you said to treat lifethreatening diseases. You called the placenta natures stem cell factory and he said youre to turn stem cells into medicine. Can you put in simple terms how do Stem Cell Therapy works and what you anticipate in the next five to ten years. To try and simplify the way we believe stem cells exert their therapeutic of facts, i think of it in terms really consistent with what cynthia and aubrey are talking about witches Underlying Health and adaptability, the ability to do with disease or injury. You have to have good programming system that is in fact, uncorrupted. In some cells can be thought of as a way of preserving the full transcriber will uncorrupted genome in a form can be used to reprogram the body over time. And what stem cells do and all of us, as they allow for continual process of renovation and renewal. All of us sitting in this room most of the cells in your body are less than a few years old. They have been derived from a stem cell reservoir that had been called upon to renovate your organs and tissues over time. Aubrey you said something which i love. As a pilot i see the same thing they talk about it with an automobile. You can keep it airplane in remarkably Good Condition if you always have perfect uncorrupted replacement parts. If you replace them on a regular schedule, and you actually replace them before they feel, failure in a system, is like a disease. You replace a before hand, we can do that with a cell, replace advanced self, before it goes bad, you might never ever develop any of these diseases. In our world what were trying to do is provide a reliable, high quality scalable and economical part. The beauty of the placenta is the cells are onesizefitsall. You take a placental sale and put it into an unrelated recipient and not have to match that. We seeing this hundreds of hundreds of patients with the stem cells never had to match them for the recipient and other pretty young thing is the sign from being universal cells in that regard, we collected a birth, process them expend them, then freeze them. Put them into quire preservation of their in state of suspended animation so that programming is in the cells, can be corrected. People probably dont know this but the cryo reserve sale, it is impervious to all of the things which damaged dna. Given radioactive source next to take in the cells will not be damaged by it. We saw them, and you thought them a put them into somebody, youve now given them hope much of master reduced discs. We talked about this dna, your biological programming language and talking about some of the corruption in the program that can occur when the gene to arrive. The sale, is like a miniature computer. It has a processor and a keyboard, on the service. If you can replace that, and always have those in a new healthy uniform, even better shot maintaining a youthful, well into your advanced years. That will preserve that performance makes living longer with while pretty. Hla, and when you and craig work bringing together an understanding that genomics alchemy would be able to anticipate what might start to go wrong before the strong and then address that. That was a hope. When Human Longevity was founded, we are just beginning to see the data necessary and understand these genes actually did and how they related to risk of developing disorders. The strengths to prevent it. The reality is it gives you a great opportunity to act before you have one of those sort of fetal legal events taking place. You remember, when we first started talking about this, the concept was to study enough patients get enough data to try to find with the common denominator was of health into the advanced years. Those still going on. Summa that brings me to my next question. Where hair and silken valley at the epicenter of technology. What developments are speeding up the development of these longevity breakthroughs. Chip you can probably talk to this about how silken valley is doing this with Artificial Intelligence etc. One of the things that have not been mentioned that i should mention is these people here are some of the key people in the book. School breaks between next question were here at Silicon Valley Epicenter Technology a and i sort of see it i guess in a couple of different steps, and one of the first ways ic is stem cell technology. But that will be a way to sort of redo some of the systems that are breaking down and elongate our lives and improve our lives and then that relates a lot of the work you are doing. Then i think kind of the second wave is understanding the genomics of the human body, getting a better handle. We know so little we have sequenced the human genome but we dont know that much about it so what are the switches that have left in the huma lived in y that could change these things and how can we understand those and you need much more information we are gathering rapidly. Thats an important factor independent in order to do that, you have to have Artificial Intelligence algorithm. Scientists are not going to solve the problem sitting there. Then the last issue is can we truly understand the underlying reasons why we age in the first place and that is obviously related to genomics. What are the switches that are being flipped and how if possible can we change them. Artificial intelligence Machine Learning algorithms are going to be necessary in order to do that and for me, its been a fascinating story to watch the science unfold and the thinking, to watch the Human Emotion that is involved and why you want to do these things. Then one of the things we will talk about in the end is if we succeed, then what. That brings me on to the proven cause of longevity. You write with our clocks stopped we might have more time to enjoy our families and get our life right, fulfilled and happy at last. Its very much a utopian dream but i also want to kind of explorer the negative parts of this. Lets talk about the implications