Be more proud to be organizing the symposium. Before we begin the next conversation much has been said about our first president to. Its the view of some others would allow so as we prepare to have a conversation about the global vision, we felt that it would be fun to reflect for a few minutes on bill clinton and his time at georgetown. So, enjoy this little walk down memory lane and we will get right to the conversation afterwards. We were involved. It was an intellectually fascinating time. Then these issues began to emerge in the vietnam war with civil rights. To be a College Student in washington, d. C. At the time left you with the notion that youve got to do something. In the primary new england and Catholic Schools where he applied to georgetown it was the only school that he applied to and he got in. I think everybody was meeting each other and certainly bill clinton because he was an outstanding guy. Beethen all these people woud be laughing and nothing ever changed. A ververy bright and articulated very well known, very active dynamic. Remember your family, your names. When i would hear him talk about something i was convinced that he was going someplace. He is a man of many gifts. The one that was absolutely apparent he was a person who knew what he wanted to do and said what you nominate me and i said sure. You just had a sense that he was a natural. About women and men for others, the Public Service, this is very much bill clinton. After Martin Luther king was assassinated, he took a piece of paper and drew a cross and put it on the side of his car. Always reaching out with that skill that he possessed. I dont think anybody ever expects a friend t to the president of the United States. Once he was elected well we have that reunion at the white house . He invited all of us for our 25th and 30th union while he was president. It has been wonderful to see all of you. Key is as proud of georgeto georgetown. He always felt that georgetown meet him in many ways. I served in his white house for eight years and it was always clear from time to time we would talk about an influence of this place. He could have gone to arkansas he always presented himself. Thats who he is god thats who he was. He felt that is as good as he got. From the days i met him at the university until today. [applause] that gets me every time i hear it. Not everyone may share the same views of the speakers is expected in on everyone respecte organizing group to see the perspectives and ideas by not causing the disruption to the activities. At the conclusion of the event there will be a question and answer session to engage in dialogue. Please be sure to raise your comments in the form of a question and in the interest of time be concise and thats only one question and we also asked while it is heartwarming to see so many people from president clintons class and journalists here during the event it limits from the students into the georgetown community. We are incredibly excited to partner with the law school on this next discussion so we look at how bill clinton viewed the world and what americas role is, what kind of leadership it could take and how that impacted americas foreignpolicy and National Security during the eight years that he was president and beyond. To kick off the discussion and make a proper introduction i would like to invite a sophomore in the school of service from Portland Maine to introduce the panelists. Welcome from everyone. I am a sophomore in the school of sore. Co. Service and it is my pleasure to welcome you all to todays event and introduced the incredibly distinguished guest. I became involved in the institute of public debate coach Public Service at georgetown and have been a part of the politics family ever since. Working with geopolitics has been an incredible way to get involved in some of the best event georgetown has to offer. You certainly dont get opportunities like this and a lot of other schools but now for the guest we are here for. For. Now when albright was secretary of state in the Clinton Administration from 97 to 2001. She was the first woman to hold a position in at the time of the highest ranking woman in the history of the u. S. Government. She received the medal of freedom, the nations highest civilian honor from president obama in 2012. Today she has chaired the group and Albright Capital management. Shes also a professor in the practice of diplomacy in the school of Foreign Service at georgetown and the fivetime bestsellers working on her next book touches on a warning that will be published next spring. The 54th president of mexico during th the Clinton Administration from 94 to 2000. Since leaving public office, serving on various boards and commissions on the environment, policy, and elections and democracy. Currently the director of the center for the study of globalization at Yale University and has received many honors over the years including decorations from the government of 32 countries and franklin d. Roosevelt freedom award. Also published volumes in the past ten years including his most recent africa at a fork in the road. Strobe talbott was the secretary of state and the Clinton Administration from 94 to 2001. Before joining, he worked at Time Magazine for 21 years where he served in an array of posts including the Washington Bureau chief, White House Correspondent and state Department Correspondent at times he was twice awarded for the diplomatic report and after the tenure as the secretary of state he was the founding director for the study of globalization and then served as president of the Brookings Institution from 