Transcripts For CSPAN2 FBI Director Christopher Wray On FISA Section 702 Renewal 20171013

Today fbi director Christopher Wray took part and a discussion on the pending renewal of the section seven the two of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act which allows surveillance on foreign citizens under specific circumstances a doctor that impact the authority has on his agency. It is my distinct pleasure to introduce to the audience both here in this realm and obviously to the world out there, i think i can say new director still and get away with that, chris ray of the fbi. Director ray comes from new york city, graduated from Yale University in 89 makes me feel old, earned his law degree from Yale Law School in 92. He then click for judge michael of u. S. Court of appeals for the fourth district. In 1993 began working in private practice in atlanta. He began at the department of justice grid in 1997 as an assistant u. S. Attorney for the Northern District of georgia where he prosecuted a series of cases on public corruption, and trafficking and financial fraud. In 2001 he joined the office of the Deputy Attorney general where he served as associate Deputy Attorney general and then principal associate Deputy Attorney general with oversight responsibilities, spanning the full department. Its clearly a very rich curriculum dk that makes him very, very appropriate for the job that he holds now and at f. So without further ado why dont i just let you make your remarks and then we will do some questions and answers. Welcome. Thank you. Appreciate it. [applause] so thanks, thanks, david, to the Heritage Foundation for putting on this whole program so that we can have a better and more informed discussion about fisa section 702 which i think is sorely needed. Im very happy to be here this morning and im extremely fired up to be back in Public Service at the fbi. As david says i think i still qualify as new. I still feel new. And i spent the first to much tried to get up to speed on a lot of things, including section 702 and the reauthorization effort. Ive also seen the enormous strides that the bureau has made in transforming our work in the new reality i still think of it as new, post9 11. Following the 9 11 attacks, the bureau and its partners in the Intelligence Community and elsewhere systematically worked to tear down walls that had prohibited or dangerously inhibited critical sharing of intelligence across our programs. I know that because i was there. I was there in the days before 9 11. I was in fbi headquarters of the days of the attack themselves, and i was there for the four years afterwards. Dot connecting made possible especially by tools like section 702. Unfortunately, some of the potential amendments that weve heard about as part of this reauthorization discussion strike me eerily similar the, essentially, rebuilding walls like we had before 9 11. Its like watching wellintentioned people start positioning bricks back in the walls again, perhaps growing complacent from the fact that we havent had another attack. So what id like to try to do in my brief remarks today and then, obviously, you know, id like to have a constitution is talk first about the current Threat Landscape which has involved and changed since 9 11; second, the value of the discussion helping us stay ahead of those threats; and, third, some clarification as to what the 702 program is and what the 702 program is not. And last, i want to talk about system of the potential realworld, Practical Impact of some of the proposed changes in the 702 program. So let me start with the current Threat Landscape. When i left Public Service in 2005, we were still very much focused on the 9 11style attacks, the kind of terrorist threat posed by alqaeda and groups like that. That threat remains. But since coming back, ive learned very quickly how much the threats have changed and diversified. We now face a serious and constantlyevolving Threat Landscape where travel and technology have blurred the lines between foreign and domestic threats. We still have enemies who are plotting the kind of elaborate, masscasualty attacks that we suffered on 9 11, attacks that might take months or even years to plot and plan. But thats not all. New technologies now allow isis and others to recruit, radicalize and direct people worldwide much more easily and more remotely than ever before including right here in the u. S. Homegrown violet extremists violent extremists or lone actors also continue to be a major concern. And we worry that terrorists and others are going to be using, as weve seen in europe, crude but agile methods of attack from vehicles to drones, attacks that can be planned much more leanly and with fewer participants and executed in a matter of days or even hours instead of weeks or months. So overall, what that means is we now have a greater volume of arguably more compact threats and much less time to detect and disrupt any one of those potential attacks. So a much shorter flash to bang as the professionals would describe it. So thats a very thumbnail description of the Threat Landscape. That volume of threats combined with fewer dots within each one of those threats to connect and much shorter and tighter time windows in which to detect them and connect them puts a huge, huge and obvious premium on agility. Its