Transcripts For CSPAN2 Space Commerce Forum Part 3 20240713

[applause] thank you so much for joining us here today. Im really excited to speak to this for a few brief moments. So first off i would like to say that space is a top priority of this administration and for the leadership of the president and the Vice President we see a remarkable progress in this critical area. The United States was founded by brave pioneers and their spirit continues today as america leads humanity into a new chapter through space expiration and scientific discovery. By combining efforts of the United States government with the leaders of private industry we will reach new heights that until recently we can only drink up. As the chair of the National Space council, the Vice President is leading an executive Branch Policy of its existing use leadership in space and also open doors to u. S. Private sector growth. Before president president ial y directives generated by the council are sparking u. S. Whole of government efforts to put americans back on the moon, unleash commercial use to space, strengthen u. S. Space awareness, and space Traffic Management, and standup euros space force within the department of defense. This administration is streamlining regulatory frameworks, policies and processes to better leverage in support u. S. Commercial space industry. It is partnering with the commercial sector to ensure that American Companies remain World Leaders in space technology. A particular note is artemis, achieving the rise in goal of sending humans to mars. Nasas progress in the moon to mars mission is both breathtaking and inspiring. The Space Council and mass are working nonstop to develop technology that will return humans to the moon by 2024, established a sustainable lunar presence, and then return, continue the journey to mars and beyond. In addition to nasa, all components of the u. S. Government are contributing to this incredible achievement with agency such as the department of energy and commerce driving Cutting Edge Research and development in space propulsion, space power, and space commercialization. Through the Artemis Mission the United States along with its international and commercial partners will accomplish a a historic achievement for all of humanity. Here to tell us more about the moon to mars mission is jim morhard, deputy administrator of the National Aeronautics and space administration. Please join me in welcoming him. [applause] good afternoon. Im excited to be here. Cant see i wanted you though. Neither mri. I really want to start out with a story about myself. I was six years old and i might walk right off this stage. I was six years old, had a brother, and found myself in arlington [inaudible] and and i remember getting outse of my parents ford station wagon. It was so old that it had a hinge on the back window, and i remember my brother taking my hand and walking up to this [inaudible] rambler. We knocked on the door and this [inaudible] answer the door what is going on . I remember looking back at my parents in the car thinking [inaudible] my brother got his autograph and that was the first time that i met john glenn. And like his first orbit, if were not exploring, were not finding new site and technologies. And if thats not the case, then we are not leading. Weve entered a transformation era in space. Our ancestors witnessed the industrial revolution. Many of you in this room have witnessed the digital and internet revolutions. Today, we are in the space revolution. And per president trumps space policy directive one, Jim Bridenstine who is a nasa administrator, has set five goals. Im not doing this right so far. The first is a transition to commercial and International Operations in lowearth orbit that will support nasa and the needs of an emerging commercial economy. The second is to put in place capabilities that facilitate lunar surface operations and Missions Beyond the moon. The third is to foster scientific discovery and pin point lunar resources through a series of robotic missions. We want to have astronauts go forward to the service of the moon versus sustained presence and demonstrate on the moon the capabilities required for Human Missions to mars and beyond. The strategy now exists. It starts with the artemis program. Artemis was a policy twin sister in greek mythology pictures also the goddess of the moon. The last time we left the moon, we let flags and footprints. This time we are going to prepare to explore other worlds. We intend to enable discovery, enable economic growth, and continue our American Global leadership. The primary goal of artemis is a mars concept of operations. Why mars . Within the last 16 months, with help of curiosity which you see right there, we found complex organic compounds on mars. These are the Building Blocks of life. Im not saying theres life on mars, all right . What we do know that theres 12 kilometers of 12 kilometers under the surface, we know there is water and weve observed math einstein. They could be from an, they could be geological but they also could be biological. Curiosity is what we call a precursor mission. If you think of apollo, there were 23 precursor missions before we landed on the moon. The results that we were getting on mars today are determining the areas of both the greatest potential for life and also for planetary resources, and ill get into why in a few minutes. Another mission we had with opportunity, i know some of yu have heard of. It ended last year. It was supposed to be a 90 day mission. It lasted 15 years. We are working on a new mission called mars 2020. This mission is going to have its own helicopter deployed from the rover. And when you think about the amount of distance a rover can do in in a martian day, this helicopter will be able to cover that same distance three times it will be able to do three times as much as a rover will as far as distance goes. No other country has ever successfully landed on mars. We have done it nine times. I have to admit there are some expensive craters on mars. It took a while for us to figure it out. This is not easy. But what i i want to get arount is that our primary objective is an end to end demonstration of systems, technologies, operations and Human Performance to get humans to mars and beyond. A major part of this will be to identify Natural Resources on the moon. This is a picture of what we call the volatiles investigating all the exploration rover, which is a mouthful. Its also we call it viper. If you think about volatiles, those are substances that evaporate your we are really having viper provide surface level detail on where and how really where and how much water ice there is on the moon. Its really about finding the best spot to harvest water ice and its really for life support. Youre thinking about oxygen for breathing, water for drinking, hydrogen for propellant. We hope to find that on the moon and be able to use it, but we also want to prove it out on the moon because we expect we will be able to find it on mars, like i said. We are really looking for Breakthrough Technologies to be able to do this. To give an example of some of what were trying to do on the space station regarding Breakthrough Technologies, just as an example, we are trying to write now massproduced retinal implants in the microgravity, its a lot easier to do it up there. Were also trying to find a cure for pancreatic cancer and trying to create human tissue and organs with 3d 3d printing. If we succeed in those areas, they can result in greater economic opportunities. We need to explore the utility and economics of using each lunar resource for deep Space Exploration. The reserves on the mound must be compared to those on earth, which are really what we call under the tyranny of the rocket equation. The rocket equation limit rocket payloads. So as as a payload weight increases, so does the amount of propellant that is needed. Its the same on the moon. It week in mine water ice and possibly Platinum Group metals which we think are there, its possible with Artificial Intelligence, robotics and 3d printing that we could manufacture hardware on the moon and launch from their where the gravity wells 16 that of earth if its possible we could launch more payload or use less propellant, or both on the moon 16. 16. We can prove it economically viable, we can do it again and again. So what im saying is we need to safely land humans on the moon, land hardware there, establish a presence, and then keep going. It could be that the moon will be the jumping off point to much more than mars. This is one reason why a longterm lunar presence is on the moon, is desired. Or we could use different planets for different resources if need be. Could be similar to coal mining in West Virginia or harvesting timber in the pacific northwest, and finding oil in texas. We have a program called the commercial Lunar Payload Services program, we also call it clips. And were trying to use that as much as possible. Its a new way of exploring what new signs with private enterprise. The Program Allows numerous providers to compete on cost in innovation. If so, costs, the cost of deep space access will go down. Let me be clear. The moon is our proving ground. Mars is our destination here we got to learn to work and stay for long periods of time at both places. And we have to replicate these efforts on other planets. So our systems architecture will continue to be adjusted as we learn more science. Its not by accident that so many countries want to land on the moon. And when i say that, im talking about the peoples republic of china, india, and israel, to name a few. The space economy right now is about 400 billion. Goldman sachs has said we could have 1 trillion space economy in the next two decades. Let me say it again. This is a transformational era. This is the space launch system rocket. This will send our orion spacecraft with as many as four astronauts to what we call the gateway into orbit, that will be in orbit at the moon. The core stage which is the yellow part is already built, and as you can see we have attached the four rs 25 engines the solid rocket boosters that would be a long site of the core stage are already ready. This is the most powerful and the largest rocket thats ever been built. I love this picture. This is what we call the super guppy orion is inside it. Its all wrapped up there. We just transported this, this space capsule to ohio. I think it was last week, for thermal vacuum and electromagnetic testing. Due to its size and weight, its pretty difficult just to transported so we had to use the special aircraft. Heres another picture of it. It got my attention. This is the orion capsule. The Service Module is below it, if you around for a polished you know what that is, and that was built by the European Space agency here and that is what will go to the gateway. The gateway is a maneuverable command module providing power, communications, docking, avionics and life support. And the gate will be the transfer point for our astronauts that go to a human landing system which will dissent to the moon service. Let me show you a quick video that will put this all together i think for you on what were talking about. Fifty years ago we pioneered the path. The trail we blazed showed us all what is possible. Today are calling to explore is even greater. To go farther we must be able to sustain missions of greater distance and duration. We must use the resources we find at our destinations. We must overcome radiation, isolation, gravity and extreme environments like never