of radically extending longevity and the cost of using billions of capital to expand and when there is urgent access to job problems like Climate Change it could create a dystopian future heating up the planet and then the financial aspect would increase and affordability given 60 of americans have less than a thousand dollars in savings is extending the lifespan a desirable goal. If we live ten or 20 years longer, how could many of us afford to retire, aubrey. I could spend a couple of hours. You have two minutes. The key thing to recognize in the entirety of what you just said in the socalled ethical concerns is revolving around longevity. You may remember i already told you we dont work on longevity, we work on health. The only way that its possible to entertain any of the things you just said is starting by completely putting out of ones mind the fact that in a world that doesnt have anything anymore people wont be getting sick as a result having been born a long time ago and that is quite a big deal. I often ask them hands up anyone that wants to get alzheimers disease. Hands up anybody that wants anybody else to come accounting your motherinlaw. [laughter] its not a difficult question but it seems impossible for people to completely forget that when there are questions along the line of what youd like to live a longer time. When i first encountered this, i realized the only way to describe this because when i was an undergraduate i went to the hypnotist show where this kind of thing was done someone was put into the trams and told something that wasnt true. Touch your left elbow with your foot and they couldnt do it. The key thing was the hypnotist said why couldnt you do it and he gives a reason and they perfectly good explanation that is nonsensical and he doesnt even realize its not bad, boys and girls. Follow that. Aubrey mentioned something incredibly important. Imagine a world in which people are not think of the last four or five years of life how much money we spend to keep people alive and how nice it would be if they were not sick like that. There is a thousand chance as you age you are going to get sick and that is a huge financial bonus. Imagine people that can continue to work and have the intellectual capital and wisdom they are not falling apart so that alone is an important question to ask. Its also been shown and i think we were talking about this before about as society is become better educated, women become better educated and societies, they dont get married as early, they dont have children as early. You were talking about how important that is how rapidly we have more people its slowing down, the actual rate of growth has been slowing down even though more people are being born all the time so i think there are a lot of issues we havent really looked at and one of the important things i want to come out in the book is if this is going to happen we better get smart about how to handle these things as a socie society. How are we going to handle it as a society and that cant happen until we admit it happened in the first place. I know you are sympathetic to the Climate Change argument. I wake up many days thinking should i just quit my job and do something for Climate Change, i mean i really think that. Immortality, first of all i dont think we will be, period. And if the earth and it is moot so that is a huge thing but i want to put that aside for a second and focus on this other question. One cool thing about these animals that lived for such a long time, the diseases of aging so lets talk about the agerelated disease like cancer, diabetes, alzheimers, they become more frequent among the elderly so you have to ask what is it about being older that makes you likely to get alzheimer. There is a certain kind of cell in the body and they are very interesting they are cells that no longer divide and they stop doing what they were normally doing but they just sit there and they secrete substances that cause inflammation and it turns out that can lead to a lot of diseases that scientists have now shown you can kill a lot of these cells in animals they dont get a lot of diseases so that is one thing that links the aging duties related diseases. But if you can slow down aging itself, like i said, with animals you can change one gene or take one pill for example. Slowing down all of aging that you should slow down over the diseases and you push them out and make them less severe when they do occur. Their research is getting interested because if you can slow down aging you should be able to affect all of the diseases that once. I know you want to know whether it is good to be immortal or not. We cant. You could get hit by a bus and theres no way out of it. I dont even want to go there. We have such an opportunity to have a whole new approach by studying the root cause it is bigger than smoking. Its way bigger. Also the fact of staying healthy is exciting. We need more time and the reality is for those whose goal is to live longer, very few would accept that outcome if the extended life didnt come with what we call quality which i call performance. Ive given a talk at the vatican to a broad audience and i asked what i will ask right now how many in this audience would like to live to 156 what is your view of 150, is it a highperformance lifestyle . Most people say what you think about it, the concept of living to 150 youth degenerated quite a bit of a device the company would like to live another 75 years exactly the way you are right now how many of you would raise your hand. Its a larger number so to me that is all about preserving that level of physio anatomic performance, structure and function that allows you highperformance mobility and you want to maintain Youthful Aesthetics with those generations younger than you. The reality is for the work that we are doing we are looking to find tools that can be brought to the clinic that will impact one or