Right. Thank you, gentlemen, a great challenge to be faced as governor is trying to anticipate the actions or consequences that our actions are going to have down the road on future generations. This next panel is going to give us some insights on what that future might look like. Theyre going to start by looking backward over the past 25 years to let us kind of get a capsule sized look of how the country has changed. Certainly, i think most of you, if you talked back and told me in 1992 what we have now, i wouldnt have believed it. The explosion of internet, the unbelievable changes in telecommunications, demographic changes, the social changes, just how we do everything. This is such a different world than we had 25 years ago and i think, if you believe any of these, whether its moores law or any of these compounding acceleration laws, the next 25 years, the rate of change is going to be even more rapid, hopefully that rate of change will be for the better. Our panel is going to offer a glimpse of what that future holds, a promise of what is possible and some of the challenges that the future poses for us. Its a chance for us to, you know, begin to think about the actions we can take now to prepare for that future. So, joining us today are tim hodges, the director of research for the Education Practice at gallup, richard friday, Senior Researcher at the Pew Research Center and ryan hawkins of public state policy. And someone is calling me on my cell phone, im not going to answer. Director of state affairs, Public Policy at microsoft. Harkins. And gentlemen, we look forward to your remarks and a robust conversation about the changing face of the west. Thank you, things my team and i have learned at gallup. Some of the things weve learned to k12 education, College Education and the work place, some of the transitions that fall within that. So, i think maybe the first thing, the first thing that id share is that over the last ten years weve had a lot of time and attention and good advances in the area of assessment and curriculum and thats on the radar screen as relates to education. The countrys attention as relates to k12 education seems to be changing and its changing the things that we call the whole child or social emotional learning. Theres more to our experience than what we did on the test. As a parent of four children id love to learn that theyd be great on tests, college would be more affordable and maybe tests are necessary, but not necessarily efficient. One of the things gallup has been looking at is Student Engagement. Involving safety, a teacher that cares about you and so on. Last month, actually the month of october, we surveyed about 800,000 students, fifth grade through 12th grade across the country to see how engaged they were and to study their hope and entrepreneurial aspirations and career and financial literacy. We found that 50 of the nations students are engaged at school. I dont know if thats a good number, a bad number. I wish it were 100 . 50 some are not engaged and a few actively disengaged. As a researcher when i see a number 50 , i want to know how did we get there. Here is a picture how we got there. Nations 5th graders or in our sample through out of four, 70 of the 5th grade students are engaged. Theres a precipitous decline, to 9th grade and then it flat license. Once they get to high school. 3 4 are engaged in Elementary School and only 1 3 in high school. Thats a system we need to be aware of and that we need to address, what is working at the Elementary School level in terms of parent involvement, parent engagement and so on. So its a whole system challenge. When we look at that, one is great leadership. I work with Great Schools across the country and often times have an opportunity to meet with Successful Schools that have been through a great turn around and have a great story to tell. Ive never seen a Successful School where people apologize for the principal. Theres always a strong leader when theres success at the school. One of the important things that the School Leader does is select the talented teachers to be on their staff. We know that some are predisposed to be great at different jobs and some have an inherent belief that every student could learn and get a kick out of learning and growing and numbers associated with that and so on. Weve got to identify and hire the talented teachers and mitigate the shortage that theyre dealing with. Once theyre on the staff engage, a great place to work and learn, and where theyre involved with enthusiastic about their jobs so they can give it away to the students that they serve. When students are engaged, theyre more likely to achieve. How they feel today will drive into the future. So weve got to deal with social, emotional issues around Student Engagement and hope as a leading indicator of Student Engagement. When students achieve we know theyre college or career ready. Its no longer college or career ready, its and. They need to be prepared for both. When i think of the next level, Key Attributes of a successful collegiate experience, key experiences, we partnered with the foundation, purdue university, the governor was a catalyst about this work early on and my colleague