I think you could see some attempt to modify that but i thinkthink more broadly is going to be two things. One is a general statement of ethicacy that Investment Decisions that are industries with terms of the deal are not helpful. Under the authorities given to the government there should be the supremacy clause should grant that to the federal government. Second i think theres a big concern about overuse of federal authorities by local jurisdictions including sanctions that may be suspended. I think what this is intent is bigger financial regulator and the federal government has the sanction, this covers you. What this may set up in the future is legal challenge between the federal, state and local levels to deal with particular cases. We will just have to see frankly of the courts will deal with that if and when that comes up. As we said its complex, theres a lot to this agreement. We hope we have clarified a good bit about how the agreement is supposed to work, whats at stake, what are some of the other considerations down the road. And also we hope to provide some insight as to why so many believe this is in on palestine Just National security interest and a major step forward for the Nuclear Nonproliferation efforts, especially in the worlds most volatile region in the middle east. I want to thank everybody who came here today in our audience. Want to thank the audience on cspan and more than anything i want to thank our speakers for the great presentations. The transcript of this event will be on the Arms Control Association website within a couple of days. Theres more information about the agreement, irans program the timeline and history at efforts to get to the point. So please join me in a round of applause for our great speakers today. [applause] and we are adjourned. Thank you [inaudible conversations] to [inaudible conversations] athis week on newsmaker, thomas perez talks about the minimum wage, overtime payroll, family leave and unemployment. Nasa scientists told a news briefing to discuss the latest linux of the new horizons spacecraft which is great took the first closeup images of the dwarf planet pluto and its moons. From nasas headquarters in washington, d. C. Is in one hour. Nasa he well good afternoon and welcome to nasa headquarters and our nations capital. Dwayne im dwayne b brown from nasasfice of office of communications. Following the july 14 historic pluto flyby by nasas new horizons spacecraft the Research Team has begun sharing theby the unprecedented images andrese science findings with the world. And today they have more. Ladies and gentlemen thiseen nation has clearly been embraced by the entire world of all ages. In fact, the numbers are coming in with multimedia of social media, the internet radio, tvradi is in the billions. Bill we also want to give a nasa headquarters shot out ashley shout out to the Johns Hopkins the john center in maryland for the unforgettable moment at their physic facility this week. We have now transition. To nasa with the future media briefings will be here. We will have a brief presentations and then well open it up for questions frommeeting here, our nasa centers social media and the phone lines. Social media is absolutely exploding with this mission. Follow the conversation at plutoflyby, twitter, facebook, youtube, and other nasaif you accounts, and if you have questions, send them in at h asknasa. Inserted all the inllformation you have been hearing over herewee today and in the weeksks and mo months will be online at www. Nasa. Gov new horizons. Let me introduce you to todays participants. First up jim green director of military Science Division at nasa headquarters. Stern, alan stern new horizons Principal Investigator southwest features institute in boulder, colorado. Randy gladstone to investigateo at Southwest Research Institute in san antonio. Bel, n Frances Bagenal university of ra colorado boulder. And Jeffrey Moore coinvestigator at nasas amescaliforn research center. Dr. Green, chickasaw. Off. Chickasaw. Thank you very much, thank you. Today will talk to s omebody fantastic discoveries about the heart of pluto. Pluto. But before we start what i would like it is really talk a little bit about the heart of the new heart horizons o mission. Horizo for someonens to to thank apl thank been done from them. Apl hosted a fabulous event that many attend personally but million millions attended on the internet. The heart of new horizons is beating and beating well and still was put on and produced by the department of energy. One of our major government partners and they enable us to move out into the solar system and on the trajectory to leave. If i can have our first graphic, here we see new horizons past pluto. This is through the solar system you can get access through to the web. As you can see it is more than two million miles away from pluto. For ten years, or nearly ten years the new Horizons Team was also talking about each day being closer to pluto and now each day we are further away from pluto. Here is where it comes out that it is important to remember and that is it is this time we will get the data from the flyby. We have only received 12 of the data by next week we will have as much as 56 percent. Some of the discoveries you will hear about today have only been