Thank you so much chairman, smith, Ranking Members for organizing this hearing and for inviting me. Im a researcher and officer of Political Science at columbia university. Over the past two years dip mats, politicians have focused mostly on the political crisis around general elections and on the struggle for power. Were so preoccupied with the up coming elections that were diverting our attention awae from the many other issues that are causing violence in congo. And were wasting the opportunity to tackle these issues. Based on peace building and several years of working in congo, i believe and i will show you in my state, theres a better way to help revise these conflicts. There are many other caws of violence beyond the electoral political issue. And by acknowledging democracy and peace do not always go together. The two most important measures congress can take are to increase the United States support to peace building and to put local actors in the drivers seat. The delay of Holding Elections is only one of the many issues that fuel the violence going on in congo. And importantly local conflicts at the village and district level also fuel extensive violence. So to be clear, yes national and International Leaders regularly manipulate local armed groups including for electoral purposes. But at the same time local combatants usual national and regional tensions as a way to pursue their own specific local goals. So for instance rely on foreign leaders to regularly get our land. And the words in addition to are very important. Im not saying that we should replace the current centered election focused strategies with local peace building measures. What i am say we should add local peace building to the setup options we currently use to resolve the congolese conflicts. We should also recognize that democracy and peace do not always go together. And in fact the push towards rapid elections has fueled violence in many other war and postwar environments. So of course president kabila should go. And of course congolese people deserve elections and democracy. But in the short term there may be two goals to make, democracy and peace. And foreign dip mats should not be the one to make this choice. Ordinary congolese people should. And local people have relevant skills, capacity, contacts and means to resolve their own predicaments than we usually believe, and more than national, international and other lectures would have. You see that local ordinary citizens have managed to create literal islands of peace. Others have decreased tensions in a jury. And others have created wide democratic movements at a wide groups. The usual international approach is to ignore these local initiatives. Instead we should support, fund and protect these local initiatives so that we reinforce them. And i published a book on how to do that. The book is called peaceland. To summarize in one sentence we need to build expertise. And we need to build in the design of local efforts but also on local leaders, intended beneficiaries and ordinary citizens. So to wrap up, we can have congo establish sustainable peace and democracy, but to do that we have to look beyond elections and also support the other peace building priorities. We also have to build much more on the expertise and the capacity of congolese people, ordinary congolese people and to support peace building more much. Thank you so much for your testimony. Chairman smith, Ranking Member bass, members of the submit committee, thank you for the invitation to testify. I appreciate your ongoing and bipartisan interest in the republic of congo. He has used one contrivance after another to delay elections while plunging the country in a a web of security, Economic Crises that have devastating consequences for the people at risk to the stabilization of the region. In nikki haleys recent visit to congo, she press congo to held an election in 2018. Clearly they published a new calendar setting december 23, 2018 for elections. It shows the considerable influence the u. S. Government continues to have. Haleys visit and strong message signaled High Movement in congo. It showed congolese officials that the Trump Administration is also watching very closely. Yet at the same time the message that elections only need to be held before the end of 2018 was seen by many congolese as giving him a free pass to continue tactics and stay in power another year. Congolese officials have blatantly disregarded previous election calendars while kabilas coalition have largely disregarded the agreements signed last year. He should step down this year. By unilaterally extending the time frame, the u. S. Uses credibility with key actors in congo. Yet if the u. S. Is willing to use influence now, it could rebuild the loss of any legitimacy. When that deadline passed u. S. Officials pressed kabila to organize elections by the end of 2017. Since then kabila instead entrenched his hold on power through corruption. Officers went so far as to implement a strategy of chaos through orchestrated violence especially in the southern kasai region. More than 90 mass graves are scattered across the region. 600 schools have been attacked or destroyed and 1. 4 Million People displaced from their homes including 30,000 who fled from their home in angola. Michael j. Sharp, an american from kansas and a swedish shilayen citizen were killed while investigating violence in the region. Predictably government and officials have said at the violence in kasai is one of the main reasons it said elections have not been held this year. The millions of dollars in mining revenue that have gone missing. Such corruption have helped lead the government bereft to funds. Hundreds went on strikes in recent months, including hospital workers who hadnt been paid since 2016. Meanwhile brutal repression has continued unabated as fred described. Security forces shot dead more than 170 people in protests in 2015 and 16. Skurg forces killed five people including an 11yearold boy. Hundreds of leaders and activists have been jailed. In july an armed man shot and nearly killed a judge who refused to hand