To create kind of a ball of charge. So the model was knowledge in a valid charge. These churches interact with themselves using the photons and if you calculate this using direct theories, which was developed in the 1930s are late 1920s and early 1930s, behaviors ranging their which is like dividing one by zero on a calculator. You didnt answer at infinity. That cant be right because the amount of energy of an electron which if you consider to be a ball of charge cant be infinity. Many different calculations give you an answer of infinity which is very unsatisfying. Its a crazy answer. In order to address this, however radical idea and set the problem youre getting an affinity with these answers could be eliminated if you eliminate the intermediary. You eliminate having a photon or a light particle exchange between the two electrons. We all know that there is like a pair. The play would be produced by the electrons themselves through their mutual interactions, which would take place over a distance. This is known as the action at a distance theory. The action at a distance theory was not new. Isaac newton when he was talking about the planets going around the sun use the action at a distance theory to explain why birds and the other planets are gravitationally attached to the sun. Newtons idea was there Something Like an invisible thread connecting the other planets with the sun. Well, later maxwell the great scottish physicist in the 19th century said wait a minute, lets come up with an idea of intermediaries like something called a field which would be an intermediary which would convey a force from one thing to another and in the case of electromagnetism come of electromagnetism, that field was called the electro mag medic field, which would be kind of like a wave going from one to the other. The quantum version of that is to say in quantum physics a wave is the same as the particle. So its kind of like a particle going back and forth between the two and a particle was known as a photon or light particle and this is technically known as a wave packet from the kind of like imagine an ocean wave, but confined to a small region so its a little bit like a particle. Like he took heart in the notion laid been created a ball around it and that is the wave packet. So that is the idea that quantum physics was considering and this is what decided to eliminate to get the right answer in the calculation. He was a little bit of retro going back to the newton adf action at a distance with one modification. A time delay because as we knew, electrons interacted with another electron must do so at the speed of light. He said lets come up with the idea of direct interactions between electrons and maybe we can get somewhere with this. Well are pointed a conundrum. He said well, if you have an electron go into space, there is something called radiation resist to, which is interaction between electrons that will slow it down which means you need light hair. Feynman was a little bit disappointed in himself because the very first time you mentioned the idea from a wheeler immediately saw the drawback in a while, my atm must be so bad that wheeler immediately solve the problem with it within five minutes, but the real answer is that wheeler had been thinking about the same idea coincidently and wheeler had worked through the atm and saw there was this drawback, so wheeler and feynman were really on the same wavelength at that point and not light waves, but the signals. They both talk about signals, a way that if you shape one electron from the sometime later you shake another electron. They tried to get this right for the radiation resistance. The original model doesnt have a come as so wheeler came up with the suggestion, what if i knew she can elect trying the other elect runs in the area send a signal back to the electron that it slows it down through space and instantly get signals from all the other electrons and not worked. The only kong, the only problem is the other signals have to travel backward in time so violent the law of cause and effect. We live is like lets get rid of the law of cause and effect in the psyche or the professor so okay, lets get rid of the law of cause and effect. So they combined the weights that go forward with a signal that goes forward in time from the signal backward in time, mix it up 50 50 makeup for dancers, good calculations. But they werent done yet because that was the classical picture, classical meaning if you didnt have any quantum argument from any quantum easiness. They both need to get the full picture you couldnt have exact ties between the electrons. You couldnt have a direct signal. You need something that was a little hazy. Quantum physics involves easiness. They needed to quantize this by making it a little bit murky. Wheeler tried that a little bit but then he had to quantize the problem. While feynman was working on the problem, he was one time in a dorm room and a phone call and it was wheeler and the sudden in these electrons interact directly. Get all the electrons in the universe are one in the same and an electron, a single