Coming up well talk with authors based here as we fir learn how the city was chosen as the states capital, and anyone 15 minutes the story of re olds and the auto company he founded in lapsing and then later well take a driving tour of the citys downtown. We begin our special feature as hear about james turner and the found offering lansing. The founding of lansing. James turner was pioneer. It wasnt until the state legislature designated this area as the new capital that he came with these other folks and helped build the capital. State had a slightly more expected, i sincible proven but we daytona that. We had nothing here. There was no transportation. They had several months to build the capital city. That was the very interesting, exciting and unique story of lansings beginning. The legislature established a state in about 1836, about a year before we became a state. They designated detroit as the capital but they were fearful that detroit could be easily attacked from the lake erie, and that they should move the capital inward but couldnt decide where. So they put in the constitution that the first session of the legislature of 1848 should be held in the new capital, which should be inland, and so they had ten years to decide and they waited until they had ten months left, every little town in the whole state wanted it to be by them because that would mean a great boom for their community. And so they kept voting and voting and nobody could decide, and finally the people who were thinking about this area, in putting a dam and a mill and they decided they would try to attract the legislature to this area. And james turner was juan of those who led that one of those who led that. The argue. , the persuasion, the lobbying, but it was james seymour, his friend who made a map, but a dot this is michigan, on the peninsula. Put a dot here and said, look, if we put it here it will be this many miles, showed all the number of miles, it passed the legislature, some people were quite surprised because they had been voting so many times and everybody thought it would be the last time but it was. And that is how they decided on lansing. James turn is from western new jersey became a land agent, starting off working for a man who had a star in jackson. He then when they came hereafter, people came, they said over a thousand people came here to this spot, which was nothing so they had to figure out ways to have where they could have them sleep, eat, and he had a story store, and he sold got the supplies and sold them from there the first thing he did was chop down all the trees. So they were going through about three or four boxes of a dozen axes each every day to get rid of all the wood. And then that left a bunch of stumps and marsh watery ground, and so it wasnt really dont get in the idea it was great little town. There were people who lived in ingham county, extremely excited about having the capital be here. When they heard writ was going to be here in the woods they would come like in their on their sleds with a horses and watch the capital come in. Once the cut down a tree that was hundreds of feet long, huge, huge tree, and they pulled it all the way up to the capital and started cheering and yelling and having a party. Over the fact it was come here. They built a hotel, james seymour, which is where the legislators could live. They had to walk a mile from the capital down. They were 66 members of the house of representatives and 22 of the senate, and all their flock of lobbyists that came with them, and so they built a white framed or two story capital there, which became the Meeting House and the library and Everything Else for this community bulls it didnt have anything. So, that was the first building. It was number of years later before the capital that we see today was built. The first middle easting of the legislature in their new Capital Building was in january of 1848. And that was in their order of business was plank roads, developing charters, which are given out to private groups within the city. There was no department of transportation in those days so if you town wanted a road you head to figure out a way to get it. So, they were issuing charters to build plank roads and after a while, the city of lansing received a charter and james turner balm became the organizer 0 the plank road and the plank roads were amazing. You could never build one now because it took so much wood to build it. It was all logs lined up. They had everybody working on it, the farmers who had land closed to the close to road. The Business People who came out and worked on it. I was a major enterprise and when the plank road was finally built they had a party on the plank road. At the beginning, the people who lived here, they had invested in the like having a store or a home, they were afraid the legislature would get fed up with the inconvenience of having this capital in the middle of a forest and would vote not to have it, and so it was really not until the 1860s when they finally decided to have the permanent state capital where they really at ease but the fact they were north going to move away. The cspan cities tour is on the road in lansing, michigan. Up next, we visit the Michigan State capitol. Our State Capitol was constructed starting in 1872, completed