Near feature on book tv. Thank you for coming. Thank you for coming through the snow and the sleet and whatever its doing out there, and on star wars day. Its really appreciated. Welcome to the Woodrow Wilson center. How to survive and thrive in the third digital revolution. My name is elizabeth newberryil and i am the director for the gains program. When im not introducing world famous authors, i look at the gains and the tools we have two translate complexity. S from diy file labs and maker spaces for Health Innovation to Citizen Science and Cyber Security labs for congressional staff, we specialize in being the bridge between those on the ground innovating science to those here in washington wanting to make science policy. Our goal is to make science assessable. Were pleased to bring the expertise here to you today. This book demonstrates a convergence of Digital World to get ahead of this revolutionary technology before its too late. From food to furniture, it is changing the way we design and make things. Designing reality his written to underscore not just the science of fabrication but also to opener the black box and make ideas behind it accessible and personal. The question i posed to you is not just how fabrication will change society, mostly because i think it from our panel we will already find out that it is, but instead, how can we influence the shape surrounding the technology that supports fabrication. Without further ado because i know you didnt come to hear me talk, let me introduce the panel. Here in the science and technology in innovation program, a science policy expert, her research focuses on the convergence of technologies around ai and Citizen Science. And more. If she may forgive me, she is like mail in that she is a techno optimists according to his brothers. [laughter] seeing the potential and transformative technologies and driven by a desire to engage with diverse audiences to unlock the potential ofro science, this is what has brought a huge amount of government bodies and lay audiences through the new york times, Scientific American and others. Neil is the director of the world renowned and mit center. He has been called the intellectual godfather of the Maker Movement and is the founder of a growing network. Author of renowned books, i cant go through them all, too big of a list. Hes been touted as one of the top 100 intellectuals. He lays out the roadmap of fabrication labs. On the other sidef of the coin, alan and joel provide the fabrication in society. Allen is a pineal pioneer and former chairman for the astounding gain through change in studio head activision, he has also worked on countless projects for organizations like sesame street to darpa. It is really no underestimate, understatement to say heer is a pioneer in the Digital Media round. Is currently working on a darpa funded gain with the mit lab, designing to inspire the future of digital fabrication. Joel who is often the mediator between these two, we had to put a little bit of a buffer. [laughter] his expertise is in largescale systems of change. A professor at the Heller School for social policy and management, he is a Global Leader in Workplace Transformation and institutional change and his client list ranges from fordr and the United Auto Workers to australias fair work commission. He led the first stakeholder a alignment across the u. S. Networking cofounded the Champaign Urbana lab. Its really quite a panel that we bring you today. Together with this panel we hope to walk you through through the fabrication revolution as wellan as guide u you more deeply about the social context for these revolutionary technologies. Thank you again so much for joining us. Without further ado i turned to our panel. Thank you. Its a pleasure to be here. I want to start here, this is the most famous graph in history. Gordon moore, in 1964 plotted the number of transitions on new integrated circuits. On a linear graph it looks like nothing was happening, but on this graph it shows doubling it. What happens if that continued for ten years . We wrote this prescient article about if people come and theres plenty of room over on the side. This prescient article about what would happen if it doubled for ten years and on a linear graph it would look around 70 something would happen. So around the 70s was personal computers powered by the company he started at intel and what he got wrong was it wasnt ten years, it was 50 years. So 50 years weve been living with the digital computing. [inaudible] so thats what weve been through. The ideas behind it are Claude Shannon wrote the best pieces ever at mit and went on to show how to communicate reliably with unreliable devices digitally. He based his work on shannon to show how to compute reliably with unreliable devices. Those are the ideas that gave us 50 years of digital technology. We wrote this book because of y this graph, this is ten years of fab lab which we will explain what they are and theyve been doubling for a decade. There is more data now for digital fabrication than gordon moore had when he made his production and so its very prudent at this point to ask what happens if this graph continues for the next 50 years of scaling not digital computing or Digital Communication but digital fabrication. Thats what the book is about and thats what were here for today. So here is data point number one. In 1952 mit made the first computercontrolled manufacturing machine. It was based on an offshoot of the world when what which was the first realtime computer. Theres plenty of room too theha right. It was the first realtime computer that led to modern computing architecture and jet aircraft were emerging and the parts were too hard to make a hand so theres idea of connecting a computer to machine. The lab and mit turns physical data into digital. It looks at the First Quantum computers and the first synthetic organisms, the first things in the architecture of how to put the internet in every day devices. That isnt the research we do. To teach students to do that research i start the class called how to make almost anything and everynd year hundreds show up begging to get in. They do projects, one student made a a web browsers and another made an alarm clock you wrestle with to prove youre awake. This is her project. She was a sculptor. [inaudible] to every ever find yourself in a situation where we really want to scream but you cant because youre at work or in the classroom or watching your children or any number of situations where its just not pertinent. Screen body is a portable space. When a user screams, the screen is silent but its also recorde recorded. [inaudible] what that has to do with what we are here for today is whirlwind commercialized as the px, the pdp created the internet and built a whole computer industry. They famously said nobodyai needs a computer at home. This happened so consistently that i realized i was asking how did do digital fabrication, turning data into things, but not why and they were showing that the killer app of digital fabrication, light digital computing is personal fabrication, products not for massmarketing but for market of one person. She didnt doo this to start a business but she wanted the database for screening. Screaming. That led to creating fab lab so at the stage of a thousand, this is a mini computer. They weighed about a time they cost about a hundred thousand dollars. This is a really important fixture. This is bell labs. The computer in your pocket pretty directly descends from this. A thousand is an interesting number. Thats the number of cities on earth so thats boston and of fab lab ways about a mini computer. Heres one in iceland. It includes a 3d printer but as you come in, theres plenty of room on this in the room. It includes a 3d printer but theres about ten other tools that are computercontrolled manufacturing to turn data into things so you can make both furniture, consumer electronics, all of this stuff and this is where they are. We set up wanting to and then for and now theres a thousand