In many cases theres lack of inclusive policies within the government and youth are often part of marginalized group themselves. So young women, young youth with disabilities, youth that are part of other maximize ethnic and groups within the country that theyre operating inches they are facing further obstacles to participation. The other other thing we see is a lack of skills in order to advocate and a dress grievances nonviolently. Knowing how to get involved with some of these processes. Theres a high tolerance of violence, is perpetrated by protesters, by young people who are often encouraged to take to the streets on behalf of Political Parties and others. Its also perpetrated by police, by a culture in countries where there is a high tolerance for violence. This has been seen as an appropriate tool to engage. The last point is a sense of meaning, i think were all looking to lead meaningful lives on it comes to young people it is an important or intense time. Youre trying to figure out where you are in finding meaning. Thats found in different ways wethers economic meaning for your job, whether its a sense of political participation, or, or part of us will political movement. It makes youth particularly vulnerable to people who are going to exploit young people. Theyre susceptible to Political Parties who want to use them to mobilize them, and susceptible to groups who are providing this sort of a sense of immediate light to be something bigger than them. Its critical that this changes over time, it changes country by country. Thank you very much. I know im not supposed to be commenting now because were talking about regional issues but we got a good entry points including the fact that regional generalities can also change per country and likewise we can see global trends. I want to pick up on a point that she made on multiple marginalization and the concern that we have in terms of persistent challenge of youth and looking at a young women in particular and young girls and their access to the political and civic process. This is a concern that isis has. We see of course if we look at the girls themselves, the issue which i know is a priority here at the u. S. Government. Its girls education, its a key piece to access for girls into the political process. Oftentimes in regions where we work around the world, parents, communities have to make choices of who had to go to school. Young, poor, girls are often the least recognized and their families and in their communities as needing this education, or the choices made between the sun and a daughter and the sun is chosen for reasons that tie to a number of cultural understanding. With the sun we can invest and hope for our future and community, so not to put the burden squarely on the parents either but i think the lack of access to education is a key moment for girls. Another piece of that in terms of societal burdens on young girls as early marriage and pregnancy. Making sure that girls can stay in school so they can continue to progress in their society and become leaders in their societies. We talk about politics in particular, there is this masculine av of politics that this is mans worker boys area of work. That is Something Else we try to work and break down the barriers. To do do so as soon as possible is critical. To raise one more point on this, is also security. Many of the places we are working our unstable. Societies are breaking down or attempting to transition to peace and oftentimes in those places women and girls, their restriction is severely, their movement is severely restricted which means they cant necessarily participate in meetings in public life in the same way that men and boys can. Thank you. Thank you very much. There is a lot to unpack in our discussion with these challenges. One followup i want to ask our panelists because it came up more than once, i like to explore the idea of Political Parties collecting a movement. Maybe it looks different across the region but can we talk more about how that might happen or why joining the youth wing of a party might be of interest to a young person and how the party abuse that position. The example that comes to mind is behrendt d which is a country im working in currently. One of the major issues through the past electoral process is the ruling party is essentially created a youth wing for its Political Party to act as, its a very militarized youth wing of the Political Party. They act as goons essentially. They strongarmed people into behaving the way the ruling party wants them to behave. They join the the protest, there are reports that they would dress up as police men and initiate violent confrontations with protesters in an effort to have everything spiral out of control. That is somewhat of a current extreme example but with many rebel movements out there in the eastern congo and in the great lakes region, there are certainly other forms that are equally extreme. Where that becomes attractive to you to join, again were talking about you that dont really have much in the way of opportunity otherwise. Where also talking talking about political systems in which resources are very concentrated in the political system. Its not a very diverse economy. The most immediate way to get access to resource on a meaningful scale is through political activity and for youth in this area the only way to do that is through militants type of engagement. What does that mean for the future to mark can young people who are part of this Movement Come back and serve in Public Office and i crept way you mark. I guess that depends on what unfolds through this conflict. One of the major challenges of in general is how do you bring these actors and a particularly