2002 to 2017. Hes also the author of 12 books. And if the moderator today is the dean of the law school of Foreign Service at all to georgetown. Prior to the position in 2015 comey deserved at the world bank and many senior roles including as the chief institutional economist and director of the center for conflict security Ad Development in the night wil or weekend i had worked for the bank for the development in london and previously taught at Harvard University and columbia and i would like to thank dean hellbent for serving as an academic partner on the panel. Please dont forget to engage with us in social media using the hash tag claim ten 25 and on all social Media Channels on geopolitics. Without further ado please give the panelists a warm welcome. [applause] its wonderful to have you all here. We have a lot to cover, so im going to ge get writing for the question and then we will leave plenty of time for the students and members of the committee to ask questions. Let me start. We know when he took office for president we focus on the agenda to focus on the issues. Can you give us a sense does it come to office for those that work at the start of a fully formed view on americas role in the road. Maybe we can start with madame secretary. He had kept up with things going on and i think we have to think about the 90s has a very different thing where the institutions were changing and therefore the views evolved. But i was the ambassador at the United Nations at the beginning and very clear about the fact he wanted action through the United Nations and he said its hard to believe, but he actually said this that if he were not the president of the United States he would have been happy to be the ambassador to the United Nations and so he recognized the importance of looking at the world through multilateral spectacles. The first time i met bill clinton, it was at the time the 32 road scholars of that year were going to sail over to the united kingdom. I got to know him particularly well when i was there. We shared a house together. His interest in the world was absolutely accelerating to hear him talk about it. I made my first trip to the soviet union once upon a time a large country by that name during a christmas break and when i got back to oxford, he pummeled me with questions. He was full of curiosity. I might just jump ahead to his coming to the presidency. He was very aware that hes a kids chances of being an unknown political figure and still be able to ascend to the white house especially after having to defeat the foreignpolicy presidency have had in a long time, george h. W. Bush that would only happen because they thought it gave a huge advantage that the cold war was over if they wanted to do everything to make sure the cold war was over and that postsoviet russia would be able to succeed. I have a general comment. I met president clinton when hed already been president for two years and at the time i was elected from day number one i had the idea that he did have a mission rich in diplomacy and engagement and respect to others to try to solve problems which i think it is the right way to tk about this. You do diplomacy and International Cooperation not because he wanted to International Philanthropy every president of the world has to be absolutely convinced because it is obvious that we practice that was an instrument that the United States have pledged to create the community so they did have a vision working with the multilateral institutions and using diplomacy was extremely important. I would like to get into some actual examples of him implementing the vision and maybe we can start with the blood cold war. It did create the possibility of the moment in the u. S. Foreignpolicy. I wondere wonder if you can gete of how clinton reacted to that and Software Strategy of the american and hwnd to ensure an effective integration for the Broad International system how he moved to the bipartisan approach to that. He was quite convinced early on that it was important to expand and deepen the International Institutions there was controversy over whether they had done their thing and put code into history with a good record of not getting us into world war iii. President clinton didnt see it that way. Remember there was a horrific war in the balkans just because russia and other states were no longer the evil empire and the fact was no longer the evil empire there was still the rule for nato and one of the things he did from the beginning and matalin can tell you more about this he was absolutely committed to the commission that russia was no longer the evil empire it should be part of a new world order and it would have to have hard power and soft power and its the most capable source of hard power. Theres one other point that he came to talk to a number of us about and that was if we did not enlarge nato, countries like the one madame secretary knows so well from a country that also does not exist in its current and that was czechoslovakia. If those countries that were caught between the Old Soviet Union and nato europe and the European Union and they didnt have a commitment from the United States and nato to help them as they go forward, a lot of bad things would happen and he kept pointing to yugoslavia as kind of a blessing that we had to learn. I think what was very interesting i as he had in fact studied how nato had been after the end of world war ii and a half of europe was against the will or behind the iron curtain and the creation of nato and all the various aspects so he didnt come into this kind of not knowing any of the background. What i think