in 1879. So were celebrating our 1 0th. About 25 years ago the capitol wall fully restored and goal was to make building look as it did when it first opened back in 1879. The michigan achieved statehood january 26, 1837. Our territorial capitol and first State Capitol in in the cy of detroit. Detroit whats capital for ten years until 1847. In fact our first state constitution stipulated that ten years down the root, the legislature would have to approve of a permanent site for the capital city. There were a lot of cities that were competing to become the state capital. So lansing really ironically was picked as the cap cal city because no one wanted to pick lansing. It was offered up as a compromise location to the legislature built a small wooden building which they used 30 years until our present capitol was constructed and finished in 1879 the style of the capitol is renaissance revival or neoclassical. The exterior is based with ohio standstone and the upper dome area of cast and rolled iron. Were in the rotunda of the capitol. This is the first space that our tour ground get to come into when they start their tour. Its an aweinspiring area. So were 160 feet from the glass floor that were standing on to the inner dome. The exterior dome goes another 100 feet above that. So its a total of 267 feet from the ground to the very top of the capitol which is comparable to the height of the u. S. Capitol in washington. Were in the governors parlor. The second floor of the east wing of the capitol. The parlor is used originally as a receiving space for the governor to meet legislatures, constituents, maybe to meet an occasional foreign dignitary that might come to michigan. The space is used for the same function nowdays. This space is probably the most accurately restored out of any spails in the capitol because we had really wonderful photographs and line drawings of exactly what the parlor looked like when the building first opened in 1879. That would include such detail as which portraits were hanging on the walls and which specific locations of those portraits were hanging if the portraits in the parlor here are of former governors. All governors who served in our other two capitols with the exception of governor crosswells portrait, he was the first governor to serve in the capitol. Wall treatment is all painted by hand. The ceiling of the parlor is specifically very unique in that its original. It took four people over two months to clean this one ceiling, using q tips and cotton balls literally inch by square inch so they didnt damage that original artwork. We moved on to the floor of the Michigan State senate. This is where our members meet three days a week to pass laws for the state of michigan. Michigan senate is the 38 member body with approximately 250,000 people per district. It is a fouryear term. The legislature and the senate have met here since 1879. The capitol sports sport nine as of it is a tribute to the period when the building ohm, she victorian period. We take people through and so many people expect a building built in the late 1800s to best clay be black and white. People dont realize how colorful the victorians were. This is a prime example of it. What you see is as close as we can humanly come to what the building looked like shortly after it opened in the late 1870s. That includes restoring the original decorative art, restoring the original chandeliers, each one of them has 1760 pieces of crystal and glass on them. The ceiling contains the coat owes arms for each of the 50 states. Even though there technically werent 50 states in the union when our capitol opened in 1879. They are in order thereof entry. Start the left back corner of the ceiling as you roach the rom and then come around the perimeter as the stayed beyond the union inch the senate we have six wonderful portraits of individuals that were important to our nations history and to our state history. On the left as you face the rostrum is a portrait of the mar okayed delafayette who helped is fight the british during the american revolution, very respected for his help. His portrait is hung in all three of the State Capitols capd was commissioned very earl on and that speaks volume us about the strong affection that americans halt for lafayette. Off to the right is the front wall is a portrait of austin blair, who was michigans governor during the civil war. He was a founding father of the National Republican father which was formed in his home town of jackson, michigan and a suffragist, who worked for womens rightses and an abolitionist and very important individual in the state history. Ton the right wall is a small portrait of if extra mccal hamilton, monday hamilton was michigans first female locker room elected to the body in 1920. The year the women first got a right to vote nationally. A year friar that michigan was among the first states to ad ratify the 19th amendment to the u. S. Constitution giving women the right to vote. One of the most recent portrait additions to the capital is this fine portrait of mr. William webb ferguson, mr. Ferguson was michigans first africanamerican legislator. He was elected to the Michigan Houseve representatives in 1892. He reason we chose to hang representative fergusons portrait outside of the Old Supreme Court was