before. These are the challenges we face to push the bounds of humanity. We are going to the moon to stay by 2024, and this is how. This all starts with the ability to get larger, heavier payloads off planet and beyond earths gravity. An entirely new rocket. Sls will be the most powerful rocket ever develop. With components and protections this system is capable of being the catalyst for deep Space Missions. We need a capsule that can support humans from launch and return safely back to earth. This is nasas nextgeneration human space capsule. Using data from lunar orbit as they continue to reveal the moons hazards and resources, we are currently developing an entirely new approach to landing and operating on the moon. Using our commercial partners to deliver signs intimates and robotics to the surface we are paving the way for Human Missions in 2024. Our charge is to go quickly and stay, to press our collective efforts forward with a fervor that will see us return to the moon and the manner that was only a dream 50 years ago. We want lunar landers, give them a platform in orbit relevant from which to transition. And orbiting platform to deep space experiments and be a weighing point for human capital. We call this outpost gateway. The beauty of the gateway is a can be moved between orbit. It will bounce between to earth and moans gravity. In a position that is ideal for launching even deeper space mission. In 2009 we learn the moon contains millions of tons of water ice. This ice could be extracted and purified from water, separated and oxygen for breathing. It will prepares and propel us to mars and beyond. This is what we are rebuilding. This is what we are training for. This we can replicate throughout the solar system. This is the next chapter of human Space Exploration. Humans are the most fragile element of this entire network, a yet we call for humanity. We go to the moon and on to mars to seek knowledge and understanding and to share it with all. We go knowing our efforts will create opportunities that cannot be foreseen. We go because we are destined to explore and sing with her own eyes. We turn towards the moon now, not as a contingent, but as preparation, as a checkpoint for all that lies beyond. Our greatest adventures remain ahead of us. We are going. We are going. We are going. We are going. We are going. To say the least its a little exciting at nasa right now. Really with the president and the Vice President s of leadership we are going to land the first woman on the moon, and the next man, by the way. The ancient poet homer called artemis the torch bringer, and these words remain true today. William shatner just said the most fragile element is the human system. When he said that, we are still dealing with issues like radiation. One of ken bowersox who has been working in the human exploration division, done a tremendous job, and i asked him once, what was it like to sleep in space . He said you know, you want to have that pillow and that blanket tucked up next you like we all do. He said, you are kind of floating and he said i found some water satchels and i try to wedge myself in between a bulkhead and the water satchels just to feel that pressure that we all enjoyed when were trying to sleep in bed. And he said, but i would also wanted to get the protection of the water from radiation. Its a constant concern our astronauts. But its not just radiation. We have blood flow issues within the human body that we are addressing. With bone and muscle loss issues. Weve got to make sure if you watch the movie the martian, having Sustainable Food available to you is a serious challenge. You have a crop failure or you dont have preposition food, you will starve to death. Theres also the psychosocial challenges of living in a confined space for long durations. I guess what im trying to say is we still have a few things to figure out. But really in the early steps of a journey, that leads american astronauts into deep space. And at the same time we are leaving the scientific and engineering communities to new discoveries. Today, signs goes handinhand with human exploration. And we have new leadership in the human expiration mission directorate, and thats part of this is were going to be working much closer together with the size mission directorate. We go to the moon not as a destination, but as shatner said, as a preparation. And at the same time we are launching new missions to study our solar system. This is the james Webb Telescope which is really trying to peer be on our solar system. Ive had the honor to work with Jim Bridenstine, the nasa administrator come to try to lead this agency for over a year now. And i continue to see the talents and disciplines that represent americas capabilities. They are in this room today. Space exploration is no longer exclusive. This is a this is a picture of t female allfemale spacewalk. There were an estimated 5. 8 billion Media Connections about this event. And apollo, the astronauts were mostly test pilots. And today weve got a diverse astronaut corps. Kristina cooke who is in this picture is an electrical engineer. And the other is jessica meer. Shes got a doctorate in marine biology. If you have the time, look up jessica on youtube. You will see her doing research under the ice in antarctica as well as doing research on geese that fly at high altitudes, and how they can perform at such high levels without oxygen. What ive got to say is we want inclusion and we won at the industry and the international level, too. Who leads the space revolution is critical to who dominates the world in the future. And its deacons of light like artemis. Weve got to Work Together so that all free nations can follow that life and share in the benefits that will follow. Space compels us as a society to bring the United States and the world together. We join with other countries of the free world to go to the moon. Moon. This time it is a proving ground to prepare to go to mars and beyond. Not because we do what no one else can, not because we want to advantage ourselves over of the country. We do it to better the human condition of all people. We do it to build a better life for our children and our grandchildren. Not just for americans, but for all people on this earth who want to Work Together. We do it because exploration is a fundamental trait of our species. Its our shared destiny. This is why we go. Its a challenge we have again accepted, that we will accomplish and we go together, and i hope you will come with us. Us. Thank you very much. [applause] and now caroline harris, Vice President economic developer of the u. S. Chamber of commerce. Good afternoon. As weve heard throughout the day the anticipated growth of the u. S. Space factor is unquestionably tied to the evolving Regulatory Regime which will either propel or inhibit investment and innovation. Fortunately, the department of commerce understand these intricate market forces. From the highest level the departments leading the way to implement key initiatives including approving commercial access to space Traffic Management and ensuring the safety of operations in lowearth orbit. As the Commerce Department explores new ways over the coming year to spur growth, the chamber is a good to continue our partnership with them. We are truly grateful for director of commerce leadership and his present you today. I give you director of the office of space commerce for the u. S. Department of commerce, kevin oconnell. [applause] thank you, caroline, very much for that very nice welcome. And a short walk in which is always important. Also thanks to the chamber for making this space summit an annual event that im delighted to be with you today and as i begin let me pass on warmest greetings from a boston secretary wilbur ross who was unable to join us today. The secretary remains a top enthusiast at the department on space and space commerce issues. The secretary did ask me to mention of course the launching the space economy is one of the highest priorities of the department of commerce and as been mentioned already a top priority of the administration. The space economy continues to grow. In july the Space Foundation reported the global space economy grew to 415 billion exceeding 400 billion for the very first time. Our major Financial Institutions project the global space industry will be worth between one and 3 trillion by 2040. Part. Part of that value will come from proving or creating new services to enhance our lives on earth while another part of a come from establishment of the lunar economy. Development like satellite servicing, resource mining and spacebased manufacturing could increase those numbers dramatically. My remarks today are about how to ensure the u. S. Remains the center of the future space economy. Lets look at some of the factors that make us the center of the space economy today. That will point us to the key Building Blocks for the future. Today the United States has a bowl and renewed vision of Space Exploration and space commerce, and a vision for how to protect freedom of action in space or ourselves and our allies. We also have an extraordinary culture of innovation and Strong Capital markets to back that they should. We see examples of space entrepreneurship of all kinds in the office of space commerce. At a space started meeting that we held in commerce in october, chad anderson, ceo of space angels, reported the amount of nongovernment Equity Investment in commercial Space Companies reached 5 billion during the first nine months of 2019. Thats an an increase of 49 over the same time in 2018, and were on track to surpass 2017 as the largest you on record for private sector investment. Even as private sector activities grow, we are seeing an important shift in u. S. Government investments in the commercial space market. In other words, Government Agencies are becoming more sophisticated in harnessing commercial space activities. Nasa administrator Jim Bridenstine talks about the agency changing role as a customer of the commercial space sector and debit administrator more hard just over some example of that directly. Last week in houston i had the pleasure of a lengthy discussion with the outreach director of the National Centers about trends we were seeing in space commerce and the commercialization space. The u. S. Air force awarded over 22 million to 30 companies during november pitch day in san francisco, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. These are just some examples of how the government is starting to play a different role in the commercial space markets. Today Government Agencies that invest relatively small amounts of money in Space Companies for capabilities that the government needs or potentially needs. That investment provides critical operating funds to the company but also allows firms to turn to the Capital Markets for additional investment based on the potential commercial value of a a given service or capability. We see companies trying to innovate on existing commercial Space Business models or create entirely new ones. The rate of innovation is blisteringly fast. The future space economy, this is very important, future space economy will draw upon as wide a range of talent than ever. Teachers, applications developers, artists, is a specialist and others will bolster the deep technical talent that will be required to get to and with sustainably in space. We often have folks come to us at the Commerce Department and say, we have a cadre of technical talent and my recommendation to that is, drop a circle larger because