If you would like to view other after words programs online, go to our web site, booktv. Org, type afterwards into the search bar and all previous after words episodes will be available. Welcome to springfield, missouri, we visited the city to explore its rich history and literary culture, located 80 miles east of the kansas border, springfield wag the site of many major conflicts during the civil war. Today it is the their largest city in the state, with a population of 167,000. With the help of our partners at media come, for the next hour and ten minutes well explore the local literary culture, starting with jeremy, the border between them, and as he shares the story of bleeding kansas, a conflict occurring along the kansas missouri border in the struggle over slavery. And the question of whether kansas territory would be open for slavery or free soil. Violence of 1850s is really about that question and becomes wrapped in so much more. You have sites over water and access to grazing lands, but magnified incredibly because of the tensions over slavery. Bleeding kansas is the site between a proslavery fashion that want to make a slave state and mostly missouri settlers moving into kansas to elect representatives to write reconstitution and to petition to the senate for approval as slave state. They overplayed their hand. They passed the constitution that denied basic civil rights to anyone critical of slavery, they imposed severe penalties for anyone not just assisting run away sleighs but expressing any criticism, in the popular consciousness of the north you begin to have the sense that the government, proslavery government in kansas is really under a cloud of illegitimacy and what will change in the middest of bleeding kansas a proslavery majority of People Living in kansas territory, by 1857 and 1858 you have a freesoil majority. A remarkable time in which most of america is looking at kansas and struggle there, a trueingle by the fate of the west and a struggle of fate of america and 19th century. Its a raise to send the most people in kansas territory and with proslavery partisan and moving side by side, the political struggle, ideological struggle turns violent. Irregular violence carried out by ordinary men, not by professionals, volunteered militia but men that take violence into their own hands and frequently meet this violence out against partisan enemies, pleading kansas becomes marks by arson and plunder and murder and rages for many months as the political state hangs in the balance, the person who is most singularly associated with this in kansas is john brown after the massacre. In 1858 john brown having left kansas comes back to territory and he begins a series of raids into western missouri during which his men will liberate enslaved people from missouri and help them escape to freedom and in the course theyll kill a number of slave holders and so the legend or john brown really grows as part of this struggle that people locally understand is the beginning of civil war. Most americans think about the civil war starting in South Carolina in 1861 but along the kansasmissouri line they look at john brown and start of civil war. What happens in the border is you can see many patterns of the larger civil war coming to the west as part of america sooner, you have slavery being waged aggressively in western missouri under jay hawk militia led by james lane, notorious kansas senator and selfappointed general. Lane jay hawkers lead, liberating slaves and in the culmination of this attack they burn the small village of oseoala, the arsenal of local confederates and this was just retribution for treason or succession. They are followed by hundreds of people who have gained freedom. Violence is thirst of revengance. One side attacks the other, you have missourians crossing into kansas. The most famous is kansasmissouri border, the raid by william guerrillas who raid eastern kansas from missouri and descended upon the sleeping town of lawrence, it was named after abolitionist, antislavery sentiment in kansas territory, it was a place that missourians had looked at for symbol as the kansas threat as they understood it, abolitionist to threat. And the men descend upon lawrence in august 21st and reportedly tells guerrillas who were some 400 men strong, enormous size for a girr guerrilla, that they were killed any man or boy old enough to carry a gun. They slaughtered more than 170 and burned town and lose only one of the men in the course of all of this, that they managed to do this undetected by federal troops or Union Militia is outrage to kansas. August 25th, military order that forcibly depopulates parts of four missouri counties that in order to end this guerrilla conflict, they are moving everybody out and if the basis of support for these guerrillas is gone, then the guerrillas themselves will be gone too and over the course of two weeks you have union troops, kansas militia going farm to farm ordering most of tin habitants of the four counties to get out. Only southern sympathizers. You have a number of people who had described themselves as unionist being kicked out as well. For the victims of guerrilla violence it becomes almost impossible to move past the border to treat the guerrillas who had burned them out of homes and destroyed the town of lawrence. Its nearly impossible to forgive those kinds of offenses. Four veterans, both union army and Confederate Army and other militias on each side, they become important agents in this largest story of National Reunion and forgive bs and it takes time. Its not until the 1880s and 1890s that you see the people of that generation willingness and ability to move on and to reunite but its a process thats uneven. The tensions over federal power and local control, the hostility towards outsiders that many missourians expressed in the struggle over kansas, the ways in which politics can be looked down. Many looked into missouri into backwards puke, which was the term to denigrate, today we would describe as red neck people who are illiterate, uncultured, uncivilized but also slave holding. There are echos within our own Politics Today that i hope dont conjure up same violence. Perhaps theres a degree of hope that we can find if they can move past own division that perhaps we can, but the fact that we continue to fight over civil war memory today shows us how durable some of the disagreements over race and equality can be even in the 21st century. Founded in 1905 Missouri State university is renounced for agriculture education program. At the campus greenhouse we will speak with author samantha on her book creating organic standards in the u. S. States. Whats the story of organic food in the United States . Understanding what organic came from you have to understand what happened in 20th century. A decade excuse me, 20th century was a century of rapid change in in agriculture and economy changed dramatically. Beginning of 20th century. We still have a lot of farm nester the country, a lot of people still identify with lifestyle, besides the end of the century, we have fewer and fewer farmers, larger scale farmers but fewer family farmers and Production System would be considered to be organic or more traditional to one thats machinized and depending on fossil fuel and others for production. Organic came out of this century, this moment in time where technology really improves the ways we were growing food, it improves the way we were distributing food but at the same time it created a system that some individuals disagreed with. These individuals came forward. They wanted something that was natural and holistic, they wanted something that was organic in nature. So the market came out of these different social movements. Some people have identified as being soil conservationists, pure food movement, the counterculture, Environmental Movement are all connect today this particular market, so these individuals were advocating for certain protections in states like california and oregon where the first places we saw the movement and so they advocated for Government Protection for those terms, they were wanting to protect natural but natural was being coopted in their opinion by certain agriculture interest of industrial skills so the spread of organic legislation among u. S. States which occur before and after the 1990 bill at the federal level was actually the effort of producers and consumers interested in protecting a market that they saw was more connected to the earth, more holistic and environmentally friendly. What