electron going backward and forward in time, represents all the elect runs in the universe. Not just signals that travel backward in time, but electrons and we would see these backward in time negative electron as positive electrons. While they both knew then. They are called positrons and they have been discovered a couple years earlier. They were another series that predicted positive electrons. Wheelers idea was negative electrons backward in time is the same as a positive electrons forward in time and vice versa. That would explain why all the electrons in the university here has the same electron. I would like to think of this as something that the movie back to the future to to and marty mcfly needs to return to the same 1950s town is in fact to the future one and correct some problems. At that point when he goes backwards again they were to marty mcflys in the 50s. The sequel is there is only one sql but suppose you had thousands of that movie so popular marty mcfly kept going backward to the 50s again and again and he could have or even millions. That is what the electron is doing. The idea that electrons going backward in time or positrons. They got rid of the rest of the theory. The theory cant possibly be right because we dont see as many positrons as we do that electrons in space. Feynman was brilliant enough to distill the best part of the theory and representing electrons going backward in time much later in life at a restaurant in pasadena, simon would meet another student of wheeler and after he talked about some of his ideas they sounded kind of zany, simon said he think wheelers gone crazy in his later years. Its always been crazy and mentioned one a lot trying universe inside, well, the trick is to take the offense kind of like peeling the layers of an onion. You take a hard get the idea and forget this can come in the outer part. You take one bit of wheelers ideas and theyre usually on the mark. At the time of Simons Research grandstand, he married his childhood sweetheart and matt art lindgren bomb in queens from a throw from queens and they met at a dance and kept in touch with her throughout m. I. T. And stayed in touch with her princeton and at one point decided it was time to marry her because theyve been going together for so long, going to be. Unfortunately, she developed a cough in the cost turns out to be tuberculosis, which at the time there was no medicinal cure for tuberculosis. There was a rest and if you are very lucky, it would cure itself. You would go into remission. A lot of people die from tuberculosis because there wasnt a way to treat it the sites from hoping the past. When simon got married, his parents were completely opposed to the marriage. They were very upset, especially his mother. His mother wrote to him and said ritchie, its not like writing spinach. Its not like something you have to do because youve been going steady with this girl. Its not like you have to force yourself to get married even if you dont really want to. He wrote that to her and said its not like that at all. Im in love with her and we do so much for each other. She cheers me up. I learned so much from her. Shes an amazing person and i saw dr. Princeton and he said this will be fine. You just need to take some precautions that you find to get married. So feynman and darlene went to a city office in Staten Island, got married by a clerk in the honeymoon was the Staten Island ferry ride and you drove her in his car in new jersey now known at the bar a hospital in new jersey and not let their honeymoon. It was really very sad, but he was outside at the time. He really loved her and she was a very creative person. She had a great sense of humor, she was an artist. She taught piano lessons and she does manage to cheer him up. She was the one who cheered him up. He didnt have to cheer her up. She was always very proud we than they have high hopes for a long life together. She inspired him to become interested in art for which led eventually to the diagrams, which you would show electrons would interact, violate the greek letter to mrs. Olay particle. This is a diagram and if you ask a physicist with time in his most famous work this is one of things hes most famous for. Notice he eventually added the light particle back in. He would have to get the theory to work eventually for his nobel prizewinning work. So he was very proud of his feynman diagrams and later in life when he was at caltech in his later years, he bought a dodge van, had it painted with feynman diagrams on the side so people could park somewhere, the service station in someone with a 10, whether its a strange diagrams on the side. So he was a bit and modestly bad. He liked to brag about what he actually did. He liked to talk about his accomplishments. He didnt like necessarily the word for honors, but elect to go to the average person on the street and say look at this cool thing that i didnt amaze people that way. You may have seen the dam on the tv show the Big Bang Theory. The actual feynman band was preserved from a fixed for the Big Bang Theory and in the final scene of an episode of