we will need many, many more skills to hit the trillion dollar space economy. America is the hub of technological and business innovation. This is one of our nations greatest ranks. Our challenge is to ensure that u. S. Companies remain on the cutting edge of the global space industry. It is crucial to our security, our prosperity and our quality of life. To do this the u. S. Government needs to provide the support and advocacy that the commercial space industry needs. Foreign commercial competition is increasing. Countries like china are working to gain the political, economic and security edge that space provides. And many other countries also see the extraordinary economic potential of space. Foreign governments are promising tax incentives and unlimited right relation to entice you Space Companies to establish headquarters overseas. They are also providing significant funding to the domestic commercial space industries. In the United States, our strength lies in the ability of our independent commercial sector. However, we incumbent are responsible for fostering an economic environment that is conducive to innovation and expansion. As some of you have addressed earlier today, one of those ingredients is effective but light touch regulation. We are trying to make it easier legitimate space activities to be conducted and for entrepreneurs to be given the best possible chance at creating new Space Capabilities without sacrificing safety or security. We should not forget that space policy directive two contains a presumptive of approval for commercial space activities. And where approval cannot be granted, the burden of proof is on u. S. Government agencies to explain why. Today, im delighted to report that the departments will on commercial Remote Sensing has been sent to omb for an agency consideration. And redrafting the rule noaa took into account many, many industry comments. The rule recognizes the speed at which new technologies are entering the market, including overseas. It also recognizes the everchanging Business Models and where value is greater in the volume of diverse imagery data being sent back to earth. Our goal of course is to ensure that the u. S. Industry continues to lead the global commercial Remote Sensing market. At the department of commerce we are Firm Believers that the rate of regular change must accelerate until they can match the rate of technological change. This is hard. Were working to identify other industries where regulation keeps pace with fast moving technologies and Business Models. Another way to ensure u. S. Leadership in the future space economy is through improving Space Situational Awareness and other efforts designed to ensure space safety and sustainability. The space debris challenge can seem daunting, even as our understanding of the space environment improves. But the whole of government approach and the ability to harness commercial innovation as directed in space policy directive three offers the best chance to quickly mitigate the space debris challenge, even as new commercial Space Missions come to market. Already the Strong Partnership between commerce and the department of defense is paving the way to transition civil and commercial conjunction notifications as well as other space safety data. We are already engaged in a wide range of activities with dod, nasa, and other federal agencies as well as industry to explore our government and commercial assets can work synergistically to modernize and enrich the current ssa system. American leadership in this area is also strengthened by cooperation with our allies. In october secretary ross sign a memorandum of understanding with the French Space Agency to explore collaboration in the area of ssa. New commercial Remote Sensing regulations and approve commercial ssa are just the first steps toward ensuring u. S. Industry leadership. At commerce we see the future of space as overwhelmingly commercial. So we have to enable it to happen. Broad authorities are needed for new and innovative Space Capabilities that do not fall into traditional Regulatory Regimes. We need to find ways to look deep into the market to see the kinds of entrepreneurship and the kinds of mission that entrepreneurs are working on as they tried to bring them closer to market, and actually map them as a come forward. My office, the office of space commerce helps leverage and shape the cube of those of the entire department of commerce on behalf of the u. S. Space industry. Here are just a few examples of the departments activities. Since january 2017 Commerce Economic Development Administration has invested over 26 million in 21 projects across the United States that support space and Aerospace Industries and promote regional growth and jobs. Our Minority Business Development agency has also worked diligently to expand the nordic participation in space commerce. To define the size andbreadth of the commercial space industry and then more accurately measure it. This is important. Recent analysis focused on the more complex issue of Economic Impact. As everyone in this roomknows , space affects our daily lives in so many different ways and we must continue to explain the importance of that impact as we talked to people thatactually dont have a full appreciation of it. Rice and sia for example assess a 5 trillion impactof space across a wide range of Services Including finance, weather and the internet. A missed sponsored study by rbi earlier this year projected gps is Economic Impact across 10 economic sectors is over 1. 4 trillion since commercialization. These are real numbers. Our ability to measure these impacts more rigorously will provide important signals to investors and entrepreneurs alike. Every one of our 50 states can and should have a role in the trillion dollar space economy. America remains the Global Leader in commercial space technology. We are taking steps now to ensure our space industry continues to have the tools and the environment that it needs to succeed and grow. Theres a lot of work ahead for all ofus. This is an exciting time for commercial space and like all of you as secretary ross and i look forward to seeing how far and how fast the us industry can grow in the process change our lives on earth and to further explore theheavens and on that note ill say thank you very much. [applause] and now lisa callahan, Vice President and general manager commercial civil space, lockheed martin. Marylin dittmar, president and ceo coalition for deep Space Exploration. John shannon, Program Manager space launch system at the boeing company. Marshall smith, director Human Exploration Program nasa and doctor ellen stofan, john and adrianmorris director National Aerospace museum. Thank you all for being here today. So to all of you , one of our decades of shuttle flights and living on the interNational Space station done to build our skills, our understanding and knowledge that will give us a leg up for what we need to do on artemis . Weve really been learning how to live in space. Weve been in space for quite a number of years but the last 19 years of been on the iss continuously assembling, learning how to build structures also importantly dealing with medical issues and learning how to understand how the human body reacts to space, because were going to go on to mars and other deep space destinations and thats going to be key to understand how to do that lets set us apart. I would say deputy administrator more hard at it best that we still have a lot tolearn. One of the most important things that besides the medical is how to keep crusade is key but really how to develop systems that are going to last for a long tranny of time and if you think about the space station being continuously crude for almost 20 years, weve made a lot of discoveries and how to keep those systems, to keep astronauts working properly. The moon is 3 1 2, four days away. A mission to the moon maybe three weeks along a mission to mars, where talking 3 years, 7 and a half months transit time. No ability to get additional systems or spare parts to the vehicle. You have to develop those systems and make sure that you are supporting astronaut crews appropriately for those longperiods of time and thats the best thing the Shuttle Program is learning now. Building the system i think a culture of problemsolving has developed over the last many decades of human spaceflight. Theres, john is true. Okay, ill file this back toyou. Im an old ops person and theres a way to think through how to make problems, the kind of things likely to create problems for you in space fall into several boxes and over time weve learned about those boxes. What the parameters are and once thats identified when a problem does emerge even if its something youve never seen before we have a rich culture to draw on at this point to think how we solve those problems, what questions we ask and what are the resources we need and thats going to be increasingly important as we get into more and more distant locations where frankly reaching out to missioncontrol is going to be a simple thing anymore. I would agree with everything the other panelists have said. The one area i would add is the interNational Space station has helped with collaboration and collaboration in general, the system came together with multiple nations, 18 different nations that have onboard working together. And i think as we look to where we want to go in the future whether thats around the moon or on to mars, its not any one company, not any one nation will do it by themselves. Its going to take collaboration and weve learned how to Work Together and are doing that in other parts as well. We cant underestimate each of the things you guys have brought up because sometimes theres a Public Perception of we went to the moon in 1969, what have we done since then and to all of us who are deeply enmeshed in the industry we have seen the progress of getting ready for artemis and going on to mars. Thats what weve been doing. Adding to what we just covered, we now have another factor thats advancing our capabilities that will open opportunities with artemis. Im talking about the boom in commercial space, in launch and crew, cargo transport. What benefits does that bring to the human exploration ecosystem and what are the challenges in integrating that into artemis and other programs western mark. I think if you look at apollo we had to start from scratch. There was nothing in terms of technology and infrastructure that we had. We are so much further along today in terms of looking at artemis and what we have four capabilities that exist today and all the work weve been doing there and how thats laid out for the future but since apollo weve been exploring a folder system, we understand what the ramifications going deeper into space and what thats going to take from a technology perspective. John talked about how far away it is and the impact on humans so we have all that that weve learned from that we can springboard Going Forward into the future but having said that, there will be challenges as we move forward in terms of just the coordination and collaboration across that area where moving into an area where we looking to move the economic boundary into space and some of the same issues that we have here on this planet when we Start Talking about economies and conflicts and things, were likely to see as we start to push further into the space frontier area. So one of the things thats changed since apollo and its a huge opportunity for artemis and everything we do after that is the transactional cost