one of the things that ive also learned since coming back, is the tremendous value of the 702 program for just that purpose; that is, that agility. As most of you know after the 9 11 attacks, our government worked very hard to figure out why we had failed before 9 11 to connect the dots. Thats a phrase that should be familiar to everyone in the audience. As the 9 11 commission found, a major problem was our inability to take seemingly disparate pieces of information held by different parts of our government or even sometimes within the same agency and to integrate those different pieces into a coherent picture. Since then, through a lot of hard work and a lot of motivation by a lot of professionals, weve succeeded in changing that dynamic. The value of section 702 is that it gives us the lawful ability to connect those dots between foreign threats and homeland targets using information that is already within fbi holdings. I want to make sure people understand that. When you hear about the fbi conducting queries, what theyre doing is doing database checks against databases of information the fbi already has, has already lawfully obtained. So query, data base check, lawfullyobtained information we already have. Thats what were talking about. That information in our databases gives us the agility we need to stay ahead of those threats. Theres been some discussion about limiting the fbis ability to access that database, accessing its 702 collection which would, im telling you now, would create a serious risk to the American Public. Every day the bureau across the country and, indeed, across the world receives tips and leads from lots and lots of different sources, from the public, from other agencies, from state and local Law Enforcement, from our international partners. The tips and the leads are flooding in hourly. Thats the good news. The American People rightly expect that were going to take every one of those tips and leads seriously and figure out whether that nugget, that fragment of information represents something innocuous or whether thats the key flag of the next attack. To do that, to separate the wheat from the chaff, to figure out which ones are innocuous and which ones are the indication of something really serious at that early stage with that short time window i was describing, weve got to be able to connect the dots from the different pieces were getting and figure out whether that nugget fits in with Something Else we have elsewhere that causes that a that moment thats aha moment thats so important. And the queries of the fbi databases, including the 702 database, is the first step. Those queries help us better understand the information again, that weve already lawfully collected from a variety of sources through section 702 and a lot of other means by allowing us to crossreference the information. And thats what helps us prioritize and work the threats rather than just randomly working oneoff cases. And the only way we can do that is by being able to search our data when we get a tip or a lead. So for that reason at that early and critical stage, section 702 is one of the most important tools that we have. So met me be clear. Let me be clear. Obstacles to conducting those database queries will put the American Public at greater risk. Obstacles to allowing us to conducting those queries will put the American Public at greater risk. Theyre going to do that because it will either delay us when time is of the essence in conducting those queries, or worse in a lot of instances, prevent us from being able to look at all. Thats going the blind us to information that is already lawfully in our possession. So let me talk a little bit about what 702 is and what it is not. Theres a lot of misconceptions out there, and im hoping that you are discussion afterwards will help us go into a little bit more detail about some of these. But let me just briefly make a few basic points. First, what section 702 is. Section 702 is a law that has been passed not once, but twice by congress with strong bipartisan support. First in 2008 and then reauthorized in 2012. Section 702 is constitutional, lawful, consistent with the fourth amendment. Every court to consider the 702 Program Including the ninth circuit has found that. And a lot of those Court Holdings as well as the privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board have specifically concluded that those queries i was just describing, the fbis queries, that practice itself is consistent both with fisa and with the constitution. So what that means is all this debate about potentially tinkering with 702, its not the constitution thats requiring that. Thats not driven by the constitution. The courts have uniformly held that both the program and the way its being executed are constitutional. So a straight reauthorization of 702 would be fully consistent with the constitution including the fourth amendment. So bipartisan support, fully constitutional. What else is 702 . Section 702 is, as ive described, an essential Foreign Intelligence Collection Program for the entire Intelligence Community including the fbi. But it is a targeted authority. By that i mean that the collection is only focused on specific selectors, like a particular email address. And then one last point about what section 703 702 is. It is subject to rigorous