is interesting is that he also appreciated something that a lot of people have not fought us and that is at the end of the cold war, the u. S. Was asked to do something that hadnt been done before. Hell we bring russia into the system what i found interesting at the time is they were in charge of the relationship with russia and i was up in new york, but basically it was building on what president bush had done in terms of the reunification of germany and then looking at what steps had to be taken to respect russia and bring it into the system, so the whole issue of expansion began in a very stepbystep process with something called the partnership for peace where various countries that had been part of nato or later were part of what has been known as the soviet union could begin to see how the system worked and play a role in cooperative action. And i now urge people there have been some memos that have been declassified by the library which describe how president clinton was talking about how to do all of this in a very staged approach and in a way that russia would be respected and become part of something and begin to have russian nato dialogue so i admired first of all the goal of it but also the carefulness with which president clinton directed that we all take steps to do this in some way that was organized and then in fact respected what was going on in russia into these are so worth reading because where president clinton is talking, they recognize recognized each s politics in addition to recognizing the issues they were dealing with. I have just one point because what she said brings back a very vivid memory. The russian hated the idea of bombing serbia, but president yeltsin because of his close tie with president clinton was absolutely essential in getting the serbian genocidal dictator milosevic out of office and thereby actually made it possible for us to bring in and without having to go into the landmark war and that i think was a huge accomplishment and very heroic and it was based on his relationship with president clinton. We are going to talk about him than a little bit how he builds relationships and i would like to go further into that. If we can talk to the position towards latin america and mexico and a critical bipartisan relationship and how he moved to. I think i got to start with the case of my country there were i think president clinton engaged repeatedly with groups of the region that was a Good Relationship with mexico that was important for the interest of the United States. I think the first test was against what he had hinted or sometimes said during his campaign. He became a champion of nafta. You remember nafta was relieved at the beginning of the Clinton Administration. He knew that he would pay hypothetical costs are being proactive in the party and the other major parties with published debate could punish him for that. He went ahead and nafta was approved so that was the first test. The second big test is the fact that in late 1994 becoming president of mexico and my country faced an incredibly difficult financial crisis radically unprecedented and this was only a few days into my administration. I said theres bad news, the country is bankrupt. I will call you but i have powerful reasons. One, i need the support not only of the au and math because we had put in place a very Strong Organization in the reform program, but the situation is so bad that we need to put together more resources. The second reason i called you is because if we do not go through this situation it will not only be a mexican crisis, it will be more systemic and it will affect the rest of latin america and as we saw in 82 with the debt crisis it could be systemic to the entire International Financial system. He was a little bit surprised. I didnt know things were so bad. Then he called me back two days later and said bob and larry said you made it right. Of course. [laughter] again he tried to go one way to congress and worked with the bipartisan leadership and they couldnt get through congress. At the end he did a great act in a facility that existed in the 1930s and the treasury and of course it wasnt popular. The argument used over and over again he had a nice way to explain i told the leaders your neighborneighbors house is buru better hope your neighbor. So very graphic and simple arguments. At the end of the day we got the resources and it was alright. I think tim three years in advance and we always made jokes about this and he said you were charging too high of an interest rate. [laughter] all of your stories are starting to get at clinton as a decisionmaker and negotiator and a deliberate or debate. I wonder if you can give us a moment or a story that gives him insight into how clinton handled it particularly difficult decision. In your memoir you describe it as absolutely impossible for anyone to help talk him. Can you give the sens a sense oe used his personal style to negotiate around difficult issues and engage in as president . He was and is a complete extrovert and really does like people. What he always did his to begin in some way especially in the bilateral negotiations to do something he knew was important was to put himself in their shoes and understand what it is they need it and that was very clear in the way the conversations went. He also knew an awful lot about the country but he also was dogged in kenya when he went into a meeting there were certain things that needed to be accomplished so in between the kind of charm and the opening how are your children, he would press the case very carefully. He was criticized for always being