the big game theory, a replica was blown up. Happy to know it was a replica. This is not pretty or her will close the van and hes trying to donate a to the institution. So i dont know how that is progressed, padilla something on twitter where he talks about a little bit. Hes traveled around the country and the replica band at the end of the show was blown up. So let me go back to the Feynman Wheeler theory and talk about the implications of it. This theory to quantize the theory, to make it easy for feynman came up up with the brilliant idea of looking at all the possible ways the ballot trunk and interact and then adding them up any kind of weighted average and saying the most probable cost is the one taken in classical physics, classical meaning on a daytoday scale for viewing me. But then i particle level there is a quantum haziness and murkiness which is due to how the other hostile crowds that are less likely. Let me give you an example of how this works. Suppose you work in d. C. But you live in Silver Springs and you commute every day and somebody says how did you come in today . I took the metro and i took a taxi and they drove it and i taken over we did all of those things that once . Those are different possible ways of commuting, but a margin somebody said they did all of them at once. That the life of a quantum electron. It has all the interactions in the most likely one is weighted heavily, but the other ones are somehow out there in the haze had to do a quantum calculation you need to take all of those into account. So with the commuting whatever the shortest distance are the least expensive night we most likely, let say the metro is the most likely because its inexpensive and quick and pay a taxi would be the least likely because its very expensive and be given a smaller weight in the quantum picture. So this is similar in some ways if you read fiction to the work of somebody, an argentine writer who at the time was coming up with some of the histories and came up with the idea of in the classic shorts are recalled the garden of working paths, which imagines how people in one parallel universe can be friends, but because of warfare and their enemies and imagines books in which all the possibilities happen. The book mentioned in the story someone could die but the next chapter they are back again and so forth. All the possibilities in nature have been in a kind of labyrinth of time. This is an idea of time very different from a linear time or cyclical time, which are more of the older models. Simon and creator writers like jorge said just time as a labyrinth. A maze of possibilities in which a bunch of things can happen that one. As i mentioned in 1942 they had to take a break from their work to work in the manhattan project. When he was a los alamos he went out there in their lane sanatorium in albuquerque and he would tell her about all the crazy things he did at los alamos, which is a Top Secret Military project at the time to build a military bomb. One thing he would do out first day on key kulaks, buddha figure out how to jimmy the moping. Combination locks on how to crack them open with likely combinations or by listening to them. I would tell her, one of the leading people in the projects left classified papers in his desk drawer and said theres no way he can get to that. Finding reach through the back of the desk and got the papers out. And show them to aggregate and said i have your secret papers here. He said he was trying to show the security less then. He was sneak through a hole in a fence, with the bus and come back and say where did you sign out to do is say yes, where do i sign out . And then he would go drive to albuquerque and carlos, his friend ugly teller leans these stories and she was really amazed to know what kind of cheer her up. Unfortunately, in 1845, arlene died of tuberculosis and it was also a sad year in many other ways. The culmination of los alamos led to first the trinity test where they tested the bomb in hiroshima and now the sake and around the same time in late 1944, john wills younger brother, joe, died in italy. Right before joe died, he sent a postcard to john saying hurry up, meaning hurry up with the project. From that point on, they had different approaches. Feynman at first didnt really register with him but have been because he was so upset about arlene died. But then it hit him he was having lunch with his mother in manhattan and thought about the idea of cities being destroyed and got very, very depressed and he vowed to Something Like it happened again he wouldnt get involved. He can change the past but he didnt want to get involved. He shouldve gotten involved earlier in the would have perhaps saved the lives of millions of people at the bomb was used in 1844 or 1943 if it had been developed earlier. Maybe world war ii wouldve ended earlier with millions of lives saved. So because of this, wheeler continued to be involved with Atomic Energy and later joined the hbomb product. The stimuli was caused. He stuck around, was that los alamos and got involved in Atomic Energy later and really was on Atomic