labs. A bit like carnegie at the spread of libraries for c at the turn of the last century, mel king was an activist in boston where he did one of the first labs and it led to one a rural india with a pioneer, this was carlson a few hours above the arctic circle, each of them pulling labs into the community. So heres a quick to her, over there is blair f evans who runs a Wonderful Group in detroit where he is taking abandoned parts of the city and turning them into urban areas and working with at risk youth. Alaska native has great cultural traditions, terrible problems with suicide, unemployment, alcoholism, this is merging Traditional Craft with digital technology, this is one of the protestant catholic boundaries in ireland called the piece walls which are really the war walls where people come from both sides of the Community Together andb, its a wonderful lab. When you stand in front of the lab if you look one side you see the capital if you see across the street you see shiny New Buildings but behind her communities of a kind i never saw when i would come to the buildings in d. C. This is the Prime Minister of bhutan. This is a lab we deployed for Gross National happiness to make it physical rather than buying imports from india or china. This is in tel aviv and so as the spread we then had a problem in the Arctic Village because he knew much more than the teacher, i showed him some projects the next time i saw him he was designing robot vehicles. This is in an apartheid area in south africa in the township and she was doing all the work of my mit classes so these people would just fall off a cliff after doing this. We started the project called the fab academy which is, you dont go to a place far away, you dont look at the website, students have peers in workgroups with mentors live locally in the lab and we connect them globally with video and content sharing. Here is an example of homework done at a little lab outside barcelona. In the first week of the class you could make a sketch of what he wanted to do. Next week is learning design tools so hes modeling his system and learning laser cutting and making a small prototype and learning largeformat machining making it fullsize and printing parts, then their learning to design Circuit Boards and program embedded electronics to build the ring of the system so around here, heres his design of a processor for the system and then he puts it all together and i love this picture, here he is with the first food produced by the system and so it is technology to make food much more efficiently than traditional agricultural digging inur the dirt. We iran a lab outside the white house in the obama administration, this is barcelonas mayor that 50 unemployment. A whole generation cant workdi and so they are deploying labs as part as the urban infrastructure of the city leading to a city of movement of cities that are globally connected for knowledge but this coming go but instead of trash going inandout, theenen adams state. Inspired by that they are about to introduce this bill in congress. And bill foster, one of the few members of the United States house of representatives who is a scientist before entering politics. I often tell people i represent about one third of the Strategic Reserve of physicists in congress. Is now 100 . When i came to work each day in physics, my first op often wasnt my Office Computer or some meeting, but to the Laboratory Machine shop to check on the progress of some parts that i designed for an experiment or for part of an accelerator. I believe i can safely say im the only member of the United States congress that knows how to program numerically controlled machine tools. Im proud to announce a t recently introduced legislation in the United States house off representatives which supports the goals and mission of the National Fab Lab Network in the best interest of our people and the best interest of promoting the goals of greater science of technical education, greater access to research and production tools and empowerment of individuals to understand and use technology to improve their lives. You can think of it as a new kind of national lab in the United States like a cloud laboratory. The National Laboratory of connected lands. Ive been lucky to have the chance to visit neil. With the United Nations high commissioner for refugees in the International Committee of the red cross, we spun off a Global Humanitarian Lab to use this whole lab network for humanitarian relief instead of shipping solutions, you ship data and then produce on demand. So these are all signs of whats happening at the stage of a thousand labs. Thats just a moment in history of computing when the internet emerged and so this is sort of like an internet not just a bit but where you can go from bits to adams. Now, to project forward, computers, when they reach the million stage were personal, not universal. Mp this was the first computer to switch switches to load a program and the lights would blank. It was lifechanging. Two people used it to start a company, the first meeting of the homebrewed Computer Club when this showed up in palo alto. It changed the life of the whole generation. The million is interesting. Thats a number of all the towns. At the million stage its not too many filling a room but fab labs making fab labs. We started prototyping rapid prototyping machines. Heres things made by machines used to make things. Heres an example. [inaudible] [inaudible] that led to lots of commercial products of rapid prototyping machines, but asle blair can attest we found it was too hard to make these were ordinary people and so software today isnt made by one big program, its made by composing modules of little programs. In the same way we started making Software Objects thatak merge with heart where objects. [inaudible] if you want to make machines, we had a visitor from nasa who needed a hot wire cutter for wind tunnels. You take a e few degrees of freedom, they move in Straight Lines that each of these as part of a network and a software object thats part of a program so when you assemble the physical parts you assemble the Software Parts and you make a Virtual Machine that can change as quickly as the project. Its not just rapid prototyping, its rapid prototyping of that rapid prototyping, making machines as quickly as projects with machines. James went on, he now runs a search and so you will hear about them a little bit later. [inaudible this is now parts of modular machines building like i showed you, but all of these parts are now made in the fab lab. Rather than going too a fat about, you can go to a fab lab to make a fab lab so it can make something. Computing went from a million to a billion. Were getting down to now this is my house where i live in here we have a problem, you can make almost anything in the fab lab today. Food, furniture, all that stuff, but theres a tremendous supply chain supporting it. I buy electronics from a supplier who has 500,000 capacitors, not an inventory but 500 different types of capacitors in the inventory. You need this tremendous supply chain to sort this but this is crazy because conceptually this is maybe just three properties. We started studying what we call digital serials which means a discrete set of parts with the discrete code so how they can construct. It comes not from the machine but from the park. You can detect incorrect errors. This is like lego bricks but scaling down. Here is a design tool were now few want electronics you dont pick apart from a vendor you just do these Properties Like conducting an insulating. [inaudible] this machine is not a printer or a cutter its an assembler and does disassembler. Like a kid playing with legos to build functional electronics. On bigger scale today when you make a jumbo jet you make a tool the size of the jumbo jet. We showed by linking carbon fire you can make higher performance big parts so here is an assembler to build these and then we use these to do things like make airplanes that can change shape and were working with