does it mean for food to be organic and why is it more expensive than standard produce in the Grocery Store . Organic is a loaded term. Im not saying its not a great term, it became a very powerful term that has a lot of misconceptions around it. As a matter of fact it has many misconceptions as natural and local which is two other terms to use to try to add value in a product and increase overall price. But organic in the u. S. Is defined by the usda National Organic program, very narrowly defined. Some people agree with this definition while others dont. Now if youre hoping that you can find a market thats a little bit different or a term that signifies a more holistic product, natural is not any better of a choice. Natural was actually the term term that a lot of organic advocates walked away from because it had been tainted, it had been used by companies trying to use natural frito lay chips. Many attempts to try to regulate this term but today theres been nothing that has come out. Natural food is unregulated. If you see something that says natural, that doesnt necessarily mean anything. Same way if you see local, local can mean a number of things. Is it local that it came from your food hub, sit local, has it been produced here in springfield, missouri, thats very local. Is it a missouri product, is it a state product, is that local or can we do it a little bit different like a regional perspective of local, is the u. S. Local, even though your food may travel from california to new york or to washington, d. C. , can we still consider that local because it was produced here in the u. S. . There has been definitions created for that as well. So just keep in mind when youre reading a product there is a very specific meaning behind some of those and other terms that there isnt regulation. So what dictates, what kind of regulation dictates what is organic food and what isnt organic food . At the federal level you have the National Organic program which is housed under the United States department of agriculture, usda, the National Organic product and they have the board that determines rules and applications that can be used in organic production and they also oversee what can be labeled as organic and identified in the market. So if you go to a Grocery Store and youre a consumer and interested in buying organic food, you are going to want to look for a round symbol that says usda organic and you know then that it actually has been approved by federal standards, the federal standards, though, are very specific, it means very, very narrow and not all organic producers and organic consumers agree upon that definition of organic. It can be highly controversial depending on who you ask and some consumers are confused about what it actually means to be organic as opposed to other terms like local or natural or same we produce. Organic as defined by the federal government . Yes, organic if it is labeled as such in the United States it has to be organic according to the usda National Organic program standard. You have the early states, early adopters of organic regulation and how does that lead to the development of the 1990 act . And so u. S. States ending up adopting legislation, there were a few that did administrative roles, either before or in lieu of any type of legislative adoption and states were to pursue the legislation and how they came about is mainly grassroots phenomena. Groups like california certify organic officers, oregon, washington, and you have a net worth across the United States in the 60s and 70s, 80s and 90s that were work to go essentially create standards. Now a lot of these organizations ended up engaging in thirdparty certification or certification of organic farms. So if you are a consumer and went to Farmers Market and Grocery Store some products available, Food Products would actually say that they were certified as organic by these organizations. These organizations were wanting to protect their livelihood of what they consider to be holistic farming, organic production and so they were lobbied to some extent and representatives in the state to try to get bills passed to give them protection. Early adapters were like oregon and california, a lot of states on the west coast came in first and then you had some in the northeast that mimicked this and eventually in upper midwest, typically where we see organic protection today, concentration where we saw early adopters. The early adopters shaped a lot of the discussions at the federal level, a lot of people point to the power of ccof and no nofa, northeast organic farmers particularly in shaping the legislation and a lot of indications suggest that they maybe taking a consumer perspective ensuring that the law and the labeling in farms consumers foremost and they may fending on who you ask put a backseat on producer perspectives on what it means to be organic. How does the groups get the muscle and cloud to bring about the regulation changes in states like california early on . So in california, you ended up having a group of individuals who directly contacted state representatives and constituents didnt spoke but the representatives, the representative actually took their concerns to something as we need to do something about it and they worked that particular way. The way the law was passed voluntary elements, they were going to pass the standard, this is what it means to be organic, but producers in particular, when they are selling goods at the time they had to essentially make a goodface effort to actually produce it as the law stated it because there was no enforcement mechanism at the time, but the time we get in 1980s, we ended up having a series of focusing events within certain areas, like the carrot paper scandal, watermelon scare and the rose ron assumer and Public Interest and particularly interests where at the country we were wrestling with this program of what is actually on our food. So consumer interest really took off in late 1980s, but before that time we didnt have in the states any strong mandatory regulations, that you violated the law it was really, really hard to ensure that this person was being punished or reprimanded for directions. We had the organic food and protection act in 1990, federal standards for the entire country . Kind of. So the 1990 bill at the federal level was adopted, 12 years for former roles to be developed by the usda National Organic development, theres a void where we know theres a federal law and that its going to be eventually hopefully implemented and the states dont know what to do, so we had over half of the u. S. States adopt regulation for this market on or before 1990, we have the 12year low and we dont know at if the federal government is going to implement the law or what the law is going to be, states continue to adopt policy to try to fill the void and after 2002, we have one particular state, california, which actually has been pushing the envelope in terms of what can be labeled organic and covers things like cosmetics and pet food, these are also market where is with see the organic label appearing and consumers interested in buy ing but no rules at the federal level. What kind of lessons to be learned here . I would say demonstrates how states can have large influence and continue to influence federal policy even we see federal preemption and in those particular cases its interest interesting to see how states will try to interest federal outcomes at the same time if we were to take this most specific, in terms of agriculture, terms how certain ideas are incubated, theyre incubated at this level to where you may have markets presents in certain areas that are not present in certain areas and you can innovate and tinker how we engage in those particular practices and bring the government into federal level when its necessary to ensure theres a standard across entire country. Why is this important to you . Im variabilitialist environmentalists and i love to eat. I also am very concerned with where my food comes from. I got involved with the subject initially because i like to eat and i like the environment at this time. One of the areas i felt into naturally was talking about Sustainable Food and agriculture. During battle of wilson creek in springfield, missouri, the ray house only standing building left from bloody day in civil war. Up next we will speak with author to learn more about the battle of Wilsons Creek and what motivated the soldiers on either side. Missouri was among the most divided states in the union. This was