Energy in wheeler remembered making an offhand comment by, well, the main problem with reactors is not necessarily how it designed, but the saboteur clouse didnt say anything in a few months later they found out he had been a soviet spy and the soviets launched their own bomb. People were very upset how they find the information so quit we and was arrested in england and later ended up in east germany and everybody realized he was the spy in los alamos. Simon later joked he should have been a spy because he was the one who violated security all the time but it was really few from his quiet friend who turned out to be the spy. So, wheeler was involved in the project for a couple of years and witnessed the first test of an hbomb and then when the project was winding down, he was given a secret report, which was estimated how much he knew about the bomb and whether he knew about the hbomb or not because they started talking about the hbomb that los alamos called the super bomb the certain ideas for it. Did the soviets know anything about the hbomb . Does the question of the walker report in wheeler was commuting or traveling to d. C. And brought the report with them, which was a classified report in the union station, you read Something Like 3 00 a. M. And as a convenience, they lowered the lights and said well, if you want you can sleep until 6 00 a. M. When most people get up and go about their business. So they fell asleep and when he got up, the papers were gone. And to this day, we dont know what happened, who took these classified papers in the walker report. Around then, president eisenhower took office, found out about this and was serious and sent to reprimand. And looking into gravity and so it didnt affect his career that he got this reprimand. So, wheeler looked back at this issue of physical review, which had two papers, the oppenheimer paper on black holes in the wheeler paper in that cave him the idea to explore black holes, so he told them to general and then he had a revelation. Couldve everything been a lack on thursday to let him, everything is geometry, which is einsteins theory. The geometric perceptions. At cornell because of his wife and because of the atomic bomb and started getting interested in physics again, to because he saw crossed the plate with the cornell logo and he thought i can still do this. And they started getting involved in physics again. They still let off steam. Then, the mid1950s he got remarried to his second wife. He met mary luis validate cornell cafeteria and they talked about her history. They had a few conversations that were memorable. A sabbatical in brazil where he learned how to play other drums, had a great time about that time he thought well, i really should be married. Hey, that young women come in young woman, married louise bell. A great conversation. Maybe ill write her and see if getting married. He wrote her and she accepted by mail, postal mail and they got married in simon took a job at caltech and they move together to Southern California and they were married for four years, but what she didnt realize is that he did a couple of things that would annoy her greatly. Calculus and bongo drumming. Those were the grounds for the divorce. [laughter]. I got married. So that is gweneth, his third wife. You see how happy he was to be married to her. [laughter] and the best man at the marriage at the wedding was this very cool artist and sculptor named jerry whos an armenian artist who was kind of of a wild figure. Started dancing to the bongo drums, and they taught each other their trades. Feynman tried to teach dorothy in physics which was sort of semisuccessful, but he taught feynman how to paint. He became quite an accomplished artist, amateur artist. And he would alternate between sketching and calculating. [laughter] and also while he was at cal tech he was involved in the musicals, and he went to his student, al hibbs parties. Each year thered be a party, a question, and youd have to answer the question with a costume. So as i mentioned, one year it was dress as your favorite religious figure, and he dressed as a himalayan monk. Another year dress as i think it was your famous, a famous person, and he dressed as god. [laughter] and then had to be a head of state, so he dressed as queen elizabeth. [laughter] and then another year he was supposed to be an astronomical body, so he went in a suit and tie, and people said what astronomical body are you supposed to be . Hi, im serious. And he wanted people to say surely you must be joking which was the name of one of his famous books. So [laughter] as i mentioned, wheeler became interested in ion stevens einsteins theory of general relativity which was convenient because ion Stephen Stein was one of his einstein was one of his neighbors. He could talk to einstein about general rell relativity, and he even brought his students to einsteins house and had einstein come over, give a talk. And thats when he came up with the idea that everything is made of geometry. And he came up with the idea of geons which are selfgravitating objects which he hoped to be particles. They