oversight. Oversight by not just one, not just two, but all three branches of government. And i will tell you from a practical perspective that oversight is demanding, it can be painstaking, its certainly resourceintensive. But we want to make sure that the program is working the way it should be. So we take that oversight seriously, and we respect that and embrace that. But that brings me to what section 702 is not. S it it is not bulk collectin of anybody, not even foreign persons. We in the u. S. Government cant cast a broad net to collect information indiscriminately, and section 702 doesnt provide for that. It does not permit targeting surveillance on u. S. Persons anywhere in the world whether theyre here or abroad. And it doesnt even allow targeting of just any former abroad. Foreigner abroad. Even with foreigners, there would have to be a reasonable expectation that the target will receive or communicate specific types of foreign intelligence information. The nsa, and youve heard from admiral rogers already, is the lead agency for the targeting part. One thing you might find reassuring is that the fbi only receives collection for a very small percentage of what the nsa does. So its about 4. 3 of the targets that are under nsa collection. But that 4. 3 is unbelievably valuable and important to our mission. So let me be clear here. When we run our queries that ive been describing, were running those against just a fraction of nsa collection, and the nsa collection itself is not bulk collection. And we can get nsa collection only for targets that are relevant to ongoing, full National Security investigations. Let me close by making clear that this is not an abstract or theoretical debate that were having about this tool. This has realworld consequences. Just to give one example. A tip under 702 to the nsa that was crucial in helping the fbi stop an attack on the new york city subway system in 2009. And just sort of stop and process what what a successful k on the new york subway system would look like, feel like, sound like. 702 helped us prevent that. Take a different kind of example. 702 helped us reveal the terrorist propaganda of an isis member, a guy named sean parson, and identified additional members of his network. He was using social media to radicalize and recruit actors for isis. And part of his network was end couraging followers on encouraging followers online to carry out attacks in western europe and right here in the homeland, in the u. S. He was even posting the names and addresses of American Service members. And i just want to quote from his postings in case theres anybody who misunderstands the seriousness of this. Im quoting from him. Kill them in their own lands, behead hem them in their own homes. Stab them to death as they walk their streets thinking they are safe. These are realworld consequences. Those are American Servicemen and women hes talking about there. And section 702 helped us break that network, identify the people he was in contact with. So given these kinds of potential consequences, i am as you might imagine very concerned about some of the kinds of proposals being discussed in this reauthorization debate. Any Material Change to the fbis use of section 702 would severely inhibit our ability to keep the American People safe. I think back to the time that i was in government before on 9 11, right before 9 11, right after nep, and i think about after 9 11, and i think about how hard dedicated men and women throughout the Intelligence Community worked to try to tear down the walls that had prevented us from connecting all the information that might have been able to prevent those attacks. And as i said at the beginning, listening to this debate right now, watching some of the potential ideas that are being floated strikes me as eerily similar to people, wellintentioned, starting to put bricks back into a wall. Normally, the idea of imposing more restrictions on our ability at the fbi to do our jobs would be based on some kind of constitutional challenge. Thats not the case here. As i said at the beginning, every court to consider this program has upheld this constitutionality. So its not because of the constitution. Well, why else might somebody want to impose restrictions . Well, maybe in the past there have been times when government has abused its power. So maybe thats a reason to have restrictions. But theres been no evidence of any kind of abuse of power under section 702 despite all the oversight i mentioned before with three branches of government and quite a few years of experience now. So the proposed changes to section 702 that youre hearing about are not based on a need to somehow make this statute constitutional either as written or as applied. As ive noted, it already is. These are policy changes. Policy changes based on personal views that people have again, wellintentioned views, and i respect that on privacy. But as you can tell, my views are different. I think our responsibility, our role, my duty, the duty of the people at the fbi and in the Intelligence Community is that we owe it to the American People to use the full extent of our authorities that are consistent with the fourth amendment. And that we shouldnt be creating gaps and limitations in those authorities simply for policy reasons. One of the experiences i had in my prior time