comparemela.com

I think up until well, really, up to the year 1600 when we didnt have any particular tools to investigate the natural world, our five senses were the primary means by which we obtained all information about the universe, and not even knowing that our five senses had limits. If its everything you know you think its everything the universe is trying to give you, but in fact its not. And so around 1600 with the invention of the microscope in one direction and then the telescope in the other direction, each invented wind a decade of one another, all of a sudden pieces of the universe become available to us that transcend our senses. The fact that they could look inside of a drop of pond water and see microorganizisms just doing the bag stroke, right . That your eyebrain sensory system could not have detected were not for the microscope, and you can say does that make sense . That you could have entire living creatures inside of a drop of water . Well, today we know that because we learn it from childhood, but in the day it made no sense at all. In fact hehad communication with the royal academy. The Royal Society in london, and they thought he was drinking too much gin. Write another letter when youve from this drunken stupor and we can continued for conversation. So they were in denial until they sent someone to verify which is natural thing to happen among scientist. One eye witness testimony about one result is not a science tick discovery you need verification of it to confirm its real and especially in modern times, 20th century and onward, we have part kell accelerators and discussed quantum physics which is rule otherwise matter behave outside of our senses and our expectations for how life would or the how anything should work. Particles popping in and out of existence, matter turning into energy and back and forth. So, then we discover block holes and the expanding universe, how other could everything there is be expanding at all . And so if you keep invokingthat doesnt make sense, you are going to miss out on a lot of what we have learned discovered to be true about this universe. Host what significant about the year 1600 . Guest well, optics had taken off. It was a lot of the dutch were very good at optics and lenses and this sort of thing, and we knew about what one lens would do. You can make a little hag any magnifying lens and when you add them together, it opened the flood gates to what else to do when you combine lenses and then galileo made a good version in the early 1600s and then sky is the limit. Host was galileo treated as a devil . Guest well host he was suspicious. Guest a little bit of cleansing. Depending on how long is the writeup on the account of his time, life and times, that was determine how much Background Information youll get. So, the simple story is he makes these discoveries, they conflict with the teachings of the Catholic Church, they put him on trial, find him guilty of saying that earth goes around the and not vice obvious a as well as other discoveries and they put him under house arrest. What it dont would tell you if you read a longer biography is that he actually made fun of the pope. Public fun of the pope. He wrote a book in italian, not in latin, the academic language of the day inch italian, means the local people can read im. In it he invens a conversation between tea simpleton and one who is wise of the ways of the universe, and if you track the statements of the simpleton, theyre all statements that have come by official career decree from the Catholic Church so he is really pompous ahole if i can say that. Host this is cspan. Guest he debt did not get the respect he should have for people who had more power over him. He could have published in latin, have it spread around the world and im betting he would not have gone to trial. Thats my read of this and in the third debitor is the renaissance, and new thought and appreciate thought was not some weird thing, so he was just heed a it coming because he didnt know how to appease authority. Host back to your book, astro physics for people in a hurry. 14 billion years ago the universe started. How do we know that . Guest so, the way knowledge is acquired, scientifically, is you have an idea and you propose an experiment to test the idea, and then you if its an expensive experiment, you probably dont have the money to do it in your garage. So now you propose to get funding from sources, typically if its pure research, it will gay government resource, the National Science foundation, mass sample other fields, biology, human fissionology are might bet a grant from in the National Institute of health. And soso have this idea, build an experiment and test it. The results of the experiment march your expectations then the foundation of your idea gains some currency in the conversations you might have at the scientific coffee lounges, at workshops or the journals. Then youre a come pelt tough competitor of mine and say i never liked you. I have a different view. Scientist are human. Were people, too, right . So, i think youre wrong. And heres the experiment im going to build to youre ongoing. Then you build anker andment and get a result that kind of matches my result. Thats interesting. You had no intend of matching me. You dont even like my me. Now the results match and someone else do does it. Always have some outliers bass of the experimental uncertainties that exist in all experiments, always be some outlier, when theres a general lean towards a truth, an emerging truth, you look back and say, oh, okay. All of these internals opinion to approximately the same result. We have ufew outout liars here outliers here. Now this the new truth, the objectively established truth. Thats science. It is the most effective way we have ever devised as a species, as a culture, in decoding what is and what is not true about the natural world. Nothing rivals it at all. And so once we have done this, then i say, here is how the world works. Then we go on to the next problem. This is a celebrated thing. Its what got us real festivity quantum physics and gravity and empowered the entire Industrial Revolution. You couldnt have these machines a machine is something that converts energy that lives as one form into energy that is useful to us in another form. What is a car . It takes Chemical Energy and gas and turns it into energy of motion, Kinetic Energy, of your car. That requires machines to do that. All this came out of the Industrial Revolution. Before the Industrial Revolution there were no machines such as this. They had what we call simple machines, lever and a pulley, those dont require high technology. Those are called machines in the world office secondsment a lever, pulley, an incline plain. They make your job easier. So, it is simple. Watch how this works. I have this ledge and a very heavy thing and want to lift it up to that ledge. Im not Strong Enough to do that but if i make a ramp, then i can just lift it up little bit at a time. The distance over which i have to lift it is longer, but it takes this height and spreads that out over time so that it makes it easier for me to complete the task. The same amount of total energy is exerted but the rate at which i expend that energy is different and thats what simple machines have always done for us, and modern machines are basically empower all of civilization. Host first ten secondeds of the universe. What happened . Guest some busy moment sorry, i didnt focus in on your question about how do we know its 14 billion years. We look up in the universe and we say, okay, we see galaxies. Hubble discovered the fuzzy thinged in night sky are entire galaxies such or our milky way. Major discovery in 1926. Then in 1929 he discovers that these fuzzy things that we now identify as whole galaxies are hurtling away from one another and this is the first evidence that the universe is expanding. So, people didnt just think this up. It was an observation, and then we looked to see if it fit einsteins general theory of relativity, and it did. The theory is the modern understanding of gravity and if anything is happening in the universe its going to involve gravity. And it fits with the equations. So we didnt have to reinvent the theory of the universe because it worked, and so then we say, all right, if the universe is getting bigger, today than yesterday, and that must mean it was bigger yesterday than it was the day before. And then the day before. And then the day before. So, what happens if we just turn the clock back . When you do this, because you see how fast were expanding. Just reverse that. You can do it on a pen and paper, on the back of an envelope. Calculate what happens if you reverse this rate of expansion and the whole known universe is in the same place at the same time 14 billion years ago. That is the origin of the idea of the big bang. Host first ten seconds. Host first ten second. So, everything we know about matter that is come pressed and under pressure tells that at the temperature will rise. The simplest example is if you ride a bicycle and your tire gets flat so you ump a hand pump, pump air into the bicycle tire. Thedown feel the valve when youre done. Its hot. You were come pressing air through it. Cocome pressing air compressing air through it. So thats related. Not exactly the same thing but related thermodomestically, the science of the them thermodynamically. So i would have been hotter in the past than in the present. And so now you keep universe actually now has temperature and you can measure it. Got measured in the 1960s. Very cool. You look in every direction and you see the heat signature left over after the 14 billion years, and so now you go back in time and you say, okay think universe was hotter and hotter and hotter. How much hotter would it have been 14 billion years ago when the universe was thing big . You get stupendously high temperature. And now you ask, what is the behavior of matter and energy under those temperatures . Now you turn the particle accelerators that slam part particles together, high temperature, high energy. So you start proximate mating the condition of the early universe. Thats what an atom or nucleus does. Now you take knowledge gleaned from modern physics physics andl sis physics and apply it to the first few moments of the universe when it was hot, small and dense and that gives you a pathway in, a pathway of insights into what was going on then. Know what we find . You have an era where all part kells formed. The basic foundational part celts that Everything Else is comprised of. Light in the form of photons. We have quarks that make up protons and nudity neutrons. Theyre made of quarks, and quarks are fundmental, and electrons. And they all have antimatter counterparts. Its called the possetron, very cool name. Something that Science Fiction people pick up on. Just to be clear, we invent antimatter and discovered it. That was not a Science Fiction invention although it works great Science Fiction telling. Happened in the real universe first. Now you put bring your insights to those first few moments of the universe and say what must have happened then, given what we know goes nonparticle accelerators and they say you would be making hydrogen as the predominant atom in the universal. One proton in the nucleus. You make this much hydrogen, this much helium two protons in the nucleus, youll make trace amount of lithium, the third almost 0 of the periodic table of elements. And nothing else. We will be a universe born with High Hydrogen and helium in barely any liggum. You say, if thats sew it would mean that the very oldest stars we can find, ones born closest to the big bang, that would still be alive today, would be comprised of only hydrogen and helium. That is exactly what we measure. The very oldest stars have the least amount of heavier elements which we know from the mid20th century, from calculations enabled by the Nuclear Research from the Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb because we are calculating what atoms do. We know that after that time, stars are born, Pure Hydrogen and helium. They manufacture heavy elements in their core, then some of them explode, scattering enrichment to gas clouds that have yet to form stars. These stars hey enrichment and will make even more enrichment. Enclosed and then carry that extra enrichment to the next generation and this continues through. We, our solar system, was born four and a half billion year ago. More than nine billion years after the start of the universe. We have had the benefit of multiple generations of enrichment so now in our proto cloud, collapsed, to make the sun, it had all these other ingredients in it that it used to make planets. Rocks are not made of hydrogen or helium. Theyre theyre mid of silicon and oxygen and aluminum and arsenic, iron, cocoa cobalt, nickel and theyre in abundance in late generation stars. The lesson is however weird it is to assert that 14 billion years ago the universe was thing big i, literally this big and explodessed from there you say you werent there. How do you know . Youre right issue wasnt there. But if everything we know happens to matter, happened then, then it accurately predicts things we do measure. That is what gives us the confidence to sit here and describe the first ten seconds of the universe like we were there. Host all started with he big bang. Guest ha is there a song in there . Host do we know what that big bang was . What we can tell you is that the big bang account of the