were Something Like the size of the sun, and he wanted them to be the size of an he can terror. So a little bit electron. And he came up with the idea of tiny worm hole, but his graduate student would blow these up a little bit and come up with the idea of worm holes for interstellar travel. He would often consult with einstein. Heres einstein, and john wheeler and a japanese physicist walking and talking, and as i mentioned later, kip thorne, wheelers student, would take this worm hole idea and make it into realistic schemes for traveling through space, taking shortcuts through space which was originally motivated by carl sagans book contact. Carl sagan wanted to come up with a way of traveling quickly through space, and this led to the movie and interstellar. So in the 50s, wheeler had another brilliant student, hugh everett, who questions another aspect of quantum physics on a fundamental level. When you take a measurement in quantum physics, the observer affects the measurement, because as soon as the observation is taken if there are two different possibilities, the system is said to collapse into one of the two possibilities. And hugh everett thought that was ridiculous. How could a human observer affect the quantum measurement . And this may have been inspired by a talk einstein gave to everett and others where he joked that, well, if a human can macon observation make an observation, why not a mouse . And everett thought deeply about this. And when he visited princeton, he brought this up, but boor wouldnt hear of it. He thought the theory works, why tamper with it. Well, everett came up with an idea that instead of involving the observer when you take a measurement, the universe would split into one of the two possibilities, and the observer would split too. So thered be two clones. One would be one version and the other would be in the other version. So to take the famous cat paradox, we have a cat in a box, and you take a measurement, and you open up the box, and one version the cat is alive and the other version the cat is dead. The universe would split, so one observer would be happy to see that the cat is alive, the other would be sad to see that the cat is dead, and they wouldnt know about each other. They wouldnt know about the replicas. Now wheeler, his advice to everett was tone this down, this is never going to fly. Try to just use the math but dont say parallel universes, dont talk about people splitting. So everett really, really toned it down. But later the ideas are rediscovered in the 70s by another physicist named bryce dewitt, and theyve become popular since then. So theres a branch of physicists, a group of physicists who are really interested in this, the world interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Its by no means a majority, but a specific minority still believe in this idea. So this is everett here, and this is nils bor. So the difference between the ideas is that reality itself splints instead of reality sort of blending together. Feynmans idea you have this past, but theyre blended together in one reality. Everetts idea is reality splits. So probably wheelers greatest contribution is the idea of black holes which he didnt come up with a name for. He heard it at a conference, but he promoted it. Heres a picture of him with a shirt that says ive experienced black hole, nova scotia. He got a tshirt. And a student of his solved the great conundrum of black holes, about what happens if you toss disordered information into a black hole which is technically known as intre by and the black hole will expand, and the area of a black hole represents its amount of disordered information. So wheelers probably strangest idea is called the participatory universe, and its basically saying when an astronomer measures the past, he or she is taking a quantum measurement. And then, therefore, that person can collapse the state of the past and change the past, and perhaps the net result of astronomers taking measurements today is to create changes that creates the conditions eventually for life. And if it wasnt or werent for these measurements, you wouldnt have the universe in a very special state that could produce earth, which produces life. So you have this closed circle of time. So then the only thing remaining is the question how come existence. Why do we exist. And wheeler called this idea selfing excited circuit. You look back at the past, and that creates the present. And this was popularized in a 1986 realizers digest article Readers Digest article which got him a lot of attention. He got a whole sack of fan mail, and he only looked at a bit of it. He didnt want to be known as a new age guru, which people were looking at him as. And he spent the rest of his life considering the question how come existence, that was his final question. And when i personally had the opportunity to meet wheeler many 2002, he said that he was spending his teem exploring that his time exploring that question which he never found an answer to. No wonder, it was a very vague philosophical question, but he thought that perhaps he could soft solve