and others at gallup to study key experiences. We studied thousands of College Alumni and asked them questions what they did while at college. We found theres no really no difference whether a College Graduate is going to be engaged or thriving in their life based on whether they went to a public college, a private college, or high ranked college or the rest. What matters is how they go to college, key experiences. A lot of it was an adult on campus that cared about them, a mentor, plugged them into a career path and experiences in deep learning, that builds one semester to the next and so on. And onto job training has been mentioned here. One of the most things often mentioned by employers, they want to know have you ever had a job before. Can you communicate in more than 140 characters without using emoegies and so on. And 1. 4 trillion in outstanding Student Loan Debt thats a boon on our economy right now. There are three categories above a trillion dollars, Student Loan Debt the largest, greater than the car loans combined and greater than the outstanding credit cards, revolving line of credit debt. 1. 4 trillion, thats a million million for those who dont work with that many zeros all the time. I drove from the airport and a sign said what the Powerball Jackpot is. If you won the powerball and applied the winnings of the jackpot today on student loans, it would cover the interest on the loans until dinner time tonight. Weve got a situation on our hand that weve got to get our heads around. If youve got more than 25,000 in outstanding Student Loan Debt, youre half as likely to pursue different decisions in life later on, moving out of your parents home, purchasing a home. Starting a business, becoming an entrepreneur and so on. We know starting a family, in fact, is less likely if youve got large amounts of Student Loan Debt. So, last thing ill share is just the general terms about changing in the work force. Over the last generation, whether its the advent of the 38 of our work force now in the millennial generation or increasing technology advances, whatever it is, the work force has changed. Its changed from where we care just about our paycheck to where we care about our purpose and we need to have a purpose in our work that matters to us. Its changed from being involved with just our role to whats my opportunities to learn and grow and develop. When we study teacher turnover and why teachers leave the professions, people assume its pay and benefits. But its less likely pay and benefits and driving to exit. The most common answer they give, they dont see a path Going Forward on stay with the school. We know weve got to address that. Not just focusing on weaknesses, the world gives us enough of that. We need to focus on our strengths and 17 Million People harness that for good. Weve transitioned from having a leader or a boss that tells us what to do, to this desire to have a coach who comes alongside us and coaches us along in our work and annual reviews, probably necessary, but certainly not sufficient in terms of our experience. We need to have more regular interaction with our colleagues and with our supervisors and so on. Finally, a transition from the separation of work and the rest of my life to this work life integration and really a focus on integrating this into my entire life. Maybe those will be remarks for our conversation here and ill hand off to my colleagues here on the panel and entertain the questions you have at the conclusion. Thank you. Good afternoon, in my remarn remarngs remarks today. Ill focus on two challenges, one is the quality of labor and one on the quantity of labor. Ill discuss the quantity of labor. In my view i would definitely not only say its the cham, but i would characterize it as the headwind. The second one on trends and projections on the quality of labor, im more ambiguous about, i actually think there are some positive aspects to it. So, let me turn first to the quantity of labor. What this shows is my colleagues at Pew Research Center have done projections of the working age population, which here were defining as ages 25 to 64. This is not the labor force, its very, very dicey, to sort of project the Labor Force Participation rates. We leave that to the bureau of labor statistics. This is a working age population, but provides the basics of the u. S. Labor force. And wait until you see here, its a sand chart, dont worry about the sand. Just look at the top line, the total working age population, you see a vertical line. Thats 2015. As you look to the left, thats the past 50 years of growth in the u. S. Working age population, from 65 to 2015, and then thats history, those are actual numbers, and then to the right is our 20year projection Going Forward from 2015 to 2035. And what you see Going Forward is from 2015 to 2035, the working age population will grow by about 10 million persons. 10 million 25 to 64 years old, but the key thing here is very simple. Look to the left, look at history, and look how steep that growth in the working age population was. As opposed to that, look to the right and what we project. We are projecting much, much reduced growth Going Forward in working age population. To put some numbers on it, okay, the slowest decade over the last 50 years, the working age population grew by about. 