associated with developing systems and operating those systems are significantly lower than they used to be largely because of the advent of the it revolution area and not just that but thats had a huge effect and one of the effects of thads it enabled the transfer of technology into businesses. Was one of the original goals of the program which some people lose track of but that idea is to establish those technologies and then essentially enable their transfer into the private sector and were seeing that now in full flower. So its interesting because in those days the apollo days we had these Huge National labs and we dont have, we have National Labs but we dont have westinghouse in the same sense we used to have those labs but what we have now is a thriving sector made up of established and emerging companies have been able to take that technology and begin to do their own risk on it area so its going to be interesting to see how that emerges butif we are serious about going out there, were going to need every bit of it. I see it as it adds a level of sustainability. That was the problem after apollo is you could continue doing what you were doing but we are really going to branch out a lot from that and now you have a lot of Different Companies that are trying different ways of doing it, trying different Business Models,different approaches. When shuttle retired in 11, we had the commercial cargo which i thought was a really successful program. Where right on the cost of commercial crew and you see that theres different ways of doing those things but what it does really is it takes the burden of resupply, of crew transport off the governments back and allows private industry to bring their own solutions, their own ways to make an affordable sustainable program, to allow those companies to branch out into different areas and allows the government and to concentrate not on what i would call milk runs to the station, it allows us to concentrate on the important things like developing the Space Exploration architecture and it would be difficult for a private company to do on its own but the government is equipped to do that while the industry is supporting that low earth orbit ecostructure. Thats a message we need to get out more clearly because i will say its one of the most common questions i get asked is a lot of communication between whats the role of the governmentand for those of us who are , how are nose in the problem , we sort of our totally where you are and so one of the challenges i think for all is its not poor, its an. Its spheres, the government led the sphere of leo and now its going to commercialization and private industry is taking that over but the next sphere, letsget this system between here and the moon, government will lead the way that we see with the resources and all the applications that sphere will become commercialized as well and maybe we move that sphere out. They said almost everything i would have said. We started with apollo and started from scratch and didnt have an industry that we have now, now we have Space Companies that know how to do this and they have capabilities, their standards, and theyre successful and were not starting from that point so we can think about the harder things, going to mars what would be very hard and going to the moon is going to be very hard, going back to the moon in a sustainable transient fashion instead of apollo which is a point solution like weve got to get there first and that was it, as soon as it was done the program was canceled and we just flew up the remaining systems. Thats not what were about here. Where about the other part about the sphere because weve done leo, were burning leota mori commercial industry. We want to go to the moon and create a commercial industry there and were not going to abandon the mood to go to mars, we wanted to be a thriving industry as well and have a rollable impact on the us as well as a Global Impact on our economy. As far as to go to themoon, go to mars and go to asteroids, i look at where are we 300 years from now . Looking back at when the settlers were coming over to america from europe. And other locations. 300 years from now you can imagine where we are now, i cant imagine where we will be but thats what i want to see. I think its worth getting a bit deeper into the y artemis question when weve been to the moon before. Back during apollo as lisa said we had to create everything from scratch and build all the infrastructure here. We all know its still amazes me when you go down to Kennedy Space center how much infrastructure was actually built in order to allow apollo to happen so we did all those hard things, i would imitate the boston accent. We did all the hard things president kennedy had instructed but theres still hard things left and for artemis, what do you think those hard things are . Those real challenges . Going to the moon and mars, i look at the moon as an analog, theres a lot of hard things left to do. We cant land on mars and have to walk five miles to get to our components that we have to put together. We have to land them right next to each other. We have to deal with management where were trying to harvest from either the moon or from mars, those types of things. Theres a number of areas we still have a lot of development to go and not just in the human systems, living in closed systems, going on a mission for three years, dealing with reliability and harsh environments and radiation so theres a lot of hard things that we havent even touched. We looked at apollojust to say we been to the moon. Weve been to the immune a few times in reality and for short duration. Were talking about living in that environment, theres a lot of hard stuff to go. Id say two things, me being a little bit of a worrywart, we tend to talk about the moon that its going to be fairly easy, like we did it before and thatlast kilometer to the surface is hard. Ask the indianlunar lander team , its a really difficult thing to get a landing on the moon much less mars. We have to make sure were doing all the things that we have learned over the last 50 years of spaceflight. To ensure that we have a robust system thats redundant, that can get to the surface. And you cant really look past that. We have to make sure we get that step exactly right and its done well. The other thing that i think why the moon, we were spoiled. I wasraised in the shallow program and it did iss. A little bit spoiled there because when we were all on the space station we were an hour from earth. Ifwe had a medical emergency, if we had some other big issue it was really in the hours. You might pick a landing site so it would be two or three hours but you were really close and you could get chris back if he needed to. The moon is a different level of risk acceptance. We saw apollo 13, its a long time to come back from the moon if you have a major problem area mars is a completely different kettle of fish. It is once you are, your trans mars injection, youre committed to almost 3 and a half years, not being able to get stuff. Theres a level of risk acceptance we had during the Shuttle Program because we have an easy return capability. The moon, its going to raise up our level of risk assessments because its a fourday return trip and that will prepare us to go to mars because we will have a better understanding of risk acceptance and what types of things we can and cannot do in order to commit those crews to those kind of missions. Ive got a couple of answers and ill try to be getting each one real short. One thing is that when we are faced with obstacles, we tend to innovate. Is one of the things that incredible about this piece of hours. Though the idea of going back to the moon now to stay, what does that mean . Were still having discussions about where we live, how do we live, to create habitats on theservice. We figure out whats going on with those latitudes . Theres going to be a ton of innovation in thesimple steps. Of going back to the moon and then sustaining ourselves there are some period of time and were not fully aware yet even though this is relatively nearterm what those innovations willbe , but we know from history that they lead to leadership, they lead to new technical development. A generate new seed corn for business andthey do all kinds of things. They certainly contribute to United States leadership which is something we dare not give up so that one answer. Theother answer is existential, humans migrate. Weve wouldve made it all around the planet over about 200,000 years depending was numbers you look at and where we start and the way weve done it is by building technology. Weve always built technology to enable us to migrate and enable us to live in different places so in this group and Aerospace Defense we focus on technology but the other thing weve done is wevechanged ourselves. When we encounter new environments , human beings change, language developed at some point, art developed at some point. We dont know who were going to be yet so its going to be fascinating towatch this. Why . In part because its just what we do. I guess the thing that i think is really interesting is if were going to go to the moon and on to mars and do it in a Sustainable Way depending how hard it is to mars, youve got to do planningfor 3 years , i think about it as how spoiled we are on earth and theres certainly talent are on earth but withtechnology, capabilities, all of that infrastructure , we need to duplicate whether its a discipline in space or particularly going on to mars because youre not going to take a person from here on earth and put them in a place that is so archaic that they would never be able to survive so we talk about your so far away that youve got to have infrastructure around medical facilities and you have to have supplies, logistics. You have to build all that in those areas that were going to be exploring andremain at because if its not there, you cant stay , you can send humans there. You cant send and therefore a long time so i think as Technology Advances here, we have to migrate all of that technology as well as the humans into those deep space locations or wherepeople just walked out. And it will be sustainable. In terms of the human health which you both have long, where do you think we stand in terms of rehabbing people out in that radiation environments for long periods of time. Are we ready for that, early learning, what days would you say were in. Anybody . Ill take a shot at, were certainly learning. The reasons were going to go forward and were going to taking measurements on the radiation environment and looking at me protect humans, theres some active methodologies where working on. At nasa for example where you can create mimetic shield around you is power intensive but there are other innovations that might come around how do we deal with power and everything so theres a lot of things we can go do you also our latest information, its not quite as bad as we thought it was but its still something we need to protect against if we are going to be there for yearsat a time as we move forward so we got more work to do. Done a good job on station so its not quite the same environment area put a radiation monitor on top of the mars lander which was good, gave good information tells you its not quite as bad. The most important thing you can do is get to the surface and build a habitat that can protect you from the galactic cosmic radiation. To help. Theres some people that think medically will be able to get past it. Through dna repair so thats a long way off. Your