in a way the meaning of life by thinking about it. And that was john wheeler, always thinking about the big picture. And feynmans reaction to these ideas was, well, lets focus on the here and now rather than the big picture. Lets try to do calculations and progress forward rather than looking at everything. So in the 80s feynman was with ill with cancer. He did participate on the challenge ec commission, but by that challenger commission, but by that time he was very ill. In 87 he witnessed the super nova of 87, and it was very special to him because he said that kepler had a super nova, and now i have mine. And i think he knew at that time that he didnt really have long to live. He died in 1988 of cancer. Wheeler outlived him by 20 more years and died at the age of 96. We see wheeler at the gravitational wave observatory for which his student, kip thorne, would win the nobel prize this year for discovery of gravitational waves. So kip thorne is the second nobel prizewinning student of john wheeler, and thorne has always been grateful to wheeler for his mentorship. So when wheeler died, Freeman Dyson said he was kind of like a prophet looking out over the Promised Land that his people will one day inherit. The Promised Land is new ideas in physics, and those inheriting the wheeler legacy are modern theoretical physicists who owe a great debt to wheeler. So all of this and more is in my book which, as mentioned, ill be happy to sign for anybody whos interested, and you can learn more about feynman and wheeler. But now id be glad to take some questions from the audience about feynman, wheeler and the physics they were involved with. [applause] thank you. We have a microphone back here in the middle aisle, so if youd like to ask a question, we is that you come to we ask that you come to the microphone. Im right over here. Hello. Microphone is right here. Hello . About, what about swinger . They shared the prize with feynman, but you havent mentioned them. Maybe theyre in your book. And also i was glad to see Freeman Dyson mentioned, but i believe he was very involved with a lot of tying these things together also. Well, thats an excellent question. And i do go into that more in my book. Theres a lot more in my book than i can cover in an hour talk, as you can imagine. But what happened was there was somebody named louis lamb who came up with a quirk in quantum physics that couldnt be predicted. And he presented his results at a conference in Shelter Island which is off the coast of long island, and feynman and another physicist named swinger with there, heard about this, and they set out to come up with a reason for what was called the shift, is the slight shift in energy that electrons undergo that couldnt be explained by ordinary quantum physics. So did all these calculations, came up with this whole involved mathematical theory, presented it at the next conference of the series which was in the pocono mountains of pennsylvania called the pocono conference. At the same conference, feynman was there and had his own theory involving basically some histories. Not the Wheeler Feynman version, but a modified version which had light particles where he made the same prediction. So both swinger and feynman came up with successful predictions for the lamb shift with two different meds. Feynmans was or intuitive, swingers was methodical. About that time they heard about the [inaudible] who during world war ii had come up with a third equivalent method in japan that was published in a japanese journal but wasnt really well known in the united states. So all three methods were reasonable approaches, and it took Freeman Dyson who knew feynman and took a workshop with swinger to be able to pierce these together piece these together and to come up with a unified version of the three theories which he published in a paper that showed how all three theories were equivalent. So thats why feynman, swinger and [inaudible] all shared the 1965 nobel prize. And if there had been a fourth person, it would have been Freeman Dyson. Interestingly, Freeman Dyson came up with this theory on a Greyhound Bus trip back on his workshop. He came up with this whole scheme. Hes a really brilliant person. Hes still active today in his 90s, and about a year ago i had the pleasure of meeting him at the institute for advanced study and got to at the chat with him about his work with feynman which was very interesting. This is do i have the this is sort of a story. My brothers a theoretical physicist, he got his ph. D. From chicago. So he now believes there is a fourfolding universe. Yes and no, forward and backward. So theres four gods, and they make a decision. They vote together. Thats his idea of god. [laughter] okay. [laughter] now i finally, after talking to him for 20 years, i finally understand that. Yeah, i think im not going to theological questions, so [laughter] [inaudible] in fact,. [inaudible] pardon . [inaudible] okay. So feynman was well known as an educator and well known for those lectures of fundamental physics back in, what, 63, 64 at cal tech. I was wondering to what extent hes looked