in government was meeting with the family members of the victims of 9 11. And i am not going to look the families of future victims in the eye and tell them that there were things, there was more that we could have done that was fully constitutional, fully within our legal authorities, but that we simply chose not to. I think americans rightly expect us to use all of the available information that we have and all the tools that we have that are consistent with the constitution to combat the threats that we face as a cup. The as a country. The fbi has made enormous strides since 9 11 to insure that its doing just that, so i urge, i Implore Congress to reauthorize section 702 in its current form so that we can keep using one of the most valuable tools that we have in our toolbox to keep america safe. Thank you for having me here today. [applause] well, thank you for being here, thank you for your opening remarks. Ten weeks on the job, youve referred to the changes from the period of the first half of the decade. Whats the biggest change that youve seen at the bureau, just in a general sense from having been in government, out of government and now back in ten weeks in your current position . Well, i think two of the biggest changes that are particularly relevant to this discussion but they also happen to be two of the biggest things that ive noticed even independently are in the roles of intelligence, the integration of intelligence and partnerships. So what i mean by that is the fbi in the 90s and before and into the very beginning of the 2000s was still primarily viewed as a Law Enforcement agency. The fbi now, in 2017, the integration that it has of intelligence into everything it does, its role as a fullblown, respected member of the Intelligence Community is like night and day to what it was during that period. And thats, i think, in no small part due to the elimination of the wall between Law Enforcement and intelligence. Because it allows folks to understand how the intelligence is being used, what intelligence would be most useful. Its that merging of those two concepts that has made the fbi so much more effective as an Intelligence Agency and not just as a Law Enforcement agency. Second, i said partnerships. Ive noticed that while partnerships were always important to the fbi, the degree of collaboration and teamwork between the fbi and the cia and the nsa but also state and local Law Enforcement, our foreign partners, especially the five is as they call them, has been a dramatic improvement since during the early 2000s. And i think thats, again, a reflection of the fact that, a, the threats that we face are so crossborder, but also the fact that were able to communicate and compare notes and Exchange Information and connect those dots. And so i think the two things that ive noticed the most as progress, ironically, i would have said that even if we werent having a discussion of section 702. It actually ties in very well to its importance. You mentioned foreign partners. How does the bureau manage the sharing of information derived from 702 with foreign partners . And at the same time, protect, for example, the Sources Associated with where thats derived from to enhance again not only our protection, but the protection of our friends and allies . So more on the partnership side since you raised that as one of the big changes. But as it applies to 702. Finish. Well, certainly we Exchange Information related to section 702, although a lot of that comes from some of our other Intelligence Community partners and their interaction. But even the sean parson case that i mentioned, for example, you know, a key part of that was being able to Exchange Information with foreign partners so that there were subjects of interest in that investigation, foreign subjects of interest as well who were being picked up in other countries and intercepted through that collaboration. And in the question of reauthorization, i think one of the issues thats going to loom large is this whole notion of 702 collection used for investigations of criminals outside of the National Security realm. How do you respond to that in terms of both the oversight and the functional role that you have of insuring that 702 is applied appropriately and in accordance to the law that admiral rogers so eloquently laid out in terms of the checks and balances to it . But this is more on the criminal investigatory side than the intelligence collection for National Security. Well, i think theres been a little bit of myth development in that, in that space. When we talk about sort of the criminal side, i think its important to distinguish between the tip and lead kind of scenario that im describing which is where section 702 is so important and the prosecution end of it where the information of any sort is being used. Section 702 has not been used for any traditional criminal case as evidence, you know, in a trial or anything like that ever. Except in about ten terrorism prosecutions. So the notion that there are criminal agents using section 702 to make sort of garden variety criminal cases, thats just myth. It is not happening. All right. Why has that myth evolved in the, in the Public Square . Somehow a Law Enforcement agency that alsos has an intelligence function as does the bureau and as you appropriately say with the post9 11 