very intentional. Two years before he was elected to the Michigan House, he had a very Important Court case that was heard by the michigan Supreme Court. Mr. Ferguson was a resident of detroit and one evening a friend was visiting from out of town and being a good host, he offered to take him out to dinner, and he was refused service because he was black. So mr. Ferguson did a very brave thing. He sued the Restaurant Owner for wrongful discrimination based on color. His case made its way through the courts to our highest court, and the justices on the michigan Supreme Court ruled in his favor. That spurred his interest in politics, two years later he does i think another very brave thing and runs for the Michigan House of representatives and was elected at our first person of color to serve in this building. We have moved into the Michigan House of representatives. Historically what has been known as representative hall. This the largest room in the capital reflecting the larger membership of the Michigan House of representatives. 110 members representing president 90,000 people. For two year term so in the Michigan House of representatives, bot above the rostrum, the speakers chair and speakers area we have embellish evidence on the wall the Michigan State coat of arming their coast oft arms is unique, designedded by a territorial governor, lewis cass. The interesting features feature most prominent feature thistle can on the left and the moose on the right. Very fewell can or moose in michigan, even historically. The rain theyre featured so prominently is because cass actually copied our coat of arms, parts of it from he hudson by a fur company logo which had an el and can moose on it so we have an el and can mouse. And tuebor is on thecoat is latin that mean is will defend and tied into the falk that michigan shared such a large border with the british, our job was to defend michigan against they assume would be a british invasion. I had the i considered to be the Great Fortune to be born raised near michigans capital city of lansing. In the long morning shadow of this magnificent building. With my family and having this incredible sense of humility, awe, inspiration, and i see that on a daily basis when i bring tour groups in and they look into the dome and they get this incredible feeling of inspiration, and to me this building represents most what were proud of as a state and what were capable of, and what we hope to achieve in the future. I work for the Michigan State capital commission, and we have a really lovely motto, mission statement, if you will, preserving the past and inspiring the future, and thats really what this capitol stands for. The rio Motor Company operated in lansing from 1905 to 1975. Up next we learn but the experience recover rios work force from author lisa fein. Where we are is in rio town lansing and rio town lansing is an old Historic District of the city that was where the rio Motor Car Company of lansing was built. It emerged near 1904 and stayed here pretty much close to thicke this location good a variety of different formats through 1975. So were here because from by perfect as the author overster of reo joe this is writted writa ransom. Old he went ton be involved in old mow football. Ransom e. Olds, a resident of lansing, and an early automotive pioneer, very important northwestern the early history along with ford and many others, started the company here originally in the late 1890s, for a few years it went down detroit, and then he returned to lansing, his only site or close it to, in 1904. The turn of the 19th and 20th century lansing was a town by any starts so kuwait a small place, smile in comparison to places like 234 prayer con to detroit. It had a lot of connectioned to hinter lands, a lot of its industrial activities was related to farming that went on in the areas around it, and it also had a very driven distinctive population that was white, rural and president extent and the city elders were very committed to keeping it that way. So from the perspective of somebody like ransom olds this was a labor force that was familiar to him. The believed that the workers that he could enlist here would have a great work ethic, committed to the collective project of the plant itself and that he could have a Good Relationship with them and they would buy into the kind things he was trying to do, and until the 1930s he was right. With the 1920s, the plant had green to over 5,000 workers, and it was a major and important employer in the city. And even though it wasnt a perfect workplace, a lot of issues and problems that cropped up, for the most part he did create that kind of world that he envisions when he brought the plant back their lancing in 1904. The kind the number of employees in he reo plant drew tremendously in the early part of of the 20th century its in heyday was the 1920s, and there were probably over 5,000 workers employed in the company in the 1920s. The conditions were pretty much standard for most automotive factories which is it was rough. It was pretty dangerous. Some of the people i interviewed who were there in the earlier days, in the 30s, once the depression hit, and the place started to turn down in terms of the numbers and the production that was going on, described wood block floors