very, very early in the war, everybody thought the other side was full of hot air and bragging, the war would surely be over before the summer ends and surely over before christmas. The immediate climate was one in which the confederates had won a large victory at the battle of bull run in july. The events that produced the battle of wilson creek really began early in war when general Nathaniel Lyon and volunteered troops made unilateral decision to declare war on the government and state of missouri believing accurately that the governor jackson, large number of the legislators and people involved hoped to take missouri out of the union and add it to con confederacy. His main opponent was the Missouri State guard, Missouri State guard was the militia guarantied to missourians under the Second Amendment in the constitution. But clayburn fox jackson was going to use it to make army and lyon to make field commander from getting organized. He launched what we call day of preemptive strike and swept through the state in three columns driving Missouri State guard back to southeast corner of the state where commanders throwing price sought alliance with general ben mccullough. Mccullough get permission to make common cause with missourian who is had not passed any ordinance to succession and the combined army of confederates and Missouri State guard advanced, they approached springfield which is where lyon had gathered his columns and both sides, sized pause to examine each other to find out each others constituent elements, what was what, because there was a threat of rain the Southern Side called off attack but lyon only 9 miles away in the city of springfield did not rain there, he moved out during the night and launched his attacks successfully at dawn on august 10th and that produced the battle of Wilsons Creek. It was a southern victory in the sense that all of the southerners were caught by surprise and lyon did attack them successfully, did catch them by surprise, they fought him off, lyon was killed killede battle and the union troops retreated leaving the southerners in control of the field and definition of victory. The book wilsons crook, second battle of the civil war and the men who fought it, i wrote that book with my coauthor and we wanted to go just druman, we wanted and hoped we achieved the most complete description of the battlefield in terms of tactics but we we wanted to bring it alive by notifying, giving sense on the impact on not just the individuals but on families and when you study the Way Companies were raised at Community Level that also brings you to the fact that behind each person enlisted theres a family, theres a father, mother, sister, uncle, children, all of these are involved in those efforts to send the volunteers off to war. With the whole civil war motivations were terribly complex, every individual had different motivations for enlisting, it is not clear if theres ever going to be an ordinance to succession, people enlisted in the state guard included people who hoped missouri would lead the union but it also included some people who thought that just the federal government was interfering with the rights of missourians an intended to do to defend that but would later not join the confederacy so a very divided state. I think the most interesting thing about looking at soldier motivation at this time directly in connection with the battle of Wilsons Creek is how in the summer of 1861 although unquestionably the issue of slavery was the dominant issue, once fighting broke out in april with the bomb bard, producing the battle of bull run to confederates, tremendous arm in both sides in which there was great deal of emphasis on localism. If you read the newspapers in kansas, in iowa, in illinois, missouri, arkansas, texas, theres a great deal of discussion about honor, about the cause, about specifically the need to uphold the honor of your hometown, its a very odd period to read about because people believe the war will be over soon and rush and people are raising troops, what their concerned is that the fight will be over before they get a chance for unit to get accepted into service and so that spirit of competition between towns produces a huge burst in enlistments and the connection with the hometown and believing that you represent the hometown is still very much present here at Wilsons Creek. We know as historians because the letters the soldiers wrote, the way Hometown Newspapers would present that, they would cover the war in terms of their side and their state but very specifically their communities regiment their communitys company, many at home had various nicknames, its interesting if you read about the oil hazard boys or the texas hunters from marshal county, texas, they are on opposite sides but the words they used to describe what they are doing, going off, defending cause, honor, carrying the flag by ladies in hometown, its the glue that holds volunteers together. Even a lieutenant who died whose last recorded words were onward boys, never disgrace your hometown. So the way in which the Small Community which is where most americans lived in small communities, the way in which the war was a representation of their lives had to be representation, Small Communitylike, so that, i think, is the most interesting factor. Theres a great deal of social pressure to volunteer, great deal of pressure to step forward when your country calls, you go off the war, civil war, when youre enlisting in early period, youre fighting with your neighbors and how you behave is going to be known and recorded because of the tactics and the weapons of the civil war, soldiers largely fought standing up, shoulder to shoulder. You could not run away, you could not play the coward without that being seen and in fact, in the letters, soldiers wrote home, they specifically named names of who turned tail and run. To me the most interesting part of the connection with the community and how powerful it is is soldiers motivation and providing the glue that keeps standing up and fighting occurred 20 years later when beginning to get the first anniversaries and reunions and people are getting together and commemorating the war, a kansas newspaper prints a brief history of the company that was raised in the kansas town. It also lists a dozen names in large black letters, identifies those as the people who had deserted from the company. 20 years after the war, their names were still held up in scorn because they had disgraced specifically their hometown. Thats how strong that glue was in the summer of 1861. I dont think you can fully understand military history without that broader dimension. As important as it is and you must have a Firm Foundation and whats often called as decisions made by the generals, unless you bring human dimension into it you are leaving out half of the reason for studying history. What we hoped to do in getting detail like that lieutenant never disgrace your hometown on his lips is to show how you define in the study of history universal in the particular through the example to understand. Built in 1926, popular Upscale Hotel on route 66 in missouri, the building serves as dormitory for students of university. To learn more about his life and contributions to springfield, missouri. Im not a native, i moved down here almost six years ago now and i wasnt into local history until i got down here and i started to get learned up about local history and quickly he got on my radar, i found out that it was the birthplace of route 66 and i got kind of angry because when i read books about route 66, the 50 pages mentioning every, he served as the first president of route 66, u. S. 66 Highway Association and served two terms as first president. I thought i would write a book about wood can woodruff and t looking into his life, 10page early turned into a 250page book because he was so involved. It was really his relationship with route 66 that got me interested and thats what i thought woodruff was about and he was so many things that turned into a book. Born and raised in the ozarks but became one of the most influential developers and the ozarks, very involved in all kinds of projects that really developed, made springfield what it is today. The civil war was hard on the region, very hard on the region, divided families, a lot of death and destruction. It was a real event and he grew up, born in 1868, he grew up in aftermath of the civil war and he come commented late in life that he saw what war can do and we wanted to build back the region. He