upon as a mentor and a great influence on upcoming physicists and whether he had any famous students. So he did have some graduate students. He worked with someone named george sway at call tech who developed an alternative to the quirk model and is a famous theoretical physicist. Al hibbs, the one who had the annual parties, was quite active at the jet Propulsion Lab as mentioned and is was involved in several space missions. So he was another of feynmans well known students. Lori brown has written a number of physics books. But not quite the same caliber as wheelers students. Wheeler had more students than feynman and more famous students than feynman, particularly two nobel prize winners, but also students like hugh weve vet9 or jacob beckonstein who made a real mark in the theoretical physics committee. Ill begin with a bit of a story about hugh everett also. He became a Business Partner of mine after he went into software. He got frustrated with physics and wrote the first models to prove that nobody could win a nuclear war. In any event, so, but i got very interested in following peoples attention to his physics later on. Mostly after he died. But kip thorne was in town recently because he got the nobel prize, this were some events, and i was fortunate to have a chance to ask him what he thought about everetts theories. And he said, well, you know, im not a Quantum Mechanics guy, so i dont really know, but he says i asked feynman about it once, and he said, you know, i think everett was probably right. So, therefore, as far as im concerned, everett was right. [laughter] okay. So the question to you is what do you really think about this, and do you have any comments about where you think this debate might go . Well, thats very interesting. Thats the first ive heard about feynman praising everetts work. I think in Public Forums he was pretty neutral about farflung ideas, and he saw that as a little bit too theoretical. But then feynman did have a bit of a philosophical side even though he always said, no, no, i dont want to speculate. But, for example, he went to a Conference Held in 1963 at cornell called the nature of time. And he didnt want to embarrass himself by philosophizing at a conference because it was a very philosophical conference. So he asked the organizer, tommy gold, an astronomer, to not list him in the program, not list him in the conference proceedings and to refer to him as mr. X throughout the proceedings. [laughter] so if you look at the proceedings, they have wheeler, tommy gold, fred hoyle, mr. X. [laughter] but then if you look at what mr. X said, theres a lot of philosophy there. So think feynman sometimes did, you know, kind of praise wild ideas with or thought about these wild ideas. But i dont think he really was completely comfortable with that side of himself because he knew that physics needed to be testable, and i think in a public forum he would have said hugh everetts ideas, lets not look at them because we need to look at testable ideas instead. But he would go back and forth on things just like wheeler did. He went through a lot of phases. He went through a labeling phase in looking at information theory just like wheeler did, looking at Quantum Computers and the idea that everything is made of information. Now, hugh everett you mentioned left physics. Part of it was just his disappointment in how his ph. D. Thesis was received. Bor just completely ignored it, and the Physics Community just completely ignored it. But later when bryce dewitt, another physicist who had known about the theory, started popularizing the theory and saying, hey or, maybe this is right hey, maybe this is right, and then he held a conference in which he was one of the honored guests in texas in the 1970s, everett was really excited that people were relooking at his theors. I was at cal tech and was in physics x in the 50s about when everett was getting started. And what youve told me takes me think about the fact that in that saturday course feynman kept coming back and back and back to the split experiment. He kept, it was clear he was trying to get something out of the audience, and we never really came through for him, i think, but the split slit experience means, you know, when the electron lands on the photo thing, the universe splits. According to everett. Right. And he may have been thinking that way, i dont know. He was trying to figure that out. Well, i think its even if you dont believe in the everett theory of the universe splitting, its still kind of a mystery how if you observe this double slit experiment one way, you get aawaylike a wavelike behavior and another way you get a particlelike behavior which is kind of the standard interpretation. Depending upon the type of observation you get one kind of behavior or another kind of behavior. And wheeler later played with that idea in whats called the delayed choice experiment, saying what if the Observer Says im going to do an experiment to produce Something Like a particle, like a blip and then changes his mind and say, well says, well, im going to produce a wave. What happens if the