8 per year. A little less than 1 per year. That was the slowest decade of the last 50 years. Going forward the next 20 years we project that the working age population will only grow by about. 3 per year. So, about a third less. Now, we can discuss this in the question and answer period. Im an economist and economists, what they think is, the way the u. S. Standard of living goes up is two ways, productivity, what you get per worker, and how many workers youve got, the growth in the labor force. So this is a headwind. When the Current Administration say wants to set as a goal 3 annual growth, thats the number that theyre shooting for and talking about. This is a headwind. Its going to be difficult to make 3 growth on a steady continuing basis year after year on a sustained basis when our working age population is only growing. 3 . Okay . Now, i dont want to spend a lot of time on the next slide, but we had a lot of immigration to the u. S. In the 80s and 90s, okay . But the growth of the working age population in the 60s, 70, 80s 90s, it wasnt so heavily dependent on immigrants coming in. We had the big baby boom generation and we had a lot of married women who didnt used to be in the labor force coming into the labor force. In the history, yes, immigration was important, but it wasnt critical. Going forward, that a year, thats contingent on sustained about a Million Immigrants coming in per year. What this slide shows is that, if we reduce our levels of immigration and this is a hypothetical of zero immigration Going Forward, without any immigrants Going Forward over the next 20 years, the working age population will actually decline. And so, theres a lot of pros and cons to immigration, but one thing Going Forward, in terms of working age growth in the population, immigration to the u. S. Is going to play a larger role. All right. Now, i want to briefly turn to a Different Research project that weve done. And talk about the quality of the labor force and for times sake, im going to advance to the following slide. What we did is we looked at the skill requirements of u. S. Jobs. And just a little bit of background, the u. S. Department of labor in a Data Collection thats called onet, they, very, very detailed fashion look at characteristics of over 900 u. S. Occupations. They survey workers and they also have job raters that actually go out and talk to the workers and in very detailed fashion, they describe more than 900 occupations. What we did is we looked at sort sort of characteristics. We looked at a dozen that captured social skills on the job. Interpersonal communications, writing skills and management skills. Thats what we mean by social skills. In what we call analytical skills, these are again, about a dozen different job criterion that captured both Critical Thinking ability as well as computer usage. And then finally, there was physical skills, this was like manual dexterity and whether you had to repair machines on the job. And then, again, every job is rated on a scale. So what we did, is we looked at sort of jobs that have above average, thats high, social skills. Above average and high analytical skills. And high or above average physical skills, now, keep in mind that theres an overlap. Some jobs need both high social skills and analytical skills. A good example on being a chief executive officer will have good social skills as well as analytical skills. So will a pharmacist. So, these are not mutually exclusive, but anyway, cutting to the chase, lets first do the history. What we saw from 1980 on to 2015 is that total employment in the u. S. Grew by 50 . But jobs that required high or above average social skills, they almost doubled. They were growing by 83 . Jobs in occupations that required high analytical skills, they, again, almost doubled, growing 77 . As opposed to that, jobs that required high physical skills, only grew by about 18 . So, what im saying is, is that the mix of jobs, is changing in the u. S. , and its changing towards jobs that require higher skills, particularly in our sort of courtization, high social skills and analytical skills, so, skill requirements have been going up. Why is this not necessarily a bad thing . Because im going to skip the slide where we also found that jobs with above average social skills and above average analytical skills are also said to have higher wages. The employment mix is changing and were creating higher wage jobs as a result. The employment mix is changing, but more towards good jobs, high skilled jobs. Whats the challenge here, as you know, that may be the case, they may be good jobs, but as weve seen this averafternoon, are we going to get our students and workers and benefitting our employers, helping them get the skills theyre going to need. Okay . In regard to the skills theyre going to need, at the but Research Center we do not try to do occupational projections, okay . Its very difficult. But the u. S. Department of labor, the bureau of labor statistics does try. This is based on their most rece recent 10year projections how employment is going to change from 2014 to 2024. They go for