late but he was late because he was interested in what he was doing at the time had a meeting. The meeting. He didnt want it to end so there was this sense that he liked the subject and he learned what it was about. Then what was interesting at camp david he made it a point of sitting down to and made them puput there themselves in the shoes of the other party so that was his way of saying we need to solve this together. He also loved to have u us argue when there was a disagreement and wevand weve got to the cat room or the oval office he wanted to know why he had deferred and he would sit there with an ice cold can to his head and a yellow pad and take notes. But yet at the same time he was very open and friendly. Can you tell us as a follow up with was thwhat was the most dit relationship that he had with other leaders in terms of disengagement . Is talking about people that he really didnt want to meet with on the whole he tried to find something to deal with what everybody. I think there were people that were difficult to deal with. One of the things that happened at the time is president clinton tried to deal with him in a way that was understanding of what he wanted and the Prime Minister would in fact talk about he spoke idiomatic english and was able to frame things in terms of politics so even though it was difficult they were able to work their way through the. There was a summit between president clinton and had injured himself and was in a wheelchair and was one of the most important meetings with Boris Yeltsin who had already reluctantly accepted the fact that nato was going to move into central europe. What he couldnt stand was the thought that three of the former republics of the ussr in the Baltic States would also be in nato and i can remember we were shooting out of the room leaving only the two leaders, yeltsin and clinton. Yeltsin who asked for the oneonone said i want to do the following. I want to find a closet somewhere in this house. You come into the closet with me and whisper in my ear dont worry we will never ring and the Baltic States and then walked matalin is talking about and i collect empathy, putting himself in the other persons issue he made the following argument. He said it wont be secret and by the way, we are going to do witit but you dont want to be caught in trying to stop these now independent states are taking advantage of the International Institutions and if you try to stop it, the neighbors all around your periphery are going to hear you and if you open it up and proceeded with russia being part of a new europe and new world because of what youve done you will go down in history and this is what he heard afterwards. He basically said okay, you win. [inaudible] when you put those three things together just hard to see him in the awkward situation. That leaves the un. They would send al gore and interacting with the Prime Ministers not least of which putting at the end i could see president clinton would move things around. A difficult moment was the financial crisis and we were having a big meeting in canada come in vancouver. They were concerned about the whole situation. Already, the defending conversation and the willingness to cooperate and bring more equality. I could see president clinton providing the arguments for its own part it got things moving in the right direction. I want to go across the panel and ask if you could identify the most exhilarating high point in your engagement in relationship with clinton and the most difficult aspect of the engagement you have during your period. I have to say mine is very personal and it did take place while i was at the un and they had to do with a partnership for peace. President clinton was to meet me and what happened is the meeting was shortly after his mother had died and they had prepared for giving him a saxophone and the white house decided that was not appropriate. I had gone to prague first and said i had to go to brussels to pick a president clinton up and then we had a signal that when we got off the plane he would give me a kiss and i would whisper what the decision was, so he said of course i want to do it, so that is provided. But thewhat i did. But then the most moving for me was that particular time coming back to the place in my berth in the courtyard as they played the National Anthem and the land of the free and home of the brave and then we went in to have a meeting. Thethis isnt athey said it isne representatives at the end. [laughter] but we watched charles bridge together and they gave him the saxophone and he played my funny valentine. Then he came back and think youu have no idea how hard it is to play a brandnew saxophone. [laughter] i tell you what was the most difficult would have been this nobody was allowed to leave to go for a meeting and just as he was about to leave, the Prime Minister had a very important suggestiosuggestion about how te it and president clinton took it to the chairman president clinton came back and said i think weve got an agreement. I have to leave and get rid of the underbrush and when i come back it will be done. It was into time and i do not think he was happy with me. I do have to tell another one. We were in moscow and i was known for my pains that i wore. He said we always notice with secretary albright weyers. Why are you wearing those three monkeys. This is because the policy is evil. [laughter] he was furious with me for good reason and looked at me like argue an idiot . [laughter] thinking about this relationship in this difficult moment for mexico by the National Crisis it was extremely important but we share