young ones, the line between the victim and perpetrator. They can be seen as both in some sense how you bring stability back in once things and move forward. Ill just make two quick comments. When youre looking at who are part of the party theres a bit of lack of control there as well,. Jessica did you want to add anything about coming back from. Its a huge issue and it relates to deescalation of conflict to art topic of radicalization and how you attempt to bring those who have been citing back into more democratic process. It something isis is struggling with and many of the countries we are working in. The reintegration of young men and boys, this is an enormous challenge or from a gender perspective were very concerned about how to address the issue of whats more exciting, running around around with your goons, your boys and an ak47 or sitting round town Hall Meetings and having conversations about politics. Its not so easy to make that transition and make that shift in a society that has been unstable, unpredictable unpredictable and unsafe for so long. I think thats a key piece that were concerned about. We also cant treat you as the same, they are individuals and come to this for their own reason. I want to recount an anecdote that i would been following. Its been recounted by somebody who i follow on facebook who had been part of these protests and she talked about some of the youth who are perpetrating violence in the majority of the group had turned against them and were trying to get them to be arrested or have Security Forces take them out. They engage with the youth and Start Talking to them about some of the issues and these youth, along the course of the day became some of their biggest allies in terms of preventing the protest from becoming violent. I think theres a sense of engagement with young people on a personal level personal level can make a big difference. Thank you we have talked to the panel about some of the challenges, some trends across regions, i would like to ask if we could turn to some of our programmatic examples. The programs are designed to address these challenges and it would be nice to hear more about what we are doing in countries. Im going to lean on you first. If we think about is a larger scene some of things we can do to address these challenges, one of the first things i would say is that we do need to focus on building more of a culture of democracy, of civic awareness, and civic mindedness. Especially among youth and targeting a younger audience than we typically target. Not only voting voting age youth but slightly younger, gradeschool or secondary school level, this is something were hoping to be doing in tunisia and working with the ministry of education within the School System itself. We hope to be working with them to introduce the idea of voting, will be doing simulation for youth, introducing the idea of civic responsibility, concepts related to democracy, et cetera. Its important to introduce this at a young age because when people grow up with the concept of democracy they have different expectations of democracy. In the middle east and north africa reaching, people are trying to figure out what democracy really means whereas people who were raised with democracy has higher expectations. When i was reading about some of the recent protests in south america some of the youth leaders were saying they werent trying to topple democracy or, theyre trying to work within and had High Expectations of what democracy should offer them. To to bring people up with these concepts earlier on would have higher dividends and higher impact on the system. I also think in our program we support youth groups, we try to empower individuals as well as Youth Society organizations. Some examples i can give our work that we have done in tunisia with a youth group called iwatch. Its a youth based based group that we helped over a twoyear period build their capacity and skills to monitor Campaign Finance and advocate on issues that are important to you around campaignfinance. Also in libya we have worked on a Womens Leadership Program which help young women understand concepts relate to democracy and civic awareness, and also help give them skills to allow them to be in the public. By that i mean they gain some skills and capacity to be able to take what they had learned and use it and internships they had got. Many of these young women went on to take positions that like the prime ministers office, office, i think our Partner Group also hired a staff member and some who joined the staff of the Election Commission. So giving them actual hard skills that they can translate into the workplace is important. Finally it mainstream youth activities throughout the program, this is the way we can sustainably introduce youth programming to our projects. Youth are a big part of the citizen tree in most countries and we need to think about youth when were designing things. Also making sure that governments is able to take youth concerns in a constructive way, facilitate a twoway dialogue. Many youth feel like their voices are still not heard, that they are not being consulting, that theyre not having decisionmaking power. I think one thing isis can do is facilitate some of these consultation and dialogue this is the type of thing that were hoping to do with our democracy form in the future. Will be connecting youth groups with the Syrian Government and the opposition counsel as well for increased conversation. Thank you. You illustrated clearly the classic problem that tension between wanting to affect a change from outside the system versus engaging with the institution. Young people sometimes have difficulty navigating the transition, they