a detailed set of occupations they say how employment is going to grow. What we did, as we said, okay, we have a taxonomy why jobs need the skills. Since 1980, the mix has changed to high analytical and high social, according to bls if their projections are correct, this trend is going to continue. And so, the basic messages here, im going to end up here, we face two challenges Going Forward. Unlike the previous 50 years, our standard of living was partly driven forward by a large baby boom, as well as immigration, as well as the participation of married women in the labor force, that stoked the growth of Living Standards weve had the last 50 years. Weve got a headwind at least Going Forward, the next 20 years according to our projection, were not going to get in the working age population that we had previously. Thats a headwind and make 3 growth in the standard of living very, very difficult. Also, the skill mix is changing. This is a mix towards better paying jobs and however, we face the challenge how were going to help our workers and employers find those highly skilled workers. Thank you. [applaus [applause] good afternoon. So, i am perhaps the last thing standing between this group and happy hour, is that right . Well have a couple of questions. Oh, perfect, okay. Always an enviable position to have. You know, as governor hickenlooper alluded to, we live in a time of profound change and at microsoft we find it helpful to reflect upon not only the changes in the last 25 years, but the changes weve seen in the life of our company. Microsoft was founded in 1975 in albecurque, new mexico, in the midst of the microprocessor. And bill gates and alan had a simple vision, to put a pc on every desk in every home. And then a phone in every pocket. And our company has changed. Were no longer the little startup from albecurque that then moved to seattle. Were now a big multinational cloud commuputing company. We have a campus in fargo, we have an Engineering Center outside of salt lake city. We have employees in arizona, nevada, colorado, all throughout the west. But we are also part of what a lot of people are referring to as the fourth industrial revolution. And it is a revolution that is driven principally by Cloud Computing. So Cloud Computing, meaning the provision of services over the internet using massive data centers that can collect, store, and process huge volumes of information, extremely quickly. This trend is changing everything, every industry, every segment of society. Its what is bringing us autonomous vehicles. Its changing education, creating new opportunities to connect students and workers to new training courses and transforming medicine. You know, in 2003 it took us a decade to sequence the 3 billion base of the dna that make up the human genome. At the point years later, in 2013, a single facility could do that in a week and its even faster now. So, all of these things, changes, even agriculture, youve heard of precision agriculture. We have a project outside in washington, you can put cheap sensors into the soil and go back to the cloud, and take moisture readings and competition of the soil and help farmers be more efficient in creating yield and make better use of irrigation. All of these opportunities require one thing, and that is access to broad band. Yet, 34 million americans, 23 million of whom live in Rural Communities lack access to broadband which means each day that goes by, for 23 million americans, theyre falling further and further behind as the rest of the world is taking advantage of all of the new opportunities that technology is providing. So, we started and you can see on this slide. You dont actually have to go very far outside of some of the tech hubs of this country to find communities that are affected by this problem. I mean, this shows county by county, the percentage of people who have access to broadba broadband. Even within counties you can find pockets. You go to Eastern Washington where im originally from and you go to this county and you can find plenty of communities that are affected by this problem. So, we started a new Rural Broadband initiative this summer, our president , chief legal officer, brad smith announced it, and its an attempt to take a crack at solving the Rural Broadband gap with a new technology called tv white spaces. In short, provide broadband using unused tv channels over the air. And so, it literally works by building a base station with a radio antenna. You took that up to the internet and then you can broadcast the signal out over an area with a 10mile radius, in homes or Small Businesses or farms on the other end, you have a radio which can receive the signal, translate it into wifi, so if youre in your house, you simply hope it your laptop and connect to the internet much like the way most of us would. The advantage that white tv space has, its much cheaper to build the infrastructure necessary to get broadband up and running than traditional forms of providing broadband, which has been the classic problem, as to why we have this broadband gap, right . Its prohibitively expense tef to put fiber in the ground. It can cost 40 grand a mile to do so. Tv white spaces is cheaper in part because