environment having that intelligence function, how did that myth come about, and how do we sort of beat it back from the Public Square . Well, i think and im reluctant to try to guess as to how people who are just confused get confused. My goal is to try to get them straight. [laughter] at the access, you know, i said there were those two faces. At the tip and lead phase, its important to think about how information comes in, you know . Person x, you know, a private Security Guard or a Police Officer sees somebody at three in the morning taking all kinds of pictures of the key bridge from all kinds of weird angles. That person whos taking those pictures hasnt committed a crime. The guard who sees it doesnt know what the person is up to, it just seems weird to him. We want that guard, we want that person to call in and say i saw this was odd. Could be nothing, could be something. Well, were getting tips like that by the thousands. How do we know that that one is something that really matters . Well, when the agent gets that tip, he runs a query in our database, and its not just the section 702 collection, its all 120 databases that the fbi has all in one place. One piece of which is the 702 . The 4. 2 the 4. 3 we get is in that pool. So the agent runs a query. Hes just trying to figure out what do i have here. If he gets a hit that finds out that the person, lets say the guard gave a license plate, right . You run the license plate and trace the license plate to a person. So now youre running that persons name through the database. If you find out that that person has been communicating with a known isis recruiter, which is the kind of information that we have in our 4. 3 of the 702 database, okay, now youve got somebody whos filming the key bridge whos in regular contact with a known isis recruiter. Still may not mean that its an attack. But now we know, whoa, dont let that go slip to the someday pile. We need to deal with that now and take a harder look at it and figure out how real is this. Take another example. Somebody at a, you know, some kind of supply store, a Hardware Store sees somebody buying some, you know, odd accumulation of some, you know, product that could be used in an explosive device, or it could be used for Something Else. And he thinks the person seems kind of squirrely, so he calls in a tip. We dont know what we have. We dont know whether the persons an american or a former. With we dont know whether the person is buying fertilizer for some gigantic lawn he has or whether hes going to build it into a device. Even if he is going to build it into a device, we dont know whether its because hes mad at his employer or his ex, or whether hes actually in coordination with some kind of cell. At that initial access phase, the sifting of all these leads, thats when we need to be able to connect the dots. And thats where 702 is so important. We need the person to know whats the significance of the tip i have. What other dots does this fit with. And as i said before, unlike in the sort of more traditional alqaeda scenario, we have fewer dots to connect. So these are fewer, these are in many cases were talking about home grown violent extremists or isis recruits who are in contact with fewer people, so theres fewer dots that way, over a shorter period of time, so theres fewer dots that way, over simpler attacks but still very, very deadly to innocent people, so fewer cots that way. So each dots that way. So each dot becomes that much more important to be able to connect. And the idea of just blinding the agent by putting some restriction on his ability to see information that again, and i cant underscore this enough that we already constitutionally have sitting in our own databases, the irony of it is tragic to me. Uhhuh. How often, if you could characterize in an unclassified setting, does the fbi come across criminal, traditional criminal activity as a result of those searches . And then walk us through the process of what you do with that. If you identify we go back to the individual taking photos of the key bridge. It turns out its not a terrorist attack, but hes planning to spray paint it maybe or do something that mars the property and its a crime but maybe not a terrorist act. What do you do with that information in terms of that 4. 3 holdings as it applies to 702 where a crime is identified . Im not sure if my questions clear. Well, i think, i think theres some blur in there. So theres the information over here that the agent is seeing realtime in the u. S. Thats the tip or the lead. And then theres the information in the database. And its the connecting thats important. Let me talk about a whats in the database first and what isnt. Whats in the database, that 4. 