Transcripts For CSPAN2 Book TV 20240622

Psychiatrist. Medical school and by divide their time between treating patients psychiatry. What made you go into psychiatry . Good question. When i was in medical school i was decided between psychiatry and cardiology which are two very different deals. Actually leaning towards the cardiology part initially. As i was getting to see patients in getting into the nittygritty of being a doctor, i found a really like the idea of talking to people and helping people through the problems in that way more so than the more mechanical side of treating their hard. Thats how it all unfolded. Youre also an author. What possessed you to write a book. This book that ive written is basically a memoir of my journey through medical treatment written through the lens of race. There are a lot of physician authors out there and a lot of books out there but i feel like raise is an important issue in medicine and these authors largely overlooked the subject. I think thats a really so many of the leading medical schools, Teaching Hospitals all across america are situate and committees with large black populations. Usually with an historic interest within the communities and these large institutions. Thats a story that hasnt been told in a narrative way. So writing this book i was trying to tell two stories. My own personal journey of becoming a young black man from a workingclass background scaling the accidental medical out of but at the same time telling the stories of everyday black people facing Serious Health problems and trying to weave those two stories together. What is your background . I grew up in maryland suburban maryland kind of on the border between washington, d. C. And baltimore. Workingclass community, all black. Not segregated but thats how it all played out. That was my background growing up. Were your parents educated . Well did they support, encourage your education . Yes, they did encourage my education, absolutely. My parents grew up in a time of segregation in a very rural part of virginia. Didnt get a chance to finish high school. He went into the military and worked as at a food store, a job in a typical system and worked as a meat cutter for some years until he retired. My mom didnt finish high school, didnt have a chance to go to college. Family couldnt afford that and she worked for the federal government for many years. I did have an older brother and he was really like the first person in a family who went to college and graduate from college. So he was that sort of role model in a way. The community we grew up in it was almost like going to give out was to be an athlete. Thats the case in so many africanamerican immunities. He was a living example of someone who could succeed in this other way and i would love an important part of my development. At what point in your life did you decide you want to go into medical school . Probably high school. I was a good student at an early age. When i got to high school i was able to test into this Magnet Program to us in our school district. Science and technology program. The teacher basically maybe do. I didnt want to do it at first and it was was transformative. I was able to get exposed to people who came from different backgrounds, white, asian people. A company sina the world and another opportunity. As i was things that i could do really well i said medicine seem like a good way to really get back to the committee and make a difference in a positive way but also help people in my community. I didnt have any examples in my own life up until then. Black man in a white coat is the name of the book and on page three you write being black can be bad for your health. Yes. Thats very true. Basically any health measure, number that you want to look at whether its Life Expectancy which is considerably shorter particularly admin, infant mortality rate death rates of all sorts of cancers all of them are considerably worse in black people than in white people. Really any other group you can compare them to in america. There are a lot of reasons why that is. I would say theres probably three ways of looking at that. Theres structural kind of system based factors, things like black people having less likely to have Health Insurance more likely to be isolated in Geographic Areas where theres less access to good quality medical. Thats one factor then theres the doctorpatient relationship factor would like people, for many reasons of history i connected more wary of seeking treatment and also they present their health care much later preventable disease are now more advanced. Thats a big factor. Thirdly, this Committee Level factors in terms of individual Health Choices in terms of diet and exercise the these are all factors as well larger problems. How many black psychiatrists are there in america . I dont have an exact number, but in general there are probably five or six in psychiatry as a less. Anywhere from three to 4 . The numbers vary but its pretty small. Your patience black, white, and next . Mix. That leads to some interesting things. And a place like, as i mentioned, many of these medical schools are located in these communities that have large black populations. Durum and where duke is as about 40 like. Johns hopkins, which is close to my hometown in baltimore, so you have large groups of black patients and very small numbers of black doctors. Theres no doubt about that. Whats the reaction you get from a white patient, from a black patient . From a white patient, so when i was younger and starting out most people have very positive reactions, but there many people who are wary of the. Theyre not sure what to make of you. There are some people who i would say maybe they harbor some prejudices. Some cases i have pretty frank cases or overtly prejudiced that are right about some those in the book. But i think on average most people are kind of a little wary but have to get