the signals it uses travel farther and go through obstacles much better than even other Wireless Technologies like lce. And its not, its not it will never be a replacement for fiber or lte. I mean, this is really an addon. The speeds you can achieve are good enough. Theyre not fiber speeds, but its possible to achieve speeds that meet the secs definition of broadband, which is 25 mega bytes per seconds down and 3 up which is fast enough to stream a movie or do anything that had a Small Business consumer would want to do. So, our initiative has a rather ambitious goal. And that is to help galvanize the private marketplace and solve the Rural Broadband gap in five years. It has three components. First, were launching a series of pilot projects in states across the country, over the course of five years. Were launching projects in the first year in 13 states, you see up on the map, and all of these projects, we will go in with a local independent service provider, an ifp partner on the ground and microsoft is not an ifp. We have no desire of being an ifp. Not entering the ifp business, well go in and work on this technology for three years and weve launched pilots in over 20 places around the world and connected to 200,000 people so we know how the Technology Works and well provide Capital Investment to build the infrastructure necessary to get a project off the ground. So, we effectively buy down the business at technical risk for our partners. They run the pilots. And while well typically do a revenue sharing agreement with them, we find that solely to recoup our investment. Once we have the project, its up to them to run and the idea is we dump that money over into another project and continue building out the network of projects. Weej we think over the course of five years, our projects alone can connect 2 Million People in rural america. So, there are a couple of other components to the project, first, i should emphasize that, you know, i kind of alluded to this earlier, tv white spaces is not and were not portraying it as the Silver Bullet to solve this problem. We actually think a mix of technologies would best enable us to solve this broadband gap and frankly, we dont care how people get connected, we just want them to be connected. So, whether its through tv white spaces, other Wireless Technologies like lte, satellites, expanding the satellite further, we think thats great. After all, were a Cloud Computing company. If you dont have access to broadband, you cant about our customer. Its in our best interest, frankly in the interest of every business on the internet to have more people connected to broadband. The second, real briefly, the second aspect of our initiative is a Technology Licensing program. Because our real goal is to galvanize the marketplace, we want to convince other private sector entities to jump in start their own projects, start their own businesses and so, we have 39 patents related to tv white spaces technology. Weve announced that we will provide access to them, royaltyfree, free of charge to any comer. If you want to start a tv white space project in your community, we will provide the technology to help you do that. The last piece is, a Digital Skills and Digital Literacy piece. We have announced a multiyear, multimillion Dollar Partnership with the National Council for the 4h. We will go in and help train teens that are part of the 4h in communities that are receiving new access to broadband so they can turn around and help train members of their communities with Digital Skills and make better use of the access theyll be receiving. Theres a lot of work going on with this initiative. There are proceedings at the federal Communications Commission, to make sure that there will continue to be adequate spectrum available for the public to use, to use the white spaces technology, weve been asking state and local leaders to speak up and thank you to governors bergen, hickenlooper and autumn to raising your hands and doing that. Were constantly looking for communities and partners to be new candidates for pilots. So if you have ideas in your states, wed love to have those conversations. And lastly, were just starting to explore the possibility of doing matching funds. Whether theyre Grant Programs or Something Else from the public sector, to perhaps take the 2 Million People we plan to reach directly and help us make it 4, 6 or 8. So, thank you very much. Id be happy to answer any questions that the governors may have. [applaus [applause]. Great. And we have time for a few questions. And i think you guys all did a great job. I want to thank each and every one of you for taking time out of your busy schedules to be here and illuminate us. I think maybe, ryan, ill ask you, as a moderator i get to ask the first questions and then yield to my better governors. Youre talking about this, a, the fact that youre not its royaltyfree, giving up access through all of these patents. It really is, i think, a philanthropic effort to a large extent and you benefit for people being connected and not only does every business and governor and state benefit from being connected. I love the pilots youve been doing around the world. You have abeen doing this