nasa to do very large space fabrication. All of that is what it looks like when computation, fabrication becomes universal when theres these fabricators that people, and what this is doing, you can do all of this in the fab lab but you need all of the supply chain. Now we are reducing it down to these Material Properties but theres a problem after that. The internet went from a thousand 2,000,002,000,000,000 and then it reached it trillion host on the internet. My watches on the internet and your thermostat may be on the internet. This is now my home office. This has the power of this minicomputerhe. When you get to the stage and digital fabrication, thear problem is if you wanted to assemble me from these micro parts on up it would take about a million years the way we do today which is a long time to wait for output. The biological solution is you are made out of molecular lego called amino acid. Theres a hierarchy from the chain of how you assemble them to how they become parts and how they become you. The molecular assemble is called the ribosome. It places one molecule a second. Ribosomes make ribosomes. It takes about a second to do what would take a million years once you have assemblers. We are working on assemblers that assemble assemblers from the parts they are assembling with the same hierarchy structure. Here are Building Blocks i can make mechanisms by flexing that can do logic and can actuate all to build construction. With a few degrees of freedom you can make motion and drive the motion and then make motors and so these are all parts of making an assembler that can assemble itself from the parts its assembling. Here is a really interesting design tool. To design the assembling assembler, this lets you put bricks of 20 Material Properties to design the nicomputing and the communications for the mechanisms. Thats what we are currently building. Interestingly, the modern theory of computing is traced back and the last thing they did was to study fabrication. The last thing they wrote about was how genes become form to you and how to make machines that communicates a computation for its construction. Its getting at the heart of life. These were theoretical exercises the we are at a point where we can do the spread we can make a self reproducing machine at this convergence. The third digital revolutionri fabrication isnt separate but it completes the first two when you communicate and are merging all three of them. Finally, a way to understand all of this, this is bonus material. After this talk you should recognize whats behind me. E. They wanted to talk about how you boost civilization on mars. It roughly assumed that you need to replay the industrial o revolution and you needed the resistors on mars and what you are discovering is you can basically erect all the technology from about 20 parts. Biological materials cant do a lotne of things thater Engineering Materials can do. The fundamental question wee are asking, one of the minimum Building Blocks you need to build civilization. Now to step back from this, describe technical stages of 12,002,000,000,000 to a million literally in fabrication in the same way we went through all the stages in computation. The historical lesson is all those are here today. If you come to my lab you can see each one of these but at the rate were going it will take about 50 years for all of them to get out, but the lesson from the internet is email, video games, word processing, all of that wasnt invented after the smart phone, it was invented in the movie computing era. We arear at the stage now where anybody can make almost anything which completely changes notions of how we live work and play. The roadmap i told you is going to play out so it will get faster, better and cheaper, but you dont need to wait 50 years to get finished on the roadmap. We are already living in this world of the digital fabrication revolution, its just not widely distributed. Thats what the roadmap looks like. At this point, i would stop,ls everybody would clap and do a few questions but with that i will pass it back. If you will shift the slides. This is a relatively recent picture of the three of us. The story of the book begins about a year end a half or two years ago. We were visiting our mother who was dealing with the advances of alzheimers and she seemed to enjoy hearing the three of us talk to the three of us essentially concluded, the technology was marching at an accelerated rate but we didnt trust neil to get it right when it comes to society. I dont trust them to get right. E were in a leavitt to neil to figure out the technology, but meanwhile we can proceed. I want you to know i use x. [laughter] this is a teachable moment. When you exit the web browser. A few years ago i got so mad at powerpoint that i wrote my own replacement. To just continue while joel is figuring this out. We never intended to write a book together. Our careers could not have gone in more divergent directions but when we were sitting around with her mother , we found that we just kept overlapping the underlying ideas we had for very different businesses and we did find that the idea of digital fabrication and being able to make a most anything touched already from careers and really interesting ways and it really was those conversations that led to this book. So in his conversation, neil represented science. [inaudible] the differences have relatively few affects, but we do think his children have an orientation to being techno optimists. In the sense that we tried to figure out a path that was neither a dystopian path which is what a lot of discussion about technology in robotics and jobs is increasingly sounding like, but also. [inaudible] the spirit of this, as neil said is wait a minute, lets talk about all the things on the social side and neil has given you kind of an introduction not only to digital technology, but to his life and career that to about 25 minutes. We will do our self introductions in two minutes. Just to give you a i sense of where im coming from, as the oldest child i guess it was my duty to go into the family business, our parents were both College Professors and labor arbitrators. Our mom was one of the first arbitrators in business and a lot of my work early on was not so much adjudicating labormanagement disputes facilitating partnerships. This is a picture of the 2006 uaw negotiations. Over a 30 year time. I helped them develop and implement their safety and quality operating systems and ultimately at the enterprise level, and getting ready before the 2006, 2007 recession, the parties felt we, they needed to reinvent collective bargaining from an collaborative process and i sort of help them to do that. I lived in that world. In late 1990s, i joined the faculty of the Engineering Systems Group at mit and then the head of aero astro was approached by congress to say can you do something about aircraft noise in the mission,r theres been 17 studies over a couple decades and what we found is incentive to stakeholders, there were 37, tut we essentially facilitated a series of summits in which collectivebargaining to place among the stakeholders and reach a consensus report which went congress which isng what you see on the left and since then ive been doing a lot of work with these multi stakeholder consortia. You see a bunch of logos of six different consortia that we helped launch in the past four or five years in the area of open sharing of data and science and all of that begins with the labormanagement principles but takes them into complex systems. Wheres fab labs in all of this . In one sense when our oldest son was in high school for about three years in 2003 2006, every weekend he and i volunteered at the First Fab Lab and Technology Center and so i had some sense of what they were about just from that volunteer time, and so when i went to the university of illinois after mit to be dean of the school of labor and employment relations, i approach the provost and said you have a hundred thousand dollars because thats the amount neil