best answer right now is shielding and making sure your monitoring what kind of dosage youre getting. Thats something on gate where in the Learner Service can be doing research on because i think theres a lot of fascinating movement in that area. Because youre in that environment. This is where humans are very innovative so were solving the problem for this but then it gets translated by other people into solutions that benefit. The same thing happened in apollo, tremendous numbers spun off and it will happen again when you try to solve the heart problems and this is a hard problem. We find out stuff even now about people are different, were not all the same. We have different genetics and difference tendencies towards different kinds of diseases. The bigger you build a group of people that have been in space and youre doing the medical Research Required to understand how theiradapting to it , scott kelly, youve got scott and mark and scott lou for a year and thats pretty cool. But thats maybe not quite a third the time doing a mars trip, its about that so longer and longer duration, larger numbers of people, getting more people up in space understanding how the average person would adapt to space, thats the key to finding the countermeasures that youre talking about. I think the other part is thats partially why you incrementally get there. As part of my going back to themoon is so important is that we will learn a lot more about the environment there , what it takes. The effects its having on humans before we take that three year journey to mars. The other thing ill point out is the robotic work that weve been doing in science and exploration has been critical. To us understanding what those environments are like and i think about you know that orbiting jupiter and were literally rewriting the science books about what we bought jupiter was like area it will be a while before humans are going up jupiter but its all why you can send the robotic first you learn about environments. You put the right sensors and instruments on board that you can understand what is going to be like and then you can do the medical research and understand what is going to be like to sustain life there as well area. I think is a great point and you think about some of our other prospects that have been studying the sun, understanding more about solar flares. We need to know that to protect humans in space. And it will help on earth, the more we learnabout space weather the more we will be better able to protect our systems there. Thats why i wouldnt be so quick to dismiss biotechnology area and i think were much more comfortable talking about how we evolve our physical technology to deal with that but acknowledging there are huge medical ethics issues, eventually associated with in some ways the genie is out of the bottle and i think thats one that i believe that issue is going to get surfaced again and again and to lisas point, there are potentially pretty significant benefits to ask things that we experience here. I know weve already learned a lot about that in space in a way were doing Technology Based on something that we learned in space for about aging and doubledegradation. So if there. Its a little bit below the surface. I think that issue of gravity is something we dont think about area we have microgravity and one g and really trying to understand is it linear, whats the relationship between mars gravity, moon gravity, the effect on human health. We have no idea. The other thing i dont think we think about enough and lisa touched on it was really about our understanding about our universe and we learn things from going to the moon that we would never have learned on the surface of the earth and about our solar system. We never have learned if we stay here i have no idea what theres going to be, were going to learn about our solar system and learn about how the systems were formed and what that means for particles that will cause transformations in basic science here on earth which will again spin off tremendous number of things so theres a huge number of reasons were doing this. Earlier today to talk about the gas, you dont want to have a gap of people being in space, thats for that reason. Exercise studies, all those things, its just a basic research you have to do in order to have an Exploration Program. Thats where i think it goes back to we all talk about these issues but somehow i dont think we communicative those outward in a people to understand how critical these last 20 years, 30 years, research weve done on the iss that we get on the shuttle have gotten us to wear it again area though apollo put 400,000 americans to work. But also and this is something i thinkmany of us in this room experience personally, it hasinspired a generation of engineers and scientists. Or artemis , we know there are workforce challenges in our field. What kind of challenges, and how do we start changing the face of aerospace look more like the face of this country . Okay, so ill start. Im a product of the apollo generation. I was five years old and i dont remember the landing and i remember the later may show missions. I remember watching these guys bunny hopping around in their moon buggies, i thought it was a cool thing and looking up and seeing the moon and going there are people up there. That changed me and i didnt grow up saying im going to work for nasa but i grew up interested in science and technology and one of the things we hear and i think its true is the number of phds went up by a factor of three on and around apollo. That has, its actually doing something i think is the biggest thing that really inspires people and inspired me. Theres other things that happened to. The United States poureda ton of money into education in the late 50s and early 60s. That will have a dramatic impact as well nasa is in the process of supporting once programs where were bringing young engineers in and young folks in that can come and develop their capabilities and technologies as we move so those areimportant. Kids love space and dinosaurs and werenot building dinosaurs. Hopefully we are not. Not yet. We ran the workforce problem down the chute and it was trying to rebuild that team of expert Skilled Labor that can come in and do the things you need for human spaceflight programs. Its special skills so we partnered with Nunez Community college to set up a program at the college to trained technicians that would specifically be used by our team down there. The response there was overwhelming. Everybody wanted to come in and do that and work and i call them kids because i feel like theyre my kids. They come in and they do this fantastic job so thats one small example and you can see that all over the country. Other companies are doing the same kind of thing were having to rebuild that team that can build human spaceflight and can learned from the old people like marylin and we can kind of teach them before we exit the workforce and we can help give them that information but getting out in the colleges for the Industry Partners, getting out to the universities and just talking to people and getting them excited about space but also building a program where they can learn the skills and come to work for us and help us in the mission. Marylin, i know this is an issue you care quite a bit about. And im going to meet Debbie Downer for a couple of minutes so forgive me. The alarm bells have been ringing in the United States since the publication of rising above the gathering storm which was about investment in r d which by the way was three decades ago and it was about investment in r d and also investment in education. And if you look at whats happening in education, Stem Education in the United States, americans are moderately improving over the last 20 years and meanwhile the rest of the globe but others in the globe are shooting ahead so for example in 2016 us graduated 10 percent of the global total and baccalaureate in stem. Between india and china they graduated 50 percent. Those people in the United States, the guys are going into stem careers make more money. Those people in the United States who have Stem Education make more money even if theyre not in stem careers but yet 15yearolds in theUnited States are below the international average. So if this trend continues , we had the warnings for years and years. And i would tell ellen before i dont want to be sitting on another panel in another 10 years having this conversation area american businesses are in tremendous addition for workforce and i dont need to tell anybody in this room that this is an issue and its not just in india because some of the sameskills are in the it area. There in other areas like algae, thats a problem and i would love it, i think theres a challenge to artemis, i believe that the challenged artemis and i also, its an opportunity thats supported by artemis, getting people out there back into space and seeing them live and work in space and understand what it takes to get there and the kinds of skills required to do that and seeing everybody both on the ground and in space interpreting to sort of helping that happen if we play our cards right and use this as an inspiration and not just looking back but looking forward to this is something we needto become more serious about. How are we going to address that, what can we do in aerospace, what can do and how do we Work Together to do it. So thats just a challenge all issue to the room. I agree and i would. Something marylin said. Its not just aerospace and a and d that needs town anymore and that was more the case back in the apollo days. It was if youre in aerospace thats where engineers went to. Every industry that i know of has Technical Skills so not only are we graduating less, but were being, those people graduating are split across multiple disciplines in multiple areas and then they perhaps have been before. Ill try to pick everybody back up again area the opportunity i thinkis artemis. Having a National Mandate to go back to the moon and to get folks, the first woman to land on the moon by 2024, i think that huge red when i think about the apollo days, i wasnt here when kennedy said we want to go to the moon in the next decade but think about what that did for the country and to riled everybody up and everybody focused on that big hairy audacious goal. To be able to do that again inspires the next generation and the generation beyond that you want to go in to science, want to be a part of where were going with that. We have more news entrance into the space industry and ever before. Theres trillions of dollars projected in the future for space. The amount of investment and going into space right now is really exciting so i think its the right time and its the right opportunity to kind of out that big hairy audacious poll to pull all of our resources and all of our Energy Together and try to achieve that area and i think it really will inspire the next generation and were fortunate in human expiration that is an inspiration forthe next generation and when i think about the younger generations that are coming into our workforce , that thing i think thats important is to tell the story of why were doing and how it helps us youre on earth as well because thats what those Generations Care about. They want to make sure that theyre leaving a sustainable plan behind and so to be able to stories of what were going to learn, the innovations that were goingto make in space and how thats going to benefit us on earth is critically important. One more quick and island people talk. This