or going on for ten years. This notion of taking tv white spaces, available frequencies and using it it can see through buildings, i get that, but it hasnt proven out yet at a commercial level. My first question, how does that how does that justify broader deployment, all right, thats what youre recommending, and then the second part is, and this is, i think, the fcc is looking at Net Neutrality and assuming they pull back, if Net Neutrality is eliminated and appears its going to be, what kind of an effect could this have . So, my dad is an old trial lawyer and they have a tag line, doing well by doing good, which is sort of how i think about this initiative. Youve right, governor, there is a philanthropic component to it, but it is, as i mentioned, also in our core business interest to have more people connected. You know, the i dont know on the second question how Net Neutrality night affect this, i havent thought about that, to be perfectly frank. As for your first question, you know, were actually ahead of schedule in terms of getting the sec to adopt rules that would enable Tv White Space Technology to make it into the marketplace. The federal Communications Commission initially issued rules allowing tv white spaces devices to function nine years ago. By comparison it took Cellular Technology 13 or 14 years from the time the federal communications economies fishes issued rules until they were brought to market. And you know, theres, frankly, been a great deal of regulatory uncertainty created in the wake of the spectrum option the fcc held and Congress Passed a law in 2012 in which there were concerns that given the rise of Cellular Technology, that were going to run out of spectrum for those kinds of uses so Congress Passed a law in 2012, among other things that required the fcc to auction off more spectrum to cellular providers, and as a result, force them to take another look at all of their rules related to spectrum, including tv white spaces. So, there are theres a whole network of manufacturers, chip manufacturers, other manufacturers that make the components for the devices to make tv white spaces work, theyre ready to go. Theyre ready to produce at scale, but they need to know they need regulatory certainty so they know there will, in fact, be a market for their products if they go ahead and do so. So we know the Technology Works. We think it can be a sustainable business. Its what were trying to prove with our pilots and wed love to work with some of you governors on helping to make this happen. Great. Well, we would love to do that and just, i have had some discussions around the Net Neutrality and i think it would have a positive effect and expand Net Neutrality into different regions and provide kind of a balance. Governor walker, you had a question . I have a question for the last presenter, thank you for the map on what youre doing on the air band projects. I notice alaska wasnt even on the map so ill look forward to that being on the map at some point and also find out, we are so the problem we have is we have the rural areas are the least populated so the focus of attention is always on the bigger Populated Areas because the financial plan, i understand that, but i as a governor am looking foreways it took them longer to download the test, the time was up to take the test and it hadnt been downloaded yet because they refer it as rubber band rather than broadband. We need to work with Companies Like you, what can we as a state do to level the playing field. Those who dont have equal access to broadband are going to suffer. I appreciate your presentation very, very much and anxious to work with you, what can happen on the rural level, not sort of the urban centers of each respective state. Well, governor, thank you. And youll be surprised to find that weve gotten that question before. You showed someone the map, why isnt my state on the map . And the reality is that, you know, it doesnt necessarily mean your state wont be on the map moving forward. I mean, we intend to roll out pilots each year over the course of the next five years, and you know, your state would certainly be a good candidate for a pilot. Youre right, i mean, the scenario youre describing is one, we have a project, for example, in charlotte and counties in southern virginia, a project that we call the homework gap because it is intended to provide broadband to school kids who dont otherwise have it and they have that same experience you just described, trying to take online courses or Computer Science courses, you know, we have this big Computer Science skills gap in this country. 