3 , thats not evidence. The only stuff thats in that is information about foreigners reasonably believed to be overseas for foreign intelligence purposes. So thats foreign intelligence information thats in there. Its not evidence of, i dont know, take an example, you know, child porn or, you know, Something Else. Could be very serious, but thats not whats in there. So the agent over here if hes a National Security investigator is connecting something that he thinks of as National Security information with foreign intelligence information. If it turns out that smuggling is a way to support that is different. These are viewed differently. But we will not know that if we just build a wall between the agent in the information sitting right over here in the fbi database. There has been discussion about adding an additional dimension and legislation about warrants and probable cause. Going further can you describe the audience, what are we talking about in terms of warrants and when this applies to us persons . So now we are in the us persons and of the spectrum as it applies to 702. A number of things. First let me start with, whenever you get a word warrants, remember im going to say it is over and over and over again. Every court to look at section 702 and the way it has been used including the fbis queries has found it fully consistent with the fourth amendment. And that makes sense if you think about it. Because what the agent is squaring is not some new search. He is squaring information the fbi has a ready lawfully obtained. The second thing i guess i would say is to me, when a when i hear warrant, it is lawfully and constitutionally obtained. Those are bricks in the wall. When people now sit back and say 3000 people died on 9 11, how can the Us Government let this happen . One of the answers is, they had this wall. And people said how could this be . Folks, right now, that is what we are watching. This is what building a wall feels like. Wellintentioned people, when there is no constitutional justification for it. And no abuse to be remedied. Thinking well what if we just put this one more restriction here . One more there . One more restriction there, one where their place that is what building a wall feels like. They will be building a wall between the ages and what is in the fbis own database. Think about some of the hypotheticals and realworld examples. That guy who sees the person taking pictures of the bridge. It cannot, he will not be able to get a warrant based on that to search the database. Think about the person at the store or what could be a precursor. They are not going to get a warrant think about an example, you know may be near and dear to a lot of our hearts. High School Student calls in, says my exboyfriend has been making all kinds of ominous comments about his admiration for various mass casualty attacks. Lets see there is everything from the awful shootings in connecticut, all the way to the orlando nightclub bombing. All she knows is that he is saying how much he admires those people. And he has got, that he has got a twitter handle. That says i am the angel of death or something. Horrible, scary, worrisome, not probable cause. No warrant. So the agent that gets back to, he is out of luck. He cannot look up he does not have that. If there is no warrant requirement he cannot run the search. Maybe he can investigate and maybe well get lucky. Maybe, maybe over a period of time. I think we should be relying on maybe. And especially, when there is nothing in the constitution that would require and there is no abuse by anybody in Law Enforcement Intelligence Community that this is justified. It is just choice. Personal selfimposed choice. When i say selfimposed choice, another version of that is selfinflicted wounds. And like i said, i have enormous respect for the people who have raised some of these possibilities like a warrant requirement. I know they mean well. I just dont think that they understand the consequences of what they are asking for. Tips, when they come and some people say you can do it, maybe you would have an exception for National Security but not if it is criminal. Think about some of the examples we talked about. When tips come in they do not come in with a nice bow on the top that says, National Security. Criminal. They are not labeled that way. It is not all of the rounded times when the round holes in the square pegs going the square holes. These are coming in oblong. We need to be able to figure out whether they are round or square. That is what 702 enables us to do. And restriction on the ability to access the information that is already constitutionally collected in the databases, i just think it is a really tragic and a restriction. And i begged the country not to go there again. I think we will regret it and im hoping that it does not take another attack for people to realize that. Certain phenomena kind of uncertain world that we live in, at how is the decision on the 4. 3 of the 72 on the 702 decided . Why is that so precise in terms of what is held, that moves to the bureau and not retained by nsa, lets say. While the nsa still has some way to think of that is that the nsa has done all of this collection and again, i want to stress the nsa collection is not both collection on anybody. Not even foreigners. They have their collection. We are nominating certain email addresses to be included as part of what they collect. Because we only ask that information when it is related to what is our highest level for a foreign intelligence or National Security investigation, that just as i think a narrowing effect on what it is we would be asking for. So it is not that there is some magic percentage that we are seeking. It is just i think, our own focus is what is a very small percentage. Because we ask sparingly, surgically and with emphasis on the proper focus. And you might say, 4. 