old guy over here. Another thing we need to work on his diversity and inclusion thats another one that sort of like its political correct talk about education react if your Business People you know that i gave her workforce as a business advantage as it brings a differentpoint of view. It brings adifferent way of problem solving some cases. The more diverse , the better as many people are welltrained and well educated and we also know that we dont have equal access to that education, that capability yet. Where better than we were and were certainly better than we were during apollo but thats another area that we need to work on and again, theres a huge opportunity there because disorder bring people along , if we can use artemis in this way. I think thats right and i think the interesting thing is the research used to show that kids turned away from stem in middle school. Thats been pushed back to earlier Elementary School so this issue of the pipeline and then attacking as a pipeline problem all the way through , how to keep people in the workforce who are leaving it i think is critical and that stage we were talking about, how do we create an aerospace stem ecosystem that i think is critical to making this work. I think you hit the key point is middle school, Elementary School. I was a kid around carrying and apollo rocket with me. Thats the kind of thing that gets into our childrens minds and what they want to do so i think the success is the most awesome thing wecan do is have an impact on the generation. While we learned a lot on the iss, its not the moon and the moon isnt mars. Howdo we learn enough on artemis to feel comfortable about making the next giant leap to mars, knowing we cant know everything . You again, sorry. Like i said earlier, mars is very hard. Its the things i pull on earlier that we have to go deal with, dealing with how to live long term and its also international cooperation. Were not going to go to mars just by ourselves, i dont believe its going to be the case. Its going to take a lot of folks involved so building on what were doing in the iss and what were doing on the moon using gateway and our lander systems as well as service habitats, service mobility, all the systems we want to build and design and test and use so that they are , so we understand how to operate in those environments and how we can work in those environments, i think those are all key points that we got to keep hammering home. Those are key things we got to do. I would say that your selling point for gateway, thats why you really need gateway. We could go to apollo or we do some lunar sorties, but gateway is not an iss, its a spaceship that is in deep space. And is, youre able to prove technologies that you would need in order to keep crews alive and thriving for a trip to mars or wherever. One of the early knots on gateway was you can take it to any of the lagrange points, you can remotely operate vehicles onthe surface of the moon. And thats a great analog for what you might do. You might go visit photos, the most with a spacecraft that looks a lot like gateway and you might remotely operate vehicles on the surface of mars before your sending ruth down and doing the difficult edl, entry two landing piece for mars missions. So gateway, kind of a burning concept in that you can put crews on however long you need. You can move that vehicle around to different places to do different operations and it also gives you that experience with how you work the cruise, working communications a little bit slower, how crews remotely operate systems on their own. And so youre building up that ability, risk acceptance , the systems required to really have an Exploration Program and then you just add the lander piece onto it so that you can go to the surface whenever you need to and youve got a multi functional vehicle that works around the surface of the moon, it works around the surface of mars, works anywhere you want to go. I would push on people today cannot gateway because thats where we test the mars. Absolutely. That was its original intent intent isnt that if you go back and look at the studies, nasa is been studying how to go to mars as long as nasas been around and almost half of the studies if not more all show Something Like a gateway, its not called gateway but its Something Like a gateway in and around the surface of the moon. Its very difficult to take all the mass and all the systems that you need to take rate from earth , straight to mars. We want to aggregate and assemble and do it well outside of earths gravity and then you do that as a jumping off point that we can then take off and go to mars. These are all the first steps getting used to next phase. One of the things that is really different in terms of how we think about designing systems and architectures to allowed to go do this goes back to the sustainability question, the idea that youre going to go out there to stay. The gateway affords flexibility. You can use it in a number of ways area its not a single point solution. Its not closed ended. It has the potential to evolve different functions and inactual physical characteristics. And its hard to get our heads around this a little bit because the station has done the same thing. Peopleuse things onboard stations for things they were never designed for. I can tell you, i helped assemble the things. There are things going on in space that you would go low baby, you never expected. Its the difference between im going to dig a hole. I build a shovel that allows me to take a hole and throw the shovel away because all i needed to do was build a whole but if im going to be building a settlement and i know im going to be using this shuttle for years, and the way im going to be thinking about how i build that shuttle is different area its not to have a different stuff because its got a laugh a longer time and build of different materials, it might be shaped different and thats how were going to be learning to think about this. We already know these things, we know them intellectually and we have a bunch of different examples but if were serious about going there and going fromthere to their , were going to have to get away from the Closing Solutions as much as we can get our hands to think about flexibility and from an engineering point of viewits a little harder to do that. Thats one that we have to, i think were going to learn a tremendous amount about that. When you on the pathways report you feel like were on the pathway . 246 pages of how hard it is to go to mars. I think that now we are. I do believe, one of the things we did in the pathways report if you havent read it, we werent allowed to lay out a pathway area so what we did was we built essentially a decision rule that had to do with how you would make selections about pathways and what sorts of choices but i must say , im on the committee and i dont think ill let the cat out of the bag, we have this idea that you would use this interface in the moon as a learning opportunity area to teach you how to live in sustained manners and thento go forward there. You guys have bought so muchabout going to mars. You been to mars many times. And its so much different in doing things around the moon. Having said that, if we are really focused on where we want to go in the future , mars and beyond, and were building things for the moon that will take us to mars as opposed to building things for the moon just to get to the moon, theyre different. And marilyn i think was hitting on some of that as well as the others and so i think the challenge for us is not to how to get to the moon fastest but how do i get to ultimately where we want to go which is to mars and beyond and how do we do things around the moon that allow us to work that. Were still going to be able to connect with the group most realtime. But should we . Because when were at mars thats impossible. I remember sitting at kcl whenwe landed inside and when it started , we were already on the ground successfully or not. So you dont have that luxury when you are around mars or beyond. And so i think we need to think really hard around the operations that we view the moon. And the technologies that we put at the moon and really use it as a proving ground and a testing ground when it is only three days back home. So that were testing out the systems and were testing out how were going to operate and we have humans in space where there is a realtime indication, where they have to solve their own problems, where they need their own Digital Assistants to help them with the issues theyre having, where they need to manufacture in space abilities that they could take a long enough to pay their part for everything that were doing. We can be doing that around the moon and that could be our challenge for the moon so that we can feel comfortable that we ready to send humans into space. You feel like artemis is on that path to stay focused on thelongterm goals . I think others have talked about the gateway, the gateway we probably already have that as a critical part of that because even around mars our concept has always been to have an orbiting platform around mars which you can operate rovers and uavs and things before you actually put humans on the surface so i think that infrastructure that we will use around interface with artemis is a similar infrastructure what would be required and if were building those technologies you take them further into the future, most of what were doing and artemis is transportable on to mars. So its not only going to help build the infrastructure for the moon but help us with the infrastructure we need for mars as well. We have less than five minutes left and i want to, where i have on an optimistic note because i am incredibly optimistic about where we are and where were going. Everything weve done today has created surprise opportunities and benefits have increased our knowledge and made our lives better. So while its actually use to predict the unpredictable, something from everybody on the benefits that aerospace and everybody will reap from artemis andbeyond. So i think, i dont know what it is but i think there will be several medical breakthroughs that will be required to send humans the space to the something inour lives under. I think thats probably the least of the unpredictable directions. Because i think were already seeing some of that in terms of what were learning fromiss and i can only imagine as we go further , the other area that i really be hopefulwere going to find is in the area of energy. When i think about the challenges that we have here on earth , im hopeful that when we look at those challenges that exist on other planets as well. So if we can solve some of those Energy Challenges on other planets and be able to bring that back to earth, i think it helps to keepthe conflicts down on earth in terms of what we might see in the future in terms of water or energy. Im just going to second that ive already mentioned i dont think we have begun to see what we may see. I think its going to raise a lot of interesting issues that were going to have to deal with from my medical ethics point of view and a vital ethics point of view and im not sure where all prepared to deal with those things but i do think that we will see that and just to echo what lisa said, historically bottlenecks in human migration and evolution, Building Societies have been in the areas of energy and power. There isnothing in space that doesnt touch power. Its either about collecting, storing, disseminating it, channeling it. Everything touches power and