500,000 open jobs that require Computer Science degree and were only producing 43,000 graduates with those kinds of credentials. Well, one of the ways you can get access to them is through online courses. If you dont have enough broadband, you dont. I see a couple of things, wed love to continue having a conversation with you. And wed love to have a conversation both about what communities in your state might be a good fit. Frankly, most of the states our team chose for the first round of projects wound up being states i mean, we chose our home state, washington, thats an obvious tie, but they want to be states where they can find a partner who was a good fit. So, if you have ideas who would be a good partner, and then, you know, wed love to have conversations, too, whether theres a role that public funding might play to help us do this work and expand it more quickly. I think governor herbert did you see your hand up or not . And governor, youre selected. I want to make sure, if youre the last question, i just want to make sure governor, did you have want a question . I was going to say, again, there have been ten governors who sent a letter to the fcc, governor hickenlooper is one of ones that signed it as well, you know, supporting this and i would just say, i want to say thanks to microsoft for in general driving the initiative, but specifically this has taken spectrum thats available and repurposing it in a smart way and a great role for precision agriculture. In north dakota we spend a lot of money bringing broadband to small communities, but i think in the illustration that you had, you showed it going to a house. The part it goes everywhere, its broadband, its going to reach a tractor, going to reach somebody on a horse with a cell phone and its going to reach that school kid who, you know, we might have gotten broadband to the school, but takes the bus home 30 miles at night to the remote ranch in the western part of the state, it doesnt reach him. And we have to have it 24 hours a day, to be able to take advantage of it and for industry, i know weve got a lot of people interested in energy. Were going to have Remote Monitoring on pipelines, transmission lines and remote things. The internet of things not just internet of people. Its a terrific initiative and were happy to be supporting it and looking forward to working with you on the rollout. I hope youre happy now. New, governor. Thank you for your leadership on the issue. Thank you for your leadership. Governor, let you close out the session. Ill be quick, thank you. Its a fascinating subject and thank you all for being here. I know, as we as governors try to predict the future and anticipate the past, whats happened in the past and anticipate whats going to happen in the future, its important to us. Although i do kind of fall down on the side of that great new york yankee halloffamer, yogi berra, i hate to make predictions, particularly about the future. Here we are trying to predict it. And my question is for you, richard and i have Great Respect for the pew center, you guys do great work for all of us and we appreciate your great work. It seemed like to me you were talking about the headwind and talking about the fact that we are trying to have a goal of a 3 gdp growth. I dont think that has to do with any administration, by the way, i think thats historically been the growth rate of our gdp in this country on average and i think all of the administrations would like to, in fact, maintain that. Our headwind, as i understand it, is because our working age population of american born, to american parents, is going to drop. And that gap is being filled by immigration and all of its different forms. Consequently, gdp is equal to the employers, the workers, times their productivity for employer, equals gdp. Why could we not increase our gdp by increasing the production of the employee, the worker, even if the numbers stay stagnant. As we look at history for the past 100 years, i think our gdp has grown dramatically because of advances in science and labor. We see third world countries where weve seen increasing population, but the production, thats why the third world, per employee is low and theyre calling this certainly a proportion for the great advancements that weve made here in america and other Free Democratic countries. So, help they to understand. I dont im missing something, im sure here, as far as likely not having increased gdp growth and certainly, the 3 growth. In spite of the immigration issue. As we increase with science, technology, increasing skills and production per worker. Richard, and tim, why dont you give that a minute and a half and that will let people go find a beer. Youve had enough chance, ryan. Thank you for your kind words toward the work of Pew Research Center. We certainly do, indeed, aspire to raise our standard of living through greater productivity. And weve had periods where we have had very healthy productivity growth, okay. In the last 50 years, particularly, with the rollout of the internet and broadband. 