the tip of the iceberg and the few percent we have been able to get done since the ent encounter occurred on tuesday. Let me turn it over to dwayne to introduce our next speaker. Alan good free throw it. All who doesnt n introduc were happy andour our ent am weve had the communicat exploration an about how ar system this we but i th pluto of a so ofitself. Really all that nt recognize team membe. Quite number of f the new horizons ssion m, they wo to be ause ] th [applause] we have and i would like to recognize new Horizons Mission educators who are in the audience. If you would stand up to be recognized. [applause] and i would like to recognize one of the science Team Collaborators who came over from europe. Some of you may know dr. Brian may. Dr. Brian . [applause] i am the guy, i am one of those people who have been following your every move. It is thrill to be here and what an amossazing achievement. You have inspired the world. Thank you. [applause] while you enjoy this beautiful eye candy, the pollute charon system is revealed in color by new horizons and you see a binary planet. Enjoy the view while i tell you a little news about new horizons. The spacecraft is doing very well. As jim said we are little over two million on the far side of pluto, the spacecraft is performing according to plan. We exited the nineday close approach encounter load yesterday. We are in the first of our departure science load. So we are looking back at the planet and looking at the night side and doing various experiments and spending our time down linking data. We have been downloading a lot of data. So we have big news. And i expect we will have more big news next friday when we downloaded even more. I will have to tell you, i am a little bias but i think the solar system saved the best for last. I am going to show you some things here. I will start off with a little news. If i can have the next time stamp or graphic here. Lets see if we can bring it up. There it is. Okay. That is not very many pixels but that is plutos satellite nix in the first well resolved image. Lets set our expectations properly. As little as three months ago we didnt have pictures of pluto this good. This is twice as many pixels and the best earth base views of pluto we are able to determine nixs size, 25 miles across able to measure the brightness between charon and pluto. We are looking down the pole of an elongigated object and it is as twice as narrow in one direction as it is long. We will have more to say more more about nix when we get more images on the ground. I will move to the next time stamp. This is an overlay of data from the ralph insturument that identifies the Carbon Monoxide rich planet that was obserb served from earth. That is a new product overlayed with contours. You can see the peak is on the side of the heart there. You can see it is pretty concentrated spatially and we are not sure we understand the origin of that. There could be a source region there or another explanation. But either way it catches our eyes because across the rest of this disk there is no other Carbon Monoxide concentration or anything like this. We already know that. It is a special place on the planet. Randy will shortly show you some pretty profound results concerning the atmosphere. In fact the first results we will share and fran shows you the detection of escaping ions from pluto and jeff will talk about new terrains High Resolution photo. Have a look at the icy frozen plains of pluto. Who would have expected this kind of complexity . And this scene is essentially ad adjacent to the mountain ranges. You can see the stark contrast. Jeff will show you more. I will show you a graphic. It is a flyover made as if your eye was 25 miles over pluto and we can start that flyover of far away mountains in the belt. If they could call that up i think you will enjoy seeing it. If you can lower it probably cant lower it given the television. Is that graphic available . The animation . We cannot see it back here. There it is. What you are looking at is a scene that is about total width of 250 miles across and 400 kilometers and they soar like the Rocky Mountains here in the united states. The second flyover is over the plain i showed you that we are informally calling sputnick. This is giving you a scale of the features you are looking at. Really beautiful surfaces and we will see a lot more of this. This is 400 meter per pixel imagery and by next week we will have more than twice as much. The three frames we have been able to share by the end of the day we will share with you as well covering her terrains. I think i will turn it over to andy gladstone. Thanks alan. If we could go to the first time stamp and i will show you what the Atmosphere Team is looking at. We have had to wait until we got past pluto and we are looking back toward the sun to get the best data set. This shows you on the left an animation of what it is like when pluto goes in front of the sun as seen from the spacecraft. And the curves on the right show you two plausible models for plutos atmosphere and we show you the data coming down. Each one of those points is ten seconds. But we get for every point on there we get a whole spectrum. And on the way out if we flip it you see the green line going back to exactly the same spot so