those have been bottlenecks in Human History and by the way of the technologies that are developed, these bottlenecks have proven to be lucrative over the years and so the same thing also with water, availability of water and making that water clean, being able to create efficient, a spacesuit is efficient for the amount of time and its used. Same for space habitats, were going to learn about a lot abouthow we can affect our own habitation on earth. So its medical and in those areas that we faced around Human History. The Clean Water Technology that you get out of having to recycle consumables for long periods, its clearly applicable in medical pieces that as we learn more about how the human body responds , it helps with aging issues, thats all great but i have five kids. Theyre all expect that we are doing Space Exploration in their lifetimes. I think you see that with that generation that there is an expectation this is what we do. Were going to go do this and in my mind, we put up the gateway. Were doing sorties to the lunar surface. Thats just the beginning point if we put up one around mars, were doing sorties to the mars service, you can talk about taking the same vehicle to interesting asteroids for Research Prospects and things like that area i just think jim said earlier. Were onthe front end of something really cool. And we are blessed to see this come in our lifetimes, to start and how were going to go do this. We have Design Reference Mission from nasa that are at least that high. And finally, we have a plan and were sort of through most of the hard to an initial pieces, to actually go exit this mission and have sustainableexploration going on area. I think the pull on the big things, the first thing that comes to my mind is how were doing it area for going to go to mars we need to shorten the time from three years and get down so were talking about advanced systems, nuclear lodging, nuclear thermal area that due to our economy as we technology back. Our system to live and survive the night on the moon. Were talking about Nuclear Systems there too. Small, compact, sustainable systems, what would that do to 50 years down the road, you have small town being able to be self selfsustaining. Those are huge changes in our entire economy and culture as to how we move forward those are big things. Medical is another big area that i cant tell you the day when that will be, where that will take us but will change the way were moving forward. Im still going to vote for the future astronaut who breaks open the rock and discovers evidence of past life on mars. How that will change. Thank you all somuch , were out of time thank you very much for participating today, thank you. Please welcome michelle riba. Us chamber of commerce. Good afternoon. As a commercial based sector continues toevolve , dialogue and connectivity between uniform and Industry Leaders becomes even more essential. After all, American National and economic interests share the objective of ensuring italy and transparency of Space Operations for all participants. Back in 2017, then Major General David Thompson addressed the chamber on air force acquisition requirements. Today, he joined us having earned his third car. We could not be more pleased to welcome him back in this elevated capacity. Im honored to present Lieutenant General David Thompson, Vice Commander of Us Air Force Base command. [applause] i think the first thing i need to do is move this microphone up orbital altitude. So michelle, thanks for that kind introduction. Its great to be back addressing all of you and in fact i remember a few elements of the remarks i gave here back two years ago now, talking about space acquisition. I dont on revisiting many of those today i know you had a whole agenda and several folks who have already been here to are much more eloquent and informed and forceful on those topics. But i have been asked to come today and talk about the implications of losing space. At the implications of losing dominance as some people said and im excited to be here and talk about that today and in fact any additional invitation went to my boss a raymond who unfortunately have to live and work in the shadow of the Rocky Mountains in colorado every day and i get to work here in the National Capital region will be asked me representing is not just in his current job as commander of air force base command but in his brandnew job as being the commander of us space command, he now has more than two fulltime jobs and more than double the number of bosses he had a few months ago. So your loss, is lost and hes able to address you with my game so im happyto be here again with you. Many times ive been asked to talk about the implications of losing space, how important is base military operation, how important is base integrated in the economy and ive tried in many ways on many different occasions to describe that, despite the impact of what it might be. Im going to try a little differently here today, first of all because my expectation is that a lot of you really do understand it innately but i want to give you some examples of what it has been directly or what it could mean based on examples from the past, examples from the present and potentially examples from the future id like to do that i wake up three minutes here today. The first vignette id like to talk about is what i call a story of two error rates. Being airmen, United States air force, although im a career space officer i still have blue in my veins and will until the day i die area so i grew up dreaming of what it meant to be in the United States air force, i had dreams and aspirations monday of being a pilot so i studied that over the years and i would first like to talk about what space means. So the first error rate id like to talk about is any air raid that occurred over the continent of europe 75 years ago. In late 1944, in fact in that timeframe, the United States and britain were in the middle of what was called the combined farmer offenses and on any given day and any given night and time, the american story today and the british during the night could put house bombers over just about any target in northern western europe. The United States army air forces, the venerable air force didit mostly. With the b17 bomber area and as i said, most of their race consisted of about 1000 bombs. Depending on the range, the missions lasted anywhere from eight hours, ranged up to about 1000, perhaps 1200 miles. By then they were fortunate to have either escort depending onthe desired effect , each one of those bombers would carry anywhere from 6 to 12 bombs of any given so in a raidwere talking about 6 to 12,000 bombs. Every single one of those bombs and every single one of those bombers were focused on a single aim point. Thousand bomber, 6 to 12,000 bombs. Those bombers navigated by dead reckoning. They use compasses and stopwatches. Occasionally they would have, they would be able to use landmarks and other things to check their course and check where they were going but many times it was simply done by dead reckoning. Especially because at various points during theyear most of the continent was covered in clouds and therefore the ground was not always double. They did their training by site. The famous bomb site had some corrections for wednesday and had corrections for altitude, a few other things but basically it was a bombardiers job to find the target, like the target, put a few of the inputs and corrections in the bomb site and determine when the bombs were dropped. They would communicate by line of sight, radiofrequency and in many cases they didnt communicate much because of the need for operation security. And they had rudimentary ability to forecast the weather. Often times they would arrive over a target and target would be overcast and they would have the option of proceeding to a second target perhaps, dropping through the clouds if they felt they could or in some cases jettisoning their bombs over the north sea on the way back. As i said, they had a rudimentary ability to forecast the weather. There are navigation was done in a very rudimentary passion area and the end of the war, the United States commissioned a survey of the effectiveness of the tragic Bombing Campaign in europe and in japan after the war. Now, while campaign had tremendous strategic effect on theoutcome of the war they also found that on average , 1000 airplanes, 6 to 12,000 bombs on average less than 30 percent of all the bombs dropped fell within 1000 yards of the landing point. Was of those bombs had an effective range of hundred, hundred 50 feet so think about that. Six, 12,000 bombs all aimed at a single point and only 30 percent at best landed at 1000 yards of the landing point. Fastforward to january 2019 and lets talk about air raid number two. To get the foods b52s take off from missouri. To them they have a loadout of 108 bombs. Those b2s navigate from space using gps. Theyre on their way to libya to strike targets that are terrorist Training Camps in libya area in a navigate halfway around the world in a mission thats going to last approximately 40 hours area 13 times to the target and back there error, in time, in space by tankers that refuel them. If they miss one refueling point they can continue to the target. If they miss a second one they must diverge and the missions over. They have the ability to navigate aroundany weather that they might see on route because the weather is observed, forecast, predicted and reported from space. They aim their bombs by gps. The end effect of that mission was 85 bombs dropped out of 108 they carried an it was on 85 different targets. Every single one of them, to the best we can measure, was a direct hit. And so, that is the story of many things on a story of airman ship and Technology Developed into and story of many things but most of all that is the story of the impact of space on airpower. I would say in that case if we lock space and could not see and could not hear and cannot communicate and develop targets and could not navigate and any of that from space that mission would simply have been impossible. If you find that hard to believe because i would tell you if we did not have space airpower to date would look more like that thousand in 1935 than it did today and if you dont believe me halfway between that desert storm 1991 and even as late as 1991, 90 of the munitions dropped from aircraft and network were unguided in those missions looked an awful lot like the range of world war ii. That is an impact and what it means to lose Space Capabilities from National Security and airpower perspective. Vignette number two from a civil perspective. April of 2019 new york city had a Wireless Network that they used to provide traffic light control past information to various points on the status of traffic and mass transit and they used it to provide City Services to the population to support the activities in the city and in some cases use that network to provide the support they need to emerge the two Services Like police and fire and one day in april of this year that network went down and it took the city ten days to restore that Wireless Network. It went down because in early april of this year gps had a rollover event and some of your members a rollover event of the year 2000 we called y2k, gbs is part of its control system and is a counter that counters weeks. Comes up to 1024 weeks and once every 20 years or so that counter roles from 1024 back to zero. That happened in april and the receivers that new York City Wireless Network was using to synchronize its network were not compatible with the standard of all gps receivers. It failed to make the rollover connection appropriately and lost the timing signal and it took that network down. I will let you go back and read to decide in the accusations and fingerpointing that followed who was to blame but i will say very simply and very clearly that it is clear those responsible for operating that network failed to understand the reliance of that network on Space Capabilities. That is one story in the civil site and there are thousands across communication, networks, transportation networks, that we rely on everyday for Civil Society and Public Safety that rely on space. And so, the third then yet is a vignette about the future, i hope not, and perhaps you heard about it today. In june 2019 Rti International reported out the study they did for the permit of commerce and it said a couple of things. The first thing was good news. Thats a gps and its effect on tenant sectors of the economy. They determined from the time gbs became operational in the late 1980s and has contributed 1. 