again of the universe is a description of what matter and energy was doing from the earliest moments onwards. Theres a point before which its a little mysterious to us. Its called the plank time, name after max plank, one of the many tours of quantum physics. A plank earlier than which its kind of the limbs of our limit of our able to under what nature is doing. We pick it up after the blankfein, which is one trillion trillion of a second after the big bang. Noone billion trillion trillion, is that right 1512 yeah, thats just about right. The one million trillion trillionnt of a second after whatever was the beginning, then our physics we now measure in our labs apply, and then we can talk about what is going on. Host in your book, welcome to universe, you write that in five billion years, the earth will be a charred ember. Guest oh, yeah. Its weird. Every now and then i tweet. That every couple of years i tweet that. And apparently it blows peoples minds. And i dont know if thats good thing or bad thing, but the tweet guess varies but goes something lying i in five billion years the sun will expand so large that it will engulf the entire orbit of our planet. As we that will engulf the entire will engulf earth as earth and earth will be a charred ember as it descends interest the star while it vaporizes. Have a nice day. Something like that. And people so, its just a reality. Its remarkable we can know our fate in that way over that much time. How do we know it . We will be there . Probably not. How do we know . There are other stars no shortage of stars in the universe with see stars being born, liver ought their lives and in the act of dying and you can staple these bits of information together and create a coherent story. In other words, we dont live long enough to see a star bosh, liver out its life and die. Takes millions, sometimes billions, sometimes trillions of years years and were erode around for a few decade. How do we know this . Because theres so many stars that in any snapshot of the universe we see stars being born, stars in middle age, stars dying. And we look to see, oh, these their steps of the same, arc ofa star. Just different stars that were catch agent different timesment wouldnt be any different if were an alien and took a snapshot of civilization, you would see some humans in a box underground. What are they doing there . You see other humans who are Little Things crawling on the carpet . Youll see other humans who are dont have any hair, that are little and others that dont have any hair who are older. This is just a snapshot. Can you dont live long enough to see the whole thing. If youre alien and live just 90 seconds, so youll say, how die make sense out of this . Are people born in a box in the ground and theyre all shrively and then come out of the box box and then they get littler and littler and littler and then disappear inside of another person . Or is it the opposite. You keep spreading owl these photos and then you can piece together a coherent story of what is going on, and for the stars in the universe, this took decades. We didnt just look at one snapshot. This took effort. This was major telescopes brought to bear. A lot of human intellectual capital invested in trying to understand what stars and how the why they work. A lot hoff this traces back to Harvard College observatory, cambridge, massachusetts, roomful of computers, human calculators, computers, and theyre all women because that was judged to be menial work and the men stayed in their offices doing highlevel thinking, and in this room of women, was the foundation of our understanding of star revolution, and tkaf dava sobol wrote a book, called the glass universe host way covered it. Guest yes, as an oimagine to glass ceiling, a glass universe. Little dud the high and mighty men know that when you calculate data that was collected from all the worlds telescopes on stars, thin therein was the source this seed how why stars are born, live out our lies and die. Host this, is book tv on cspan2. Our nonly in depth month and this month we have neil degrass tyson. We spend three hours with one author talking about his or her body of work, and this month its dr. Tyson. Beginning in 1989, dr. Tyson has written several books, berlins tour of the universe was his first. Universe down to earth in 1994. Just visiting this planet, 1998. The sky is not the limit. That whats fourth book, 2000. One universe also came out in 2000. And then cosmic horizons came out in 2001. Origins came out in 2004. Death by black hole, 2002. The pollute foe files, 2009, space chronicles ken last year, star tack star talk, and welcome to user and the recent book, astrophysics for people in a hurry. If you want to participate, heres how to do so. Host dr. Tyson, back to you most reap book, astro physics for people in a hurry. 40 billion earth, like planes in the milky way alone. I have two questions. What this is the micky way and how big a space are we talking about. 40 billion earth, like planet snooze so, it was hard earned to learn what the milky way was. Consider that tomorrow that we used dates from ancient rome. Rome when they built streets, didnt call the streams they called them ways. The apian way. You look up in the night sky and see a milky band of light and just called it the mick milky way, the milky straight street. In china they dont call ill the micky way. They indicate the silver river, and so this is a wellknown feature in the night sky. Imagine to just be some cloud of light crossing from one horizon to the next. It would not be until galileo and other large telescopes brought to bear on this question, did we learn that when you put a telescope on the milky band of light, it reveals itself into stars. Countless stars. That without a telescope are just so far away the lying puddles together the light puddles together. You say, wow, all right. Is this all there is . Just stars in front of our face and then the stars that are far away that make the band . It would take until 1920 before we resolve the debate about whether the spiral fuzzy things in the night sky were actual other galaxies separate from our micky way. That got resolved very quickly after 1920 and especially with hubbles observation there oar these are other entire galaxies beyond the milky way and we know theres nearly 100 billion galaxies in the observeable universe and each galaxy of hundreds of billions of stars on average. And so theres a range, big galaxies, little galaxies, but you counsel them up, 100 billion stars were galaxy, 100 billion galaxies and there you have the observable universe and these are scattered throughout the landscape. Guest does it also requires some insight to empower you to know what question to ask. So, for him its a combination of both. The stories about him where these suits and smoked a pipe and donned a partially british accent when hes from the backwoods of america. Anyhow, the good thing about science is that your personality is completely irrelevant to the quality of the work that comes out of your lab. You can praise someones work without having that to be being praiseworthy of the person themselves, you can separate the two. He works for carnegie observatories in california and yeah, i think, back then if they figured out that they should have, they would have given him a nobel prize for his discoveries but astronomer types didnt get nobel prizes until the 1960s. It would be the nobel prize in physics giving to an astrophysicist. We get the maybe once a decade or so. Host you use this example in physics for a hurry and you talk about the earth as an apple and the skin of the apple is basically where we have traveleg it wrong. Guest i can tighten that up. We think to ourselves that here we are Walking Around on the surface of the planet and were at the bottom of this ocean of atmosphere. Okay . Whereas the functional thickness of our asses. Is to the size of the earth what the skin of an apple is to an apple. What the shellac is to a school globe. Thats on that school room glow. This atmosphere is not infinite extent of air molecules but it is a fragile, thin skin on this thing we call earth. I can quantify this for you. The answer is particles associated with and the goal of thousands of miles and its a functional thickness it fades and you can say at what distancy dont you see stars in the sun during the day contract and its not because the sun is out. You cant see stars because of the atmosphere and the atmosphere scatters sunlight, rendering itself aglow in in the daytime are atmosphere glows skyblue and that prevents you from seeing the stars in the daytime sky. If you go to the moon, you can be in broad daylight but there is no atmosphere. You look away from the sun, have your eyes adapt and there is a full nighttime sky. You can ask the question what altitude above the earth do you have to travel for the atmosphere is so thin that you can see stars in the daytime. That is 100 kilometers up, 62 miles. That is the functional definition that we invoke about being in space. That 62 miles is what is the skin of an apple to an apple as our atmosphere is to the size of our planet. Host helper out and we got . With satellites or anything. Guest much farther. Humans weve gone to the far side of the moon when the moon was moving on the earth is not a perfect circle and sometimes its farther and apollo eight, or was it apollo 13 i think it was apollo 13. They went to the moon when it was nearest for this point of the earth and they went around the moon they made their trajectory and they never landed. They wanted to but they had the oxygen tank got destroyed. From the backside of the room and that trajectory they were the farthest humans had ever been for and so how far is that . About 240,000 miles away and so in terms of spacecraft the voyager spacecraft a few years ago launched in 1977 given some gravity boost like slingshot in on jupiter and saturn and i forgot the exact there were multiple planets, multi questiopoolshots to exploit thel energy of these various planets because we couldnt launch within energy to escape the solar system but it had to be had to steal energy from planets in order to make this happen and we did this quite on purpose. You do this, the voyager one, is now basically left all pieces of the solar system so it doesnt mean going just passed neptune, the last planet in the solar system but its like comments beyond that which pluto is a happy member so that we go beyond and beyond and you reach a point where the suns influence on the electronic space craft are now confused with the influence of Everything Else in the galaxy and thats a functional place to say your left the solar system and voyager has done just that. And how far away . I forgot the number. Several hundred times the earth sun distance and id have to look at that number up but it is far and its the farthest is out there. Host can it still produced . Guest but you have to ask if were learning anything and theres a cost of money to keep something online and if you keep talking to it and by the way, we go through these funding episodes often and you have something thats working but its exhausted its useful life but it still taking money. Do you shut this off and get a fresh project that will have new questions that you are answering or do you keep it going because it know it so works in you might discover some. We have what we call a senior reviews each year for some of the most respected among us get together and decide what switch gets turned off and what switch gets turned on. Thats why its important that its our most respected scientists among us because then we judge that they are being fair in these assessments. The voyager spacecraft, for this thing. If you aimed it to the nearest star it would take 70000 years to get there based on the speed it is not traveling. Give up all expectations that will be visiting other planets outside of our solar system. Host 1973, how did you end up in the Mojave Desert . Guest oh yeah. Seventythree. I attended a camp, a special astronomy camp for like the schoolkids. In 73, i was in ninth grade yeah, thats my first year in high school because back then what they called sorry, i was transitioning from ninth grade to tenth grade and ninth grade was the oldest in my middle school back then and today its eighth grade. I was transitioning between the two and i was a geeky kid as well as every other kid at this camp and it was in the Mojave Desert far away from light and atmospheric humidity which is one of the definitions of the desert and that means theres no cloud formation, very few clouds and we all lived doctrinally. You wake up at night and theres a whole slew of telescopes and we all had Research Projects and computers were early at the time because programming was we all try to program this in one of us programmed it to spew out prime numbers which is a catalyst we made it do and this was early computation bc. [laughter] so, those were some formative years of my life, ninth grade, tenth grade and 11th grade transitioning into my school and i attended the Bronx High School so the borough i grew up in and i had a telescope and a camera and yeah, i was just that was a happy summer. By the way, as a city kid that was my first time in the desert and all these creatures and nights. There was tarantulas and black widows and, not tarantulas, black widows and scorpions. They said dont put your foot in the boot until you shake out the boot. Otherwise you might get them injected into your it was like, okay, give me back to the city. [laughter] it was fun. So, my mother saw an ad for this camp and she knew that i had been interested in the universe for the previous five years of my life and why would i know to look for an ad or have that ambition and so my parents were particularly sensitive to what the interest were of me, my brother and my sister and they did impart interest upon us and they carefully observed where we expressed interest and fed those interest in whatever way best served our curiosity. Host that was cheryl tyson. Guest yeah, we just lost my father in december. He was 89 and i still miss him but he had a full life. He was a wise, wise man. In modern times we forget what wisdom is. You know there are people who know a lot and they talk a lot in their pendants and wise people dont talk a lot. They do more observing than talking. Then somewhere in their head mixed in with their Life Experience they come out with simple and easy to understand perspective that live with you. Of course they will live with you because they are the digestion of so many different pieces that you didnt necessarily have access to what they did because they live longer than you and their observed their whole lives. Host 2012, your book space chronicles came out and in the book on page 234 you write that our nation is turning into an idiotic receipt. Guest was i that harsh . Host thats why i wrote the page number in case you question. Guest okay, sure. Im normally softer with my critiques than that. Normally i would present such a statement would be we are behaving this way in these situations and if that continues would then become an idiotic receipt. Thats generally how i would afford that. I would double check. 