started off as attorney, he was pretty much selftaught, grew up in poverty in the ozarks but clerked with attorney in Crawford County and then he got a job being attorney for the railroad or San Francisco but most people called the frisco. He rose to the ranks and did legal work for the railroad and in 1904 he was relocate today springfield to st. Louis, his first wife had died to tuberculosis and had young daughter. He remarried and in 1904 he was 36 years old, born in 1868, for 40 years he went on this amazing round of activities that led to all kinds of things, schools, hospitals, he was in the buggy that was had the Site Selection team which was known as the Fourth Normal School and now known State University and one thing that he did that was often forgotten is that he brought the frisco maintenance and repair shops here which sounds, machine shop here, it was a huge complex, brought a lot of goodpaying jobs for springfield for decades after that. He was the guy who made it happen because he was an attorney for the Frisco Railroad, he knew they were looking for a site and the railroad grew and expanded and that was the only thing that John Woodruff did in his life, he should be remembered as one of the Founding Fathers of springfield. Involved in route 66 and good roads in general. It was a decade long effort, so it began with there was no federal government and communities would get together to build roads and they would try to raise the fund and then in the teens, highly associations developed, private organizations, members would pay deuce and work to make sure that roads were were going to be built and were routed through towns. They realized that the number of automobiles is increasing rapidly and the demand for good roads was very strong. I cant think of anything today that it was across all socioeconomic ranges, everybody wanted good roads. They would have good roads rallies, population of a thousand people at the time, they had 5,000 people come in for a daylong rally for good roads and speeches and politicians and bands and this went on for over a decade and then finally the federal government, the state started to build, to form highway commissions and departments, and then the federal government about making 24, 25 realized that they needed to step up and the association, associations werent going to lead to National Grid of good roads and so the federal government started to step in and they did something as they want to do, they rethought the whole thing and most all roads before then were known as ozarks trail, lincoln highway, they decided they had roads going from atlantic to pacific, east coast, west coast, woodruff wasnt on the commission but a couple of other people that were involved in good roads, one guy name cyrus out of tulsa, oklahoma. It just to happened the pete were all going to have to be in town in springfield in late april, no big plans, that was not a big, you know, point, putting a golden spike, this was not a big meeting, they happened to be in town and they got together. They just happened to meet that afternoon and who knows what happened in that meeting but at the end of the day, they got looking at what available numbers were left and there werent many left but they noticed that 66 was still available. And i dont know what kind of conversation they had about 66 but they ended up sending a telegram late on friday afternoon, a friday, summarizing, if everyone else agrees, we would like to propose the number 66 for this proposed road from chicago to la, we prefer number 62, we would rather have 60 but we prefer 66 to 62 and they sent it off to dc, they didnt hear back immediately. It went on for another month or two but finally the federal government approved 66 to road chicago through la. Thats why springfield calls itself the birthplace of route 66 because thats the first documented use of that number for this proposed road. Ive never done a biography before but i enjoyed it. And i dont know many other biographers but i could imagine if youre researching someones life you start in because they did something great and then you start to look at the data and lives, maybe lose a little respect for that individual as you learn about their life. I respect woodruff more today than when i started. We took a drive of the city with executive director, john. We are driving around the square here in springfield, the Public Square is interesting. Its designed with the streets coming into it and center of each side which is kind of rare, most of them come in the corners but designed by one of the founders of springfield who came here in 1830 with his family and he wanted this to be the county seat of the new lie designated green county in southwest, missouri, so he donated 50 acres of land and the city sold 48 of the acres to get enough money to build a courthouse and the 2icers 2 acres that remain is the county square and that became the site of the green county seat and kind of got things started here in 1835 and 1838 the city was it all came about because of what we are going to go buy buy now, Historical Marker and the reason its called water is because this was the intersections of several native american trails, all of the low area we are driving into now was several big pools of springfed water which attracted wild game and afforded people water to drink and so on and so this area right in here, he put his cabin here to our right and here on the left is Historical Marker that designates this area as the founding area where John Campbell built his cabin and thats why this little park here is called Founders Park and his cab inwas up there on the bluff above the huge pool of water which attracted native americans to travel through here and afforded then settlers who came an easy to way to transfer and move around in this area because of those native american trails. We are on jefferson street and here on the right this yellow building, this is the Frisco Railroad office that is were built here by john t. Woodruff when he came as attorney for the general. Here we are going by the old foot bridge. It was unsafe to travel back and forth and they built the foot tbroij cross over tracks so they can begin to really develop north of the railroad tracks. They built walkover bridge and helped the city develop in the north. Springfield was heavily divided during the civil war. It was heavily divided during the civil war, this was a hot bed for both confederacy and the union. And so there was a lot of conflict because of that. After the battle of Wilsons Creek which the confederate troops won the battle, springfield was under confederate control then until december of that year when the head of the general freemans guard. After that it was in Union Control but under marshal law. They had a Provost Marshal who brought in detectives that kept the peace and one of those people that was brought here was hicock, one of the detectives of Provost Marshal. After the civil war he stayed in civil war and he was a gambler and got into some mischief as you might imagine and got into poker man and a man named david tutt and over the course of time their relationship kind of descendgraded and got into a conflict over gambling debt. Tutt took pocket watch as collateral and got into a gunfight here on the square. The very first gunfight in the old west, hicock walked into the square south street and tutt northwest corner, hicock killed tutt, there was a trial over that and at the end of it, he was acquitted, said it was selfdefense. Later on hicock ran for city mash that he will year marshal and lost the election. That was the first gunfight in the old west happened in square in springfield. Springfield missouri is micro cause of every Community Just like it. It has its good and its bad and it has its people who are committed to making it better and its people who are committed to letting the tide take them. We are standing on top of bloody hill here at Wilsons Creek battlefield outside of Wilsons Creek, missouri. One of the largest civil war libraries in the nation. As we explore the archives, we will take a look at one of the most interesting pieces. The battlefield preserves the site, Wilsons Creek fought in 1861, first major bought in mississippi river. The third most foughtout state, third in terms of battles and scrimmages behind virginia and tennessee, theres a great deal of fighting fighting fighting tn missouri. Both sides interested in holding onto missouri if at all, large number of conventional battles inside the state and also warfare and its really