are passionate about the issue and passionate about not wanting to engage with what is seen as corrupt or ineffective body. Programs that can help build those links do tend to be sustainable and effective. Thank you matthew would you care to share. Sure, i think in some sense and i touched on the little bits all of the work that isis does which is essentially aimed at building strong and sustainable Democratic Institutions that actually deliver on deliver what theyre supposed to on the economy and society. It is one of the key aspects of promoting engagement in general went but specifically youth engagement. Its almost meaningless to talk about engagement if there is in some sort of a working government with which to engage. If there there isnt that link between the active engaging and eventual result that come from it. In that sense, all the work has sort of an engagement component to it that said, we do do specifically work with the u. K. In our programming. In africa we have one great example, its one that is just starting of a very start youth focus project. Its in kenya, we are doing a youth survey, were trying to address the low rates of registration among kenyan youth. It will start with a survey theyll try to get an understanding of what why they are registering in such low numbers and from there therell be a Civic Education campaign that will be designed to get more youth to register. Along with that will be working with the administrative education and the institute for Curriculum Development and the Election Commission to develop a secondary school curriculum. Basically a civics curriculum which are kind of rare and africa. School curriculum that is focused on civics and how to engage appropriately with government institutions. Thats an exciting opportunity. Up until now are engagement with youth in africa has been more mainstreamed and most specifically into civic and Voter Education because that something we do a lot of in africa, there is a huge need to spread information about how to vote, why devotes, why is a democratic system an ideal system for africa. The way we do that, one way is to directly youth work with youth organizations and the delivery of civic and Voter Education. We are tapping into networks and systems that are ready exist to reach out to youth. The other is to make sure civic and Voter Education is happening where youth are. When we do facetoface Civic Education we make sure that our partners are going to schools to do it. Anywhere youth may sort of gather, school is the big example. Finally developing civic and Voter Education messaging that appeal to you. So think of radio shows or comic books that appeal to youth, weve done done song contest, weve done electoral caravans that sort of get out the vote and kind of a party on the street kind of thing. Thats the way we specifically reach out to you. Not to. I think the electoral caravans were done sort of as election day was getting very close and it was done in hand them with more set substantive Voter Education. The goal and i think they were quite appreciative and quite visible, the goal in the drc the day of the election could be a pretty tense day. There may be fears that there might be incidences of violence of the idea was to create a festive atmosphere or promote a festive atmosphere right before the elections to help get out the vote. Thank you. I want to make one quick comment about the need for a radicalization and the level of violent extremism in Different Countries. Its worth noting that some of this is domestic and some is international. The form of radicalization is different and there are couple number of activities that are similar across regions but some i wanted to highlight on the asian side include, training we work on in countries where the violence is localized in domestic. In those areas we have a Training Program called pay p ave and we train local leaders and members of Civil Society who come to these trainings and learn ways to get involved that dont involve violence. So is understanding the roots of violence, understanding how to fix electoral process, understanding what, understanding what types of activities they can become involved in. How to hold town halls, how to lead peaceful rallies, we also build other Skills Including debate and advocacy skills. Filling that gap of skill building. In afghanistan we have a debate exercise where people learn how to debate and then go on to debate internationally. In some places we work we tape workshops and its an opportunity to explore ones faith and what that means in terms of democratic values. The aim is to equip people to talk about the things that are on their mind. The ideas that that they are ready had but to provide them with the vocabulary and resources into articulated two other audiences. Another area area of involvement is Leadership Camps. We do it in the philippines, bangladesh, these are opportunities for people to have an intensive but out of school Civic Education experience. Then they can gonna do things within their own communities. It could be anything in their communities that are of interest to the youth. It could be could be waste disposal, clean water initiatives, having discussions about the levels of violence in society or bringing together groups that are fairly benign but that dont often come together to have this discussion. Maybe i will leave it up there and answer some of the next question. I want a quick followup so the issue students are dressing, of a projects of the students design. Theyre all designed by the students, i think thats key. Weve discovered through practice and its a bit awkward to talk about this when youre not a silly young person but its key to note