change takes place in the middle of the experiment . Well, he showed that that would also produce a quantum effect. And, by the way, physics x, for those of you who dont know, was a course that feynman started at cal tech which the only rule was ask me anything, and he would answer any student questions. It was a fun course. I think particularly for freshmen that feynman started, and it was very innovative. And, you know, he would, you know, answer any questions that students would come up with. And he ran it for many, for many years. If there are no more questions, thank you again to dr. Halpern. Thank you. [applause] thank you all for coming, and well be signing books outside. Thank you. [applause] for nearly 20 years, in depth on booktv has featured the nations best known nonfiction writers for live conversations about their books. This year as a special project were featuring best selling fiction writers for our fiction edition. And in march, well be live with historical novelist jeff scherr rah, author of gods and generals, as well as to the last man a story of world war i, and his most recent book, the frozen hours, on the korean war. Visit booktv. Org for more information. Does Sandra Bullock capture lee an tuohey in the movie, blind side . So she cap hers lee anne cap chers her so well that when sean saw the movie for the first time, he went [laughter] there are two of them he said, thats exactly what he said, oh, my god. I could just handle one, there are two of them and it was, it was shocking to me. And it was the first time id ever seen one of my characters end up on a screen. So i was even more impressed than maybe i even should have been. I subsequently saw that brad pitt captures billy beane in all kinds of interesting ways. Christian bale captures Michael Berry in all kinds of interesting ways. Steve carell captures steveizeman in all and these acts of imitation and impressions they do, back up and say, you know, the movie business, it seems like kind of a nonsense business, and its hollywood and celebrity, but underneath that in los angeles there is a trade and a craftsman with unbelievable skill and talent. And these actors and the directors and the writers, the good ones, are so talented that when youre you cant quite believe it when you see it. Can i tell you one little story . Sure, absolutely. I mean, this is i love Sandra Bullock. Shes the best, i think. She did an unbelievable job, but the actor who scared me the most with his powers was Christian Bale. And he scared me because Michael Berry because he as aspergers syndrome, no connection to the outside world. Hes the first to really see whats going on in the subprime mortgage market, and hes the only one who has an argument about when the markets going turn and why. And its based on having studied the loans that were made that shouldnt have been made. Anyway, hes in person hes a little quirky. I mean, not wildly quirky, but quirky. And id heard that Christian Bale had gone and spent one day with him. That was it. He called Michael Berry, very politely, can i come spend the day and just be with you . Came in in the morning, watched him, talked to him. Very natural conversation. But Michael Berry said to me, it was odd for me because he didnt get up to go to the bathroom, he didnt get up to eat, he sat in my office for 12 hours. I was exhausted at the end of it, said Michael Berry. Christian bale on the screen becomes Michael Berry. And he hes wearing the clothes that Michael Berry was wearing when i met him because he went into Michael Berrys clothes closet and took him. And i cornered Christian Bale to say you spent one day with him. I spent a year, you know, studying this person. And i could not have done an impression. I mean, youre doing all kinds of things. I dont know what it is, youre getting him across. Howd to you to that . And he didnt want to talk about it, you know . Like magicians dont want to tell their magic tricks. Finally i bothered him so much, he said, okay, hes what i mean, this is the thing. It was obvious right away, he breathes funny. I said, what . He said, when he talks, he takes breaths in odd places in a sentence. And from that all these mannerisms emerge. And i saw that right away, and so it was obvious, so i just said to director when i was playing him, let me get my breathing right, and Everything Else will follow. You can watch this and other programs online at booktv. Org. Youre watching booktv on cspan2 with top nonfiction books and authors every weekend. Booktv, television for serious readers. Next, the communicators features interviews from the 2018 ces Technology Show in las vegas. Then a midterm preview of cases pending before the u. S. Supreme court. After that, the Alabama State of the state address, and live at 11 a. M. , Hillary Clinton talks about women and human rights. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. In 1979, cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Cable Television companies and is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. Host and welcome to las vegas and the Consumer Electronics show 2018. For the n