that were soaked in oil. There were a lot of descriptions of accidents that happened, people losing limbs and fingers and that happened in factories across the board. These were dangerous places. There was no safety net, no federal oversight for these things. Before the wagner act in the 1930s, and the fair labor standards act there was no opportunity for workers to even organize around changing these kinds of conditions. Having said that, though, many of the workers in the city believed that reo was a premier employer. There were many miami who told me if you wanted to get a good job in lansing and make good living and support your family and work in a factory that cared about you, desspy the conditions in the ocurrents happening, reo was the place so it was a very popular employer despite the fact that it suffered from some of the same kind of issues that plagued a lot of factory employment at the time. What was different about reo is really what was the subject of my book and why i was interested in the topic in the first place. Ransom olds had a different idea but a worker management relations. And again he wasnt completely unique in this but he was very thorough in his commitment to this and very effective in his carrying it out and he employed what he called a square deal. He believed that if you provide workers with benefits and with services and with opportunities to do well by themselves, they will respond in kind. The kinds of issues that employers at the time were worried but a were things like turnover. Turnover was in this time period very detrimental. People were there was a revolving door of employment in many factories, and there was a sense that if you can tie the worker to the company and get their loyalty, they will not only perform better but its more efficient and profitable for the company itself. And so many of these programs that were associated with what reo called the square deal provided a whole array of services. In the history and profession we call this welfare capitalism so ransom olds in his company reo established one of the most elaborate successful welfare capitalism in the late throughout the 1920s. A great deal of this was exemplified by the reo clubhouse, vest important space in the city of lansing, was a huge. Beautiful, imposing clubhouse built for the workers at reo. Called their temple of leisure. And it had something for everybody in the workplace. It had lunch rooms, it had meeting spaces, it had restrooms, on the third floor there was a place for the management to hang out. They had parties. They had dances. There was movies shown free to members of the reo family, and so it basically provided enormous array of services. However, it that wasnt the only thing the dade. This organized sports teams for workers. They provided some very basic health care. They had Financial Services available so people could buy their own homes in the community. There was a lot. The workers felt that they were taken care of not just in terms of being paid a wage but also situated and supported within the community itself. And a lot of the people i interviewed said that when you wore your reo badge that showed where you work, it occasioned respect in the community. Sort of a badge of honor that you were affiliated with advice their considered progressive work place during that time period. The economic crisis of the Great Depression basically to reasunder the bargain. The company could no longer provide these things bus of economic circumstances and then there were labor organizing that went on because of that the workers realized that they cant depend on the company for some of these sorts of things they need use their unions in order to achieve these sorts of goals and to get protection and support. And they do engage in a monthlong sitdown strike, similar to their brothers and sisters in flint, in the spring of 1937. And it successfully brought the united automobile worker into the plant to and all all of the auto worker in the lansing area. The Company Closed in stages. In the middle to late 1950s, reo was bought out by other companies that did not were not based in lapsing and thats one of the points of pride for many of the individuals that lived here it was a lansing owned and staffed company. For a great deal of its early history. But because of the difficulties and the adjustments that were needed after world war ii and korea, because the company was increasingly dependent on the military are toe get become on its feet and then had to figure out how to compete in civilian market. It was vulnerable to buyouts, and thats what happened continuously by the late 1930s. Theres a whole litany of the names. And so that weekend it wasnt being maintained and managed locally for the benefit of the community itself. And then finally, as a result of continued difficulties and other matters that were decided beyond the city of licensing itself, the company was sold to a private entrepreneur in the early 1970s and he decided basically to squeeze all of the val out of it and close its down. A few years after that the site of the company itself, which many had been struggling to try to make interest historical site, burned to the ground and so basically theres no evidence of reo in its own buildings any longer in the city of lansing