that we work with local organizations better step by young people, our staff in most countries are young people themselves. The young people pull the answers come from the young people who participate, theres i think it goes down to exploiting her manipulating youth to support issues if theyre not coming from the youth themselves. Theres two more things i like to touch on. Id like to go back to some comments from jessica, you talked about the unique barriers that young women and girls space, i would like to follow up and ask you what solutions are available to these barriers . Im happy to talk about those but first i want to take a positive knowledge that todays wednesday. On the hill this is an important day for congressman jacksonlee and her colleagues, they wear red on wednesdays so i tried to find some red this morning in my closet, in memory and supports for the abduction of the girls in northern nigeria. I want to speak to this issue for a few minutes i think its a great think they are doing to continue to wear red on wednesdays because this is an issue that is happening to young women, young boys around the world constantly. Theyre going to school on their parents assume theyre going going to learn and then they dont come home. Im not an expert on nigeria but i did live in north uganda for a long time in a similar incident happened in 1996 in northern uganda. Girls were abducted, hundred 39 girls by the lords resistance Resistance Army and taken into captivity. Similarly, there is a mounting support, not quite at the global scales and in fact i was in uganda when the last girl was returns. It was not in the same year, it was was 2009 so quite some time afterward. Please dont give up on that campaign and lets not forget about those girls and other girls and boys around the world that that they were leaving for school in the morning and are now in captivity for armed violence. So my apologies for that advertisement but i think it is an important one to acknowledge. Prioritize inclusion as part of our work, we understand that not everybody can participate in the same way. Whether thats a women, men, persons with disabilities, the lgbt community, were looking for ways to reduce those barriers and find pathways to participation. For our work with young women and girls, one was mentioned the leadership project and were doing this work around the world, i just want to say that we have similar projects and themes that we address but theyre quite tailored to the experience of the girls in those particular countries. For libya for example theres an interesting dynamic in that libyan most but girls are educated, some are even highly educated with advanced degrees. Then they go home, they dont work in libya. During the arab spring many women were outside of the home for the first time participating in the revolution. After the revolution they went back behind the walls again of their homes, this leadership Leadership Program targets those young women and we included an internship to say and to help support efforts to say what happens after education. It doesnt mean that you just go home. I want to mention a fumble that we maybe did. We recognize and support the fact that for young people we need to create an enabling and supportive environments and involve family members. We did not anticipates as we held our womens training that there are be so many husbands and brothers showing for the womens leadership training. This was something our Program Staff quickly found meals and these kinds of things for the people who come to support their young girls and women that are moving outside their homes. So we are learning from the different contacts that its a critical piece, we must engage family members, we must support them. In our reiteration beyond the initial training we are including the men that are supportive of their women to participate in these trainings. We are not accidentally providing meals but sort of convening them to say, what is it that is important to leadership equality and wire we all gathered here today. In burma, many young people were involved with our womens leadership training. Theyre very focused on Community Peace building, thats what they wanted to get from these leadership skills. The program was more tailored to that. Matt talked a lot about civic and Voter Education, this is critically important. We have survey data from around the world that says women who consistently lacked the information about how to register to vote, how to participate as candidates and so targeted campaigns aimed at young women and girls is critically important to inspire interests. Theres a great interest called running start that is usbased that focuses on providing pathways for women to politics. One of their ideas is that tenure is important to Political Leadership so the longer you are in power the higher up you go, yet women tend to start in politics later in life after theyve had families. That means they are quite junior when they come into an elected position so this is to inspire them to start earlier and to continue. I think thats a critical piece. We need women and girls participating in political and electoral processes, we, we also need them to lead those processes. Thank you. I come to youth work from a general inclusion perspective, so all the programs i have been have been involved with serve both girls and boys. Its refreshing and needed to have a discussion about particular Education Needs and support needs that girls would face in furthering their Civic Education and leadership. Thank you for those comments. There is one other theme i would like to explore we are sort of shifting gears a little bit but i think its something that needs to be raised. So