a civil war within the Larger National civil war, so great deal of bloodshed, missouri is a very unhealthy place to live during the civil war period and a lot of neighbors, old feuds brought to the floor again, families that are divided and torn apart. Its very, very bitter and nasty civil war here in missouri. The library was established in mid1980s, large number of valiums, some volumes some over 14,000 currently and materials relating to all aspects of civil war period. We really begin with 1830s and go through reconstruction period of 1870s and really try to cover all aspects of that period, military campaigns, commanders, social aspects, biographies and really just try to cover all the basis you might say of that period. Well, we are going to have a look at a few items from both the Library Collection and the Museum Collection. The Museum Collection is limited to the transmississippi theater of the war. It deals with all aspects of the war but i have tried to select a few of more rare and unusual items. We can start with soldier art. Soldier art from the transmississippi theater is very rare, two drawings by soldier andrew, who is a member of company f, volunteer infantry, he was from lawrence, kansas, enlisted man, later he drew the great sketches of downtown springfield, but he really provides us with a very unique view of springfield, the most important town arguably in southwest, missouri in 1861. Beautiful drawing of downtown area, the area around the square but he did his representation to have battle of Wilsons Creek as he experienced it. And, again, its not work of a professional artist, its but its his representation of how he remembered the battle and what took place here. We have other art work done by professional artist that is depict the battle but this is really unique because its an ordinary soldiers unprofessional view of what he experienced at the battle. Looking at some of the books in the collection, we have a book that was published in 1865 called the invasion of missouri and kansas and campaign of the army of the border, an account of the price raid, the raid by Major GeneralSterling Price and Confederate Army through missouri in the fall of 1864, published right after the event, again, in 1865 but the interesting thing about this is it was actually owned by thomas, jr. And bookplate, general thomas during price raid, price attacked at fort davidson and was repulsed there. So this is thomas copy, some of his pencil notes inside as well where hes marked important passages of this book. When he pulled this book off the shelf and read it and referred back to it in the latter years of his life we get of his mind, the passages that he thought he really we wanted to refer to again and again, so it gives you a bit of a sense of what aspects of the campaign he really felt needed to be remembered. Another rare volume in the collection is a book of tactics and that was published in st. Louis in 1861 and the interesting thing about this is this is a small paperback pamphlet really but goes into detail about how to train soldiers, so this is a german translation of hardys infantry tactics from the war and its written in german, the command or descriptions i should say are written in german, commands were given in english, certainly far more of the union army is composed of new immigrants, new citizens than the Confederate Army, there are far more immigration to the northern states before the war and during the war than the Southern States but a sizable percentage of union army is made up of english, irish, germans, scandinavians to the point where you have ethic regiments made up of various nationalities, here at the battle, the first, the second, the third and the fifth missouri, the missouri volunteered units, infantry unit that is fight here are comesed largely composed of immigrants or sons of immigrants, recently arrived germans. Not terribly difficult to find but a great book that goes into all sorts of aspects of medical care with various plates, informative book if you were trying to become a doctor in 1850s and 60s, september 6th, 1862 presented by a young lady of cave city, kentucky, general army was in pursuit of general bragg, haste to leave left this book. This is actually in a way a souvenir or war trophy that was left behind by Confederate Army surgeon. And two piece that is relate to general Nathaniel Lyon, union army commander, commander of the army of the west here at Wilsons Creek, hes killed here on the morning of august 10th, 1861, the first Union General killed in combat during the war but general lyon writes, we think, a number of orders, of course, just before the battle begins and this is written on august 9th, 1861, certainly one of the last pieces of correspondence that general lyon wrote, perhaps the last correspondence that he wrote and turning to an item from the end of lyons life, general lyon is killed or not on the morning of 1861 and passage given to be brotherinlaw and his cousin who were coming all the way from connecticut to missouri to retrieve remains and this was a pass written that would allow his relative to pass through southern lines to retrieve battle. A very rare document that allows them to come into springfield to retrieve his body and they do that, they take it then up to the rail head and then load it onto train car there and take it onto st. Louis, theres no elaborate funeral ceremony in st. Louis and taken across the mississippi, loaded onto another funeral car and then its taken all the way back to connecticut, so in a per session thats very reminiscent from lincolns body taken from washington to springfield, illinois, all the way back to home in connecticut and hes bury there had in Early September and there are stops along the way where thousands of people will turn out and mourn the first Union General killed in combat. I think its great to use this material to realize that these were real people in the 1860s dealing with significant problems much like we are today, their problems were far more important, i think, just because the fate of the nation rested in their hands in the 1860s but its important for people to come here and look at this information, read the letters and the dairies and the memoirs and realized that these were real human beings, these were living people and much like us, they grew up at a very different environment but they still had the same feelings and hopes and aspirations and that we have today and to realize that they dealt with some of the same problems, to see how they dealt with them and both used them as example of inspiration and hope but also to see the mistakes they made and hopefully avoid those as we move forward. Cspan is in springfield, missouri, home to springfield news leader celebrating 150 years it was established in 1867, we will take you inside where we will learn more about history and areas current journalism environment. I think that basically, you know, springfield is like any other middleamerican community. People want to know whats up with business, whats up with government, how is my money being spent . Springfield is interesting place, the region is fastgrowing, Major Public UniversityMissouri State university is growing rather quickly. Its fascinating in missouri because we have kansas city and st. Louis, both much larger and diverse, politically a little bit different, at the same time missouri over the past president ial cycles has moved from purple state to red state. Although if you go to springfield its the regional downtown, so you start seeing things that you might not see in a brand center or job center, other towns you might have heard from this part of missouri. Its a fascinating place, theres always a lot to uncover, you know, almost whatever your beat is in the newspaper. The Springfield Newsleader was created 150 years ago. In springfield, the incorporation of city and establishment of newspaper happened pretty much in parallel time so for us we feel thats very important because as long as theres been a city of springfield, missouri, which is Third Largest city in missouri, theres been a newspaper to tell everybody whats going on and it began as a privatelyowned paper and then multitudes of competing ones as you often had 150 years ago and eventually evolved to the Springfield Newsleader, came out in 1887 when the final two papers were merged together. So there is this, you know, balance between content that we get from parent company, also known as the u. S. Today Network Versus local content that we are generating here. Each