3 percent chris, that does not sound like much. Why is this so important . Well, and easily to answer that is think about how much havoc 19 people cause on 9 11. Think how much havoc one person cause in las vegas. You do not need very many people for it to be incredibly valuable. I can assure you that 4. 3 percent is very valuable to all of the victims that could have been from that collection. But thank you for elaborating on that. A question from the audience, can you describe how the fbi uses 702 two fight cybercrime . Which of course is a growing threat in its own right. As you look across the spectrum of cyber security. We think official hacking as well as ransomware and various other kinds of activity. It is used by everybody from nationstates to nonstate actors and cyber terrorism. But much like in the terrorism contest, we are sending and testing certain specific email addresses that we think may be tied to cyber activity that is related to a security investigation. That may lead to again, just like in terrorism, we are getting tips by the thousands. We need to be able to figure out which ones need to be prioritized. It is a similar concept in what i was describing. I think director that your observation about the information sharing, admiral rogers talked about the russian cyber issue and the report from late last year. The community issued and how important having o2 in its generic form obviously could not give us detailed on that but that information sharing crosses the boundaries of foreign and domestic. Im sure it is of tremendous value. In terms of see what nsa is focused on while you are adjusting that as well. That is true in a lot of different ways. I mean, just to pick an easy one to describe. Lots of people are focused on efforts two metal with our election system spirit nationstates are doing the same with other countries election system. The fbi does not investigate interference with the german election system. But if there is information that we are attaining about whats happening there tells us a lot about trade, methodology and so forth. I was on the phone just before i came over here with one of my foreign counterparts. Over in europe. So that is comparing of notes, it is absolutely essential across all of the different talks. Whether it is counterterrorism, counterespionage, cyber, frankly even outside of the National Security context here we are interconnected world in a way that i think is more and more true every day. And other question from the audience, can you tell us about the process and how 72 information on americans minimize, what does it look like the fbi in terms of getting access to it . Minimization is jargon. It is term of hours, minimization procedures are procedures that the fbi, in this case we are talking about the fbi. That we have approved by the court that allow us to require us to restrict how we use information about us persons in the take whether the intelligence information. And i cannot describe all of it because it is around 40 pages but i think the main take away for the audience is these are protections for us persons, approved by a court. If you think about all of this discussion a minute ago about a warrant requirement, should there be a warrant requirement . Well what is that . It is a protection for a us person approved by a court. That is a minimization procedure. We have those. As i said 40 pages are very detailed they affect things like how you know if a us person is incidentally collected, it affects you know whether the information is redacted, masked in the information. It affects whether or not how long the information is retained. It affects whether or not you asked earlier, could it be used in a criminal case . It affects whether or not it can be used in a case. So all of those protections are being fronted and reviewed by another branch of government, a court, a federal judge with life tenure. Does not answer to me or anyone in the executive branch. Reviewing out with the independence that you get from judicial review. That is what the minimization procedures are. They are important. We put a lot of effort into crafting those, making sure that they will pass in the court and not they are adhering to them. And the training that goes with that. Absolutely. I have a question with the process. Nsa discovers intelligence via section 702. And the fbi is made aware of this. What happens then when nsa has made the discovery and then turns to the fbi, that phone call, is data immediately passed . How does the process work by way of that information sharing . What is the interaction, how close are the communications between the two agencies before and during an Ongoing Investigation . 