301 when the cameras check and. [laughter] so, i think if people if they start valuing discovery or just as backdrop for space chronicles, facing the ultimate frontier. If i could just really brief back story to that. We have three hours. Im assuming. [laughter] lets see how i worded that. Okay. So, you host did i misquote . Guest know, its verbatim. An idiotic receipt in the context in which i discussed it is not a system where people simply dont know things. If you dont know something there is no crime in that, maybe you didnt study it reviewed and spent 16 years in school and he only spent 12 or 20 years in school like some people do to get advanced degrees but as an educator i would never hold someones absence of knowledge against them but the problem arises if you havent an absence of knowledge and you either know or worse dont know that you have this absence of knowledge and then you have power over legislation that should be informed by that knowledge and is not. Then you come to it aggressively in your ignorance. That is a recipe for societal disaster. Part of what it is to be educated is to have a keen sense of when you dont know something in you either do the homework itself just because you werent in school doesnt mean you can or shouldnt do homework. All right . Just because youre not in school doesnt mean you shouldnt keep learning. Thats an obvious point to the viewers of the tv, of course, but for the general population consider how many people you know might have run down the steps on the last day of school and thrown their nose in the air and say school is out. Whether or not its lost in school because theyre graduating even just any other year up until graduation, summer, i dont have to learn anymore. What does that come from . How is it that your time in school can leave you to celebrate being out of school . What is that about . What is missing in the educational pipeline that people resent being in school but what is missing where, in college, you attend a lecture but the word lecture outside of college is other words a bad school. Stop lecturing me. I dont want to be lectured. Its a bad word. What is going on. Maybe what we are missing in the educational system is a reminder that it can be fun to learn. And the last if School People should walk down the steps that that now there is an entire summer where they wont be learning. What a world that would be . Oh my gosh. Do we teach it differently perspective we select our teachers the right way and the curriculum . I dont have an answer for that and i am simply sharing observations. I know that is not helpful to just pointed out but i would claim a lot of the worlds problems would be solved if education became a joyous experience rather than something you wanted to escape from as quickly as possible. So, in idiotic receipt, i draw that word from the film it was an indie film called a theocracy and it may be able to netflix it it was a world where the people in charge did not fully understand the consequences of the decision they were making and the absence of understanding came from an absence and an awareness of how nature works and theres a scene where they e feeding gatorade to plans because the ads were gatorade said it replenishes your nutrients so they said it works for us, i bet it works for our plans. You just got to see official government decisions that had little to no anchor in reality. Yet, everyone thought it was the right thing to do. So, in the space chronicles, facing the ultimate tear, it contains an expiration of all the elements of society that might not be in a position to judge or make an informed decision about the value of Space Exploration going forward. Host that was in 2012 recently in the wall street journal an article b. This is a quote. In the trunk era says celebrity physicist Neil Degrasse tyson who says this is the most part important thing he has ever sa said, people will have lost the ability to judge what is true and what is not. Guest okay. That sentence is from a video that was posted just before the science march for that sentence did not include reference to trump at all. That was added in that editorial. I said that we live in a time where people have lost the ability to judge what is true and what is not. If you want to call the preelection era, part of a trump era, okay, but if youre looking at something on the internet and you think it is true and do not have the capacity to judge whether it is not true that is another element and another ingredient in the recipe for disaster. So, trump is a manifestation in the trunk era where what is true and what is not is that distinction is not made and it has risen to high heights and i would claim those seeds were germinating long before and it has to do with what people think is true after they read it on the internet. Our susceptibility to this. Here is something else. Again, he does sound like a broken record and if anyone remembers a broken record is that in k12 somewhere in there rather than pouring knowledge into peoples heads and declaring them to be educated for having done so somewhere in there we need to train people how to think, how to analyze, to interpret, how to be skeptical of information and then how to recognize when a sufficient data has been put forth to turn something that you might be skeptical about into something that is newly established objective truth. That is not taught in schools. This should be a class just on what sciences and how and why it works. That would transcend the physics class, the chemistry class, the biology, the geology class, general science class, this would be its own course. So that when you are College Educated and some institution has declared you graduated and a learned member of society if you turn around and say i choose not to believe this emergent scientific consensus, no, you dont have that option. That is not how objectively established scientific truths are determined. It is true whether or not you believe it. In retrospect you think maybe that is what you should base legislation on not something you want to be true or feel should be true for something that you dont allow it to be true because your religion prevented or because your political philosophy prevents it. You dont have that option. If its an objectively established truth and like i said earlier that is the entire point of the scientific enterprise. Knowing what is true and what is not and, in particular, like i said find his argument too, we have bias and we have all the stuff that goes on that every other human in this world also touches scientist and so we built the system to double check against that. If i am biased than my bias shows up in some resolve because i took some data and not others and i couldve done it this way, someone else is going to get famous for checking my result in showing that im wrong. Tyson is wrong. He must appear for it if it is shown that my bias did influence it then i get a demerit. Thats not a real thing but [laughter] it will interfere with the next time i have an interesting result and i want people to Pay Attention to it. Theres a huge cost if a scientist is somehow meddling with your data because they have an idea of what they want their data to show. It comes in a huge cost to their career but even if they think they can get away with it someone else will ultimately find it and if they show that it is wrong we dont have any result at all and everyone is back to the drawing board. So, objective truths. Im thinking that is what any law or legislation should be based on and if you paste it on anything else then you are imposing what might be your personal truth, your personal truth is everyone should fend for themselves and not get a government handout and you feel really strongly about that. Well, that is how you feel and in a free country go right ahead. If you want everyone else to feel that that is politics. Fine, go have that political discussion before congress because that will affect your money goes. Do you put in a tara, do you find, do you subsidize or not . That is a political conversation. Go right ahead. Then, the law that comes out will have political flavor to it and i dont have a problem with that but if your law somehow permits on something that is not scientifically true you are building a house of cards with a first two floors will they look stable but theyre hollow and empty and by the time you put on a third for the whole thing collapses. Nature is the ultimate judge, jury and executioner of what is true. Host space chronicles, 2012. We need to go back to the book. Guest i will not say what we need to do. All i will do im not a pundit trying to get everyone to agree with an opinion i might have to. What i do instead whether space chronicles is a collection of everything i have ever thought in written Space Exploration and so it contains articles and speeches and its an amalgam and you can dip in and out of but i will not tell you we should go to the moon. No, what i will say is that highly ambitious exercises conducted by government have huge, exhibit huge horse on the ambitions of the nations, on the creativity of the nation on the innovations of the nation. I dont think its an accident that steve jobs and bill gates were 12 and 14 when we landed on the moon. How unquestioned untrained impartial can you be or get. There it is. There is a future. You see this. You dont even have to be interested in space. You just have to be interested in the fact that new frontiers are being breached and its possible to do so. Then it gets infused into your goals and your trajectory of life. So, i am offering Space Exploration. The moon, mars, beyond, does it matter but if you go into space it is adventurous and you have to invent stuff to make that district. The upper tier you will have to invent because you can just use offtheshelf things. You will have to use and invent things and never been used or invented before and that takes ingenuity, innovation, clever engineers, scientists working together and you might even need clever lawyers. Why . Because oh, i want to live on the moon. Owns that pot of moon surface . Is it in my homesteading i want mine asteroids for middle resources. Should anyone own the asteroid . Thats a whole legal frontier. Everyone can become a participant in this and when that happens the government doesnt burst because the government doesnt have to satisfy quarterly report. Government can open new industries as it has done for him as it did with aviation. The government, monies from the government prompted innovations in innovation in its earliest day because oh and airplane now we can carry mail to the air. Once the contract . They said i want the contract and i can carry four bags of mail and someone says what im using the same plane as you but i can make a modification and i can make the hall a little bigger and i can carry a little more fuel and they say i can carry six bags of mail. So theres a race to see who would then get government contracts to carry mail. What happens . The six person says i can carry 30 bags of whatever. Im making up these numbers but the sounds of it is correct. At 30 bags i they say i dont need to carry mail but i will put chairs and i can sell seats and thus was born an entire industry of aviation because of certain investments of the government makes that then enable subsequent entrepreneurs to exploit the new place that the technology has taken. So, we go into space and i say we have a whole fleet of launch vehicles and where do you want to go today perspective want to mine in asteroid contract that is fine. These two rockets together and bring your own equipment because i dont know how to dig on an asteroid but you should know. There you go. Oh youre a biologist . Will look for life on the surface of mars. Strapped these together and there you