day in the news leader we have usa today section, so people definitely get National News in all the different, you know, varieties that way in print. People curious about international business, as we are, and basically what happens is, frame, with to the news coverage, we get a morning update that is the Usa Today Network update and thats digitally focused and basically heres some things that might be a nice video on your social media today, and there are kind of like maybe some general broadbrush strokes. Each day we are told which stories did very well on the internet from various local Properties Around the network. So if its a relevant story that we might run that phoenix produced, we might do that. But at the same time, everybody in this room, the reporters here, are relentlessly focused on hyperlocal news. Thats the intent there in terms of the balance of local content and National Content and how it just circulates and works together. You were reading a newspaper in chicago or somewhere in new england, you probably would not see the kind story wes have where just yesterday, we had a story of a young girl who had hunted her first deer. And that kind of thing is Important News to people here. And so we believe its important to get that to them. That is one of those regional cultural differences, and you read they enjoy hunting. So, for us its like make sugar were looking at the things that our audience is interested in that they find relevant and important and make sugar youre carrying that. We went through an exercise about thinking about the important topics for our audience, and one of them that is really high up, because we are primarily a rural region, is the environment. What quality is huge. There are when people think about their neighborhoods, theyre always really concerned, is there a large bypass going to be built through my residential neighborhood . So a lot of things that are typical. I would say water quality, there is iranoff happening from agriculture, thinks like things like that tend to be fairly important. The was the news leader has changed in 150 years obviously tracked with a the revolution in American Society and media. You go back and see the initial reproduction that we have of the very first paper ever, and theres no photograph. Exactly what you expect from a civil war postselfwar era. We have evolve along with the times where once when there were afternoon editions and morning editions, those eventually consolidated, and then basically since the turn of the century, 21st century, we are like everybody else, chasing digital will off of our might, and that is going pretty well. We just have news the other day that for the most recent months our story traffic was up 44 over last year so we feel like were building onaudience. Does that mean newspapers have digital nobody knows. But were forging ahead and we believe that were serving our public, and building our audience. A really key aspect of Media Distribution in 2017 is social media. Right . And increasingly people are looking to consumer news on their consumer their news on their mobile devices so we use platforms sun as facebook, twitter, i citizen extra instagram and we have plenty of people all over that. But at the same time the digital audience, when itses in the mobile space, were reaching them through social media. So theres a lot of consideration given to does this storys headline and does the promo photo with it work well with facebook . People often are sort of People Association you work in newspapers. Isnt this like the horse and buggy. I dont view it that way. I think well continue in both newspapers and broadcast media to see enormous change with Digital Culture basically becoming culture, period. What is the future of print is a question we constantly get asked and i dont know. It other would shock me to think its going away quickly but newspapers dont operate the way they did in the 20th century in terms of how much paper the. Literally. So, i think you are going to see changes over time. I think about younger people, i have a 24yearold sister. I dont see her subscribing to a print newspaper. Would she get a monthly digital pass to the news leader or usa today . I could see. That how that plays out is still a question mark, certainly within the Usa Today Network were constantly talking get refreshed strategy and trying to be as nimble as we can. Youre watching booktv on cspan2. With top nonfiction books and awe authorized authors every weekend. Book tv, television for serious readers. This weekend on sunday we launch our 2018 fiction edition of in depth with bestselling thriller author and Pulitzer Prize winning comum nist, david ignatius. His novels based on real life events include body of lie is. Hell take your questions live from noon to 3 00 p. M. Eastern time. And this weekend on our after words program, federal judge john neumann details his career first as a prosecutor, and now as a first appellate judge for 38 years. He is interviewed by connecticut senator richard blumenthal. And Leslie Berlin describes the growth of Major Technology industries. Harlan ohlman argues the u. S. Has lost or failed to accomplish its stated mission in every war it started since the end of world war ii. And the pentagon papers, dan yell ellsberg, talks about his experiences as a Nuclear War Planner in the early 60s. We visit springfield, missouri to tour that citys literary sites. Now thats all this weekend on cspan2s book tv. Its television for serious readers. For a complete schedule, visit our web site, booktv. Org. In publishing news this weekend, author Michael Wolffs new book fire and fury about the inner work on the Trump White House white house is on bestseller lists. Yelled the discussed this book on nbcs today show. Lets talk about steve banner, because heres somebody who was on the record with you, made some pretty bold assertions as you mentioned, has disparaged the president and yet now in the last couple of days says he is a great man and nothing can separate us. Whats bannon doing here . The president has tried to put this this book is about steve bannon. Let me say, very forthrightly, this book is not about steve bannon. This book is bat donald trump. Of course steve bannon i spoke to steve as i spoke to many people throughout the length of the reporting here, and really saw a transformation, not only of steve but of everyone, but steve in the way he is most vivid or his language is the most vivid. The transformation was, you know, we thought this presidency was could work, we thought donald trump is an interesting, unique character, and we might be able to do something here, and they saw him over that time come to the conclusion, he cannot do this job. Now, Michael Wolff will be a guess on meet the press and then he will promote the book, including on booktv. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. It is now senior year. I am the president of the student council. My allwhite high school. The show debuted on independence in sense women the shows father being a doctor like dadding and the little daughter din niece looking kind of like me. Theres family a fictional family on the tv screen that resembled mine. I was glued to it every thursday evening, reading for it guidance about how to be someone like me. I turned 17 that november. A few weeks of the president ial election that reelected ronald reagan. My best friend, diana, made me a huge birthday locker sign filled with words and images caught from the ages of tiger boat, 17, and other teen magazines. She had wont up early to get to school on time to tape it to my locker before my arrival. We did this kind of thing for each other. Her birthday was early in november and i festooned her locker two weeks before. I haded to my locker which is locate in the bank reserved for seniors in the central hallway near the administrations offices, conveniently close to everything. Even above the din of student voices and slamming lockers i could hear my heels clicking with precision on the shiny cement floor. Could already see the birthday locker sign 50 flow, frond of me with five shed of whit pain t. A. R. P. To each other in a vertical column with shimmering silver ribbons on the top and side, spiraling out into the hall. I felt a surge of anticipation of the attention i would get that day. A friend shouted, happy birthday, as i made my way down the hole and shouted, thanks. When i got my locker i stood and amired dianas creativity, reading the bits of language and image pri she hand gone to such trouble to cut