often used in an Information Technology and social media are discussed in sort of the same breath, much has been made of the social media role and recruiting young people to extremist movements i would like test our panelists whether technology and social media have a role in engaging young people for doing the exact opposite. If you could share his thoughts about that and perhaps a programmatic example if it exists, where we have been able to do that successfully. Absolutely, ict has a big big part to play in youth programming today. We solid social media and the internet did for the revolution in 2011. People were. People were able to share immediately photos, videos, upload and talk about their experiences as they happen on the ground. And that engage much of the global audience in those movements as well. Of course we also see internet being used as a tool by organizations that are highly skilled at using such tools, they use it for recruitment, they target young groups and young people by creating games, providing content in different languages. There are games that simulate defeating your enemy, going on war missions, their social media so the opposite of games for change. Speaking of women its a tool that can be used to reach women who cannot leave their home. Young people can educate themselves on their own time, they can do it all in their house, house, with their computer and smart phone. This is one of the main ways you use to speak with each other, and bond with each other and create social identity online. So just as the internet can be used for that we certainly need to be thinking about how we can use it to further Civic Engagement and political engagements to counter this content as well. It can be a platform for positive engagement and so while discussing Civic Engagement might not be as interesting as some of the more radical propaganda that is out there, as implementers we certainly need to be thinking about how to incorporate ict to create a venues where youth can bond with each other. Where they can find entertainment which enhances the idea of Civic Engagement, perhaps the media celebrities, videos, music, games. In tunisia we are working to create a game that would teach young people about democracy but also remind them about the exotic registering to vote and how to register to vote. In libya, there has been a campaign to get young women and others to register to vote and this can be done easily if they can do it online, its a platform that can be used to engage young people that theyre out there and voting. We can use internet to create ambassadors on social media, youth can be investors for change for propagating ideas related to Civic Engagement and democracy. Are there any recommendations on how social media can be used as a tool or leverage in places with low internet connection. I know its its an issue that we talked about in the office and i think its an important want to bring up here because all a goahead. I dont know that i have any real sort of suggestions on how to successfully use social media in places that have low internet penetration. I do think technology has a Critical Role to play in engagements. I think its one of the things, even more true for youth than it is for the broader population, the world is becoming increasingly technological and each generation is more comfortable and responsive to technology. One thing i would say, although technology certainly does play a role its not a silver bowl. Its its not going to solve all the problems. Just like with all Development Programming you need to be careful and keep in mind the effects that technologybased programming might have on people that dont have access to that technology. Typically most countries and those in africa those who have access to technology our middle class denied the most disenfranchised to begin with. They are the ones who are somewhat engaged. So you have to be careful when using technology that youre not reaching the people who are already engaged in disenfranchising those were not. Thats something that runs through development in general but that needs to be repeated. Technology is innovative and sometimes seems like the solution to all our problems. I look forward to the day where we stop talking about technology is new. We obviously meet young people were young people are. We hold the afghanistan debates over skype, route we reach out to our partners in and we use social media to reach out. This is already happening, as we have some innovative discussions within our organization and talk about what we do once the drones are more pervasive then what do we do to use that technology. We will be also engaging those toolsets will all young people when they become a reality as well. I would like to say in addition to supporting the robot babysitters that you once suggested to us, the good news from a gender perspective on social media and technologies that we are seeing in our global surveys, from Different Countries the gender gap is actually disappearing. There is a quality and you on social media among young people which is a good thing. The bad news of course is that traditional gender problems persist. In a place like nigeria we see strike strong usage of young men and women on social media, facebook, twitter, but when we asked the question would you support a woman as president , the number for youth are actually worse than for older people. Im not sure what thats about, i think it means we have to do some of the longerterm cultural work to address the image and participation of Women Leaders and political processes. Thank you. I think thats a powerful point to pause and open up the floor for two questions. Before we do, thank you again