mentioned to launch a fab lab and the people involved, one of them a dear friend insisted thathe it be a community fab lab, and to this day, if you go in there, half the people that come to the lab or from the community and half from the campus and the important thing about telling that story is that it took us maybe a month to have the equipment set up and running. It took two or three years to get all of the committees and the social structures and the connections to the boys and girls club and the libraries and all the other parts of the community and socialon systems aligned with the operation of a fab lab in the community. As youre about to hear, as we tell the story, the technology moves that fast, even at accelerating rates. The social systems move slower, linear rates and assist with the fundamental challenge that undermines our remarks this gives you a little sense ofhe where im coming from. Lets have alan tell his story. Neil took all the science and technology versus before i was born so i went to hollywood to make movies. I spent the first partto of my career in china in the 80s. I then got recruited into a Videogame Company that had just gone bankrupt. It was about 12 people who helped rebuild that to well over a thousand years, a very large gain company and wast astounded that our gains were being played with deeply engaged in a time and i recognize the incredible power and gains were being vilified by everyone. Democrats, republicans, mothers, fathers but the power of the medium was incredible and the impact, good and bad was huge. I got really interested in social impact businesses i could make money and make a positive social impact that i also became chairman of the nonprofit that was looking to partner with the leading government agency, universities, philanthropies that wanted to harness this powerful medium for social good. They were tracking hundreds of millions of dollars but not a lot coming out of the other end that was making meaningful impact for a whole variety of reasons but mostly because of the rigor of a company like activision from both the design and development but also the t publishing side just wasnt there. I cofounded the Company Called eli media to bring the rigor impact games and we also do some comics and we work as well. Interestingly, a lot of that work has resulted in my world merging with neil and jules. Every project we do o is a multi stakeholder partnership. Very complex. Ive learned a lot from joel in just identifying stakeholders, identifying their interest when they do these projects. A lot of projects are helping youth and young adults become creators and not just consumers of technology so we have a product with the Macarthur Foundation to teach young kids to make games, we partnered with the National Stem videogame challenge, the last seven winners got go to the science fair at the white house. Interestingly they mention the cooking with Tribal Council, we were approached by the Tribal Council in Alaska Native Group who want to do a Mission Aligned Business that sharered their use and their culture which is often miss represented in popular media. They wanted to do a videogame. Weho ended up partnering with them to do a game. We got 36 alaska native elders, riders and storytellers, some of the best game makers and when on a two year journey together. We put out a game with 26 embedded documentaries and it touched a nerve. We have 3 million players, its very profitable and one lots of awards. The tribe has taken the revenue and invested in their our largest shareholder. When they were looking at our slate of games, they loved the a project we were working on with darpa. That led to the meeting neil. They now have a fab lab, it was honored at the white house and their building a distributed network of fab labs and this is a culture that, for generations, has been sustainable and, in many waysys with the rule to urban movement theyve been less sustainable but technology has made them sustainable again. They can make almost anything. Its very hard for people toe have a mental map of what does that look like it had way go to work. How to make breakfast. So by building a game to immerse you in that aspirational but achievable future you start to develop those mental maps. We start the book with a thought experiment. Imagine if you go back to 1965, have a cup of coffee and youre sitting with gordon moore. I recommend that you read the article. He really does predict personal computers and mobile phones. Its fascinating. The title is cramming more components on an integrated circuit. Imagine if you could sit with them and realize there are going to be personal computers, mobile phones, smart cars and be connected. You are a policymaker. Nk had we think about inclusion and divisional i divides. They were trying to find the first social scientists and policymakers that recognize that technology was exponentially doubling in performance and decades after the article. The social sciences were really reactive too the science we are still playing catchup. You cant havee a fab lab if youre not connected. Theres already a massive access divide. Access is not binary. Its not like you have it or you dont. They have an interesting report that talks about the continuation of access. Billions of people have a future phone and thats all. Try writing a document let alone a works flow on a futureu phone. Y cost is an issue. Many have very limited access. Most of the planets dont have the basicol foundation to enjoy it. C the Technology Long ago could support Global Access and its about social and policy decisions made early on that hope explained why we are only halfway there. It raises some really challenging questions, is it a right, is it a privilege, what are the responsibilities of society and companies if not having Digital Access and connectivity puts one at anan unfair deluge. As we look at the next 50 years, we need to look at dividess and access as an issue right now, not 20 or 30 or 40 years from now. When weso talk about digital inclusion, there is access but theres also literacy. Once schools and Community Schools started to figure out that we need computers, they went out and bought them for their middle schools. They often sought hollow for a long time because the literacies went there on how to leverage these from meeting professional goals. Lo he talks about how to make a most anything. One of the jokes that i runs v through the double fab network , we visited fab labs around the world and interviewed 30 or 40 leaders and surveyed hundreds more. Its this mix of exhilaration and frustrations. When you are in a fab lab, it is an incredible experiencery especially if its thriving. Not everybody who wants to start it is able to start it and not everybody is thriving in a fab lab. A lot of its because its hard. Figuring out how to go from computeraided software designe , lots of different software, proprietary opensource, then you have all the material science of the consumable and whatever youre using words or plastics, theres multiple domains and a lot of things can go wrong. Thats what happens if you dont use of 3d render properly. This fire actually happened in neils lab 170 wasnt attending to a laser cutter. These things happen. Its complex technology. While everything he describes as possible, there aresk multiple literacies, multiple skills that need to be developed, multiple dispositions that need to be cultivated to successfully make anything. This is just an example of some of the stuff in the academy class. Just to give you a sense, this is remarkable. Once one develops the skills, the disposition around critical thinking, collaboration, you dont really teach those come youou cultivate them. Fab labs really do that. When your make projects that youre iny vested in you develop justintime skills but its hard and anybody whos tried to make stuff in a fab lab knows it. One thing weve observed is that the process of making things has anonymous benefits. Youat really do develop skills w and it sets you up for all sorts of things in