more performance metrics like mobility. And if we can demonstrate that products like a Cellular Therapeutics product will gene modifyinmodifying pill or phil e a 100yearold individual to be able to walk, have a six minute walk test for this highperforming or left 100 pounds over the head, those are the sort of endpoints that are meaningful. Many of you probably know people have gone around the world to clinics that have degenerative joint disease and they inject things like place with plasma which is kind of a signaling array of molecules that come from the most part sells like stem cells and they are seeing evidence of improvement and many patientpatients with systematic improvements thave systematicimt out there, it is just a matter of putting them into a large enough Clinical Experience so that it can actually make legitimate rational decisions about how they should be deployed. For the Radio Audience i would say that 50 of the audience said they want to live to 150. So, i would like to go to audience questions now. How can i use that technique you are researching now before you are finished without waging until a page first. We run a company thats developing the traditional Drug Development model which is phase one, phase two, phase three studies and placebo trials where you define the product and endpoint and defined it to the regulatory world that is the way we are developing these but the demand is so large cellular medicine is being deployed around the world and clinics where they are looking for products that are at least acceptable for use in patients. They are never going to get the answer we need if that is the way the products are put out there but a progressive forward thinking community that allows clinics offshore and domestically to try the products in things like agerelated frailty where some of the endpoints are straightforward in the short physical performance battery that would get highquality data that could arise. The process of improving by the regulators is based on safety you could accept even marginal efficacy. Thats the way the field is going to be involved and there are very respected academic scientists chasing things like agerelated frailty so that gives me a lot of hope. How far away from meaningful longevity changes . That is a really good question. I dont know. We wont know until we know. There are lots of ways you can make animals live longer and for example, theres the drug peope take over the bits used to prevent graft rejections if you have a transplant and there are side effects. But when you give animals the same substance, they live longer and it affects the same systems i was talking about. I dont think that its a good idea to take it. I dont want to go into it but there are side effects but there are a lot of people right now trying to make a better version without the side effects. They may not work on people, they work for things like transplants but they may not work for longevity but because they work on many species like worms in a single cell organisms in fruit flies and mice, there is a reason to think they might work in april. If they dont, it could be long or not. We just wont know until we know. The other thing is, wel while il stop there. I agree but nevertheless experts like us do come out with best estimates because at the end of the day the fundamental problems that we have, the problem exemplified even when he put in the quantification of good health, this is the problem and a lot of it comes down to peoples fundamental unwillingness to get their hopes up. They may be able to do something about it and theyve always been wrong so its justifiable to be skeptical but if you are too skeptical youll think it is never going t to happen or you will be lobbying for it and everything like that and the result will go more slowly because there will be less support for it so experts like us have to come out and actually give an estimate of how soon we are going to get progress even despite the fact we have to see how speculative it is so my way of doing this, i give an estimate on how soon we have a 5050 chance of making a decisive difference. As many of you know i feel there will be a sharp Tipping Point when it does happen. When will the Tipping Point occurred and i believe right now that we are more than 5050 forgetting there from now. Its the kind of quantitative prediction almost all scientists refuse to give and i understand why i feel we are not working on the foremost challenge to humanity to come out and put numbers on this. Having spent time in the course of writing the book, i basically believe that within four to five years we will begin to see some serious progress and we will see it first with Stem Cell Therapy that doesnt mean everyone is going to stay young and healthy but there will be a beginning and we will begin to buy time and there will be additional breakthroughs and that will be an exponential rate. If you look at how it is defined in population terms, the lifespan had been most impacted in the population might eradicating. The average age you stop people from buying it 30, 40, 50 so identifying cancer, better diagnostics clearly will have a huge impact. Art levinson said his cancer was cured today if only increased the average lifespan by two or three years. 2. 