the atmosphere is suymmetric and it is more consistent with the red line that is more stagnant. We eliminated the glimpse of the data that shows a couple model we were content with. The next slide shows you and this is how the count went from the beginning on the left to the end on the right. We see the atmosphere all the way to the ground. From earth that inner circle around the post of pluto is the highest you can see from earth and they cannot see to the ground. They can only see 30 miles from the surface. We see out to a thousand miles above the surface. You can see this is not a straight simple curve. It drops picks up and has another bend and picks up again at the highest altitude that is nitro nitrogen, the pain component, and lower down methane kicks in and lower down where it is steepest that is heavier hydro carbon absorbing the sun light. Each point on this graph will be a spectrum of colors in the ultra violet light we get the signal from and we are looking forward to getting that data in a month or two. But right now it is already able to do science with it. But that nitrogen atmosphere has pluto so small it escaped into space and fran will tell you what it does out there. We have nine and a half years of this flight to pluto to think about what we will see with the plasma instruments. And we have seen all sorts of things. We havent got all of the data down like the other experiments and we are looking forward to getting it down. But in the mean time let me tell you about what we think is happening . We know the atmosphere is nit jo nitrogen and we thought it was escaping because the gravity is weaker and we know it is going away. What we think is happening is that the subtle wind coming from the sun, the protons and electrons that are charging out, eventually crash into and interact with the escaping atmosphere and that this will then produce, we suspect a shot upstream. Maybe it is not quite so stark. We know that there is an up stream amount of nitrogen and that is energized by the solar wind and careried away by the solar winds. What happens and this graphic you are looking at gives you a sense of what we think happened is that as it escaped the atmosphere is ionized and picked up by the solar wind and the size of the interaction spills out beyond the scale of the satellite. We have flown through this and the next slide shows you what we think it is happening. That swath detected the ionized molecules molecules. What we behind pluto is a tail. An ion tail of the atmosphere that is being pulled away and carried away in the solar wind. When we get the data back in august we will get to quantify and the team put that together and we will be able to quantify that escaping atmosphere. What we think it is based on models and a pretty good guess, is about 500 tons per hour of material that is escaping. We know it is about one ton per hour and this more because of the weaker gravity on pluto. If you add it up over the age of pluto schillings this is going to be equivalent lnt to something on the order of 19,000 feet and that is a substanial mountain of nitrogen ice that is being removed and escaping into the atmosphere. And alan stern is working with another to predict what this will do and they have a prediction paper. But they will look at the geology. I am still reminding myself to take deep breaths. The landscape is astounding. Lets go back to this picture we talked about a few days ago with a global view and remind ourselves the view shows some surfaces of pluto are peppered with craters and relatively ancient or several millions of years old. Where wherea other regions, such as the interior of the heart shows no craters and shows it is younger. And this tells us plutos experienced a long and complex history. There are active land form creating processes operating in the current tie. Some of the craters appear and there are parts of plutos crust that have been fractures and there have been forms. Higher resolution images show craters have been eroded away. So erosion is operating on the surface of pluto. Here you can see the province which are located in the lower left there is extensive large scale pitting. You can see in the lower right and there is young plains that make up the northern half of the image. By the way this image is oriented north to south. It is in the unsent data. Here is name. As a mission before, we decided to name this after the first artificial satellite launched into space and creating the space age and that is after the person who went up to mount everest. And is the first to person from nepal to have a name in the solar system. Lets look at the region in the middle of sputnik here. I decided to call this not easy to explain terrain. This is the frozen plains of pluto. When you look at this plains you can see we have discovered a vast craterless plain. For convenience, we tried to think about it in various types of geological metaphors i will get to. It could not be over a hundred million years old and still being shaped by geological processes. You can see things as small as half a mile across. Lets talk about the things we see in this scene. Lets go to the next slide. The surface is broken into segments you see listed on the slide. They are 1220 miles across. They are borded by shallow troughs and some