to know them and get to talk to them they cant come around. Theres this idea of having to prove yourself which is its own challenge. Made the expectation for sure not as good as another doctor and check the kind of work with that. Thats something you get from your white patients or patients across the board . I. T. Across the board but particularly more pronounced with white patients. Ive had the same issue of black patients. Its happened but its more commonly happen with white patients but it does happen with all of them. Has it changed over the years in the last 20 years, the perception of a black doctor . And how people view them . I think actually there are more black doctors. If you go back 40, 50 years ago there was very, very few black doctors. The number seven increased upwards over the last 30 years or so and i think that is affected perception some. In many parts of the country theyre still very few black doctors. People may have never seen a black doctor in their life. Why did you write the book . I felt like there was this untold story. Actually theres a lot of talk about disparities and inequality, but not as much about that in the health realm. And even more so not in a way that sort of accessible what youre telling it to distort of everyday people. Circa one aboard one of telling information, certainly a story is what that really means to people on the ground. It is one example from the book of a patients reaction to, positive, negative, whatever. When stewart that i think stands out this is what i was an intern, my first year as the brainy doctor that really most difficult year as a young doctor i was on a medical team, medical service and an elderly white gentleman came in. When he came to the hospital he saw black nurses, black nurses aides, several black step in hospital. And he made a comment in no Uncertain Terms that he did not want a black doctor. He didnt use the word that he did not want a black doctor. It just so happened that he had the misfortune come if you will of being assigned to the one team in the hospital that had a black doctor, which was me. You can imagine as part of the best way to start a doctorpatient relationship. He had his perception. I internet negative thoughts about it. As you can imagine. So this gentleman was very sick old and towards the end of his life. Sm had kind of similar terms in the way they responded to me am initially. But over the course of several weeks in the hospital hour by hour, day by day i was able to chip away at this huge racial divide that we had. And by the end he was really very receptive to me. His family was very receptive to be. It was an amazing transformation and to maybe think about that how when someone is listed, you kind of strip away some of the superficial barriers that we all seem to have and make a human connection. I think thats a lesson that we can learn for everyday life. Its a lesson from the medical board that it can be applied to everyday life. Nowadays we are in a time with where there so much racial discussion is often so unpleasant. Isnt there unfairness to that, that you have to work at chipping away at prejudices before you can treat the patient . Sure. I talk about in the book. Theres a lot of aspects of it and thats part of what i wanted to write the book because very few black doctors have written about his perspective in this experience. Theres unfairness to it but i think its more important for me to focus on how to deal with it and how to overcome it. Its certainly not fair. Black man in a white coat comes out in september of 2015. The author is dr. Damon tweedy. Youre watching booktv on cspan2. On sunday july 5, booktv is live with us on the author Peter Schweitzer on in depth, or live monthly callin show. He is the author of nine books which opened a critical lexicon and politicians. He is the founder of the Government Accountability institute and a Senior Editor at large for breitbart news. His most recent bestseller is clinton cash when he looks at the money made by bill and Hillary Clinton since leaving the white house. Welcome to omaha booktv. Founded in 1854 all along the missouri river, omaha was a starting point for pioneers traveling westward. Today its nebraskas largest city with a population of over 400,000 people with Prominent Industries such as meatpacking and insurance. With the help of our skimming dish and cable partners, for the next one i we learn about its history from local office. We begin with the omaha de porres club, grupo fought against Racial Discrimination in the city. The omaha de porres club was this phenomenal story of an Unlikely Group of people in an unlikely place, at an improbable time of history that faced and challenged Racial Discrimination and segregation in omaha, nebraska. And it was coming to place in the late 40s and early 50s predating others of rights activities come if not by decades at least by years, and it was a group that maybe defied a stereotype when you think about a Civil Rights Group of men, women, young and old black and white, led by two white men. So its this very wonderful story that has all these amazing connections and like i said in an unlikely place. The quote the birmingham of the north, quote that i found by John Howard Griffin was the author of black like me and John Howard Griffin used that quote to describe omaha in this description he gave within the 60s, and omaha had a reputation in the Africanamerican Community in omaha and in the United States as a city that when you came if you were black you needed to keep your head down and you need to be aware that you are going to be served in restaurants and you were going to be able to stay in hotels and at the was, like the were in many cities there was an informal industry of staying in homes in the black community, eating at the restaurants even if you were an africanamerican that was part of a band that was playing in a white hotel or part of