out and glue on there for mitchell opened the locker, put my backpack inside, pulled out the book is need for my first two classes, then i turned and smiled at someone else saying, happy birthday, clanged the locker door shut and twisted the combination lock a few times. I strode down the main corridor toward my first class, feeling like i owned the place. Some unknown minutes later, someone took a thick black marker and wrote niger in three places on my birthday locker sign. Even spelled incorrectly, i knew what they meant. I spotted it in late morning during the passing time between classes, and immediately my mouth went dry. I found a black marker and crossed out each iteration of the word. At days end i took the sign home and in the privacy of my bedroom i pulled my senior year scrapbook from the book shovel above my desk and opened it to the first blank page and paste mid birthday locker sign accordion style so it could be completely unfolded to. Before closing the scrapbook, i took a pair of scissors and like a surgeon excising tumors removed the three iterations of the shameful word. Then threw them in the trash. I closed the scrapbook and returned it to the shelf, containing the roared history roared history of my childhood. Over christmas i type my College Applications on my Apple Computer movement march 1958 the first spirit domain name, symbolics. Com was register independent april a accepted an offer odd marges to stanford university. A class meat applied to stanford but had not gotten in. Be are in preprecalculus together. And it was held during the seventh and final period of the day. One day in april, right after the bell rang, signaling the end of class, harris father walked in, sat down at an empty desk next to mine and began talking to me in a playful tone. So, you got into stanford. I locked up ask at my friend harris and silently asked why ious dad here . Then i replied, yes. So, what was your s. A. T. Scores . I responded. Do you think its fair you got into stanford over harris when his scores were higher than that . Harris was not president of the student body. Our grades were roughly the same. But i had stolen his spot at stanford with my blackness. You can watch this and other programs online at booktv. Org doering. Sunday night on after words, federal appellate judge john newman looks back at his 38 year judicial career. Interviewed by connecticut democratic senator richmond blumenthal. As a judge of 405 45 years, having gone from the active life eye of making decisions and advocating a case to judging, was that a difficult transition for you and did you ever miss the life of advocacy . It wasnt difficult. It has been for some who i have known. Ive known people who became judges and so disliked the decisionmaking process that they left the bench. I was an advocate and glad to be an advocate. Found the decisionmaking process, while it was different, enormously challenge and satisfying. When i was the u. S. Attorney, i said i loved being a judge because the opportunity to resolve disputes, large and small all mattered to somebody but some of them have large political public significance, and that is the very satisfying role. Watch after words sunday night at 9 00 eastern on booktv on cspan2. Theres a famous story about Franklin Roosevelt where he his legs were paralyzed from polio and didnt want the country to know the extent of his disability and he has a conspiracy with the photographers, the news photographer, not to show this. Very rare to find a picture of him with his crutches, in a wheelchair. You cant find some of them and we have put one of them in the book. But a new photographer would show up at the white house and the news photographers who were veterans would rid literally slap the camera down when they tried to get a picture of the president being carried somewhere. They said we dont want the bad guys of the world to think our president is vulnerable and weak so there was a real conspiracy of silence there, or imagery. So this is the happened a lot. Alet of other interesting stories of course endless stories of the famous story of cecile stout, Jack Kennedys chief photographer. Kennedy is the first president to hire a chief photograph. Before that hey had Government Employee two took pictures occasionally but he had photographer to take pictures of him and his family because he realized the importance of imagery. All the pictures kennedy had chane with the children, and he would have cecile stott picture, he had an outside commercial photographer and jacques lowe. These people took pictures of kennedy, and he would look theyd show him the prints and before they were published and show how different the system was in those days, and heed say, you cant miss with these pictures. And it really made their careers a lot of these photographers. remember the picture of john kennedy, jr. In the desk . We all remember that picture of him, looking out the little door. I almost didnt happen because Jackie Kennedy didnt want pictures taken of the children too much. She felt they were being exploited. President kennedy didnt feel that way. Jackie went on vacation to greece, he called stanley and says, get over here. I want you to take pick tours of me with the kids and thats when they got the picture of little john with his pam pajamas and robe in desk. That was a little cave he called so it thats something he did use. When cecile stotten was with president kennedy in dallas when he was assassinated, he took the famous picture of president johnson being sworn in and johnson, one of these pictures taken, realizing the importance of the picture show the constitution moved on. He stood on a catch, named a few frames and the camera didnt work so he almost didnt get the pictures. Had to jiggle a little wire in his camera and finally got them on the third or fourth shot but got the pictures, and theres many examples of this, many from clinton era, some interesting pictures there and of course, pete sousa, who worked with reagan and worked for president obama, sort of took the whole white House Photography idea to another level. He wanted to become sort of of the alpha photographer. He wanted to be the guy with the most pictures pictures and best photographer and captain some news photographers to get pictures so they could use his and there wars sort of hard feelings there. The most interesting part of this is getting insights into the presidency. This is where i try to do in a lot of these books to try to get find a way as a White House Correspondent of fine including ways of looking at president s and this was worth doing, and it was i did find, i think, a lot of interesting insights, through the eyes and the lenses and the observations of i call these ultimate insiders. I know as mike said, the idea of being an inside are is not the best image particularly for donald Trump Supporters these daysbut thats what these folks are. Theyre ultimate insiders. They see things that nobody else gets to see. They see a range of things people dont get to see. The private, the public, crisis, success, failure, and in this fabulous pictures, and as sousa said you go to the archives and go to the president ial libraries and you can look through thousands and thousands of these pictures which i have done, and theyre ours, theyre the countries, the publics if theyre taken by the white house. So its yours to see, and lots only then online now so you can gate very valuable insight into the president s. So the last thing wanted to mention is some of the photographer over the years were really admired as fabulous photographers, and they were, but what theyve told me and what every photographer who worked at the white house has said is that its not enough to be a good photographer. You also have to have the trust of the president and the first lady in particular. Some photographers did that. Some of them didnt. Nixon never gave trust to his photographers. A guy named alley adkins was his chief photographer. Nixon was very disdainful of him and didnt think image would work. This thought the would never look as good as john kennedy who defeated him in 1960, and he was right and always blamed his photographer. Said how come youre not getting great pictures of me. Lyndon johnson felt the same way, how come you dont make he look as good as john f. Kennedy. Well, that wasnt going to happen. Nixon had russian six and out. Let them take six frames, listened for them and then tell the. Youre out of here. So we dont have a lot of these great private pictures of nixon partly because