itself. I entitled my book reo joe because i came across this article in a lansing Union Newspaper from the late 1930s when reo was at its lowest point and one clear that they were going to continue, and it was in a lansing union paper. The reporter described reo joe as the stereotypical emblematic worker at reo, and a farm guy who came to city to get a job at reo because it was the best play to work. He worked hard, did right by his family and his company and joined the union, he did right by his fellow workers, and he felt that somehow because of the depression the difficulties, he wasnt being treated fairly. It wasnt things were not working out for him but he would stay the course and going to do the right thing. And the reporter was commenting on how if we cant do right by reo joe, cant do right by what he was describing as the stereotypical universal white male industrial worker, who comps in with his lunch pail every day and does his fair share of work, puts his time in, exerts his effort, cant do right by them then theres something wrong and i felt this wasnt obviously a correct representation of all the workers in reo because there were minority workers and women workers and but leo joe was a symbol that capture erred peoples imagination about what it meant to do this kind of employment and what the unions, the city, the nation, owed those types of people. Join us the first in and third weekend of each month as we took booktv and American History tv on the road. To watch videos from any of the cities we visit go to cspan. Org slash cities tour and follow us on twitter cspan cities the the cspan2 sitting tour. While in lancing we talk to a driving tour of the city with the lori from the Greater Lansing Convention visitor roz bureau. Were touring lansing michigan. Where is lansing . I know theres a certain way to go there on a map. Yep. Hold inmy right hand and im going to pinpoint right here because michigan is actually in the shape of a mitten weapon call it the mitten state. Were seeing right here at the bottom of our palm today. Exactly. Where will you be take us. I think what well do today is hit the downtown area of the state capital and then head up to old town lansing, which is very popular, and then out east to Michigan State university. Perfect. Should we get going. You bet. Lets go. On the left youll see tall tower there called the boji tower but i as originally the olds tower. Oldsmobile. Lansing ransom ely olds came to lansing with his family and founds old mobile and you do old mobile and youll find his name and the car industry in a lot of things you talk about in lansing. A lot ohm peeve associate the car industry with detroit but it was here as well. Actually began here. Olds was kind of a friend of henry ford but actually was the first built the First Assembly line, and henry ford perfected it. So, olds had a lot of great inventions. He sold the old mobile company and the founded a Company Called reo car company and both hover the companies were here in lansing. The lansing still have an auto presence. We do. We are home of gm, gm, and we have two stateoftheart facilities right near lansing. You can see straight hailed the he beautiful State Capitol of michigan. This building is has been here since ill say the mid1800s. Its the State Capitol welcomes thousands of School Groups and visitors each year. We like to think that lansing is not only the State Capitol and a place for government but also a great Tourist Destination well pass by a lot of government buildings. Here we have i want to say tens of thousands of government workers that come down monday through friday to work here in lansing. Thats our downtown. Really is dedicated to sandwich shops and things they can good and grab something to eat or buy something quickly. This is washington square. Washington square is five blocks of both businesses and restaurants and some shopping. This building here is pretty spectacular. This was the nance Department Store at one time and then was closes down as Department Stores go but was in its heyday in the 30s that was the most modern fabulous building of the midwest. It is not an art deco or maybe a form. Art deco, more art modern and they rekind of rehabbed it a little bit and our lansing journal has offices in there, and theres a apartments on the upstairs, the downtowns kind of died there for a little bit and the big Department Stores went away and now have come back with some wonderful options, housing options. So were coming into old town here. Old town was the original kind of the original settlement of lansing. Back in the mid1800s or 1840s. Johnber shard was the first white settler here in midmichigan mere. And he put a dam up on the intersection of the grant river and the indian trail, native american trail, and then a few wooden houses and businesses started to pop up, and then it became quite an industry. Had its own train station and its own post office and the beings were thriving there. Then the state capital came and things kind of changed a little bit and then probably in the 60s, kind of floundered and then come the 1980s,90s, it started to have some artists that were interested and it turned into this wonderful boutique art gallery filled area. Well head east now down Michigan Avenue and were heading towards Michigan