1995 to 2004, there was a productivity spurt. But these economists, they talk a lot about productivity growth and we dont understand it well. At least since 2005, measured productivity growth, at least, has been fairly moreabund. Thats not to say that we cannot get to a higher standard of living. All aspire to 3 growth. Its not to say that that wont happen, but at least right now. Current productivity trends have been somewhat stagnant and so, that is why the growth in the work force does take on particularly greater importance and all im simply pointing out is that, as you pointed out, as a result of sort of the baby boomers aging and declining fertility, increasingly its not going to be Third Generation americans hire that is going to grow the ranks of the u. S. Work force. And so immigration is playing is more important role. I would would just add to that, i think theres incredible Untapped Potential in our work force. We wrote a book called first break all the rules and the Employee Engagement to the work force, since that weve tracked on polls and surveys around that. Im not afraid to say so. I would say we got incredible potential within our current Employee Base in addition to the trends that a been mentioned today. The twothirds of employees for less than an engaged would be a pretty Good Economic Development strategy. If we were to stay with their own workplace, how can we address those elements around recognition or an opinion that counts or having a miniature set you up for success in the future, helps you learn and grow. If we can address those basic human needs in the workplace and better tap into the potential of twothirds of employees were there with their head and maybe with her hands but not with their emotions. I think thats the strategy is right in front of us. Great. I given much come all three. Want to recognize you for all the work and if you get a chance to read jim clifton, his boss, short little book but its pretty darn good. Ryan, thank you so much for just bring this to the table and direct and microsoft engine to help us skillful effort that you and linkedin have pushed in colorado and several of the states. Wonderful, wonderful progress. Richard, thank you. We all depend on actual accurate assessment of real information and pew does that better than anybody. All three of you thank you very much. [applause] that concludes today panel but the day is not over. We look forward to seeing you all at dinner tonight at 7 00 at the gold room for our Dinner Program that will feature an address by john ratzenberger. Thank you very much for being here. We look forward to seeing you tonight. Thank you. [inaudible conversations] coming up on cspan2, online sex trafficking and possible legislation to let victims sue websites. Thats followed by the united kingdoms Youth Parliament debate an annual event where young britons debate issues on the floor of the house of commons. This year lgbt rights and lowering the voting age. Then a congressional hearing on how the u. S. Senate can approve its process for nominations in the executive branch and judiciary. President trump has returned to the white house and tweeted crooked Hillary Clintons top aide huma abedin has been accused of disregarding basic security protocols. She put classic passwords into the hands of foreign agents, remembered sailors pictures on submarine, jail, deep state Justice Department must find act . Also on comey and other. We get her questions about this and other topics from reporters during todays White House Briefing live at 2 p. M. Eastern overrun cspan. The second session of the 115th Congress Starts this week. The senate is back tomorrow and with two new democratic lawmakers, alabamas jones at minnesotas tina smith. The house returns next week. Some of issues facing congress in the new year government funding, temporary spending and january 19, disher state of union address. The house because of vita President Trump to address a joint session of congress on january 30. You can watch the house live on cspan, and the senate live on cspan2. This weekend cspans cities tour take you to springfield, missouri. While in springfield we are working with meaty, to explore the literary scene and history of the birthplace of route 66 in southwestern missouri. Saturday at noon eastern on booktv, author Jeremy Neeley doc to the conflict occurring along the kansasmissouri border in the struggle over slavery in his book the border between them. In 1858 john brown having left kansas comes back to the territory and he begins a series of raids into western missouri during which his men will liberate enslaved people from his misery and help them escape to freedom. And a course of this they will kill a number of slaveholders, and so the legend or the notoriety of john brown really grows as part of this struggle that people locally understand is really the beginning of the civil war. Then sunday at 2 p. M. On American History tv we visit the nra National Sporting arms museum. Theater resident was probably our shooting asked president , a very, very avid hunter. First thing he did when he left office was organized to go on a very large hunting safari to africa. This particular rifle was prepared specifically for roosevelt. It has the president ial seal engraved on the breach and, of course, roosevelt was famous for the bull moose party. And there is a bull moose in grade on the side plate of this gun. Watch cspans cities tour of springfield, missouri, saturday at noon eastern on cspan2s tv, and sunday at 2 p. M. On American History tv on cspan3. Working with our cable affiliates as we explore america jerk. Next, hearing on combating online sex trafficking and briefing the legislation that would allow states and victims to sue websites. From a house energy and commerce subcommittee this is one hour 50 minutes. We will now come to order. I am sorry that we are few minutes late in beginning, but we have this thing left to do around here called votes. And we