a plan to spin put on in a mostly white attended theater. That is not the quote omaha shares probably but it is a quote that i found repeated that it was known and a description of birmingham of the north was an apt description if youre an africanamerican. The omaha de porres club start in 1947 by two gentlemen one was a Catholic Priest who is a jesuit at Creighton University which is about a mile and half south of where we are. His name was john markoe coming of the found of the de porres club was a judgment made denny holland, gentlemen who is actually my father. He was a 20 yearold creighton student at the end father markoe documentable with it talked of the time social justice and decided to start a group to talk about it. My dad said he remembers thinking joined a prayer group, theyre going to sit around maybe look at the bible, talk about what the moral and theological implications were. Father markoe had different ideas. Over the next seven years father markoe was the core innocent of that group as they moved into boycott and ticketing and challenging and doing things that my dad said scared him spit was there when the de porres club again operations, the idea was, in effect the terms of rights wasnt, they use the term social justice because civil rights wasnt part of the national lexicon at that time. The idea of civil rights was so far removed from the idea of the Greater Community of omaha or the United States that they were kind of operating an executive i like to say they are operating without a net. That it were not for support groups, they were not the prior experiences of other groups to challenge Racial Discrimination and segregation. They were, in some cases they were making up their strategy the techniques that they used because there wasnt im an educator added to the presentation often for middle school and High School Students, and i say you can choose among any notice how did that protest of you guys last week and . There wasnt any of that. They werent saying well will try to challenge this this is ever going to hand out leaflets but were not there yet because were not sure if its legal. In the Meeting Minutes and within sight we will wait because we have to check with award to find out if we can legally hand out flyers in front of the business. They without far ahead of the became the norm later. The urban league with stronger north lamar. Is led by Whitney Young who ended up being a National Leader of the urban league during the 60s. There was a Strong Branch of the naacp. I think a this omaha de porres club which is operating outside of the bounds of the regular establishment of how you get things done in this city. It created a tension in the black community. In fact, one of the very first levels of tensions created by the omaha de porres club was because they were racially mixed. They were black men and white women, black women and white men meeting together going out and having a beer after the meeting in north omaha and that created a stir. Because people in north omaha saw that as a problem. They didnt get any attention drawn to north omaha because they didnt come the de porres club was seen as a dating center is one of the terms that was used. There was that tension of utah black men and white women meeting and they are single. Thats a problem. That was one of the first problems they came up against in the black community, but really once people understood what the de porres club billy was trying to do they garnered support over the years from the urban they come from naacp. They ended up working close with both of those groups, from ministers of local churches as they saw the de porres club was about challenging and changing the institutional racism and oman. Once they understood that was what they were about. In fact, father markoe once gave a speech to a group of sodomy the de porres club at other motivation and he set up and quickly said the goal of the almost de porres club is to kick jim crows out of all and then he sat back down. They were not there for anything else. When people understood that they tended to get on board or at least not resist the efforts of the de porres club. The first workout was a block down the street. As i take your but it was a laundry that was a white own business to refuse to hire blacks to do anything other than wash the laundry even though center is located in the black community almost all its customers were black, they would neither anyone in the come in the blacks in the office when he blocked a voice to drive the delivery vans. So the de porres club this wouldvewould have been about 1950 after couple years of doing as my dad said this week, pleasant things, went to this this and said we think this is in favor of the business said why are you here . This hasnt been a problem. We have been doing this for years and nobody has ever complained. We are not change our policies. So the de porres club come at a cost a big star, they decided to organize a boycott. The black community has a tendency, should they do this . Isnt going to cause some problems beyond what we wanted to . They started a boycott and the business went out of business. They sold to another laundry and eventually that laundry hired a black a clerk. As it happened in a lot of these efforts, the Ripple Effect or other laundries to avoid a challenge by the de porres club started hiring africanamerican employees. One brilliant businessman open ebusiness on north 24th street that employed only africanamericans including the manager and assistant manager. But a boycott start in july 1950 and it finally came to fruition in february of 1951. Over a period of months, efforts, letters leaflets that that happen. So the have a successful boycott. Then they boycotted the Cocacola Bottling Company and same thing. They would have said youre located in the black Community Comp even higher in africanamericans. Cocacola said yeah, so . We never