down a ruling against an opposition leader. These action are at the very heart how kabila and his codary seek to eliminate any opposition to his efforts to hold onto power. More protests are planned in the coming weeks. Citizens rights, human rights movements and opposition leaders have theyve urged the congolese people to mobilize. Theyve proposed a citizens transition to allow for credible elections. There is a real rick of increased violence in the coming months ach months. As things now stand the u. S. Including congress cannot afford to take its eyes off. Kabila has given no clear signals that he intends to leave power although repression, violence and corruption have become so pervasive across institutions and Security Forces that it is nearly impossible to imagine credible Peaceful Elections being organized with kabila is still president. While theres no easy path forward a citizens transition without kabila is probably the best way to ensure good elections. To get there the u. S. Should work closely with international and regional partners to ensure kabilas step down. And make sure kabilas physical concer concerns are actively addressed and support a postkabila transition. We also urge the u. S. To support the previous sanctions against government officials have had an impact and appeared to have changed behavior of some top officials yet additional sanctions are needed to show there are real consequences for the ongoing violence and election delays which publicly denounce the repression, all Political Prisoners and politically motivated charges against opposition leaders, and the challenging environment for the Un Peacekeeping mission. We hope you will press for an independent investigation into murders of un experts and ensure those responsible are held to account. Efforts to date are far from adequate. Failure to do so would send the message those responsible for such a heinous crime can escape justice risking future lies not only in congo but across the world where the us and un have deployed experts. The us has important influence in congo and can prevent more bloodshed. Time is running out. Strong actions are needed to demonstrate the us is on the side of the congolese people and their aspiration for a democratic, rights respecting and accountable government, thank you. Thank you very much. Let me ask a few opening questions. The imposition of sanctions is something you have indicated and in his testimony, Mvemba Phezo Dizolele made a strong appeal, the first recommendation to impose sanctions on joseph kabila, his family and in a circle. I know the administration is very serious about this course. They hope this doesnt come to it but my sense from your testimony as it should be done now. By way of background im author of the bella cruz democracy act. I remember on this panel on this panel since the early 80s, sanctions against south africa which i supported and strongly supported, apartheid is an abomination that belongs in the dust heap of history, there was always concerned about the impact it would have on unintended victims who then get hurt by those broadbased sanctions. The bella cruz democracy act of 2004 which became the template, the whole idea was to single out bad actors starting often with the president , the president of that country and his henchmen and people who were benefiting and put visa bands on the man said you cant do business here. I was house sponsor, it became an amendment, became a lot and is a very good tool and im glad we have it but it still needs to be realized, the big question is not if it will be done, we have legislation i will be introducing admonishes the administration to do just that, delay is denial. Unless we see significant progress that this is going to happen, hopefully it would have happened sooner, it is unconscionably long, to wait another year, i just want to ask all of you if there is any downside to doing it right now. We would not provide funding for the election if it was delayed again and that could incentivize kabila to say i will stay president for life. Sanctions not just for the us and eu and that is tumbling down upon him. I want to be sure we fully understand the possible consequences. I think sanctions are needed. If we dont use that become something in the toolbox with dictators and people who want to be president for life turn out and say no worry here, theres not going to be a sanction now or in the future. They need to be used prudently and effectively and as you said, Mvemba Phezo Dizolele, you want to now. If you speak to the positive and negative on that it would be good to be very clear, should this be done today . Thank you, mister chairman. Two things, now is the time to impose these sanctions in fact they are long overdue. Sanctions should have been in place in 2016, january because all the signs were there. We are talking about targeted sanctions to one specific group of people not seeing the entire country should be under embargo. This has worked in the past, president and boot to in his last days a similar situations. The us led the charge along with the europeans, sanctions were imposed on him, a Strategic Partner of this country received the legion of merit, one of the highest honors the us can bestow on a military officer. When the time came to let go, we put sanctions on him, his assets, his children, one of his sons was starting in canada, he could not go back to study, was very effective. Is associate faced the same situation. Today, if we are blissfully naive to accept that kabila will hold elections in December Next year we have not learned anything for the last 16 years and the joke is on us. By that i mean kabila only understands the language of force. Is people have said so, we came through for us, if you want us to leave we will only leave through force. One force is sanctioned. Just to target specifically them, children go to school here, they come to your offices with expensive bags to tell you why they should stand most of the time that is not founded in any logic. We should not be catering to them. One thing i one to say, the ideas it if they do not