8. So, that means theres a lot more room. There is an argument to be made other factors which keep people active as a society have as big an impact as reducing the incidence is so there are other things we have to look at as well. I would like to bring a discussion this weeks big news is the growth of the corona virus in china. Your company is collaborating with skeptics to develop a vaccine. Can you tell us a little bit of that and give a potential timeline for a . Leading preface bpreface by s is an urgent Emergency Response to what might be a global infectious threat. The Nobel Laureate said the greatest threat to human survival was the development of an unknown origin that could spread to a pandemic could kill millions. Coronavirus is getting a lot of attention because it appears that its spreading very rapid rapidly. What we are basically doing is as a responsible member of the biopharmaceutical Biotech Society we are attempting to make available one technology which is the mentally biologically active against the virus. It turns out that in our immune system there is a so called natural killer cell. It specializes in his pre programmed to identify some very interesting molecules that appear on by really infected cells, and it turns out that the placenta produces a very large number of universal cells which can directly attack by really infected cells like the coronavirus so we are working with governments to accelerate the process of making that available. You know how many placentas are thrown away in the world every year almost 150 million. So, it is an abundant resource that could be called upon to deal with it as a separate crisis. We have another audience question. There is one whose wife is eight months pregnant. If you had a baby tomorrow, he asked, what would you do with stem cells . Collect them, process them and thank them. I mean, right now, the stem cells from birth can be stored for the lifetime of the donor which means they will be around for your babys entire life. There is already insurance policies if you need it to identify bone marrow. If you need a transplant and that is the conventional way that they can be used as a starting. At United Therapeutics to use stem cells to repopulate replacement parts. There is a cost theres no doubt about it its about the cost of an annual cell phone bill but it is a helpful tool that could be useful more of ten years from now than it is today. Heres another question from the audience what about delay said jim [inaudible] projects. There are many effects but they ultimately lead to loss of elasticity so its believed to come tribute to high blood pressure. And also for that matter what can we do about it . We were successful with the wo word. The molecular work has been for a very long time and people thought it was too difficult to figure out how to actually be eliminated. So it is as long as it took him soon enough we have it now. If you take Something Like brussels sprouts and put them in the oven and make them block, whats happening is the sugars that are part of vegetables are changing chemically and the chemical form is not good for you so the same with using certain kinds of oil in a hightemperature. This evening has gone fast and we have time for just one last question i would like to ask each of you we spend the evening anticipating the future and its arguably it could be just around the corner i would like to ask each of you is your top tips for extending your lifespan using a technology that is available to a . One thing that is proven to reduce your resistance to see if his maintaining your lean muscle mass as you age. One of the best things i have seen followed 9,000 found the one predictor of resistance died from cancer, Heart Disease was the patients is maintained lean muscle mass and strength into their 70s and 80s. Workout. Come back to me. Would you like to go next. The answer to the question no one really wants to hear his exercise end another killer is stress. Reduce the stress in your life, that is easier said than done but its really important because it will give you. What do you do to reduce your stress of . I meditate and i also tell myself dont do that. Selfdiscipline. A lot of times i will get myself in trouble with projects or something and then im like my god this is so stressful so im not doing that anymore but ironically you have to have lived a while before you learn that lesson. Aubrey, but is your top to . Pay attention to your own body because everyone is different. You cant take a common denominator. Do what works for you. Write me a large check. [laughter] there are people in the audience that have actually done that. [inaudible] [laughter] thank you all very much. I hope you all have enjoyed tonights program [inaudible] im so sorry, cynthia. I believe what i said about brussels sprouts, number one. Number two, exercise, number three, take time to be happy and have good social bonds it does increase your lifespan. Education is correlated with lifespan, stay active mentally i think is good. I think it is important. Personally i think you should just keep your eye on it theres all sorts of different diets. I eat a low glycemic index diet which may not be good for you, i think it is but i dont know because there are not very good studies. Its difficult to do studies of diets of people its very hard. Intermittent fasting is another thing that has become very popular, ketogenic diets can, kp your eye on the literature. People are starting to do real scientific studies about the things that your food can be quite important so those are the things, and also i think i just want to make one more point about what aubrey said, i shouldnt do this but he said to predict how long it is going to take. I dont think we have a duty to predict. I think what we have the duty to do is tell you what can happen in animals and there are different ways of slowing down age that are different from one another. We didnt have time to go into all of them that we are animals, so maybe they will work in us but they might not. To me that is the responsible thing to say, and if they do, its terrific. Thank you very much, cynthia. I hope youve all enjoyed this Evenings Program brought to you by the Commonwealth Club of Silicon Valley. Again i would like to thank doctor aubrey, doctor robert, Cynthia Kenyon and chip walter for being here tonight, and id like to thank our audience asked palo alto into those of us trying on the radio. And now this meeting of the Commonwealth Club is adjourned. [applause] and how the artist works conserved at the gateway to write about t