go. You wanted john to run the moon all of a sudden the solar system becomes our backyard. Again, to do all of this requires huge levels of innovation but i would claim that once this first round of innovation that can establish the cost and the risk and the returns on investment than private enterprise comes in and they do their thing, as they always do. Its no different from the Dutch East India Trading Company coming in after Christopher Columbus self was sent by spain. He comes back and says where and how long it took and quantifies things that you can make a Business Case to exploit. If you can find another way to infuse an entire nation, even the world, with ambitions of tomorrow that will trigger innovations of today thereby assuring a future of health, wealth and security because that is coming from technology and its not coming from any other branch of human existence but science and technology are going to give us tomorrow health, wealth and security. Im simply offering the expiration of the universe as a force of nature operating on our innovations on our urge to innovate and if you have something else, put it in. If it works it works better, go ahead. I have yet to hear a better example. Host another quote from space chronicles, nasa operates on our hearts, minds, on the educational pipeline all for one half sent on the tax dollar out of the billion dollar a year do you take billion and divided by the budget, i forget what th guest it runs into halfpenny on the tax dollar. He pulled up a little dollar and take scissors and cut one half of 1 of its wit you dont even get into the ink and when people dont even say my wife when we have problems here on earth that is assuming we took all the money we spent on nasa and applied it to the problems on the earth that those but the problems on earth would get solved that presupposes that you dont actually know how much nasa is getting. If you asked the people who complain about nasa and heres a tax dollar and you ask 50 , 5 know, one half of 1 . When i tell them that they say i didnt know that. All the nasa centers in the Cassini Mission which is now eight saturn and all of this is in the one half of 1 on the tax dollar. I asked and pose the question to you how much is the universe worth to you . Host one more observation and then we will take your calls. You have been patient and we spoken for an hour now. You got two hours to take calls in here from doctor tyson. First i want to show this and i am not getting it right. There are four books you have here. The total files, space chronicles and origin. What is special about these books . Guest they did this and i was very impressed the publisher, norton, these different books all have different colors and they are spacey covers as you might expect because all the books are on the universe and so i decided to make the bindings matchup into a coherent image. This is the famous ring nebula not sure if you can see. There we go. Its the ring nebula. The death throes of the star, our son will look Something Like that so in the center of this is the remains of a star that once was and its outer layers expanded into oblivion and so now these have expanded hugely, much bigger than what is the extent of our orbiting planet. There are tons of these in the night sky. This is how we know stars died. This is one way. This is a nonexplosive death. We have examples of explosive dust in their much courier. It looks like stellar got spewed forth. This is stately and like a smoke ring. Now you have to get all four books. Host put them in the right order. I couldnt do. Lets begin with a question the email. This is from a young man named bradley. His parents both work at cspan, they both worked at cspan for a long time. Guest did you give him preference to get his question first . Host yes, i might have got the email directly and this is for maple and she says my son bradley who is 11 has a question for doctor tyson. Heres a question. When going to the planet what aspect of traveling will be most important . Guest great question. There is a lot of thinking about this. Especially at this Johnson Space center in houston. Nasas headquarters for the man space flight. So, they worry about food, not only is there enough food but will you like food if you get bored with food will that affect your morale . And then you are less effective doing other tasks. Do you need comfort food prescribed you need exotic food . International food . The water supply. Is there enough water . Do you recycle the water pressure if you recycle the water that means it collects all of your urine, filters it and you can get that . Is that too freaky for you to do . Water is not uncommon in the universe but in space its hard to get to and you have to blast through a comment if you want to supply of fresh water and we dont how to do that. Other things the time in the close quarters with only one or two or three other people in the months and months and sometimes years. Theres a whole psychological dimension to that. Can we remain emotionally stable over those times . On earth people kill one another and they get into fights and even in the film interstellar theres an astronaut facing which is like nonetheless, they showed it and of course it is to guys and the astronauts are fighting on an alien planet. There is that. Will they miss their family or loved ones at home . Theres the fact that if you fly without creating artificial gravity that you are weightless the time and are you actually motion sick or do you get used to it work if you get use to it are there any other factors on the body . Your body expects one gravity, 1g, we call it. Its the equivalent of earths surface gravity and if you go to centrifuges you can decrease the gravity but to space if you create artificial gravity good, if you cant, what is it like to be weightless for a year we already know some of the answers because you lose bone density and you have the bones of a frail, old woman and if you keep this up there for what exercise will give you the kind of resistance that we live in moving against gravity. I reach for this cop and have to lifted against gravity. Little things we take for granted are not something that is normal when we are in space. All of these factors have to come together which is why you cant just send any old person to space. They have to be healthy, they also have to be competent in performing tasks and you might want to throw in a medical doctor if the crew is large enough piece of the might happen to you physiologically then you need engineers and you need a combination of expertise so that the collective safety of the crew is preserved. All of this matters. Theres another book i could recommend by mary which is called packing for mars where all of the Little Things you have to keep track of and we interviewed her first our talk and theres a whole section in the book which you did bring today. Host i went through it but it was too heavy to bring. Guest to have a . Universe has some weight. We will do this in 0g next time and then you have no excuse. They can toss the book and it will float into your lap. Great question. Host mary has been on this program you can go to booktv. Org and you can watch the three hours with author mary roach as well. Bernie and howard, you have been patient and you are on with Neil Degrasse tyson. Caller its a pleasure to listen to mr. Tyson. I have a couple questions. First, does the big bang violate the conservation of energy . Could it be that we are going to have a bigger crunch followed by another big bang followed by another big crunch in for an item . Id love to see you run for congress. Senator tyson sounds really good to me. ; you. [laughter] host bernie, why have you thought about this big bang . Do you work in a scientific field . Caller know, the big bang especially as interesting because its almost a religious question. I think that it is still possible that you can make a case for the universe to have been here all the time for ever and originally there was Something Like a steady state theory which was abolished by the big bang but it doesnt seem to preclude the idea that the universe is always here and if the universe saris here that we dont need a creator. Thank you. Host that is bernie in untrained. Guest a couple of things. All evidence we have ever obtained in the history of this exercise and since the beginning of cosmology which came to us from einstein and the hubble and others they gave support or for it. It includes a belgian priest, even by the name of george, was generally considered the father, figurative father of the big bang. He wrote down the equations using einsteins new theory of gravity to show that we would have the beginning in the past. So, all data ever obtained is on the google and its conclusion that we are on a oneway expansion trip. One way. Host no crunch. No slowdown do not that a class is prohibited by einstein in gravity by any other sense of the universe could do but we have to be in the universe where that is not the case so it is simple. Now, given that its only a oneway trip that means we had a beginning and the entire big bang description takes us from the beginning into the unlimited future. You might then ask and im putting his words into a question in his mouth but what was around before the beginning we dont have data for that. So we dont know we have top people working on it. One of the ideas which actually comes naturally out of the extension of einsteins gravity and the extensions of the six is that there may have been in multi verse in a multi verse would then preexist our universe and were a bubble that came out of it out of possibly infinite other bubbles for other universes with slightly different laws of physics manifest within them. Imagine that the universe was always there, not our universe. We had a beginning but maybe the multi verse was always there. That is possible or maybe the multi verse had a beginning. Maybe the multi verse is one expression of what a meta universe creates. If theres a meta verse then has bubbles of multi versus that back creates universes then is there anything to prevent that in principle . No. That philosophical trajectory is not fundamentally different from thinking earth is it. No, no, one of the planets, get over it. Its a demotion and then we say what about the sun . Force. The sun is just one of a hundred billion other sons in the milky way. The milky way, of course, its one of the 100 billion other galaxies. We have good precedents for recognizing that the universe is bad at making things in the ones. That may be true even for the universe itself. There could simply be multiple universes and i think that may have been to our three of his questions. Host there was he asked and you talk about this in several of your books and your talks is the religious aspect to the Big Bang Theory and then have you ever considered running for office. Guest when you use the word religion it comes with certain expectations of what it means and here in the west for most places of the world when you say religion it involves a document of some kind, the document that describes what you should believe even in the absence of evidence. That tells you about what conduct you should have in the fact that belief system. Okay . In science you can put forth an idea that doesnt yet have evidence but everyone is looking for evidence and if he cannot generate evidence for it then it ultimately would simply be discarded and put on the shelf. Evidence does matter in this. If you want to call it a religion with evidence okay, thats a very fresh usage of the word religion in your vocabulary and i dont debate words with people. I dont value time invested in debating definitions. Tell me how youre using the word and ill tell you whether it agrees with it. Using the word religion in a way that allows evidence to define what it is people think, say and do then find, its all religion because thats what science does. It finds evidence that defines and discovers the truth of the world. That is not simply how everyone else in the world is using the word religion. Theyre using it to refer to some kind of spiritual elements that require face in something being true rather than evidence of something being true. Host political office. Guest i was asked by the New York Times there was some impasse several impasses ago in congress and they thought they would have fun and ask people who were definitely not politicians what solutions do they have forgetting things through congress and fixing things and i think the way they asked was if you are president what would you do and what solutions you have. So, i wrote back if i were present i wouldnt be president. You can find it, its on my website. If i were president. Google that in my name, tyson. It might take you to the New York Times but i duplicated it in my website because they cut out a paragraph that was not enough space so the full response to that question is there. It comes down to the expectation that if you run for office you somehow can change everything and i am not convinced of that. I a little contrary here. I use the little opposite of what a lobbyist does. Lobbyist go straight to the politician to influence politician in ways that serve the interest of the lobbyist and who they represent. For me, any elected official represents people them into office. As an educator what matters is not so much the official is but what matters is what does the state of enlightenment of who is doing the voting because if people, for example, all