life. In some ways its even more powerful than the end result. Were not yet at a point where we make what we consume. Theres very little in the house that was made in a fab lab. That will change over time. Right now, the process of making things is absolutely remarkable and very powerful. The third part is you have access and literacy. Often overlooked art enabling ecosystems. You saw them doing the engraved slippers for president obamas grandmother. It was a japanese design he downloaded then print in africa. Its a great example of global, activity and local fabrication and sustainability but the remarkable thing is he t decided to take two years off and trial the world to visit fab labs. His journeyll was amazing. He saw all of these incredible insights, practices, made all these remarkable friendships and hes become one of the most sought after global mentors. People are desperate for their knowledge and wisdom. One thing that is really needed out there is Something Like a scholarship for people can travel and visit fab labs and become mentors. Its exhilarating and good for the individual. Lots of problems can happen but there is a group of mentors. Right now, theres not a lot of interoperability across the workflow and various hardware and software. You get this mismatch of software that adds a lot of friction in the system and makes it difficult to share. Its more the social standards. You can think of 15 or 20 needed platforms to find a mentor or toin do equipment maintenance or find software or sure designs but for the most part there being cobbled together, theyre not operating on a global scale in a way that they could. We also looked at how do we implement the kinds of changes we are talking about so ecosystems have people in platforms and processes the most models assume a t linear rate of change that i you implement change and at the end youre in the same place you were in the beginning in terms of a larger context. We didnt find a model that assumes that the context is changing at an accelerating rate. If we have time during q a, we developed the model you see here which talks about how you anticipate change and align stakeholders, how you cultivate ecosystems so that the social and the technical can help evolve and its really the people in the processes and the platform that make up the ecosystem to support what neil described. The essence of digital is this notion of air correction. You get these exponential changes. Individual organizations and institutions are just slower and messier but it can be faster and i have to be. Its actually difficult, ill give you an example. He lives in this world where one of the hardest things is to do this air correction, and the way you do it is with people reporting near misses. The problem is you have to admit that something bad might have happened which involve social systems of not being blamed and having not be an event in which your trusted and not at risk in doing so. When you overcome those barrier barriers, some very powerful things can happen around air correction and social systems but its not a next financial process. I will make one other point on this. In games, you could these massive communities, sometimes 50 or 60 Million People and you get ahet lot of behavior. Theres an Amazing Research where they really started to study how positive behavior propagated in with their audience by and, they started testing immediate feedback loops where somebody did something make an immediate feedback for why it was inappropriate and they had brian from the community on the methodology and explained it very quickly. The fact that happen quickly, ito incredible. The now published in nature magazine. The more that you build those norms in the systems and feedback loops as your building communities, the community then propagates with those values. That is social solutes or correction. We need to learn from these insights. There is no one Silver Bullet for this idea of fab inclusion. The government does play r a role and they can play a role in terms of r d and funding and making people aware that its an issue. Before carnegie it wasnt an assumption that every town and every school would have a public library. After words it became an assumption. We believe the same thing wasop the same. Of course the school should. Thats a great opportunity for a full philanthropist. Weve matched the dollars to do equivalent of what carnegies did for libraries with fab lab. 50 years later those same moon shots can leverage but ultimately its really opted in. We want to reduce friction for people who want to join that network. The first three parts that we believe youre right but what about inclusion which is a combination of literacy, accessibility willing ecosystem, thats h the first part but theres a deeper part. In any complex system, we have to talk about risk and in the case of digital fabrication there are some pretty serious risks to mitigate. You have a digitally printed 357 magnum pistol which at one level, you can buy a gun a lot cheaper than you can make one in a lab but you can imagine bad people doing bad things in labs, even more troubling is the emergence of bio path. [inaudible] they are not keeping pace with the technology thats racing ahead. Less obvious, but probably even more worrisome is if the number of fab labs is doubling every year end a half, we have 1200 now, as many maker spaces, the consumables and a few years of doubling are suddenly going to become a chokepoint in the system. Theres work that is meant to get that but theres a whole ecological crisis. Those are some of the obvious waiting minute risks that are in the system. Ill put on the system the less obvious one that comes out of my world as employment relations which is all the things that weve established to ensure fair treatment in the workplace, health and safety in the workplace, succession planning and all the rest, assume that theres a workplace. We have some real issues around the social systems that we depend on in our institutions when we have a distributed ecosystem where people go to make things but is not a workplace. Those are some of the risks that are out there. What wed like to do is shift as we wrap up to a conversation about pollution. The first solution, ill tell you just s a brief story, i know we are short on time. The summer alan and i joined neil at fab 13. Theres been one of these big gatherings and we were talking about this global stakeholder math that we did and we put up the views on the fab chart which neil authored a number of years ago and instantly three people in the room had comments. The first person said the charter is way out of date, the foundationm just accepted a big gift from an oil company which i dont necessarily opposed but theres nothing in the charter about how we make the decision. The second person said youre wrong he was from the network of fab lab and i use the charter on a daily and weekly basis to introduce people and the charter is really great and useful. The third person from the ireland lab at this intersection of protestant and Catholic Community said theres things happening that arent even contemplated and we need something more than a charter tha to deal with the opportunities as well as the risks that are out there. We had it up here to symbolizerd what is in place and to say theres a lot more social infrastructure needed. It also, when i talk about the fact that the very concept of work is sort of on the table and you see here a whole bunch of questions about the thingsab that innocence are disruptive about the fab ecosystem, whats embedded in it is the potential of something really different and exciting, a blended economy that includes block chain technologies, ways for people to volunteer and build credit for volunteer time which may be in 20 years when you retire you could trade in for service credits. Other mechanisms by which you can design and make what you need in a way that goes beyond our conceptions of what we mean by work, and really, as i part of the story i want to highlight maybe the