have, why should we . The de porres club start a boycott and cocacola eventually, after the course of picketing, leaflets and competition come 45 businesses to say they wouldnt carry coke anymore, cocacola finally hired a couple of africanamericans to work in the plant. Itthere was an ice cream plant about six blocks north of here. When the de porres club approach them about hiring black workers comp the response was we will go out of business before we hire black workers. The de porres club said really . Thats interesting. They organized a boycott. This one took about a year, and after huge loss in business they finally hired africanamerican workers. The one that was ongoing, i think probably the one that wouldve caused the most frustration and the most exhausting, especially for my dad, was Omaha Council bluff Street Railroad company which was the coverage of the charter by the city to do the streetcar and bus services at the time. Unlike in some places it wasnt about blacks being able to write the it was about hiring blacks to drive their buses and streetcars big in 1948 members of the de porres club went to visit the leadership of the company to ask them why arent you hiring africanamericans of to work for your company to drive buses and streetcars. And the leadership gave several answers but the one my dad remembered most vividly was the Vice President telling him well, you know he said if we had a black driver in the come to a black driver and accounted into the light and of the line and theres a white woman on the end of the line, you know he will rape her. That was one of their justifications in 1948. And my dad wouldve been 22 and i can just see them walking out of that meeting thinking oh, my goodness, did you they just say that . They went back to father markoe and visit with delivered father markoe said i know. Go back out and he just turned right around and pushed them back out the door and said 9040 the country said they would that our black drivers. 49 50 51 and 52 53 54. They picketed, held rallies and finally in 1954 the bus company hired for black drivers because the city threatened to take away their charter if they didnt change their hiring policy. So those are the four main efforts but at the same time they were helping a black world war ii veteran who had been a tuskegee airman who had been shot down and held in a pow camp. He bought a house one block outside the bounds of the segregated neighborhood, and his house was stoned by neighbors and threw paint on a. The white neighborhood threaten to run them at the Whitney Young came to the de porres club and sick and you . They help to moving. They protested a blackface act that was put on at a local high school. As they were during those longterm boycott efforts against businesses, there were dozens and dozens and dozens of other things going on. And all of that was met with incredible resistance. As hard as the de porres club pushed against him the resistance was just as forceful over that same period of time. One of the interesting things was as asked me to these activities edited these efforts they were operating in a cone of silence into the north omaha the black community not because of the black newspapers. But if you were white in omaha, this never happen. For all intents and purposes it was a nonevent because the greater Mainstream Media never carried it. So if you are not likely to greet the north omaha star or you could read the omaha guide you did know what happened. And people ask me what was the committees response . The communitys response was nonexistent because there was nothing to respond to. The main newspaper wouldnt carry it. In 1954 there was a Television Program that carried an episode the talked about the de porres club and it wouldve been the first time if you were white in omagh you wouldve been like who are these people . You never wouldve heard of them. So thats into pushing and not getting any response did wear down. The de porres club has been in the fall of 1954. The montgomery bus boycott would take place in a cheaper cafe if they just stuck to find out if they might have caught that draft and then what other movements come part of nation movement. It came down to a just ran out of steam. They were tired. The support wasnt there. The membership was, it had and leadership, my dad in the president all seven years. He had married the Club Secretary in 1953. Their first child was expected in october of 1954 which by coincidence or otherwise was when the club into. Because my dad didnt have to get a real job to support a family and he was no longer able to put in the hours that the to lead the de porres club and really that is, the members ive interviewed but said basically want is to longer there to lead us, there was nobody that stepped up to provide ongoing leadership and the club went dormant basically for about five or six years and then in the late 50s, a former de porres club member named Wilbur Phillips resurrected the club for a one year effort to get the omaha Public Schools to our black teachers, and successfully, and then after that one year campaign, the de porres club officially folded it wouldve been the summer of 1960 but the reason it ended after that sevenyear pushed is they had just run out of the resources, the leadership that it took to keep that effort assisting all those years. This wasnt a sixmonth operation or a cubic broke protest. That group was active from 19479054 and entire time they faced resistance from religious and Civic Leaders educational leaders and to never back down. They kept pushing. One of the analogies, a former de porres club never shared with me, she said i also like with those guys in Butch Cassidy and sundance kid at the end when theyre being followed and are trying to lose these guys and the people that are tracking them keep staying behind and to keep trying to use all these techniques to lose them. Finally, Butch Cassidy