new and recognize what kind science is and how it works they would never even dream of voting for someone who doesnt know that. That person would then not represent your full interest. I would rather educate and electorate so they can put people in office can make scientifically informed decisions about everything they do rather than just install myself into office and lead people dont yet have this knowledge for insight. That is not wise. 88 of Congress Stands for reelection every two years so you can convince one congressman or another but then you have to start all over again. You educate the electorate, we are good. I go to the bahamas and let people will take this country into the future rather than back into the case. Host next call comes from david in east canton, massachusetts. Good afternoon, david. Caller hello. Another Family Member of mine i was telling him that you are on tv and he suggested i might want to watch and hes told me something that he heard and i dont know how accurate this is what the story is but basically he said something about something called an m drive that supposedly can drive us patient quickly and im wondering is an m drive a real thing and if so what is it and how does it work and id be interested to hear about other possible drives for spaceships for longdistance travel like the mars or even further. Guest that is a great question. Let me give back story. Right now our rocket ships and were still using we call Chemical Energy. You have some molecule which when you break it apart it releases energy. In chemistry we call exothermic as opposed to endothermic where the action absorbs energy. We experience this covers the cold taxi to buy in a drugstore where you squeeze it and the packets quoted as an endothermic reaction. Then yet he packs with the opposite happens. You can get very clever with your chemistry and make this happen. Rocket engines are and of make so you squeeze the rocket left mac know, its highly exotherm exothermic. We have had chemical fuel since Robert Goddard back in his expense in the 1920s or so. Very little has improved in our capacity to tell ourselves space since for a hundred years, almost now. Theres been some talk about other kinds of drives. One of them is a solar sail or you can use propulsion from sunlight that you open up a huge sale relative the size of your craft so that you get maximum pressure from sunlight and that can accelerate you and accelerate you for free and the way you move around is you attack a sailboat you attack into the wind or away from the went but here there is the sunlight. Then you can navigate the system and maybe you would ship cargo that way and it would send people faster in the future of space expiration need not be limited to Chemical Energy. There are other drives. Theres a Pleasant Drive for you very hot gas and you let very high speed particles come out and the hotter the gas faster the particles move. That is a very low but hypertension and youre not going to accelerate very much one particle comes up this accumulates. You can ultimately accelerate to very high speeds doing so. All of these frontier means propulsion and you can go real fast with them and instead of taking nine months to get to mars you can take a month perhaps. You want to go visit saturn instead of taking 20 years will take two years. But even if you got to the speed of light, near the speed of light, you want to cross the galaxy, we will watch you do this and by our time reckon it will take you hundred thousand years to crop the galaxy at the speed of light. So, the answer here by the way, you will age much more slowly so you will get there without much time having a lapsed but we sent you will see you take 100,000 of our years to do that and this is not a realistic we wouldve all long forgotten about you by the time you get back if the solution is still here. None of these drives solve the interstellar travel problem. We lived in a million years as individuals sure, who cares takes a thousand years to get somewhere. Sure, its an interesting place going to but what we really need is for most. Wormholes. You open a door here and on the other side of the door your in another part of the galaxy. By the way, viewers of this program probably read more books than see movies but theres a movie called monsters inc. , the animated kid film with a lot of adult humor in it too but these are monsters that work in a factory and these are mantras sole job is to scare little children because of course, whilst be a monster . This factory makes doors. And they have the door and its just a door but they open the door and go through it and it is the door of a childs closet. They emerge from the kids closet to then scare the child and then they go back to the door and there back at the factory. Thats it. They didnt say that in the movie but that is a wormhole and thats how it would work. Host would work. Guest yes, and i tried to recover one time because i was in a Charlotte Airport and i had to go from a big plane to a little plane and i swear i walked 5 miles and is probably just a mile but i felt impossibly long and i tweeted trying to be clever and said i cant wait to we have wormholes so that all gates can be just adjacent to another. Gate 400 is just the other side of the gate number one. Someone put it back doctor tyson, if you have wormholes then you wont need. [laughter] i said busted. So, thats one its not proven. Guest it works on paper but we dont know how to keep one or because they could collapse and the best places in Science Fiction. Until then will be pretty much earthbound. Host if he left right now it would take us nine months to get to mars . To you cant leave right now. You have to leave one mars and earth are properly aligned. So, its a remind people you see mars in the sky and you start traveling to it and no, you half to travel to where mars will be when you get there. Its a matching, trajectory that matters and its what we call the minimum Energy Trajectory that is one where you burn your engines and shut them off and you close to mars until mars pulls you into its gravitational influence and you fall towards mars and that takes about nine months. If you want your engines the time which can do yet. Dont know how you dont have enough fuel and had filling stations along the way you can do this. You fill up, burn your engine and then you are accelerating to mars. By the way, that would give you gravity inside the ship because the strip is accelerating. We have to torn down and you decelerate to slow down but if you do that, you would get to mars in weeks. But it would take a vote load of fuel to do that. If the fuel was cheap, you just need fueling stations, why not . Host in from california. Youre on the tv. Caller yes, im in the area theres a show with im choosing mr. Tyson said. I had a question about einstein. I want to ask about Human Potential instead. [inaudible] is for instance right now theres a women astrophysicist in hawaii wants they know what they want to look for and they want to build a telescope in. [inaudible] they have to build it in the Canary Islands or something. I was just thinking just another example would be in terms of particle physics there was supposed to be a supercollider built in texas in the late 80s or early 90s that would replace the one that is in europe right now because of the texas publican saying we cant build it or pay for it and they can pay for wars but they cant pay for, you know, science. I was just wondering at this point we probably would have figured it out but right now maybe to understand Kinetic Energy and host you covered a lot of topics. Will get a response and a second but do you work in science . Caller i wish. Im unemployed but im actually on my last leg. We need universal basic income. Im trying to get some books from the library on john carroll. Its hard to concentrate. It is at 14000 feet above all moisture that could interview her your view and the universe. Airflow from the ocean across the mountain is what we call laminar instead of turbulence of the images you get are sharp rather than blurry so, in recent years there has been resistance to adding more telescopes to the mountaintop. It has come about from native hawaiians who value the mountain as a sacred place. And so if we are in a culture that respects cultures as much , if not more than science, you will get locations where you want to build something technological that conflicts with the religious or cultural or spiritual were sociological value and so you dont and you build it somewhere else but this happens. So, these are choices a country makes. What has manifest is that if there was a telescope that was going to be in hawaii but is now the Canary Islands which is spain and we were going to have a particle accelerator but now its in switzerland, it simply means we will lose the leadership in those areas and others to come as long as that continues. That is a reality of this. The interesting, one of the many interesting things about science is that science is not a national thing. Its not anybodys national thing. These are objective truths being explored in the objective universe. If the United States doesnt do it, that doesnt mean no one else will. Other nations will rise up. For example, the Largest Telescope in the world today which focuses on radio waves used to be the telescope in puerto rico, the largest dish in the world. Many movie scenes are filmed there including several important one. Now the largest Radio Telescope in the world is in china. If aliens were sending signals to us and we have to find it out of the dim of cosmic radio noise, the chinese will be the first to communicate with aliens, not the americans. And so, this will continue. Its one of the signs of the United States is fading on the world technological stage for there are many, but these are part of them. If you do not think science matters, then in the future, you will be buying products innovated elsewhere. Your Economic Health and stability, you can still be a functioning country but youre not going to be leaving the world in anything that will be shaping tomorrows civilization. Host steve, Anaheim California, please go ahead. Host steve, anaheim, go ahead. All right, i apologize. Steve is not there. You brought up, what was your relationship. I think the press occasionally overstates what it was. I met him when i was 17, just the an Anonymous High School kid, but what was remarkable, he was already famous so he had not yet done, he had been on Johnny Carson and the tonight show multiple times. He was already well known and i applied to cornell where he was on the faculty and on known to me, the Admissions Office sent my application to him to get his, and reaction. It was dripping with the universe at the time because i had known him since age nine that this is what i wanted to do. He sent me a personal letter inviting me to tour the campus and visit the lab so i could make an informed decision of where i would attend. So yeah, i said yes. I got on the bus and went from new york city to ithaca new york. This was in december in the winter, it was cold and he indeed met me outside the building and took me to the lab and showed me the lab. I grabbed a book of his shelf. He signed it to me. I thought wow, thats bad. Wherever his hand lands is a book that youve written. He just grabbed it off the shelf. It was his book, cosmic connection and i still have the book. He says to the future astronomer carl. And so, by the end of the day, he drives me back to the bus station in the snow, not an uncommon thing in ithaca, new york and he said heres my home phone. If the bus cant get through, just call and you can spend the night with my family. Im thinking, im nobody from nowhere and i remember distinctly thinking, if im ever remotely as famous as carl, then i will have a duty and obligation to treat students with this level of kindness and generosity that he had exhibited with me. I didnt ultimately attend cornell, but that was an indelible moment in terms of how to behave in the presence of others who have ambitions on tracks you have laid or tracks you are on. Thereafter, i attended one of his talks, he gave a couple talks, he blurred my second book, universe down to earth came out in 1994. I wrote a letter and said i dont know if you remember me, i was a kid who did this. It was my second book and so he read it, wrote a blurb and set on page 17, i think you have a typo. Its this, not that. Thats how you knew he went through the whole book. So, that was it, until his widow who was one of the coauthors of the original books, a woman with huge talent in her own right, deeply insightful. In fact, for me i would say he is one of the most enlightened people i have ever met in terms of you ask her question and she will say, i can just sit there and listen for the next hour. When you meet someone like that its a great thing. I was invited to host the followup on cosmos to the original and she continued to coauthor that with a colleague of mine who also coauthored the original cosmos. The two of them teamed up for this project, but other than that, i had a few encounters with carl, maybe five, but we werent hanging out at each others houses, it wasnt that relationship. Nor was it a mentorship which you would presume you get that with persistent oneonone exchanges. Let me pose a different question. Do you actually had to be close to someone for them to serve as a mentor. I dont think you do. You just have to be aware of the examples they set. And what