r d part of the story. We interviewed achieve strategist at intel and said help us understand the role in your company and he said well, you know the scene in raiders of the lost ark where the boulder is coming down, he said that describes the s last 30 years of life at intel. We are racing to keep up with moores law and its the boulder coming at us. We raise the question, the exponential growth that moores law ended up holding for 50 years is a socially constructed story. Its not a lot of nature. It socially constructed first in intel and then in the industry and then society came to expect that accelerating change. There is no one intel in the fab ecosystem in the same way. It may be capable of the same kind of accelerated r d on a distributed basis but it will take new social systems to get there. Is there an intel and should there be . Maybe theres something better. The last thing i want to say before trying to get back to allen to wrap it up. He talked about this t underlying science. Air correction and theres an analogy to legos but its more than analogy. Its real that your modular components they can work with with these properties and if you look at the history, its a history in which the teachers of society come to coevolved with the teachers of technology. We started a thought exercise and we invite you to join in which is what if we thought of organizations and institutions in more modular terms . Already that starting with teens on projects. Theres some dark areas about getting jobs that are holding up in the same way and when it comes to disassembly with organizations and institutions, were not as good at that as i we are as assembly. There are issues of air correction, but i think its worth learning to think in digital terms in order to think in social terms about how thelv society can coevolved with technology. but one thing i learned all over the world is to create the behavior change it really is a blent of hands and nonprofit social entrepreneurs come in there with head centric model heres the evidence it is important. It is krits call that things are grounded in evidence that research is. Important and criticall when things are grounded and the research is there but would you change thlet youchange the behan intellectual evidence . It is getting into the heart and the emotion and marrying the heart but the third one that people often miss is the hands, giving people an o experience. Feedback and a pathway forward and when people talk about this often they miss the essence of what makes th for good games so engaging. Its a goal that you care about individually or collectively indigo into a problem space and failed most of the time but the key is you are getting feedback from the machine, the game, a peer, mentor, online, the whole system and that feedback gives you a step to go one step further toward your goals and you are constantly feeling like im making progress individually and collectively, so i think i this is critical if we are going to create a movement around the inquisition to realize the aspirational goals. I think its important for you to tell the story as well. One of the things the media does and other novels and comic books as they create images of the future. When we were saying there were very few cyan, the Science Fiction writers were a right the thinking ahead and creating for the future but unfortunately most right now having two teenage boys are dystopian because it may better fiction. We Just Launched aa new company. They had a lot ofnc scientific experts and they came up with things like Driverless Cars in the science there is Something Like 40 or 50 we believe the same thing cannot only have been with gadgets and things of social systems so we have a design shop where we ask about the what is and why not questions and to try to bring the best game into the movie storytelling and Gaming Technology to be able to prototype the future come aspirational but achievable so we came up with seven of these and asked them to as ask them td why not questions. He asks the question what if we can work while creating more and imagining in the 15 or 20 year horizon people building an ecosystem where they could make what they need and have the personal stories to go with it. We also have highlighted alicia who as a Rhodes Scholar was at oxford talking about circular economy and now is at the university of san diablo santeeo building a platform for people to use local materials to deal with this crisis in which if you live near a desert you would need to know the nearby properties. So people can design and make things that corresponds to the environment that they are in. Those are just two of these scenarios but in the book, we ask the question lets envision a future where of social and technical co evolve and its aspirational but achievable. That brings us back to it its e a chancece in 1965 to six with gordon and we have the chance in this cycle to deal with things like Risk Mitigation and what are our aspirational scenarios and if we go to the last ride in almost every interview you see with neil he talks about on a path to the replicatoror and in many cases it was a mental map. In the interviews we had a lot ofn bounce back. A lot of folks and ecosystems of that is terrible because first of all if she didnt get his team talked he wouldnt know how to fix that. The company that made the replicator does, so he doesnt have the literacy and thats the future where perhaps people dont have the literacy to make almost anything and it is veryi consumerna centric with a fascinating debate about the mental maps. [applause] thank you so much. What an afternoon. 80 of success is showing up, so here we are. A year ago a young inventor told me it makes us aware of fluffy are capableat of and so based on something Democratic Organization and Community Empowerment along the way the very notion would be extended and transformed. Can i give you s on the plateau they were very concerned. They laughed and said they had no interest in the sectarian conflict. They got so much done and that story for me is sort of the future of the world. I had the opportunity to learn under the mentor should have a good friend who was known for thinking outside of the box and was known for playing with ideas so for the last ten years i had the opportunity to analy analyze. I wanted to understand whatec ts means for the democracies of the contradiction subjugation can actually in power and instead in the balancing of the data and design for today so whats responsible governments to be billed for the technology that are in truth too powerful to issue and the same questions we arthey are asked to months ago where theres u. S. China, they are asking the same questions. So how do we deal with the power where they can learn to tell their own data and ideas into innovation so we added a biology to it to make it the internet of feeling things and so it looks like congressmen can ever be one with their own party. The platform is connected and well analyzed to the technical system and will do the same sewage becomes the first line of defense and the new tools of the sustainable pictures. Now my question would be around that mitigation so much t of tht is to use implications of hurting the detection and it can optimize the cities and with the weakening of the public data that is happening right now so how do you anticipate to the years of the subjugation and in particular giving us more ownership and control so i the system what does this look like . I remember at that meeting saying if nature is unjust, change nature. So what sorts of responsible innovation and specifically to issue games and you started talking about that as an imagination to unveil and question and i will let you answer collectively. Before i answer, one of the things before we started doing interviews i and book some folks say you have a sister . It would have changed the tone of the book that we dont have a sister o so one theme that camep we are asking about people making bad things and. Especially when the peers can guide