4 trillion in economic benefit to the society across just ten of those specters. The vast majority that 1. 4 trillion has been realized since 2010. They also assessed that should some sort of largescale outage occur it would cost the u. S. Economy 1 billion a day in lost revenue and an adverse Economic Impacts in the first 30 days. For years, as he talked about gps, weve used the statistics that say direct benefit of gps annually worldwide is about 85 billion and indirect benefit is about triple that and so if you take that and then you look at the analysis from rpi it is absolutely reasonable to believe that a huge outage of Significant Impact the gps services would result in that kind of loss and economic benefit every single. So, those are three vignettes that tell you about the value of space from a National Security perspective and a civil and public perspective and perhaps an economic benefit. Obviously, today if you think about it those are based on the past from an Economic Perspective or as you think of the things coming online as you think about things like automation and industry commercial sector and military sector and asked think about Artificial Intelligence and its impact think about autonomy and the Transportation System whether self driving cars or trucks or drones delivering packages to houses and other things and the wrecks of the economic sector and how deeply embedded Space Capabilities are today it is only going to grow in the future. While i would argue today gbs is already about or has an Economic Impact on the third of trillion dollars in the Economic Impact every single year it is very easy to see how quickly that number will grow and certainly will grow to the level as you all talked about today. So, it would not be appropriate for me to talk about all the indications of losing a Space Capabilities and then to describe what i could describe which is the threat that are opposed to those capabilities, threat to the National Security when he think about the capabilities that russia and china are employing today. Threats in terms of bad actors whether they are individuals or terrorist networks or other nations who are looking to threaten our capabilities academically from a supply cha chain, endpoint, intellectual property perspective and perhaps even through cyber attack. It would be appropriate to talk about all that and talk about invocations and then say thank you very much and i covered the topic today and walk off the stage. It would not be appropriate as a speaker and certainly as one of your military professionals would be inappropriate for me then not to turn around and say now let me talk a little bit about what we are doing to protect those capabilities and ensure we dont realize the input applications of losing space or ability to use space. I will talk about what mostly from a National Security perspective but many of the things i talk about here today apply not just to National Security strictest sense but also talk about delivery of capabilities for Civil Society and Public Safety and economic benefit as well. I will walk through about in a few minutes i have left a few things. The first thing we are doing about ours base keep abilities and ensuring they are available to soldiers, airmen, marines as they conduct their duties toward National Leaders as they make Strategic Decisions is recognizing the threats, direct threats posed by potential adversaries today and we are building and capabilities to support tech and defend the Space Systems that we have today on orbit and expect to have on orbit in the near future. A large majority of them have not seemed to design in conflict or under threat but we are very adapting them to be able to be defended to provide capabilities to defend them and to develop tactics, techniques and procedures under which and i would argue that in the last three budget cycles we done a tremendous amount to invest in the domain awareness we need to understand what is happening in the space domain as well as keep abilities and training and other things to be able to adapt and defend and protect when they are under threat. Seconding were doing is we are divining and beginning to field more robust and resilient architecture. Architectures that are by their nature more dependable and architectures that are degrading gracefully, whether under attack or suffer failures that is unexpected or any other host of reasons. Systems and being very carefully about alternative methods that provide capabilities and backups and in some cases alternative services that are provided through space and in some cases provided to other domains and other domains. Finally, systems that, by their nature and clearly show to any potential adversary, any individual or anyone who would attempt to attack or degrade them it will not be worth the effort because they are not going to succeed first of all in attacking the domains or the architecture and systems successfully but even if they succeed in a limited sense we will still continue to provide capabilities and services we are expected to provide. Third thing we are doing we are developing a warrior culture among our space cadre and organizing for success to ensure they can operate effectively. In this group i will go in detail to some of the things were doing from an advanced training perspective and exercise perspective and operational planning, wargaming and all the things that we have done for decades and for melania and century in error and on land and sea to ensure our soldiers, sailors and airmen are prepared to defend the nation and to fight to meet the objectives they are fighting to meet and there building those savings into the Training Program and exercise programs and operational programs for the space operators. The fourth thing redoing is strengthening partnerships and coalitions in the space domain. This is something that we have not done naturally in the space domain over the years in the 20 century and the cold war and in those days with the United States and soviet union we were the only serious actors in space and we relied on nobody else in depended on nobody else and we owned and operated most of our own Space Capabilities and built an insular culture that said this is the United States and we both take care of our own business. We are rapidly moving to a new approach again, we practiced for decades and centuries in the air and landed at sea and that is a coalition of the likeminded and a coalition that brings the capabilities that they need and we need to various scenarios and present complicated situations to any potential adversary. Those partnerships are just with allies. They are also with Civil Society we share a Great Partnership with nasa for decades and that is strengthening as well as strengthening our connections to the commercial industry. I will talk about that a little bit in the last few minutes. The final thing we are doing and probably most important to all of you is we are now more seriously looking to leverage Game Changing technologies, Game Changing operational concepts and innovative ideas. That might be 21st century manufacturing techniques and that might be reusability and space system and proliferated lower orbital constellations and it could be a whole host and is in fact, a whole host of technologies and ideas, but first and foremost it is a matter of understanding what is happening in commercial sector today and understanding the investments made, understanding the capabilities they intend to provide in determining how we can apply, adapt and partner with the commercial sector for the support of Civil Society, Public Safety and the commercial sector but in our case, masses of security. In talking about that id like to leave you with one example and that is actually the smart one. Most of the geology provided from or in this device was developed for defense purposes over decades but it took the creativity, ingenuity, drive and innovative mind of the commercial market to put them together and practice like this. I firmly believe we are on the cusp of a similar explosion today and we in the department of defense and space and we in the apartment of defense need to understand how the leverage invests and partners with various commercial sector to do that. In fact, our brandnew secretary is already saying and is already gotten a thing that says technology doesnt wait. If we dont wait figure out how to get on the train in addition to maintaining the relationships we have with longstanding Industry Partners then we will be left behind. I thanked doctor griffin earlier and he told you already that he feels we are behind. I think he is right. There is good news. The first is, we continue to be the best in the world in space and the second part of the good news is National Leadership inside the government, inside the defense sector, inside the commercial sector and inside the civil sector recognize that we need to address the challenges and the threats we face in space. We had actually, through the last four years, made a series of investments that means were serious about the issue and we are on the path that we need to be on to ensure we dont realize the invocation of losing space for National Security purposes for civil purposes or for economic purposes. Thank you for your time today. I appreciate having the opportunity. [applause] please welcome the u. S. Chamber of commerce. Thank you, general thompson. Before we adjourn id like to offer a quick look ahead to Upcoming Chamber initiatives. Early in the new year we intended to convene a series of working groups and initially these working groups focused on three discrete areas. Namely, space, launch and the airspace system. Two, advocating for robust Lunar Exploration and artemis in particular. And three, developing addictive analytical tools to better understand the Economic Activity of the commercial space sector. We will welcome your involvement along the way so keep an eye on your inbox for updates and information. Once again, would like to thank our sponsors, boeing, rockets lab, one web, and a sentence. Before you leave please feel free to fill out the surveys under table as they help us in future grammy. With that, the Second Annual space summit has come to a close. Thank you for coming. [applause] here is a look at todays afternoon schedule here on cspan2. Weeknights this week we feature book tv programs. Tonight we look at books by members of congress. 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