place they occupy in society. You are observant and they are successful at that, then just simply being aware, and if you are receptive to it, being aware and being receptive can, in its own way serve as a mentor. I can think of him as a mentor, but if you use the word it gives a different impression than what people might be expecting of the word. Comedy day jobs you have right now. I claim only one day job. Everything else is a night job. I am director of new york city planetarium. There is another Hayden Planetarium in boston sort of buried within the Boston Museum of science so doesnt have its own storefront. Its the same hayden foundation. As famous as it became in new york, it was the fifth planetarium after los angeles, pittsburgh, chicago was the first and theres another one i keep forgetting in there and then came us. So, all that happens very quickly like within ten years or so back in the 1920s and 30s. Between 1930 and 1935, five planetariums were not. So, he was alive when they gave us the money, but the foundation existed and theyre still active today. They give money to programs that help kids after school boost their interest in what it is to learn. So yes, director of the Hayden Planetarium at the museum of history. But i also enjoy writing for the perfect day for me is when the phone doesnt ring and theres nothing in my inbox and i can just right. Also, i want to get back to the lab, thats not something ive been in much lately, thats the proverbial lap at the computer reducing data from telescopes and theorizing things that can be tested, just being a scientist again. I greatly miss that. Its now very small fraction of the time i am best, but im possibly delusional in the ambition that im visible enough to other people want to do what i do and then they rise up and all the media starts focusing on them and i can sort of back away unnoticed. And then i go to the bahamas and recover and i sneak into the lab and no one even knows im missing. Im just gone. All these other people on the landscape of science, thats my ideal future. However delusional that plan is, i think about that time. So theres that. When im invited, i give public talks although i cant honor all invitations, i get about 200. Month which is an impossible number. Severe triage whittles it down between zero and four. Ideally we put them together so its a rapid succession and i go back home. So theres that, theres the universe flinches and i get a call from the press for knowledge of the universe and science and i live in new york city so, its a major newsgathering center. We have cnn although the headquarters are in atlanta. Also, some of the talkshows, the daily show, theyre all here as well. People who fly in and stay overnight to appear on those shows and im home for dinner. I say honey, ill be home in 20 minutes. So, thats a lot of time and effort, more than you might think because you might see me on for five minutes in the evening news interview, but theres the precall and gotta get there an hour early and you got it going to make up and change and look presentable so it shakes out, its like bites of the day. What i dont have that many other people might have are long stretches of ours were nothing comes in. Theres a different kind of thinking and creativity that will manifest when you have long stretches when youre not tugged in 20 different directions. Theres an old saying which i agree entirely that says if you want to be more creative, become less productive. How do we define productivity, 50 emails and shopping and i did this. The cup productive i am. Yes, but did you create anything . Did you have a new idea . Did you invent something. Have it reflected on reality. There is a whole other thing that the human brain does given the opportunity. I try to carve out some time in the week for just that. Who is honey. If youre saying honey ill be home for dinner. I dont actually say honey, but thats, my wife alice, we are both foodies. Not crazy foodies, but we are in the door. When the front door but not in the middle. We care about ingredients and how the food tastes. One of my great regrets is when we finally perfected dish , it means we can no longer order it at a restaurant because it means we make it better than they do in going to the restaurant is no longer special. So if i say so myself, i make a really excellent rack of lamb that i can know a longer order in a restaurant because its not as good as mine. That takes that off the list. My Roast Chicken is pretty good too. Swaddle order chicken and restaurants anymore and must at some very fancy dish where the chicken is incidental to how fancy it is and then you see the artistry and the chef. We will go to a restaurant that is slightly more expensive than it should be just to see if something rises up on the menu. We care about food and wine and we also go to the theater often. I love a good corny musical, a good dramatic play and we have the luxury to be able to do that is residents of new york city. Host richard in arkansas, you have been very patient. You are on tv. Caller hello. Its a pleasure to speak with you. My question is, around the fourth century bc, there was a great name who discovered something called procession. For all those climate people out there, would you please explain procession and the effect it has on this planet. Sure. Thank you for the questions been to he was brilliant. I just imagine what he would be discovering today if he woke up in the 21st century world. Use show them all the tools we have and of course he had are the any tools. He had a brilliant brain. So the procession as we have our earth. You rotate will generally process. If you have an elliptical orbit around the sun and heres the planet repeating that, over time, the shape of the oval will turn even though the planet, the shape will move around the object. That would be the orbit. Next, we have an access and we point to the direction of the north star. However were not fixed in space doing that. We actually wobble. 13000 years from now we wont be pointing toward the north star, we will be pointing toward a different object over here if there even happens to be one. This is the procession of the rotation. The way it manifests is on the night sky, earths equator projected onto the sky and it actually drifts across the constellations over 26000 years. What this means is the first point of area, as in a astrologist will tell you is that the sun is entering on march 21, that is the declaration. Beginning march 21, if youre born in the next 30 days, the astrologer will say you are aries. The sun is in front of the stars at that constellation. People didnt know about distance so they say son was moving through the constellation but the sun is right in front of us but its not really moving at all. But they didnt know this back when they laid all this out. Asserting that the universe is controlling your life. So this first point of aries actually drifts and its been about 2000 years since this was laid out. If you now look at maps and ask what is the sun doing what its march 21, it is not entering aries, its a entire constellation shifted from that. Its a whole constellation off. When you go to your horse go and you say im a scorpio or libra and it tells you what you should be thinking or doing the name of your astrological sign actually has no correspondence to whats going on in todays sky. It is a holdover from what people used to think 2000 years ago. It is a free country, region horoscope if you want. I wont stop you, go right ahead. I would expect people voting for people in charge with no they dont put someone who thanks the universe is influencing their life in charge of other people who know that it isnt. From your most recent book, astrophysics for people in a hurry, some of the water passed to the kidneys of socrates, genghis khan and others. Is not a question . If you could explain. In that part of the book, i tried to make sure in astrophysics, its not a very big book but theres a lot in there. I wanted to make sure every ten pages there is something there with that would blow your mind that would be true but you have to gowhat . In fact, i had to. Reporter that to fully absorb the significance of it. Heres the point. In this couples water, there is water in here. There are more water molecules in this couple water than our cups of water in all the worlds ocean. Thats how small molecules are. What that means is if i take this and toss it out, theres enough molecules in what i tossed to enter every other possible cup of water anyone draws from the worlds water supply. Theres enough to scatter to every possible cup of water in the world. If i drink this, it comes back out of my body in some way or another, any halfdozen ways so that reenters the environment. It goes through clouds and streams and oceans, give it enough time and it mixes complete so, socrates drank a glass of water. It is a certainty that some molecules of his kidney are in this class that you just drank. This is a statement of the conductivity of life and our existence with one another, the interdependence of what it is we do and how it is we behave. Its not only that by the same reasoning there are more molecules of air in each breath you draw then there are breaths of air in all the earths atmosphere. Every breath you take contains molecules that pass through the lungs and certainly the nitroge nitrogen. Molecules scatter quickly and easily throughout the atmospher atmosphere. Some of those molecules pass through the lungs. Whoever is your historical favorite, jesus, it wouldve passed through their lungs. So, you want to think about them as separate and distinct from one another. We are connected to the world. Is there something you studied that you just cant get your arms around yet . That you just cant quite grasp. There were some things i can get my arms around you was too big hours to weird. As a lead off the book, commenting that the universe is under no obligation to make sense to any of us, i dont have as a requirement that i can one day put my arm around it, i can just accepted that its there. You accept it because the evidence shows that its true, not because you had faith where you wanted it to be true or you need it to be true, its because observation and experiment has demonstrated the truth in that statement. Doctor tyson, you tweet, this is your twitter handle, heres the tweet you sent out on march 11, 2016. I occasionally wonder whether the entire universe is nothing more than a snow globe on the mantle of an alien. [laughter] occasionally you wonder that. Thats all. The universe is all we know. Its our entire existence. Look at what we do, i dont know if this is still a thing to do, when you have an aunt farm and is a little sand here and theres the ants, just doing their thing. I dont know if theyre happy or sad or thinking about it, but do they know theyre in an aunt farm . Do they have selfawareness . Today have any idea . Do bees know you are about to steal all of their honey . They are pollinating plans and coming back and making honey. Do they have any idea we created the world for them whether its a be farm . Any idea at all . So we get to do this because we are smarter than they are so we can outsmart them and create an environment in which we think they are happy. So, we outsmart our pets. We feed them and continue to feed them. We do things that because were smarter than they are dont it makes a difference. Can we know that its just for the entertainment of the animal. I know you dont want to think that. You want to think we have free will and that were in charge, but are we . I remember what time of day. I dont remember when i wouldve posted that. Host here is an email from michael in gainesville florida. He says are we alone . Why are there any evidence of ufo . Is there any evidence of ufos . Guest are we alone on earth . Or are we alone in the universe question we are not likely alone in the universe. If you look at how common the ingredients of life is, hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and carbon, we are made of this stuff. Its everywhere we look in the universe and so, whatever happened on earth, its not likely to be rare or unique because carbon chemistry on which life is based is the most fertile kind of chemistry there is and carbon is abundant across the universe. Its not an unjustified bias. The universe has been around 14 billion years. Particularly microorganisms. We have no reason to think of them as aliens. They havent built the ship but its alien life on another planet. Have we been visited, thats a different question than whether we assert theres life out there in the universe. We have people looking for life in the universe. We try to be clever about how we conduc experiments. On earth, what the ufo community puts forth as evidence is weak on level that in any scientific circle would be kicked out of the labrum. We have things like eyewitness testimony. Im sorry, this is not working. No. If you walk in to a conference and say this is true because i saw it, were not saying you didnt say it, were simply saying you cannot present that as evidence for something you want all of us to embrace. A picture of something that you dont understand. Its better than on is. So if it is unidentified that is what it stands for, unidentifi unidentified. We dont know what it is. It is a mystery. Okay. Good. What do you want me to do about it . Okay, so my point is if you have seen a ufo, remember what it stands for, unidentified. If you say i just saw a ufo