702 related. I think probably the short answer is all of the above. In terms of interaction between the fbi and the nsa. It depends on the particular circumstances it can be phone calls, emails or other kinds of communication between the two agencies if i understand the question correctly. I think that is with the bureau in this, now im adding to the audience question. Place additional requirements on nsa for additional collection . If it numbers into an investigation stage at or in terms of additional data, in terms of looking for 702. In other words, there might be new selectors because the investigation is clearly hopefully identifying additional as you describe them. So then does the bureau reach back to nsa and say, here is some additional leads that we have, can you collect on that . Yes and no. No in the sense that remember, the bureau is only nominating selectors that by that which sounds like a legalistic term, but essentially, they make requests of the nsa in the context of National Security, very specific National Security could i do not want people to get confused that the fbi in order to build a nonNational Security case is enlisting the nsa to do that. It does not happen. That is in a very important point. What does happen is people identify maybe a new email address, then started to pick up on somebody who is linked up to ices in some way and they thought it was these three email addresses and nothing in it for 350 email address related to that. They might supply that information and say, can you have that in your collection . Can you collect on that email just as well . Is anything that you see in your tenure so far that 702 does not provide that you wish it did . This is thinking more proactively. The last question i asked admiral rogers was, it took from 1978 to get to 2008 and then 2012 as we have Seen Technology change. Obviously, the copper wire of 1978 is largely gone by the way unless we double pay for our handset as well as the landline. How do you see the future by way of where this is going . Which may be another way of asking the question of what you wish for we need to be ready to see that it should have in terms of this legal authorization that we are not thinking about perhaps in the way that the world is going . I think that my very high level answer to that question is we need to be trying to anticipate in a way that i am still new, as he says the beginning. Enough to be able to really evaluate the ways in which technology is changing. In terms of how people communicate. I mean if you think about the ways people communicate now and how different they are from the ways people communicated 10 years ago, is not hard to at least imagine or understand that it is going to be different again 10 years from now. The collection aspect of 702 without rogers is i am enormously appreciative and admiring of his work and if he already has a lead on that then i would defer to his expertise on that one. I think we are doing our best to try and figure out how we can be more effective in using 702. My main focus right now is saying folks, for god sakes, please lets not take a step backwards which is what this would do. Director wray, thank you for your conversation and we can only hope for the sake of the nation that we do not go back having lived with the world of the 9 11 commission and then intelligence reform and 2004 and how vital and critical it was to move and hopefully stay ahead of where we are at rather than go backwards. And as a career foreign intelligence collect i can stay that we are in a much better place today by way of the two communities coming together with proper oversight, with the concerns of privacy and so the liberties that the itself has acknowledged in a report three years ago. And so with that, thank you very, very much for coming today. And helping inform the public on this vital issue that has just a few weeks away from really coming to a head and hopefully renewed as is. Thank you to you and heritage for hosting this event. It is an incredibly important topic. As you can tell from the discussions you have already had today, it does not lend itself well to soundbites and one sentence descriptions. There is a lot of confusion out there and so having a thoughtful adult discussion about this is exactly what the country needs. Thank you for hosting this. Thank you. [applause] [inaudible conversations] everything was devastating for him at the end. He was really in some ways isolated and alone. Sunday night on qi day. Author and professor at amherst college, william tell mike in his biography, gorbachev. He trusted the soviet people. He trusted them to follow him where they had never gone before. That is to democratize their country in a few short years. He trusted them to follow him as he moved the country toward a market economy. From a command economy. He trusted him, he trusted them to follow him and trust him as he made peace in the cold war against the ancient enemy, united states. So he trusted them too much. It turned out. Sunday night at eight eastern on cspans q a. The Us Supreme Court heard oral arguments for class v. Unites States Education dealing with guilty plea rules. Rodney class was charged with having a weapon on us capital grounds. He tried to get the charges dismissed in federal court arguing that it violated his second and fifth amendment rights. He was not successful. The trial date was set for which he failed to appear. A bench warrant was issued for his noshow in court. Mr. Rodney class entered into a deal with prosecutors to plead guilty to the initial charge in order to drop the failure to appeal charge. He was convicted and appealed unsuccessfully. The nations highest court will not decide whether a person who pleads guilty to a crime is part of a plea deal. Waives the right to challenge the constitutionality of that crime. Will hear argument next in case 16 424, class v. Unites states. Ms. Jessica amunson . A defendant constantly burning table with certain rights in hand. Including the tory right to appeal a conviction. The government