State university. Were going into east lansing now. East lansing and it was built around Michigan State university. It was an answer to the university because what when the university started, it was originally the first Land Grant College in the United States, under this moral act, and it was here and it was the First University to study scientific agriculture. So always been an agricultural school. So it was out here in the middle of nowhere and i that oh have housing for faculty and then the students and all that, so east lansing has actually built up around Michigan State university. So this is msu on the righthand side side. Were comping into campus. Its a huge campus. The acreage is phenomenal. Youll see a lot of grown space here. Its really beautiful. We have been all around lansing and east lansing, we have seen the university, we have seen the State Capitol. If somebody lives in reno, nevada, theyre far away from the midwest, they dont know anything about lansing and michigan, what would you really want them to know about your city . I would like them to know that its not just a government city. Its not just a car city. Its not just its a fun place. Its real and on honest and gritty and genuine. Think thats the biggest word is genuine, its genuine city. Lori, thank you for showing us around today. Thanks. Michigan State University located in east lansing, was established in 1855. We visited the campus to speak with professor about his book, reclaiming the black past. The majority of americans dont know much about africanAmerican History. Largely because of how theyre taught about it in high school, and then sometimes even in colleges and universities, where normative standard u. S. History course dont cover the black experience in much detail. In most secondary schools, the majority of young people learn about the most basic things pertaining to slavery, perhaps the harlem renaissance and the Civil Rights Movement. I would argue that its slavery and the civil rights period that shape most peoples views of africanAmerican History, when theyre studying black history in schools and for this reason, sometimes people get caught into the paradigm of thinking about black history from the quote unquote deficit model, or looking at black history through the lens of massive amounts of oppression. Certainly the black experience is predominated with notions of oppression and repression through the modern Civil Rights Movements, but one has to strike what i would call a delicate balance between scenes victimization and oppression and perseverance, resistance and survival on the other hand, in my most recent book which is entitle reclaim that black past the use and misuse of africanAmerican History in the 21st century i argue that most persons perceptions of africanAmerican History are based upon how they are presented through vehicles and Popular Culture. Many americans perceptions of episodes, events, personalities, from the past, are largely shaped by hollywood films and sometimes by documentaries, but primarily by hollywood films. Dont want to be too anecdotessal here but a ive had many students who have viewed certain films and then said to me they understand a certain experience based upon that hollywood film. If we take, for example, the green book, right . That was recently applauded at many levels. It won many awards. There are some Serious Problems with how the green book not only supposedly represented supposedly represent the notion of what the green book meant for africanamerican communities and also based upon the reputation it had of the Civil Rights Movement in general terms. The green book was designed to serve as kind of a guide to africanamerican families and individuals who decided to travel to the south to visit families to go on vacation, et cetera. And they pointed out in this book spaces that were safe for africanamericans to stay in during the period of segregation. In the film, it seems that all of the places that are safe places for africanamericans to stay while theyre traveling are run down, for example, and just onehalf the film watch the film when they depict the protagonist and him traffic down south they depict him as if he had no notion of what life was like for black people in the south. Again, this is done for purposes of hollywood, but this is how it plays out in many cases, and to lastly, in that film, like many other hollywood films dealing with black history, theres this kind of black hero who is kind of played sidebyside with a white hero and the white hero becomes the white savior in many cases and that is exemplified the green book as well. So, we have to think very, very critically when we look at the hollywood films and there are scores of them. More than a dozen hollywood him ins released since the help in 2011 until the present, and they seek to continue to be produced, and we have to look at them very critically because there are scenes in films that portray certain episodes in africanAmerican History in ways that can be used for critical points of departure but in other ways, they are largely oversimplifications of complex phenomenon that happened in the past. Its very challenging for people who have not been exposed to, lets say, the underside of the u. S. History or the mistreatment historically of black