act a certain way the International Community will not engage, that is music to their ears. That is the perfect scenario. Nobody gets involved, let me play the field the way i want so we should avoid aligning ourselves behind that position. A very weak position from kabilas position. I would like to add something to what Mvemba Phezo Dizolele is saying. The problem is not only the system rounding, not only seeking power for the sake of power but a way for them to get access and use them in different ways and the other thing is the assembled sources are used to operate people and recent Research Shows for example that they paid 750 million to the system which will have been enough to organize and election. I think as members say that sanctions should be applied and applied now. Those sanctions made of people who are business men. They are officials, his family, all of them have very deep associations or any kind of business. The efficient way is not only to target them in the way of bending trouble or things like that but able to patch their resources where they can really feel it as if they stay in power without protecting their Financial Assets the interest of staying in power will lose it is important to target them now but more important to target them where it is important to touch. Not only the general target. Thank you, chairman smith. I will let two points, the first is each time sanctions are used they should be used as part of progress. Sanctions may help. It is not 100 sure, it should really go with support for peace building and basically the human rights on the political side of the organization of the elections, the other point is sanctions should never be linked to the electoral issue or the fact of whether or not those in power will release power but to the broader problem meaning they should be linked to the respect for human rights and energy of Human Rights Violations and to end violence as well. Thank you, i agree targeted sanctions should be applied now. We should not wait any longer. We are not necessarily having elections, we have seen the repression, massive Human Rights Violations continue unabated so a strong signal should be sent, targeted sanctions is a clear tool you have available to send that signal. We have seen how targeted sanctions which have been applied had an impact, they rattled the political staff, Senior Security force officers, individuals who travel regularly to europe, the United States, they do shopping abroad, medical appointments, many have homes overseas, children study in the us or europe and bank accounts, us dollars, they are very affected by these target sanctions and to know they are coming to us, asking what can they do to avoid being on the list if they have already been targeted how can they get off the list, it has an impact but so far kabilas in a circle and closest family members and Financial Associates havent been affected so now is the time to go further up and show kabila the consequences are real. I want to point out the president has this authority, very clear and compelling, we reiterated in the bill we will be reducing shortly the president , the executive order 13413, executive order 136 shall impose sanctions described in section c within 60 days of enacting this act against any highlevel individuals responsible for undermining democratic processes and institutions in the drc, including drc government officials, International Commercial facilitators, offshore companies and complicit family members and associates, impose sanctions described in our bill which we have yet to introduce. We have a draft we are working on, described in subsection d and goes on from there but we are looking talk is cheap, we need to make sure it is backed up by something more significant like sanctions. I can tell you, the parliamentary assembly, cochair of the commission, the Political Prisoners over the years have been released, there may be one left or two but the point is sanctions work but they have to be applied. Let me ask a question. Maybe start with you. I asked the previous panel, the two distinct witnesses from the administration and spoke to the issue of the 3. 8 million and other estimates, internally displaced which is a catastrophic event for congo, anywhere in the world, 3. 8 million displaced refugees in their own borders and that is a terrible terrible situation. It has reached 7. 7 million, there may be higher estimates for that but that means hunger, famine, low birth weight babies, stunting and a host of other deleterious effect on the most Vulnerable Women and children, you pointed out in your testimony 5000 people have been killed since august of 2016 and you point out the impact that has had in your testimony on schools, 600 schools have been attacked or destroyed, you testified 1. 4 million displaced in their homes in this area including 32 deficit led to neighboring angola so obviously refugees. You make a very important point. Government official cited the violence as one of the main excuses why elections were not held in 2017. Maybe you can speak to this, incentivizing the use of violence to impose martial law, killing people in the streets, so maybe you could speak to that. That is a perverse outcome rather than getting to the election it is in the governments interest to do these kinds of things and others, you might want to speak to that. We have interviewed numerous Security Force officers in congo who told us about a deliberate strategy of chaos effectively orchestrating violence by Security Forces or governmentbacked militias instigating local level conflict to create more violence and with the horrific humanitarian consequences we saw that is later used as an excuse, we cant do Voter Registration because we are dealing with this terrorist threat from a Militia Group and government manipulation of armed groups in southwestern congo. Reports of manipulation, political, religious sect, new violence, repression, another excuse to delay elections. It is another sign that we have not seen any sign of a real intention by kabila to organize elections and step down. What other panels