not only ideas but also commitments and im always grateful to him for what he did in many aspects. We discovered a moment where it was not easy. He called me from the plane because he had been told that mexico was not supporting the launching of the summit and that was true on the basis that the United States wanted to launch to the right. He is my friend and i respect him and he listens to arguments, so we had a long conversation. Theyre trying to push but it was not a good idea. I cannot say that mexico will support the launch. But i was of course very worried. In fact conversation he was a very good friend of and he tried to argue. At the end we closed the conversation and the weather since none of the perfection that is a legend, seattle didnt have an because it wasnt right and i guess for political reasons i said i was coming to washington in a few weeks and my congress now congress could do many things and they needed permission to travel outside of the country and it was a moment in the country one of the things they never knew they did a favor to me. [laughter] actually i did see him at the meeting and we met again in january and he was so gracious again. He said maybe you were right. That again shows the kind of person he is. He listened very carefully to the economics [laughter] i think one of the most fraught and dangerous incidents brought both a real crisis that he took very seriously and also a triumph of diplomacy. One of the hotspots and major points on the planet is the disputed frontier between india and pakistan and madeleine knows about this one. She grew up with it. Her father was working on that dangerous issue early on for the United Nations. In 1999, pakistan sent some of its soldiers over the line of control into the indian territory and it was a very hairy situation which could have gone to not just the war between the two countries but the nuclear war because both countries have Nuclear Weapons. The Prime Minister of pakistan who is now the pre minister of pakistan again was caught between his own military and of the looming prospect of the war. He asked for an invitation to come to washington and have bill clinton takes this matter. Before we could even decide it was already in the air and it ruined the fourth of july weekend of the year because president clinton had spent basically the whole weekend in blair house talking with a combination of hardheaded missing empathy. He convinced them that they had to order. He was then thrown overboard were thrown into jail and by the way, the military was going to hang him and bill clinton on the phone and convinced them to let him go to saudi arabia. Was the First Nuclear war with both sides having Nuclear Weapons and by sunday night, we were okay. Its the secondlargest country in the world. We are taking from the students and faculty and we have microphones on either side is that right . I would ask you a couple of things please first identify yourself with your name and where you are at the school and if you can have a brief question for the panel. Im joseph from the Queens College of new york and my question is what did president clinton do to curb north korea effectively from getting a Nuclear Weapon as a pressing issue today and they knew north korea within its use in 1994 when they signed the nonproliferation treat treaty tt didnt actually work for north korea so should they have done more and should they be held accountable for doing more . Going to pyongyang to meet with the leader on instruction from president clinton the story is a long complicated one and i will not go through all that. Thats what happened this president clinton in send me there and we had discussions at the time. To talk about the limits and also make sure that they would get rid of their nuclear capabilities. And there were very interesting meetings. We didnt know much, but i have excellent discussions on very technical matters and we were in the middle of negotiations and this was like in october of 2000. We began the negotiations they were going to go on to call a lump or to kuala lumpur. She was prepared to go to the discussions and then in 20008 have been and americans were confused about the election. So what happened is i briefed colin powell on where the negotiations were. He was prepared to continue with what we were doing and then there was a headline in the Washington Post that said they will continue the policies with north korea. He was hauled into the white house and was told no way so i hold no brief but at the time we are the ones that did not continue the negotiations. At the time they could have done maybe to Nuclear Weapons but they did not. They had no fiscal material. This is something that has been going on since 1953. That was also aggregated, so i think that we bear some responsibility and the north koreans bear most of the responsibility and then there is really the issue that i find interesting he said that it was okay with him if we kept our forces in south korea so there were a number of Different Things that were on the table but we now dont know what his son is like and how things are going to go. The Demilitarized Zone is one of the dangerous places we could be. [inaudible] he is at play. A threat of that time has been issued recently. I do think one other thing just in terms of how difficult the Decision Making is. President clinton devoted and enormous amounts of time to the peace talks, and even after camp david, there were all kinds of talks, and here we were towards the end of his term. The number two guy from north korea tea came and ordered clinn to go. He said i cant just show