and sundance look at each other and said who are these guys . I think that was the response that many people have in omaha of the de porres club who are these guys . What to do what and why do you . That was a great question because had to look at the club at almost any other location in the late 40s and early 50s, that wouldve been the same response. It wouldve been this is another one of those groups. There werent any other groups like that. That can is one of those important parts, it was such a pioneering effort in such an unlikely place. During booktvs recent visit to omaha, nebraska, we visited john price who argues that the tall Grass Prairie deserves to be protected much like the forest and mountain ranges in the tallGrass Prairie reader. The prairie hasnt had as many literate accounts in literature unfortunately because part of that is the tall Grass Prairie was destroyed in the majority like 90 was destroyed so quickly between 18301900. So it didnt give authors nature writers a chance really to appreciate it and to write about it in the same sense that this year mount ida chance. That wilderness, prayer wilderness is pretty much gone at the turnofthecentury. It does still exist in the imagination of people. That was i should sit in the very early is sort of treatments, lead retreatment of this region in exploration literature. It was very much a presence like an adjourns the lewis and clark this editing filled with wildlife and beauty and diversity. And also the artist and export came through this region painted is erica wrote about it. As a place of adventure yes it was in the early literature they could be found and appreciated. But most of the literature after nationally about conquering the per. Willa cathers book on about the transformation of wild prairie into cropland. So oftentimes you here this region referred to as prairie but to talk you actual prairie. Youre talking about raising grasses, cropland. Part of the motivation for this book is to correct that inaccuracy. What happened if it essentially was a are number of reasons why the prairie was destroyed and most important the utilitarian value as cropland, a place to grow food. The first people look at this place and they saw no trees. They thought it cant be for some escape over and went west. Then they discovered the dark so agreed by the prairies were immensely fertile. Thats when the great plow up begin in mid19th century album up to now. With the introduction of the steel plow in the mid19th century, that hastened the destruction of this prairie very quickly. I grew up in iowa come and like a lot of i think young people here i knew nothing about their perfect was pretty much gone. And if i saw a postage stamp of the prairie i couldnt identify. I had no emotional connection to that. To the whole landscape. What was from, lots of cornfields and bean fields very agriculture area in North Central iowa. Really until 1993 when i was writing at the university of iowa finish my graduate studies, wife and i were living in a small iowa town of belle plaine, the great flood occurred during that summer. Fields were left unplowed ditches unknown and there is a disruption of these strange flowers and grasses that were eight feet high. I had never seen him before appreciate them. And i was blown away by the beauty. Im crawling around in the ditches with my identification guide and my neighbors thought i was nuts but i kind of fell in love with these prairie plants. The floods went away and given to the human discharge was over i found myself in a kind of morning and longing to understand and connect to that lost landscape. I went out on a journey traveled across the region to reconnect with some prairie sites but it became clear to me it would take more than just knowledge of the prairie to maintain this new connection as a writer to this place. I needed also accounts of an emotional connection even maybe a spiritual connection. And for that i turn to nature writing, american nature writing, and found it just like the prairie in reality is endangered, as illiterate landscape it is endangered. Most do not include or include very few examples of writings about the tall Grass Prairie for all the reasons i mentioned earlier. I had no model for how to write about it, how to connect with it. And because the prairies were gone the wild prairie the wilderness area i had no way to understand what the immensity look like and that beauty looked like. So that begin my search for the literature. So they can really back in the 90s, and then has finally come to fruition now. Thats right thing to literature has a role to play. That this isnt traditional Natural Beauty your as americans we like our mountains to our force, our deserts to our oceans. Theres lots of literature on. Com loss of poetry dedicated to it, art. This can be kind of an acquired taste it so i think when people first see a prairie, especially here in the spring when it is still not in its full glory they dont appreciate the intricate beauty of it. And so there are lots of examples in here of writers who are speaking to that beauty. Both in kind of a grand scale when he first encountered it in the wilderness area back in 1800 earlier, to little sort of postage stamp prairies like this one where theres still, even though its definitely small and contained, theyre still a great deal of beauty. But you have to stay. You have to look at it up close walk among the grasses and flowers to truly appreciate it. Walt whitman in this book describes the prairies as americas characteristic landscape. He felt that more than any other landscape in this country that i represent its unique character. Something is unlike anything else in the world. He was blown away when he came out here and visited an experienced it. You hear that again and again. Once youve experienced prairie directly, when you come back in the summer, please do it sticks with you. Its the way