appears the culture changes. You can bake and early on the cultural norms and feedback loops and in some ways that is the most critical because the most powerful thing i often ask the question with the new technologies what is a bunch of college kids with these tools what iss the risk that could possibly go wrong . If this stuff is going to become ubiquitous there are Technical Solutions so another group of people that we talked about talked about the intelligence of the machines recognizing to say people are using materials that are inappropriate and maybe bob making materials. There is a lot of attention now making the cities sustainable. Theyey were crowded and full of problems. It is a lovely place and once you add the Network Connectivity it is sustainable and not as a projection but we are pulling people out of the cities to make my little town sustainable and then to come back to the question of the rooms fulfilled three generals and analysts about the scum hal this, half od and said we have to control this but then thero other half said e you kidding this is the best possible thing we can do for the core mission that we have. Please read over and over again as they cannot be shut down. You cannot regulate it with what you can do is provide incentives not to do this in secret but to do this and community so that lab targets the problems and dropout people they consider problems in rural india and they provide a community that these are invited as a part and they can contribute to it there is a third piece of the puzzle. What we have described are both some bottomup distributed ways of dealing with security and safety issues youve raised which are crucial and the genitals are present topdown efforts to say what can we provide in terms of vision and leadership in the system and there are limits to what you can do in the topdown change in the distributed ecosystem. I would also call it the distributed metal and this includes protocols and standards that codify the norms that allen was talking about but also represents the forms and mechanisms that are institutional gaps in society. And it turns out when you live in a period of time in which the rate of change and institutions in our society accelerates so in the space of five to ten years, the rules of the game for good and bad are changing so it means it is possible to align groups of stakeholders to establish not only a new grand bargain that many agreements that add up to a grand bargain that we need to co evolve into technology so theres a lot of work to facilitate the midlevel forums. So they comeh up with the solutions in the process you are creating the behaviors that become institutions of society. I have two more questions and then i will give the floor to the rumo room. It is the key for the movement if you only noticed this when it isnt there so what does this look like for the movement and when they ask, the answers were very humble in curing disease and poverty so how do we think beyond that and how do we imagine this ecosystem and what do we create for this to happen. The reason i am smiling is that mit way to things where people come and and we had a former student if you heard of the project he was behind that or if he used the ebook he gave a lecture on how you go from one to the high volume manufacture and its documentation and it all comes back down to the documentation. The reason i am laughing is for me itsecently not just a distributed control system but sitting on top of it as a content management system. It comes from that and so distributed content management is surprisingly central to the story. I credited the other early architects for establishing standards so in that sense you are right this is crucial. What we know about the standards in th a complex system is earlyn when no one cares about them, it is easy to establish. Later on they say they want a standard, but they want my standard so we are still in the early phase. Some of the technical standards are established in evil things. In the crazy mix of disciplines we did an interesting project relevant to this where we looked at ecosystems that had propagated to tens of millions of people bought with big topdown funding to say did that happen and we looked at a couple of different ones. He found a couple of interesting things. We are a very. Big presence in the thicfigure to play in that m obut what was missing was this middle tier that when lots of founders started things these particular founders either by accident or intention creative platforms and processes for people to adapt and extend to different local communities. The platform could be modified but it was in their culture and norms. We were one of the 10,000 or so you could start to realize how it reaches 100 Million People because the company that made the game wasnt interested but we were so the idea that you have a galvanizing fishing if you offer platforms and tools people can adapt and extend and lots of people can benefit and folks can move a indigo from a user and it was pretty consistent. Hes one of those characters like the founders that i would argubut i wouldargue that we ark the platforms and processes have too much fiction for people to successfully adapt and extend to get to the type of numbers, so its another way of talking about how distributed things propagate versus the scale. Maybe we can go to the questions directly but i was thinking in the social interaction that for example its changed how we think about the poverty and privacy that said the genome can save your life. Do you have an analog for this. Here is the answer. Life does every single thing wes just described. Its taken 4 billion years to understand that in doing everything i just described. What we are learning how to do is apply those ideas in molecular biology so there is a very clear sense that form cells and organs and organisms and form societies and we are now at the next stage in the evolution ofvo life not just in the molecular biology, but the name of the book is a metaphor and literal reading of the poin we w you can Design Reality and that means from the molecules to the planet. Part of the answer to your question is that it takes different communities to think differently talking with each other and learning to speak each others language. I will tell you a story in the writing of the book we were literally a few days from handing in thehe manuscript. He just read a chapter for which we coauthored and said you ought to have a part at the end of the book on propagating versus scale and the difference between linear and exponential change. We wrote the section and he freaked out because it was the exact opposite of what he intended to. They named it backwards. They manned propagate versus scale so in our word it is something relatively linear where things propagate across the population, that is exponential and he said no that is linear but the scaling back his in the Digital Media world that represents something. If you could state your name and where you are coming from. And how you propagate the scale. Your presentation was amazing. Lots of great thoughts. Thank you for that. And i intend to be an optimist but when i see things like machines and then i couple that with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence and i sort of question my optimism i think that is where a lot of it comes from. Rather than having humans in control of the process at some point you are going to have machines in charge of the processing and inventing. So how do you plan for that coming and how do you compete when the fab lab is owned by the robots and they are competing for resources right now so that is my question how do you incorporate and have t you thout about this in the Machine Learning and how that will integrate into the process. A couple of notes about that. One of the collaborators is one of the interesting job descriptions. Hes the head of security and transparency. The head of what can go wrong when you unplug the machine but also how do you figure out what it is doing so hes part of the