Pressure, saying do we need to be building billions of dollars worth of new bases in europe at the same time we are closing bases. So there are encouraging signs there. In terms of the cost benefit analysis, i would again point to the rand corporation. Hardly a bunch of lefty peace nick. To the extent there is any benefit when it comes to time, so yeah. Thank you. I have a question on what the utility of all of this is . When we got into afghanistan and iraq, we pulled in a bunch of reserves using this massively globally deployed army. I wondered why first rank soldiers were trained on reserves. Intervention and domestic and the work against these people. You know, i think we have to look at the larger u. S. Military budget which i think frankly speaking is totally out of control. We have a budget that is out of proportion. From any terrorist threat to threats to health and education and other forms of wellbeing. They cant pass an audit. This should be disturbing to us but it gets us a little upset. The Food Stamp Program lost 6 people would be up in arms. Of course that is an ex agerating but there is not that level with the pentagon budget. The activities globally is a super structure. Thank you. The next speaker is a relative. I have primed him. This is totally unfair. I am curious to know if you can look for or search for benefits of the bases broad . If you didnt search for them would you identify benefits . I am just curious to know if there are any benefits. And a second unrelated question can you tell us the story of the george four. I am not sure that pops up in the book. Interesting. I guess a brief mention. The United States had a presence in eucuador and the president pointed to the blindness when he said he would renew the base on one condition and that was the United States allow would allow to have a base in miami. That was inconceivable to us. It is worth trying to put ourselves in the shoes of People Living next to our bases around the world and what that would be like. What it would be like to have helicopters and planes flying over head in danger of accidents that do happen. They are suspected of trafficking drug and one vessel he is referring to disappeared and all of the fishers on board died leaving behind a group of widows woo have been organizing and struggling for first of all truth and justice when it comes to the faith of their husband. I was able to meet them over there and they suspect the u. S. Military sunk the ships. I havent seen enough evidence yet to conclude that but there is circumstantial evidence that is the case. Benefits to bases. We have seen military personal and locals interact. We have military personal committing crimes sadly and being involved in accidents that cause deaths and other damage. But this is a major way in which the United States is engaging with the rest of the world. I think we need to again think about and find other forms of enga engagement. The argument is not to close the bases and go home and retreat to some isolationist United States. The argument is if we close bases overseas as i hope we begin to do we also need to boost our diplomatic engagement. As we were bringing troops home send more Foreign Service officers abroad and find other ways of social, diplomatic and economic forms of engagement. Thank you. Hey, peter. Book looks great. Cant wait to read it. I met with the top u. S. Official in japan to discuss the base situation and he said that the base location was absolutely essential and it was the most important strategic location next to china, korea and the philippines. They said they will force the people to accept this. That seems to be u. S. Policy of course. But obamas approach to this shocked me. When the Prime Minister was selected in 2009 it looked like changes were coming to japan and it was obama who destroyed him. He ran on blocking the base relocation and obama insisted upon it and that brought down that government. So i am curious about what you think about biden and clinton. A lot of great questions. So i can refer to the hand out which again, i hope most people were able to take a look at or could maybe share. On the back you see this base that is surrounded by this and for 20 years there has been a plan to close the base which some describe as the worlds most dangerous base and build a new one. At this point some construction started but there is a one month moratorium and it may never get bui built. I hope it never gets built. There are, of course, the marines in particular who are the predominant force, argue we must be there. This is a strategic position. At the same time there are growing numbers of people across the political spectrum, including in the u. S. Military and this goes back to susans question about arguments appealing across the political spectrum, who are saying a base located so close to theaceous the asian mainland is vulnerable. I dont see north korea, an impoverished nation, that would face retrobution if they attacked that area, i dont see them attacking any time soon. But a growing number of people are questions the Strategic Value of the basis there. One way to understand the Marine Holding on to the bases there is they fear for their existence. If you force the marines to leave many people it would harm the economy. It is complicated and i address the complicated relationship with japan and in this chapter it gets the other questions answered about the democrats. Ran paul, the former republican candidate for president , was another who spoke out and called for the closure of the bases. You dont see many prominent democrats making similar calls. People are trying to Bush Bernie Sanders in this direction but as far as i happen he hasnt said anything about the oversea bases. I updated the figures from what you see in the book to provide a more recent estimate. Thanks so much for a great presentation. What i imagine is a wonderful book. I wanted to push you from the political realist perspective and see what your response would be. There would be some out there who would say we need these bases and need them most of all in the autocratic states because were we to withdraw china and russia and then other nations who had no trouble dealing with