of the them do have what appears to be dark stuff. Much more enmatic are these clusters of mills i think you can see pointed out in the upper right of the grandma frame. They trace out the shape that in circle the polygons. The hills are higher than the surrounding terrain. We dont have a value for that. But this is part of a Bigger Picture we took. When we get the data we can tell you how high and how they were shaped and it will go a long way to tell us what created the hills. We have, speaking of the hills, we suspect it may have been pushed up but alternatively a different explanation is they are erosion resistant knobs that are standing out as the surface is being massive leo eroded and lowered. You can see they are popping up or emerging from an erosion lowering process lowering the entire plains. In the terrain in the lower right, i think you can see polygons seem to be etched there. This is tentive because of the artifacts in the first batch down to the ground. The compression will receive the same images about compression and i think the issue of whether that is indeed vast scenes of pitts will be verified in a straightforward way. Similar things can be seen on glaciers here on the earth. On tupluto the erosion mechanisms had to be when the ice turns from solid to gas and frozen Carbon Dioxide does on earth is similar. What do the features tell us about sputnik . They are size of confection occurring with methane and nitrogen driven by the heat of pluto itself. You look at the boiling pot of oat meal. Alternatively, these polygons could be mud traps and created by the materials. We have various ways to test ideas which we will be using and reporting in scientific papers. We will learn more about the features and terrains in higher resolution that is on the spacecraft coming down in the next few months. This is just a pure coincidence that you know the face of face this. This is going to be really fun. May i have the next slide . Lets look northwest of the one we looked at. There you go. Okay. So, these dark smudges appear to be a line running from the upper left to the lower right and may have been produced by wind blowing across plutos icy surface. This is what is called wind streaks produced when wind cause erosion or dep riivation material behind obstacles and we dont know what they are yet. Alternatively and this is more of a guess they might be plume deposits like seen on neptunes satellite. If the plumes exist, they have not been spotted yet. So this is not an announcement of plumes or guyseysers on pluto but why we have looking for them. These are thirl dayearly dayoffss of the analysis. This is the preliminary stage of the investigation. We are entertaining the widest range of hypothesis. I will pass it back to dwayne now. Thank you. Lets give the team a round of applause. [applause] we will start at nasa Head Quarters with the media in the audience, and see if we have questions from on bridge and social media. Wait for the mike. Raise your hand. Steve young with astronomy magazine. We heard about this being the tip of the iceberg. Can you quantify how much data you have on the ground versus how much is on the spacecraft waiting to come down . What is the difference in those images when we see the uncom uncompressed version . We have 50 giga bytes made 50 days before the closest approach. And that is the full amount we will store through the end of this month. All of that comes to the ground with less compression and no noise. We can eccelerate the ability to put noise. Some compressing 101 or better. We will send home an effort to get everything to the ground that can be compressed by september and that takes 1012 weeks. We currently have less than one of those 50 gigabits. Eric can with science magazine. My question is for randy. You mention you think you ruled out the turbulent model for the atmosphere and think is more stagnant. What is the indication were that via transport of materials or affects on what you are seeing with the wind streaks . Is this an atmosphere that blows around all of the time or maybe not so much . Good question. We still dont have a good measure of the lower atmosphere where it is very complicated. The atmosphere we think all of the atmosphere on pluto is com compressed into a thin layer where the winds can be up to a few meters per second and those numbers are good enough to loft particles off the surface of micron size. It is not consistent even with the sluggish atmosphere to move it around. We thing it is fine. Frank with aviation week. At this point, have you learned anything that will help you understand what happened on the surface of pluto as it goes through its long orbit . We understood the physics of multiply transport coupled with atmosphere escape very well for a long time but we have not had the boundary conditions to be able to run those models in a way we would like to because we dont know for example, we have not known until now, the details of where the bright areas are and where the darker ones are and that can relate to the way areas heat up. Particularly those areas devoid and having higher swings. In the coming months we will see maps come to the ground and they will make tremendous input to imform us how to run the models of the real pluto and we will be in a data rich