issue to be a period at the end of the sentence but people keep talking and say i dont know what it is therefore it must have been into what shouldnt aliens from outer space coming to observe us. But you just said you didnt know what it is because it was unidentified and now youre telling me what it must be. You admitted you did not know what you were looking at precludes the rest of the sentence that came out of your mouth. Okay. Im not going to stop you from trying to find a wa aliens but i have little confidence in your claim is. Go right ahead and do they usually been ably and i need to do better than your video camera showing that its unidentified into something than the eyewitness testimony ideally. You are good to go. Im not going to stop you from doing that. Everybody has a video camera today. Everybody. Where are the flooded posting of peoples backs. Inside the flying saucers shaking hand with the aliens . Video of a rare phenomenon now because everyone has a video camera. We have cameras of buses tumbling in tornadoes. It was the day you would say what they go home and get my shoulder mounted video camera so i can fill this. Looking at the night and the day sky. Because the phenomena of the sky i can identify it. Theres clouds ththis clouds thf mountaintops that take circular form and some are called lenticular clouds but they are very high up. Its circular and looks the world like a mother ship just came and talked over the mountain top. If you get abducted and poking you, as all aliens do as we are told, told him look over there and smash something off the shelf. Look whawhat if i stole one froe alien space craft we could then take this to the lab and see if it is an alien manufacturer. Host every guest we have on in depth we ask who are they reading, what are some of their influences like this and these are the answers we got. T from n host we asked you your favorite books, influences and what you are currently reading of the show that to the audience that you sent us extra notes that are just titles you gave some explanations including on the day you were born you say this is one of your favorite books. Its a book if i knew how to write a Childrens Book i would have written but i dont have that talent she did. It is a very simple and beautiful account of all the things that are going on in nature at any given day of the year but do get to read it to the child. Its what it does as a planet and what the whale is doing in the ocean it is a walk through nature. But nature is that the person to whom the child you are reading the story is being exposed. Host the book youre currently reading science and humanism you call it a mid century assessment of the role and value of. As it may have been influenced by the politics and culture of the time, 1950 is the dawn of the cold war and. But it still rewards were divided the worlds powers and it made seminal contributions to the quantum physics. We have several books that have been written for the public. One of them is trust life and Health Physics manifest in biology. Host 202 7488200 in the east and centraeastand central 1 for those in the mountain and pacific time zones and we will also cycle through the social media addresses so you can contact us that way if you cant get through on the phone lines. We have about 50 minutes left this afternoon and have her in Jacksonville Florida youve been very patient. Please, go ahead. Caller it is an honor to speak with you. I have a question about your education. I just finished my bachelors degree two weeks ago in communication. How could you figure out how to agree you end up paying for it. Guest advanced degrees on the academic subjects as opposed to th a medical doctor at all school and that sort of thing when i think of academic subjects, i think you have to really, really love the subject whereas in medical school you dont have to love medical school to know that at the end you want to be a medical dr. Things will not always go as you want them. In the sciences for example you designed the experiment and nothing works you dont get the results you expected. If all of what i just said is h. For i dont want to be in that situation, then stayed away, but if in your life youve learned to love the questions themselves without regard to if you ask a question that is designed and experimented to answer then this is the place. It can be hired by corporations. Then how do i pay for it. In my field we worked as a teaching assistant. Many people have roommates but after that its still not all that much but its more creative than we arthen we are talking ae happiness of your life here. It is a contrary view that most people have. 15 years, so what. We all willingly walk into the 30 year mortgages but we buy a house. Dont buy a house if you were going into debt so how do we justify, the real estate value will be high here at the end, so this is an investment, thats what we tell ourselves in for a lot of times it is true there are important exceptions especially in 2008. But lets look at your education as an investment. We are investing in new enlightenment and future happiness. Shouldnt that be worth at least carrying some debt like the debt yothatthat you would be carryina home mortgage. So i was never afraid of death and i was in debt from college and simon graduate school. I got a payment in graduate school so i didnt pay off my college debt for what would it have been, 15 years later and asked myself if he kept going up, im not talking about a lot of money, just going from Student Money to regular person money all of a sudden the deaths but i accumulated years earlier with smaller and smaller. The need to thousand dollars i remember paying 10 a month to start off. They got the first job you could pay 50 a month and then 100 a month. So yes, i was investing in myself and my future. So, thats my answer. As they say if you pick a subject to study that you are in love with, then you will never be working for the rest of your life you will just be having fun. Host the book the sky is not the limit essentially the autobiography in many ways, the memoir. Harvard university of texas at columbia and i think that favorite sentence in that book is to set ones genitals on fire seems like the absence of a creative solution to the money problems. Guest was that a question. [laughter] host if you want to expand on that. In high school and college, i was very athletic. In high school i was the captain oof the high schools wrestling team and in college i continued to wrestle with my first love was rustling and i also was a performing member of two different dance companies. After our suite into this strip club for women and i was like really buff at the time and i could do things a stripper might do under all those situations that they describe, so i said wow, i probably wouldnt have struggled as much, i know i wouldnt have struggled as much if i had a roommate but i wanted to live alone and spend four years in college so that increased my expand this and so they invited me down just to check it out and i saw this with the best strap that had been set on fire that had been ignited and they were shaking their heads to the Jerry Lee Lewis great balls of fire and in that instance i said maybe i should be a math tutor. And i embarrassed tha embarrasst solution didnt occur to me earlier because of course i could tutor math. I majored in physics. I tutored math for some dollars an hour and that was fine and enabled me to make my ends meet. It was great seeing you early on today, doctor tyson. I try to catch moments on tv. You had to go from one area down. He went there awfully quick. My first question involves what ive seen on the science channel called how the universe works. It involves a feature that was a possibility and involved a speed of th matter exiling faster than life within this reach because of the force of gravity. My question relates to if these conditions were met outside of the black holes and happened near a planet or solar system, what would be the effect of such an event occurring . Guest if i understand the question correctly, somehow accelerating back to the speed of light in beyond the speed of light and would affect would that have on its environment was the question so first of all whether that is feasible to accelerate a material body to the speed of light and beyond it. You could get close to it youre not reaching the speed of light, and so we joke that the speed of light is not just a good idea, its the law and its not a matter of we havent invented a way to do it yet which is the case in the sound barrier. Consider anyone that said whenever go faster than sound ever except that crac crack thau hear is moving faster than sound. Not only that but we had guns at the time where the bullet emerged from the therell faster than sound. Such i as a man will never go faster than sound, just know because you dont know how doesnt mean that you never will this is not an engineering limit, it is a physical limit of nature. Weve tried and its never worked, and theoretically it is not possible. Now im going to take the question beyond the step. We hypothesized about such objects. You cant pass through the speed of light but you can exist on the other side, and if you do, then you move backwards in time. The first part of this is lets say that i see you slip on a banana peel and fall and i saved like me prevent death because i can send him the text. So i send a message and say watch out for the banana peel. You get a text and what do you do, reach in your pocket, pull out your smartphone and start reading it. You get a text that says watch out for the banana peel and then you slip on the banana peel. He wouldnt have slept on it if i didnt distract you with the text. You would have been walking down the corridor. So that is an interesting case where the act of trying to interfere with the past created the very thing that you tried to interfere with. So theres still a lot more thinking that we need to do on the frontier of time travel. Thats an example of may be happening and theres nothing you can do to change it because the act of trying to change it created the event you were trying to change. Host i just saul on booktv you list agnes clerk as an influence on astrophysics and a remarkable set of books. I have most of the books. Its a golden age of astronomical discovery. We dont think of it that way because we have bigger telescopes today, relativity, quantum physics, all of those are 20th century discoveries of the 19th century if you were around at the time, you would have been celebrating how far science has come. That is a golden age for your nevermind what happens later. I wrote a book on the sun in 1985 and we learned so much i have to have a new addition celebrating this little bit of five years of discovery. The popularizer of them modern astronomy. She would have written that book so i was delighted to learn that there were people that cared enough about science to then learn about it. There is an observatory that i dont know about and the more the merrier. In 2007 you wrote the book death by black hole a gentle man who in 1901 said there is nothing new to be discovered in the specifics now. He had a certain arrogance. Theres no understanding of chemistry or biology without chemistry. The countries that we get to the ego as a physicist and that is one of many examples where he is just kind of saying things he had no business saying. But the quantum physics from down the pipe. So thats got to be the most embarrassing statements ever uttered by any scientist. And the temperature scale was named after him by the way. Host the sky is not the limit came out in 2000 that it ended without us knowing the composition of 90 of the matter in the first. Its not that we dont know what 85 of the matter is we dont know what 85 of the gravity is. That is a strictly accurate statement. We see stars and planets making that happen and we have 15 into that includes everything we could think of and no of, gas clouds, moons, planets almost added up to 15 of what is driving the gravity of the universe. Then the number is even higher so with some precision, 95 of everything that is driving the universe today which includes what he called dark matter, which ive referenced in that quote, those combined can measure the existence of the know nothing about them, they are driving 90 of what is going on in this universe into each of them gets a full chapter in astrophysics for people in a hurry. Its how we came to discover the greatest mysteries in my field. Host just from Anaheim California go ahead we are listening. Thinking of things like this gap and stuff like that. Its had the effect of gravity on us so if you were in this environment for a long time or populated planet of the devolved from there where theres a different gravity but that fact the electrical and chemical signals in the brain plaque . Guest that ibrain . Guest that is an excellent question and its not likely and experiments show the answer is in fact no for most things that matter. Consider the following. When you are standing up. It isnt pointing in a completely different direction. Where does the blood circulate at all. It circulates horizontally. Why should we think all of a sudden everything will just stop, not only that but the electromagnetic forces are ten to the power of 40 times more powerful. So all the electrical phenomenon going on in your brain doesnt give a rats asked about gravity. Gravity. Its functioning completely independent of it. Now we have been going on