up. Somebody needs to prepare the trip, which is what i was doing. But at the end, the choice was whether to continue the middle east talks or go to north korea, and it was one of those truly difficult issues for any any president of the United States and he chose to do the middle east. Right here in the front. Good morning. Thank you. I am a dual degree candidate. My question is with regards to the last 25 years, the fact of 25 years the russian relations and the pre minister medvedevs comments at the security conference this last year stating that the west and russia are sliding into a new cold war. Yeltsin did many good things, he had huge problems to deal with, his motives were good, he wanted russia to be a true open democracy isnt to be accepted into a globalized world. He made one horrendous mistake. And actually confessed to his family right before he died the man that he played his plays at the turn of the century. I agree. There is no way to reiterate how much time he spent in terms to understanding. And to put himself in to president yeltsins issues. And i happen to think about the opposite. And in fact, we had in there is a lot of myths but i did think what was interesting but it is interesting to watch. But already you could seize the offensive boards so many different ways. Clearly evolving into Something Like that. Isnt what we knew at the time. Is there a National Security rationale to join in the lead wto . So what i know about this is first of all, we generally tried to have that improved relationship with the chinese. And with that carter administration. In then to figure out how to get into the system. In to judge the humanrights activity. And then that really makes were a lot of problems. And then to go for a permanent trade relations. And then the wto and then to abide by the rules with the International Organization to go with the same kinds of points what it is like to join the International Trading system. But then with that important economic power. But it wasnt that it was mexico. But they would be terrible competitors for mexico. And with advantage. But with those others. I am a freshmen so i question in his with that lack of intervention what is clintons largest regret . That he did not go to north korea. With a regret to feel he was responsible for. With that peace process. We have heard on a number of occasions. I have heard many times to make huge differences could or bad as a statesman and that means rabin. Given the proliferation duty clinton anticipated the extend of the u. S. Engagement . I think that i got it my colleagues will help. And president clinton was extremely concerned of the Nuclear Weapons that is the of the global stage. And then wed go exactly what would be next. With 20 nucleararmed countries over the next couple of decades. And to try everything that he could and then to talk about mission impossible. And then the package steadies were gracious enough just as the plane was getting off into the air. In bed with north korea. With what they tried to do there. Going up to the first question. And building bridges to the 21st century i was the last secretary of state for the 20th century. But i started six months after i was named which was presumptuous. But that was presumptuous to date that he would keep me all four years. [laughter] but with those agreements. Or have d. C. The United Nations . To solve the immediate problem. Then to be very deliberate and generally the relationships. And we hope that president s learn from each other. So to crystallize what lesson from the clinton presidency. What would it be . I was expecting a much tougher question. [laughter] so bill clinton came into office because the cold war was over and to send this presidency. With a leader in a collaborative world. With a leader in International Institutions. So when he was trying to formulate a doctrine for his administration and to talk privately with us that was the clinton doctrine to have a collaborative world. If you read several books i the he is proud of that and i know what his advice. [laughter] [applause] but here in georgetown with an event with president clinton somewhere demanding and then you come with your questions. [laughter] but i would say it is absolutely right if anybody would explain with phase zero sum game. That would be great and with that national interest. In to if that comes first. Would it this way. America should be first in leadership. [laughter] this is very distinct discipline speak to the domestic audiences. But that would backfire and the of president and dad is over by the way. So that is the big lesson. We have a similar theme. And then when president clinton came into office in when they said its the economy stupid. But only with domestic policy. And then to leak domestic and foreign policy. It used that term but they really did say it for the American People to understand to be engaged but it was a message to show the leadership was needed. In in to protect the territory for the way of life. Into understood that to a place in the international setting. And then you operate with the other countries with the way you treat them as equals. But nobody thinks they have a role to play. And then what they try to accomplish requires the United States to be engaged in a respectful way and stop tweeting. [laughter] [applause] ed with politics of Public Service. To celebrate clinton and 25. Is a panel of leadership and service next. So now the banks to the panelist. [applause] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] the afternoon. Things for coming n joining us for the third en final panel discussion