environment. New horizons loop was selected to make comprehensive answers about this. The planets pole vector is tilted over and very high. Even higher than uranus. It is a pretty complex situation. We know how to model it and once we get the data on the ground we will get spectacular results showing not just what happens around a 248 year orbit but along time scales. I am for example interested in how the volatiles transport around the planet and whether material moves around the planet to actually or potentially bury structures or be removed from structures so we see them at different times in plutos seasonal cycles. The climate cycles have very long periods in some cases. Everybody is aware of the 248 year orbital cycle. But the pool vector circulates over a four million year cycle. So running these models is going to be fascinating and we will have the data on the ground to hammer the nail on the head. I am going to go to the phone lines. There is lots of media from all over the world trying to ask questions and i want to try get to as many of you as possible so limit your questions to one. We will go to phone lines, social media and come back here. On the phone line nbc news alan boil. This might be for alan. Just looking at the terrain and potential for plumes can you say anything further about whether this is triton like terrain . What sorts of similarities do you see to what folks have seen on tritan . First of all, we are not announcing we have seen plumes in any way. As far as comparing to triton is the sad story is there was no new horizons encounter. The data set we have for triton is about the best images we every took of triton the best circumstances were only just as good as the pictures we have shown you so far and all of the images that we have shown you, and the contrast for the middle resolution pictures compared to the good stuff we have not seenurate seen yet. Having said all of that not only do people see activity plumes on tritan it appeared to be covered with a number of dark aligned markings that were read as wind streaks. So to the extend we can compare our good data with tritan data and the best data was not over the wind street terrain we think they are compareableable. It probably worked well to speak to the comparative differences with the detection of mountain ranges. For many years since the 1970s people wondered whether the young evolved terrains you see on the giant icy moons were made that way because of tidal heating where the moons interact with themselves and the body they orbit around. So people see moons of jupiter you will have a process called torpedo. The answer is obviously they can be active. Pluto is every bit as geologically active as any place in the solar system. This answers a fundamental question about are ice wordlds able to do their own right or depended on the planets they orbit around. Pete spots is up next. Christian science monitor. Thank you very much. I think this is for dr. Moore. One of the detailed questions when you were talking about the height of the hills in the trenches being above the surrounding terrain. That the trench terrain or the in interior of the polygons. And do you know the height of the hills . The height of the hills appear and this is not quantitative data, but appear to be a little higher than the surface represented by the polygon. We dont have direct measurement measurements of shadow. We will receive data six or seven times the higher resolution. It is harder to talk about the height of the hills that we can answer explicitly in the next few months. Ken crammer up next. Great results. Congratsulations. My question is about the poll poly poly poly polygon. Or theydiffere t that when large elsewh in the surface that is most reminiscenthe rface we are at the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere of mars. It did land near the arctic of mars. Having said that we are entertaining two explanations and i think right this second we may talk to the science team and they weekly favor the idea of some form of internal convection may be responsible. The process could be more analogy of the process operating on mars. Just too early to say. Three more calls on the phone and then social media and back it the audience. Dave moose from Business Insider this is for jim and maybe alan. You mention the beating heart of new horizons. There is only so much of that coming from plutonium 238. How is this limiting the crunch . Currently, we have our plutonium that is being managed by the department of energy. We have a fair amount of it. 17 or so kilograms is available that can be used right away. We have been given approval by congress but we are generating plutonioum 238 and that is good news. There is a process that has been created to take it radiated with neutrons and the reaction that is stored. We will good to be stewards of the Planetary Program for many decades to come. We have adequate reserve of platonium on the ground and making it late this decade and early next on a regular bases. Kelly beaty science telescope e e. Do you see anything in the alice or rex data to suggest charon has an atmosphere . We dont have the data yet. We believe they will be coming in the next three to five daysismdays. We will get back to you. Mike walls. Are crater rates lower than they