to our panel for the comments that help framed our discussion. Will open it up and take questions from the audience. The microphone is in the center. If you have a have a question please make your way there. Please introduce yourself and share your affiliation and let us know whether your question is directed toward a specific panelist or if i can exercise my right as moderator to assign. It seems common to all the panelists in each region and each theme that Civic Education provided to youth who happen to live in countries where government is either unable or will you to provide itself comes up a lot in your discussions. Other Success Stories you can provide for Civic Education programs which have not been an adopted by the government or by schools, or just spread on their own. Thank you for that question, can do any of the have a desire to answer. In a few countries we work very closely with the ministry of education on these, so when its willing to engage with us will work with them on the curriculum. In some places were able to work with universities on Seminar Series and we engage on that as well. Thank you were very fortunate to be joined from our partners. Hello, you talked a lot about the Great Program to do around the world. Im wondering if theres anything that u. S. Policymakers can do to help promote this engagement. Excellent question, thank you. I mentioned about the girls in social media and support for young women and girls around the world. These types of things are extremely important but i think to invest in these programs and making sure that we look at this cohort specifically. We talked about it including on our programs but also targeted support, weve talked about youth bolds is a negative but also as a positive. The title of this events and radicalization, i think our panelists have done a good job to removing the onus away from the youth themselves and explaining the structures that they are attempting to respond to and work with are failing them in a lot of ways. Government pressure and bilateral pressure between the u. S. And some of the countries we are working is also extremely important. Targeted support for youth and continuing pressure to make sure the government structure are really responding to the needs of their community and not just sort of a hypocrisy to continue their continued power. I would like to add that its very useful to remember that this is a long game. Democracy takes a long time and there has to be a lot of investment made. Its not something that will happen over night and expecting you to adapt to things that would happen in 2011, in an environment that has not been conducive for them to be able to adapt and learn, and bert build their skills is something we need to keep in line. We need to invest for longer term. Investing in a Younger Generation is also important, not necessarily if the youth are voting age only but also those who are going to be coming up to age. Good morning, i have a theoretical or ethical question. You talked about how we cant treat you as a monolith in society. So what i have a question is is how do you engage one particular demographic such as women without alienating another. In your opinion is the risk of alienating another group were thing gauging is that it risk worth taking . Thats an excellent question. It reminds me of a story when i was in northern uganda and having a town hall meeting and we talked about engaging youth and how their marginalize. The older man talk to me is that i need to be engaged as well and it was sort of this aha moment, especially in a place that is recovering from a 20 year conflict where you can point out the multiple marginalizations of the un caps upping its categorizing. It started with idps and i was all these things and you realize you do have to address all of these issues and engage the entire community. Where there are limited that is the first question. I am curious to know how your system operates in terms of output based indicators especially with african countries as complicated as different factors which is most of the time many parties especially this stage are hesitant to except International Support on this issue. Those are some tough questions. [laughter] reality is we do not work with a lot of fairly a difficult and firemen said rich governments are not receptive for the assistance we would like to give them. In practical terms we do have the weight of the Donor Community behind it so there is some support from there and in many cases we could not do the work that we do without that kind of support. More broadly speaking when working with these situations, ifes tries to identify basically on what we can accomplish and what we can do. That is the strategy that we employ. We are very much technical experts. Approaching the work from that perspective the basic basically have International Best practice that serves as an entry point to working with organizations that may be skeptical of International Assistance but in terms of working of promoting or encouraging the voices of the use to be considered by government authorities, again it is a long game so i think the support we give to organizations that are already working in that space or there are already indigenous dialogue process that is focused on the youth so to the extent we can support those and build their capacity to ring gauge with the government on some level to understand the influences they could have by their sheer numbers is the way we can approach that in the long term. And have a comment also. Very quickly you hear its not a solution but in some cases i would argue it is in particular where hope is lacking but i think were looking at that to provide examples from other