in a liquid lets say. If it is microbes floating around they dont care about gravity either. So the chemistry of the molecules doesnt care either and its why any of this works under these different conditio conditions. Then everything weighs less than if what on eartit was on earth d be bad. You would be a weakling on earth unless youve lifted weights to get up to counter waiting everything to weigh as much as it was on earth and then its the same as you remember. Then the export of medical problems and among them none of them is the capacity for thought. This is a first. Another time cspan employs key with two sons and they dont send the them in for the politis they send them in for you. Theyve been having a weeklong debate that even took place for passover in the grocery store. Jack, 14, wants to know since there is matter and antimatter is there antimass since theres the existence of mass and what there was asked the big bang and what triggered it. Guest it is and vs at the first pass that antimatter shouldnt have antimass. They were not familiar in our everyday lives but the particles live with this like spain and angular momentum into this sort of thing. The simplest thing to ask is can that mean and what would that mean that it is antigravity and this is a consequence of that question. It turns out it does not have antimass nor does it have antigravity. And the equations are such that it doesnt matter what it is made of it will attract you no matter what because yours actually drops out of the equation. To determine how much it is going to attract you to meet some know there is no negative mass. In the original it showed up as a negative mass and the question is how do we interpret this. It could have opposite properties justifying the term of antimatter. It was in the frontier of the Cosmic Research we have top people working on it but otherwise we dont know for su sure. So, one of these at the time. So we dont know me know that it exists. Guest it is on my bucket list like the largest machine in the world that europeans interpret a Nuclear Research, i think that is how you parse out that acronym the largest particle looks at accelerator in the world. Host george from eagle colorado, please go ahead with your questions were immense melloan or comment. It is a pleasure to talk to you. I have a question thats always been interesting to me can we ever harness gravity and use it for propulsion . That is a great question and thats been on peoples mind peod forever. If there is a way to do it, we have yet to figure that out. Lets imagine that we have a suitcase that we can harness the force of gravity for control the force of gravity to either control or reduce it and there are still people to this day that thinks that there is a room you go and you are floating in a zero gravity vroom. They did so merged in the Swimming Pool in Houston Texas and russia has a counterpart in russia as well. So, just think if you can turn off gravity righ gravity rightse launching pad of a rocket, then the acceleration and wha it whas if you went from zero to one. So we just have not figured out how to control gravity in that way. Its always been associated with mass or energy. January 29, from neil degrazia tyson it seems the world goes back to ship crazy every few decades just long enough to forget the last time the world went crazy. Guest people reacted heavily to that one. What do i mean by that . The first world war, is this what we call civilization . We are digging trenches and wholesale slaughter of other human beings and then decades later the Second World War 1,000 People Per Hour were killed in the second overcome a thousand per hour. You look today like maybe there is a terrorist attack in the Headline News of the last several days. Im glad that it is Headline News but that tells me how far weve come a when it was not itself news. The terms are what political gain have we put into place what happens after that a few years after the vendors vietnam and you go further back and its the civil war and slavery. I dont know, i just felt compelled to reflect on this wondering whether the natural urge is to sink back into some kind of crazy behavior and then we have to react and slowly built ourselves out of it. I want people to reflect back on how it has happened before. They were crazy thinking this how could they think this way. What were they thinking. Ask your self in 2 20 years but they will be saying about us. I do a lot of the reading of history and science and culture and in the books printed in the day. He looked back at the movement and the banishing of alcohol and say how could they have done that. Articles in the Atlantic Monthly is filled with accounts of families torn apart by the drunken husband comes home and they cost this is to the society. Use the buildup. Its fair and if you were a life back then there is no reason to think you should do this, this is stupid. You just watch how it takes everybody with it culminating in an amendment. We had an amendment to banishing the production and sale with the consumption of alcohol outside of the churches and religious ceremonies. So what will people be reading about today it is obvious cant you see through. So i think about this all the time. Host any significance to the fact that it went out a week after the inaugural . Guest uninsured is something. It wasnt so much the election but then theres the reaction was what he says about the election with the inauguration, and i think that it was just a total conduct of everybody at odds with one another and at war with one another and killing one another, saying things you cannot imagine in a civilized world you would say to one another. I was just reacting to that. Host you worked on commissions for the past two president s, correct . Guest . I wasnt on an Advisory Committee to him and right now, towards the end of obama into the trump administration, i served on a board of the pentagon. So i have an occasional tour of duty. Im delighted to serve just as a citizen. If i have expertise and insight, that can help governments eyeing would be irresponsible to decline such an invitation. And of course they reimburse food and whatever but otherwise it is unpaid so it is like civic duty because they would never pick me for jury duty. Host just a couple minutes left. You might be the last caller, go ahead. Caller i appreciate your passion for science and sharing it with us. I have a simple question. And the analysis, you can often point the center of an explosion. The big bang is sort of like an explosion. Can astronomers point to the beginning of that and what would they get from looking in that direction and others . Thank you. That is a great question. The big bang explosion its one thing to think of an explosion like a fireworks display or balm for the musically and be and bei watch isaac but then there is a limit to where those analogies can take you and there is a point they will fail so because it is an explosion not only in speespace and time, the four dimensional explosion, you dont have access to it. The center for the explosion was 14 billion years ago with everything that exists today was in the same place at the same time. So when we go back you might have heard of this analogy to the surface of the balloon where we lose one dimension just so we can describe it among ourselves in ways our human brain is wired to see if so imagine the universe at the surface of the balloon and call little spiral galaxies and as you insulate the balloon, the distance between all the galaxies goes on and that is what is going on in the universe gets not just because they are separating from one another within the space commute is because the space itself is structuring and this is by the general theory of relativity. So heres the universe now but yesterday it was a little smaller. If you want to ask where is the center of this surface, thats like asking where is the center of the surface of the earth and the question has no meaning. You would know not to ask that because it is the wrong question given the geometry of what is going on. I can ask a different question, not where is the center of the universe, i can ask when is the center of universe and it is 14 billion years ago so the timeline is pointing straight out from the center through the surface of the universe that we live in. That is the center of that explosion 14 years ago. Caller i am in second grade and saw you in memphis. My question is about black holes. I want to know what is in black holes and how do you know it . Guest you sound like you were in college by the way, so there is hope for the world. If you are in seventh grade, you would have been maybe 4yearsold when i published the book death by black hole. So theres a discussion about how they can tell you about what we know is if you are standing on the surface of the earth and wanted to escape earth unlike what your grandmother told you what goes up must come down is false. There is a speed with which you can talk about things so that it never comes back to earth and we call that the escape velocity. And the bat speed is 7 miles per second. When the astronauts went to the moon, they had to travel that speed i so they would just fall back down to earth. They would need enough speed where the moon could pull them in a way from the earth. So they traveled 6. 8 miles per second but thats about 7 miles per second. You could imagine if it were stronger you would need a higher escape velocity to leave and never come back and that would make sense that sun has a higher velocity than the earth. Lets continue this exercise is something John Mitchell did dav, an astronomer from way back centuries ago. He said suppose i have a star that with such high gravity light traveling at the speed of light is insufficient to escape. If that were the case, it was just dark and. And they call this a dark czar. This is turns out requires einsteins equations, not the classical depictions of newton. When you do this you have what we call a black hole. We have examples of them in the galaxy. You cant see them directly because there is no light coming from them as you would expect sometimes you can see distortion of the fabric in space and time so it gets distorted. The most common way is when there are gas clouds that come near them and it spirals down into before it enters it radiates blithely. We have xray telescopes as powerful as the hubble space telescope. We have them in the space that find and map them across the galaxy. Host you have one minute to answer this question from your book space, coles friday april 13, 2029. Guest there is a close approach of an asteroid. We call them close calls but they are not. You are invading our space. It wont hit us from either of those two days there will be a close approach and better headlines when it does. Host Jeffrey Donovan wonders whether the inhabitants should be worried or not worried about the asteroid. Guest yes. One of several ways we will most assuredly go extinct is an asteroid that we discover too late and too late to do anything about. It reminds me of a comic if they have been in the new yorker there was a dinosaur laying on a rock and the other one comes up and said now is the time to build an asteroid Defense System and the dinosaurs were just laying there all lazy just kicking back in their jurassic laziness. Yes, we should have a Defense System in place at all times but we dont. Host nailed the grassy tyson has been our guest at his most recent book is astrophysics for people in a hurry. This is book tv on cspan2. There are ebooks on my reading list first is the path about Chinese Philosophy in some history books that look not just at the history of mankind but also the future and that is sapiens. Host what did you learn from reading about humanity and how you really apply it to the job . Guest im still working through the books right now, which is really the history of the future. So it is a fascinating account of where we have been in the past and how our species became the dominant species o on earth was really looking at what the future has in store for us with incredible advances in technology. I am very involved in Autonomous Vehicles as the senator from michigan and this is the biggest technological since the assembly linline in the thomas and the ts will transform our society primarily because of the Artificial Intelligence systems the pilot these cars. This book takes a look at what does that mean and what are the incredible advances that it means for the human species especially as we search to integrate these technologies according to the author into our own bodies in terms of the Information Processing and nano bots to deal with the disease enhancing strength and enhancing our longevity and the mental abilities. Its very thoughtprovoking. What got your attention of the philosophy . I have a masters degree in philosophy. Its one of my passions i think broadly about some of the abstract ideas that are important for the culture but im not that familiar with Chinese Philosophy, so the author is a renowned teacher at harvard, his classes on the Chinese Philosophy. That is one of the most attended classes, and he guarantees in his class but it will change peoples lives if you Pay Attention to the words of the chinese philosophers and that will change your life in your everyday living so im looking for word as a guy that spent time studying western philosophy to take a deeper dive into the Chinese Philosophy

© 2025 Vimarsana

comparemela.com © 2020. All Rights Reserved.