want to talk about the deliberate strategy of chaos fomented by the government . This is one of my greatest fears of delaying until 2018. It is part of a larger strategy of chaos. If you want to wait until 2018, and in the next three month, we dont know when they will pop up, most likely to happen going from crisis to crisis, one of the favorite pastimes of the regime, a good friend of mine who used to work in the system like to say the boss is a specialist in a rotten situation. They like this kind of situations so until 2018, serious risk. It is a strategy. Focusing because of the main region now there are other regions where violence is once again used as the strategy so i feel like making government officials feel like it is becoming a lot of pressure on them. The violence after one year, without that, we have been under the control of some group some of them who worked with the government in the past. We see what started and started again. The strategy of violence works very well. In general, in other regions, in the congo or elsewhere, to be used as a and to postpone the collection once again, there will always be a reason to have a good reason to postpone elections for now we have elections at the end of the year, today we have a calendar next year, we have some other, 2019. Unless we understand these tactics for delayed election we will never have elections. We have to understand what the government wants and never organize an election that will move him a kind of crisis. To emphasize something fred bauma said it is important to keep in mind with the position of violence, it is unrelated to this. You have regional tensions, local conflicts with traditional power, the highest ranked individual in a specific area and these are related to the issue and when you think about ending the humanitarian crisis you describe and the violence, we have to focus on the electoral issue. Talking about the biggest take them away from your own book, bottom line it so well is helpful to the subcommittee, Building Local expertise, you have eloquently spoken to that. And the inability to appreciate, talking to the local expertise. The Catholic Church and elections and reconciliation. An important faithbased entities. And countries all over the world, and an army of volunteers, if you speak to that and when you are answering of the role of the church in the election which i asked of the earlier panel making sure violence gets tamped down and eliminated they move towards a credible free and fair election. Doing better than 15 years ago in terms of tapping into local capacity but it is not enough. The way it works is we are here in dc, we know what is best for people in congo and other parts of the world and we design programs in dc and when we involve congolese people it will be on a plantation. People on the ground will only have to do things that have been decided. Ngos dont have capacity to write those proposals or the community in general not including locals in a way that makes them full partners . I dont think so. It is nongovernmental, international organizations. Systemic problems. Exactly. Outsiders know better and outsiders, the way to help is to build outsiders knowledge. Look who is sitting next to me. There are people who have the knowledge and expertise and could have designed the International Program but the standout procedure is not to ask them but to decide things in National Capitals and implementing them on the ground. As to the role of the church it is difficult to talk about the Catholic Church in general in congo because to me, members of the Catholic Church including bishops, highRanking Members, discourses fuel violence against specific 1on1 meetings with these people, in the middle of nowhere, we have some response to the humanitarian needs, we have to be careful not to think about the Catholic Church, and a whole entity, in the Catholic Church, to support these kind of people. My experience, the church plays a decisive peacemaking role, doing something contrary to that, in el salvador, the government, the Catholic Church doing human rights work and humanitarian work in a way that provided a bridge to two disparate groups that had nothing in common, if that is true we work with a number of bishops and others that have africa who in my experience, we meet with him every time we travel and they do provide it is the other wonderful muslim and christian alike, who are playing positive roles. What others like it also . A couple points. The congolese want change. To respect the rule of law, in 2005 to have this constitution, they are not idealists who believe once kabila leaves everything will become a paradise, the sacrifice of people who fought for this change so the president sits down with the congolese, men or women emerge, and part of the extension of this failed regime, and leadership comes in, some of the key issues of Services Including security, easy to ship. And it becomes very critical, and spent 16 years, the generation, with that university. Fred was 10 years old, 7, the young man was 7 years old and is speaking for his country and talking about the same thing so this is very decisive to cut the gordian not and that is the importance of this transition, become a reality as soon as possible. I would like to add at the beginning, the local capacities, one thing, i think the way some solutions, peace or stability is like the minimum level of it, when for example the un talk about peace, if we can leave in the city where we will not have some trouble, it is not good enough and for people with the violence, for a long period, there is a low standard of peace and we are not looking for something minimal, we are looking for something that may be sustainable. We have some solutions to our own problems, the best way may be to work on the solution congolese people are suggesting to their own problem, looking for offices in dc where local actors to implement them, so many small groups may be less known, creative ways to address the conflict with mobilized communities in that region, watching for usaid and important to listen to them, and give what