countries to celebrate those opportunities that exist because about hope you dont have anything. Justin example where we are working in west africa wade to provide Technical Expertise but that is driven by the agenda of people we are working with so we did womens leadership training and they said they q for the skills we want a agenda gender quotas so it was not derived by ifes but what they wanted to do with the skills that they developed it is an important part but i just have to say that we are busted. We are getting democracy and governance sector is a late comer to this issue and it isnt so easy to measure behavior say behavior change it is easier to say ted minds but it is critically important with the value our work to see the needle moved. With a progressive and Strong Department working on of the up quantity and death and also the qualitative. That we introduced Civil Society to the Election Commission for the first time from all over that countrys in burma. To have no way to save its introduction has sparked a whole new way to engage the train different segments of society and that is a key piece looking at the qualitative side of things as a lot of knowledge. To do similar programming and other countries are those to run for office those are points every capture when it comes to this civic Leadership Camp three are we can relieve the 10 years down the robo were you able to ring gauge of your communities . Said the of funding climate similar she said exactly what i was going to reference to evaluate the use the impact and that is of long game how you measure whether participation to the democratic principles and ideals . That 15 years ago to the a successful adult leader. Good morning. A share from nigeria. They give for allowing me to be part of this morning. Edits the first time we can release a successful election. To know the specifics and so the yond initiative from africa. With the regional interests did brings together a lot of young people with democracy and governance. I did not finish my introduction time actually doing professional development. Im interested in leadership with all the issues. Thank you very much. I am not very familiar with the nigerian project i am sorry. Redo have of longstanding program in nigeria and with the recent elections were the with support that democratization and process we have a few ifes full san the crowd we would be happy to connect you with the nigerian team. Im sorry i cannot speak more. And it is a terrific idea with their Regional Centers says partners. So how do i make sure that they are organic and culturally sensitive and i know that we see democracy as a universal ideal and every cent extension of suffrage. From the western ideal. Maybe i can start. To have pushed back in the region before and after 2011 and. Son to news feed democracy that forces us to be more flexible the way we a to have the serial the democracy forum. So what people have seen democracy that people dont really believe to show less and less people are concerned with the idea of democracy but instead talk about citizenship and what are the of responsibilities . So to be able to adapt to this certain contacts not use the word democracy but what makes sense because you can and still be proponents just changing the terminology can change the perception. We do get stuck on terminology and running a country is hard work it does not end after the election of protest that is easy and exciting part because theyre easy to marco and those are the pieces by breaking them down that is the interesting part of the discussion. Were at the time and a the time together with your comments and i do hope we can continue to have the discussion to have anybody reach out to a panelist or to a engaged and as closing and without support of jackson in the the support would not be passable possible. And finally take you for taking time to attend. Contravene to a lively discussion to be fruitful in the future for all of us i look forward to move remaining engaged with you in the future. Thank you and have a wonderful day. [applause] i am excited to be year and thank you to use cspan for covering the National Book festival is a beautiful sunny day i hope the camera shows how big that croats are we are excited about that. Exceptional presence is the exception. [laughter] thank you for coming today it is a wonderfully effective has been said have been is a library of that is the case had ted has gone outside and we are in heaven at the National Book festival. Young people are not the leaders of tomorrow. To say i am a youth leader for today. As an article for in the atlantic with the red and blue Rapid Reaction interviewed people the divide was not a chasm but just a little and as political scientist for justin down the idea of the country itself polarized as washington is just wrong. I hope that all people will realize whenever they have done in life for the next generation relearn for the future all of us have the ties to be focused on and died taipei you did not focus on a bomb. Why . It goes to the heart of almost all the questions and it is actually to the point we realize there is no way we could tell the whole story to be short debited cyclopedia to have this story reads like the telephone book and of course, that is not a story to do justice to everything. All opportunities are open for women now. When i was in law school there were 13 women 1967 in my class of 500 today they are 5050. To understand he never liked people who could profit above the public good in the areas of law into the American People to generations of unborn to awaken in the spirit. I made a career out of my love for books to help spread the love i helped to found the texas book festival