conversation and the question you are asking but theres a lot of things to worry about and this isnt one i would worry about as much. One part is there is a vanity in not recognizing that molecular biology does everything i just talked about. Its already there doing all the bad stuff im talking about and if the machines are going to become so free producing in the wild they need to be taking resources and reinvent the molecular biology. Its going to be harder to make self propagating things any more capable than it is already. I dont lose much sleep over thishi because one lives in jalalabad in afghanistan in the catholic boundary i mentioned and south africa and what we find is in those places doing bad things just doesnt attract the people that want to do really bad stuff because their needs are already in it. It provides an alternative for everybody else, and thats why we cant really know. You are talking about the code run amok. Thats why we put that stressed to the job. Not all Technology Pioneers doubled human agency and technology. But we are raising the question and there are basic assumptions on where the decisionmaking choice shows up in the Technology Workflow and in the case of the first two solutions we didnt do that well. We are early enough in this one we can be raising this kin thosf questions and so, we have to do what is and why not on all the things that could d go wrong. Its not just a mechanical process. Often times when people ask that question you are jumping many decades in the future and thought enough attention is being paid. You talked about this before hand. Ai is a mix of algorithms and data the data is proprietary and few companies are controlling an enormous amount so we were talking about this earlier. What did am i offering and these are things we can Start Talking about right now to create the will affect the years you are talking about some if we jump to those questions without thinking about thehe decisions now i think that is irresponsible. If we can ask of questions and then get one turn to answer. Ask a bunch of questions and then we will each do one answer. Youve painted a stunning vision of the future and you mentioned star trek, star wars, 2001. Neither of them talk about copyright lawyers and Patent Attorneys and your book mentions intellectual property on one or two pages. Lets get to other questions. I used to work for the department of education where we would talk about what this means for jobs and future and i in thi wondered if that is the right question or if it is limited to retraining individuals for the childs where we have to find and reimagine. The Family Online Safety Institute i thought that it was telling you have a president obama bupresident obamabut not. Does it concern you that we are in a moment not only of Technology Backlash but political leadership. The leadership training and social necessity what is the big social need here that the book is going to talk about and what is theus Business Model . Technology safety council. I wonder how you address the human component to any proliferatingg technology. That is part of the problem at the end of the day is how our species has evolved in different parts of the brain and people are not rational good actors. Lets get two more. Kind of a mundane question. We are already seeing the issue of Net Neutrality and corporate malfeasance and trauma distribution of technology. To throw in Alan Greenspan who failed on the fact green could make people do things that were against their best interest. What if they want to coopt . This is the last question. Psychologist and longtime friend and executive coach. Is there an opportunity to build a breathalyzer for fabrication systems . To the point that it was earlier made about what happens if individuals are in a fraternity and building something in a family . Label each do a closing answer. My answer is the defining political battles have been nationalism versus globalism. My answer is when they can travel globally interesting global in the false economy i do like the last story was missing the point and to stay concrete a lot of coverage in barcelona they are completely out of sight from the people running the city and the people im talking about are remaking barcelona so that it is sustainable locally. They dont have much to offer to them and there is a send that its become a city thats left because it has nothing to offer to them and it is the same story happening over and over so the interestingg thing is that if te government is what i wouldnt ask it cannot solve these problems and you dont need to solve the problems. When im with the headste of ste and nothing is working very well, but when im with glare they are excited and workings of the future is being invented but its not where everybody is looking and its a misleading. Fullstop only. A number of years ago were af decade ago i was part of the team. Nancy had a group looking at system safety and the others were Risk Assessment folks who had a d. Compositional way of thinking and im going to focus on ways of thinking. When they called us in to brief the report, the other was on the and this was before cell phones with cameras and i wish they had a picture of the front page of the report but it said this is a systematic look except for those that have to do with software and organizational factors. If you decompose these problems into things that you can count, you will cover some of whats important that you will miss a lot of what is important so there is a way of thinking. What about people who are tearing things apart and the answer is it is easier to tear things apart and to break things down. Its harder to build up and think in the system terms but in a sense this whole story as a call to action around seeing the system as a whole and engaging with them in that way. I think the answer was a very you dont need government and everything will run smoothly. As theyt go from a thousand i guarantee we are going to see stuff happened that people willll be empowered. This is a blended answer with a lovele of questions. At the thing i see we live in a time that is very divided with social, political, tribalism, going on beyond Just Economics of this is a very complex problem and i do think that making things as deeply human when you go into ais fab lab and they cross political boundaries and social boundaries theres Something Special when you make themut collaborative it is a boundary object that helps bridge the communities and i think that the fact that they can travel globally is a for the global thinking and local thinking because you can be selfsufficient but globally connected for knowledge. The fab lab bill largely speaking is bipartisan and that is because there is a Bonus Benefits and social culture and political benefits for the thriving community, so i dont think it solves all these problems, but it is a step and a boundary option and we need more to start to build dialogue and trust him to get people together to make things and not tear them down. One of these questions is to design a monopoly and to counterbalance the citizens can democratize the system so that you can rethink your skills and in this Global Society thats where we have a mission to think about this ecosystem. The last section of the book hits thiss head on. We call it assemblers and the pancake breakfast and it is inspired by pittsburgh that is a phenomenal initiative where theyve gotten stakeholders across the state universities and businesses where they just started and wanted to bring out the future of learning and technologyow and they started wh just a love breakfast and simply getting people in the room in a comfortable environment all these ideas came out and new stakeholders emerged so if we are going to have them we need to get different communities together, social science and comfortable places where they are enjoying their food and drink and discussing these things. Theres a reception across the hall. We will be happy to sign books. Have to leave it 4 30 for another commitment. [applause]