they should have done, what they want. With that election, that is through. So many places with drc, the minimal piece that we will not accept and the fact of saying, seems to be related to the problem of leadership, the election is just one way to do it, and in term of longterm process, the process of creating another kind of citizen, the point where we stopped to bring a different system, possible to have the transition, and the process, and continue to work on it and the next president will the next one, any president , the election, for us, a key point, something that has to happen, to see the future we would like to see. Can i address the un issues . Your assessment of the peacekeeping deployment, the number of personnel deployed adequate or the need for more . Nikki haley made an important point how important it is, Sexual Violence has so much more for trafficking. And previous terrible, and Young Children and women which we went there and argued and right now we are thinking of putting together another trip to the congo on these issues, your thoughts on those things, mentioning the assessment, 42 in 2017 which is paltry compared to the need, they had confidence in those assessments, a little bit highball or lowball, underfunding to at risk people in terms of food security, and last congress, the security act which was signed into law and that legislation, our general counsel, an important focus on making sure the security, systemic problem globally in africa is addressed aggressively, it puts an emphasis on the first thousand days from conception to the second birthday. For the first thousand days, in my opinion the most Transformative Program ever put together. If you ensure from the moment of conception to the second birthday, mother and child have food and supplementation, eternal mortality, and Child Mortality and morbidity, and things like neonatal death and the like, 3 laws on combating the issue of autism in america, including the original and most recent autism cares act of 2012. One of the biggest take aways from the nih funded projects, another one gets folic acid in the first month of pregnancy, the incidents of autism drives 40 , radically revolutionary everyone of childbearing age should have full like acid to lessen the growing Developmental Disability pandemic in the world. Under the spectrum for autism, the studies have not been as robust but 70 Million People were spectrum, and tends of billions so a country of 100 Million People, suffering parents, early intervention, to help those children, the first thousand days is just one of the issues, and stop it every time, the venue where this gets safe blood. And and go to other hospitals, and her blood type, and an preceding the election continuing after the election, this is not a panacea. And jotted down those things to get a comprehensive look, and doing what we can do for various issues. And and was not there to keep responding to threats and protect civilians. It is critical because nothing is happening on the ground to indicate we should start cutting back their presence. The rules of engagement when you are answering. They are critical and that said, to make their presence more effective, rules of engagement, mandates very strong but often not the same across the board, how that is implemented, different to contributing countries to interpret rules of engagement in a different way and some are more robust than others, how they interpret their mandates and a difficult contradiction in the peacekeeping mandate and they are there to protect civilians and support the congolese government and Security Forces and often conducting joint military operations, supporting them with military operations against armed groups. That is often the contradiction. There is a strong human rights Due Diligence policy, the Congolese Army officers, soldiers with human rights records, they should cut support if these abuses are taking place, this is not applied as it could be. Regarding the political situation, much more could be done by peacekeepers to protect Peaceful Protesters and deeply robust alongside protesters, an important deterrent to congolese Security Forces who have a tendency to fire on these Peaceful Protesters. In terms of the 0tolerance policy for trafficking and abuse we have seen improvements recent years in trying to address these issues more quickly and effectively, a lot of that, they need to be held accountable, there isnt a followup, the un can do the investigation in congo, these troops come from, no followup to how they are held accountable in a court of law. For humanitarian aid, the underfunding needs for Vulnerable People, the consequences are huge, hundreds of thousands of people displaced from their home, not going to school, children out of school, dont have healthcare is 80 or the access to food they need and medical consequences and generation of kids not getting an education makes them more vulnerable recruiting into armed groups, cycles of violence continue. It is critical these humanitarian needs are addressed and are enormous. The un civilian personnel, peacekeepers with 0tolerance, sexually exploiting others. Among civilian personnel, the Human Rights Office is doing critical work. And and and and something should continue in the political offices. To oppress the government, to put more pressure on the authorities but that is critical, for Sexual Exploitation and abuse by civilian peacekeepers, and particular concerns. Thank you so much. And United Nations peacekeepers absolutely essential. The United Nations peacekeepers, people who are protecting from horrific human rights by all kinds of groups, the way they are working currently, the way we should refine the approach to make the idea is not to get rid of the peacekeeping mission but make it more effective. The first thing is the topdown approach, to resolve the conflict and build piece by working with the government, working on highlevel construction and all these abstract things which is important, and not producing enough, they should do much more to support peace building initiatives. Not arriving, and support local actors who know how to resolve their own problems and supporting that. The second one is to put local actors in the drivers seat because the way the United NationsMission Works is we are talking about usaid, they decide at un headquarters in new york, geneva, they decide how to resolve the congolese conflict, by the time you reaches the congolese people implementing strategies elsewhere and the decision doesnt include people with extensive country knowledge, in 15 or 20 years with decisionmaking power. We end up with strategies that are wellmeaning, revising this, more in expertise with local people but also people who know something, and in sudan. And your question regarding the consequences. And statistics in the recent statement that illustrate what that means. 