are closer to the sun because of the different ball game out there . Well the way we estimate that that. We obviously study the belt down to the few tens of kilometers and by looking at the crater records of saturn and looking at the numbers and objects and distribution objects in the belt there have been several studies which derived what the approx approximation is. We can tell if the surface is old or young it is harder to tell you if it is intermediate age. We think and under the crater rates well enough to say you see a surface with no craters and that is difficult to under how it could be older than a hundred million years. The first question is how do we know plutos atmosphere is escaping . What is the measure . We have not measured it yet. It is currently based on under understanding the gravity of pluto is weak and we expect to to be escaping. We know methane is there and that is a Greenhouse Gas that absorbs sunlight. It is the Energy Deposition of sun light that is giving the sunlight to escape. It will compare to the alex and rex team. Jason asks what kind of material could be responsible for plutos dark stain . Organics . Want to guess . Why not. The least crazy idea which i think we are working on and i think it would be determined by the eradiation of methane which can be eradiated as particles in the atmosphere slowly rain down to the surface and the streaks of the impact turning out to be wind streaks are particles that fall on the ground and the wind sweeps them along and they get caught behind in the prevailing winds. One more and back here. Lots of questions about elevation. This is from george who said will the Data Collected be sufficient to create pluto and charon elevation maps . Absolutely. The surface you can see in the picture on the screen that is still up we will have although they will be at the same resolution, top graphic maps for both worlds. Okay. I want to thank our social media audience. We will answer the question and get them in at asknasa. Lets come back here. Let me see your hands out here. Lets go here and we will talk our way this way. Name and affiliation. Steven park with space flight. I know you are not prepared to make an announcement about giz geysers and plumes are there indirect means of finding this . There might be. But i am old fashion and i want to see unambiguous evidence something is rise up to the atmosphere. If we see it dont worry, we will come tell you about it. Alan for a long time you have been a proponent and supported by the amateur processing community and realties released the raw images but they were halted this morning. I am wondering if you continue to that . We intend to continue to release the images. However, as we are winding down from the peak of activity after the intensive flyby activities we will move to weekly removals and that is a manpower thing and wet the a the really to in tfall. Before y t week or of t things we ma tamateur co knows is werturn the d a othe will be a it is werepping haring i notsendingmages to the ingust and er. Ll again a will aly basis and you le to countkea clock. Morequ leo of irish televists absolutely because it is he speed of journalism. Nd who could pike at. Bill i i ant this week king that firetary flyby in American Mission yu has not been imaging. Wasth p a the front table flyby. Wempletely u topply us withmagery duringthoses. Na chos fighter rom the dutch air for to deal but he nkhe ging t for entir ca dnt want theek to pass wioningyuriy. Stifies. Great publ arrific guy. I suppose as mis a mensch. Terrifguy. Even as studen you l him and y imso so wouldl youpictures latestencs astic. For o televisionadds e. , i him. Th we very but we car each v ha and weve lo pop to the jet pro. So our thoughtyers go but the nlys very hard we f eric an more out. Hand sencegain. W tellw it maybe we can bring up the image of the carbon muox nide rich terrain in the middle of the heart. How did that get there . Could it be from above or within . And if you cannot say now how will you approach the two things and their differences . We brought along the team lead will grundy in the audience because we thought we might get a question. We know this is thick enough to maybe the absorbtion or veneer but it could be a deep layer. You only need is centimeter and how that artacts is interacts is the trick. How it combines we dont know and we will need detailed modeling. I like the scenario of up welling from below but we are not near proving that. Randy, i was wondering if you can tell me if you see outlines of structure for the profile . It tells us where one is leaked out and the other picks up. We know how extended the atmosphere is from the structure. Might be cooler than we thought. But we will get that later. Okay okay. Well, ladies and gentlemen, folks watching from all over the world the putin story is just beginning. You can follow the conversation on all the nasa social media accounts and, of course go to www. Com to horizons. I want to thank of for joining us and witnessing history, space exploration. We have another press conference coming up next friday on the 24th on tbd. Thanks for joining us. Science never sleeps. [applause] you are watching booktv on cspan2 at the top nonfiction books and authors every weekend. Of tv, television for serious readers