he didnt trust the photographer very much. The president s who did trust the photographers ended up getting this conveying of them privately that i think helps everybody and helps history. The last point is what about donald trump . He does have a white house photographer, sheila craighead. She has been taking photographs in the white house before the question is what do we see of donald trump today . Do we see the private mick tours of him with his grandchildren, his wife, his family, personal moments. Thisand. No only two case where he has done that so far. Him walking across the line with the two grandchildren, and he had a kid who wrote him a letter, saying id like to mow your lawn. They did have the little boy over and he did mow the lawn with a giant mower. Trump didnt look very comfortable with the scene, but he likeses that image of him scowling. The menacing, angry donald trump. And im just wondering when he is going to realize that the photography can actually help him. It could expand his appeal. But i dont think he meets the level of reached the level of trust of photographersboth otherwise own and news photographers. That one big question, having written this book, i have now. When will donald trump realize that this is something that can actually help him and he doesnt have to be distrustful of the process so much. I dont know if its going to work. Dont think it will i. Think hell remain distrustful but something we can watch. In any case, this is a wonderful book for me to rite because i learned so much myself about the president s and the photographer. Ive come to respect the photographers so much over the years. I wish id been able to talk to the early photographers, particular lay man who was Lyndon Johnsons chief photographer, recognized by the photographers. I see ralph nodding his head here. As one of the best. A fabulous, fabulous photographer. And he really pioneered the idea of the photographer as storyteller. Not just getting puck tours of president behind the distinction but telling a story of some kind and he was terrific at that and thats what the best white house photographers have tried to do since. Thats what i tried to do in the book, tell the story of the president s through photography. You can watch dismiss a programs online at booktv. Org. Much of thursdays White House Press briefing was focused on michael wolves now book that the inner workings of the white house. Heres a portion they ever briefing. Jeff. A followup on this steve bannon issue. Did white house staff, including steve, have to sign nondisclosure agreements when they came to work at the white house . Theres an ethics agreement. Beyond that i cant get into any additional details. Does the president want to have steves support for antiestablishment political candidates. The president wants all americans support. He hopes every american in the country wants to see us do bigger and better things. Thats hi focus, not trying to single out support from any one individual but wants to bring everybody together to move this country forward. Thats what he campaigned on and thats what we have done over the last year and what well continue to do for the next seven years. The white house said there were false statements in the book. President s lawyer said there were libelous statements could you give us a few examples of things that have been said in this book that are false, that you would like to set the record straight on . Im not going to do you through every page only the book but there are numerous examples of falsehoods that take place in the book. Ill give you one because its easy. The fact that there was a claim that the president didnt know who john boehner was. Its pretty ridiculous considering the majority of you have seen photos and frankly you have even tweeted out that the president not only knows him but has played golf with him, tweeted about him. Thats Pretty Simple and pretty basic. Ages of employees which would be super easy to fact check are wrong. Again, numerous mistakes, but im not going waste me time or the countrys time going pagebypage, talking bat book that is complete fantasy and full of tabloid gossip, its sad and pathetic and our focus is on moving the country forward. John . Thank you. I read the cease and desist letter sent by the president s lawyers to both wolff and the pressurer of the book which seeks to stop the sale of the book. Did the president s lawyer share with the president beyond that this is a prior restraint and a prior restraints are generally unconstitutional . Im not sure about specific details of the conversation between the president and his personal attorneys but i would refer you to them for questions regarding that motor. Jordan. Did the president believe in the First Amendment . Does he believe in prior restraint such as con ton amendmented here. The first absolutely believe in the First Amendment but the president also believes in making sure that information is accurate before pushing it out as fact when its certainly and clearly not. Jordan. Whats the president s reaction to the growing number of suggestions, both in this book and the media, he is mentally unfit to serve as president . The same we we have when its been asked before, its disgraceful and laughable. If he was unfit he probably wouldnt be sitting there and wouldnt have defeated the most qualified group of candidates the Republican Party has ever seen. This is an incredibly strong and good leader. Thats why we have had such successful 2017 and well continue to do great things as we move forward in this administration. Thank you, sarah. Two questions. First, the book repeatedly says that the candidate trump, his family and the top officials of the campaign, did not believe he would be elected. It was the farthest from their mind. You said yesterday you believed in this candidate and felt he would win. Can you name anyone else who said at the time, on the eve of the election, they felt he would win and did the president himself believe he would not win . Look, as we stated many times before go back and look at the interviewed, specifically Kellyanne Conway did several leading up to the days just before the election saying directly that the president can win and would win. I know there were a number of other Campaign Officials that echoed those same sentiments. The president , the first lady, his family, they wouldnt have put themselves through that process if, one, they didnt believe they could win and, two they didnt want to win. This is something they were very committed to and have been committed to since taking office and will continue to do so over the next seven years. Again, it is absolutely laughable to think that somebody like this president would run for office with the purpose of losing. If you guys know anything, you know that donald trump is a winner and he is not going to do something for the purpose of not coming out on top and not coming out as a winner. I think thats one of the most ridiculous things of the claims in the book. One last question. You were calling the Michael Wolff book a book full of lie is. Didnt this white house give Michael Wolff all the access he wanted . Absolutely not. In fact, there are probably more than 30 requests for access to information from Michael Wolff that were repeatedly denied, including within that, at least two dozen requests of him asking to have ban interview with the president , which he never did. Never discussed this book with the president , and to me that would be the most important voice that you could have if you were looking to rite a book about an individual, would be to have some time with him. He never did. He was repeatedly denied that. I think because we saw him for what he was ask there was no reason for us to waste the president over the United States time. Frankly, since we were unable if may one followup. I appreciate that should the letter from the president s lawyers aimed at steve bannon and aimed at the publisher, be interpreted as a threat from the United States government, from this administration, to not publish this book . Its a not from the United States government. Its from the president s personal attorney. I think it is very clear what its purpose is, and theres nothing to add beyond that. If you have specifics on that i would refer you to the president s attorneys. Thanks so much, guys. Has the president acknowledged millions of people did not vote illegally to follow up on the executive order . You can watch this entire press believing at cspan. Org. [inaudible conversations]