people to really be able to confront it and deal with it. Think that many of these misrepresentations of africanAmerican History and Popular Culture such as in films, stem from the fact that, again, the producers of thieves films are seeking to make money. Right . And if youre seeking to make money in the United States by producing films, you have to be concerned with who you viewership is and the majority of people who are seeing films in the United States are usual my white americans, and so if you are going to show episodes or events in black history, which often times has themes of victimization, resistance and oppression in it, you have to be cognizant of who the viewer are so the producers ten to package africanAmerican History in a manner that it will be digestible bit their white oddens and they keep that in mind. That he would what i think. And i think that sometimes they dont consult enough with historians to get the quoteunquote facts more correct in many cases. In a Perfect World i think that africanAmerican History and the black experience would be for lack of better terminology, integrated into the quote unquote master or normative narrative othe u. S. Past. That that would be ideal. Ideal that when we talk but u. S. History and write about u. S. History and teach about ewes history that up a groups be given theyre fair due. I think that we have to be cognizant of this more in the future as we go through various demographic changes in more than site, and i think that there has to be connections between professional historians and high school teachers, Elementary School teachers and also the public sphere and Popular Culture. For example, professional i trained historian shoots be more active in the public History Movement they should be more active in working with museums. They should be more active in working with the National Park service. Professionally trained historians should be more active in working with high school teachers. So that they can translate so them some of these important issues in u. S. History that they can therefore go on to translate to their students. Ive been teaching africanAmerican History for two decades now, and its very challenging to break down complex phenomenon in history to college and University Students and its even more challenging, i would think to break down these concepts to younger students in high school, middle school or Elementary School. And i think that when we try to break things down and make them digest able, we can run the risk of oversimplifying things so we have to strike a balance with acknowledging that history is very messy, but that it is also something that we can categorize and periodize in different ways and i think that anytime that something enters into the main stream, its runs the risk of being oversimplified, commodified and commercialized and have to Pay Attention to accurately portraying the past and creating a story that people want to see, and that people are engaged by. Twice a month cspan cities tours takes booktv and American History tv on the road to explore the literary life and history of a selected city. Working with our Cable Partners we visit various literary and Historic Sites as we interview local historians, authors and civic leader. You can watch our past interviews and tours online but going to about about doering booktv. Org or visiting cspan chop. Org slash cspan2. Org cities tour. You can see behind the scenes images and video. The haynes, cspancitys. Heres a look out authorizes appearing on art art after words that includes best selling nonfiction books and guest interviewer. Last week, bent westoff reported on our labs in china manufacture seven until a. Paul taupe with offer opinions on the practicality of higher education, and this weekend, michelle muskin and her thoughts on big business in u. S. Mission policy. The Silicon Valley companies, and i wrote about this in the last book sold out with a former American Software programmer turned lawyer for american i. T. Workers who have been happened by these theyre explicit goals for bring as many cheap lab years as they can who outsource the work. So, the problem of course is that lot of thieves Silicon Valley companies have invitedded the splc into their inner chambers to help them identify their worst political opponents and then to deplatform them and throttle them from telling the truth and its connecting the dots of that money. Tim cook and jeff bezos have donates the maybe o these deep pocketed, nonprofit organizations that are crusading for illegal alien rights. You wonder how they have instant representation in court to sue over every last Trump Initiative to enforce the law. And so big business and the u. S. Chamber of commerce are huge reasons for that. After words airs saturdays at 10 00 p. M. And sundays at 9 00 p. M. Eastern and pacific on booktv on cspan2. And all previous after words programs are available as podcasts and to watch online at booktv. Org. Good evening, everyone. Thank you so much for joining us tonight. My name is megan and on behalf of Harvard Book Store ive very chiefs mode welcome you those evenings event with thomas abt, discuss his book bleeding out, the devastating consequences urban violence and a bold new plan for peace the streets in conversation with reverend