77 of congolese citizens, and unless in 25 of congolese people in primary school, that really means to increase the funding of the humanitarian in congo and the development, humanitarian aid is addressing consequences of the problems, especially consequences of the violence which we should prioritize that peace building of the humanitarian crisis. The performance of the Human Rights Office, being critical with a lot of issues. This is the problem we have. The expectations and priorities, in the government, to security to be delivered by troops that survive themselves, this underscores the failure of the kabila regime, the us is holding billions of dollars in aid to support congo. To think of the un as part of the salvation we are going on 20 years with no military rising anywhere on the congolese side. 42 of the kids suffered underage, others said aid as a bridge, certainly me, pulling Vulnerable People off life support, what the government ought to be out, failed miserably, on the interim, and get to that point. And humanitarian assistance. The human rights, and made stronger. Those were not muniz go problems that specialize un missions playing a role in congo and need more support but that is different, it is very important. If talking about security it is one thing in terms of armed security, if you talk about human security, people on life support and others, how do we buttress those programs with integration of ladies, women who had been raped and need to follow up with the notion of doing 17,000 troops serving as an expansion of the failed system which by the way received as much as it can get to build its own military to support it. That is undermining the emergence of the state. We should not conflate un presence with the news go because that is a problem as well. Very good point on the difference between the manuscoand other agencies like unicef. I would like to talk about manusco. The Human Rights Bureau should receive to wake properly because they are doing an amazing job. The rest of it, although i have to recognize the situation may have been worse if they werent there, there were many things that have to be questioned on how, there are a lot of municipalities that are not effective at all. The opportunity to travel in congo and should be important, how they see manuscoin some places, not far from that camp and after a certain time they cant go out and the policy, although they have equipment, they have guns, to protect civilians, i dont know if it is a problem, it is ineffective, especially some units for the nepalese unity. It is very important if it is to be maintained, to rethink how it is composed, what kind of troop is composed and what specific unity, we cant accept 20,000 troops that will not react, when people are beaten by the police, taking notes. This is not how we see that protection. If someone allows us to do that, the time, the life of someone has to react immediately. To protect the life of other people when they can predict life in prison time. To fall into the feet, we can assure you it was not for it. I remember how the stats changed. The responsibility from the government, so if manuscowas in dart, the governor was not able to control it because if the government was effective, i think the way it is working, what kind of troop, what kind of troop in my news go is there . Some countries should be courageous enough to send their troops into manuscobecause the problem is some countries, may be more effective, dont send them in countries like drc. They have other priorities for some country like that but the force is ineffective. Security forces, i think that kind of support is believable to see the police using the fuel coming and with money, resources given by them. I point this out with officials in dart and i think it is time to stop that kind of cooperation with Security Forces unless we want to agree that we are supporting Human Rights Violations. Thank you for that insight. I speak so often they are wellversed. And in the drc, with 17,000 uniform of august 31st, the People Living in the congo was more than a division of military capacity. That is why i asked sufficient numbers of deployed people to meet the need, since we are dealing with escalating crisis, and staging a growing peacekeeping deployment overnight. The Un Security Council resolution, tasks two strategic priorities, protection of civilians, and the distinguished witnesses things we would like to add. The subcommittee for your support, traveled deep into darkness and they suffered enough. And tell them to organize the dialogue, and fashionable this way. We might see a coup detat, and pick up weapons. Things are exactly the way we are thinking, it is very serious and there is a cadre of people with obstacles to this. We need to consider sanctions on family and associates and standing on the way of elections, they should not be playing with us or with you. Thank you very much. The meeting is adjourned, thank you. Youll see several authors including a conversation between doug stanton and pulitzer prizewinning journalist David Maraniss on the vietnam wars tet offensive. Amy goldstein reports on the closing of a gm plant in wisconsin. Daniel golden takes a look at spy rings at american universities, and Jessica Bruder talks about the lives of Migrant Workers in the United States. On after w,