the grass waves like potions and was described as oceans that had a profound impact on people. The color diversity, wildlife. The literature for those who havent visited the prairie can give these people face case of that and hopefully inspire them to care. You are watching booktv on cspan2. This weekend revisiting omaha, nebraska, to talk with local authors and two of the citys literary sites with help of our local cable partner talks to mitigation. Next, mark scherer tells us about the Supreme Court case Nebraska Press association v. Stuart which dealt with press freedom and the right to an impartial jury. The Nebraska Press Association Case versus stewart is really a landmark Supreme Court decision in the field of First Amendment rights, in particular it addresses the question of how the courts and the journalism profession balance the competing interests at stake when we find that confrontation between the First Amendment, right at the free press, and the sixth amendment writes to a fair trial by an impartial jury for all criminal defendants. These are too complex or to interests that come into conflict quite frequently and quite naturally. And the courts have always had to do with this sort of balancing act that occurs when you have those sorts of constitutional coalitions. The case really originates out of rather horrendous mass murder tragedy that occurred in a tiny town in western nebraska back in 1975, the fall of 1975 at the local itinerant mayor do well by the name of Erwin Simants killed six members of a local family in the most heinous sort of coldblooded way. He killed the kellys in an atmosphere and in the region, a Geographic Area that is rural both of the iceland lightly public. So it created obviously the murders and Erwin Simants arrest and prosecution for the murders, created a huge whirlwind of press attention National Regional local or hundreds of drones and news organizations descend on north platte which was the county seat to cover the investigation and the prosecution. In order to control some of the pretrial publicity, about the case and about simants involvement in the case from the local trial court there in Lincoln County nebraska placed a gag order on the press that purport to prohibit the press from publishing certain information about the crimes and about simants involvement. It was from the beginning that the constitutional collision occurred between First Amendment interest in open the case makes its way to the Supreme Court. The trial court, there are several versions of the gag order a ticket to the essence of them that all courts there, two judges and then later judge stuart, the District Court judge who ultimately heard the case presided over the trial of simants, there was concern about protecting simants sixth amendment right to an impartial jury in what they become a very feverish and emotional, sort of an almost freaking things he feeding frenzy among the press. They were concerned the jury pool for trenches try would be tainted by all the information that was flooding the region. And it would be difficult if not impossible to seat a jury of 12 impartial jurors that didnt have so much information about the crimes and trenches involvement in the crimes that he may some of the able to escape conviction to a six amy maclean. Thats what they were primarily concerned about as the issued these gag orders your local press and in nebraska, buries Nebraska Press or possessions were involved in the coverage of the crimes were for obvious reasons along i guess its a good way to put the outrage might be another way to put it. At this idea of a prior restraint on what they could or couldnt report. Especially related to information that was otherwise easily obtainable from the Public Record, from opencourt proceedings, proceedings that were required to be opened under nebraska law at the time. And for Public Records the prosecutions complaint and the amended complaint filed against simants. Always contained a great amount of the to of these Public Record individuals are not allowed to print what is otherwise completely available to the public was alarming. They decided to challenge the propriety of a gag order, the constitutionality of a gag order to a variety of rather esoteric and technical legal means. But it were bearded at least initially. Judge stewart did grand to motion to intervene and from that position within the litigation the price was able to make their argument to judge stiller that he ought not do what he ultimately did to impose a gag order on the prize. Then the press immediately appealed drugstores in position to the nebraska Supreme Court. They didnt give action in the time frame they had hoped. They were anxious to have this expedited. They had the continuing nature of the violation of the constitutional rights. The nebraska Supreme Court for reasons of its own chose not to our decided it couldnt hear the case for what turned out to be almost a month from the time the appeal was brought to them. In the meantime the Nebraska Press is not satisfied with the nebraska Supreme Court. They decided to file a motion with the United States Supreme Court to take action on those deprivation. Do not matter was heard by Justice Harry black man with a Supreme Court justice responsible for the eighth Circuit Court of appeals to locate in judge ultimately got into something of a spat with the nebraska Supreme Court in which Justice Blackmun was urging the nebraska Supreme Court to move forward on this and expeditious manner and received are resisting or ignoring same will get to it in the normal course of our procedures. So Justice Blackmun ultimately issued a decision in which a partially invalidated judge stewarts order. This got the attention of the nebraska Supreme Court who ultimately did hear the case and it then to ultimately issued its own gag order in the case making it the third or the ford theater. None of the courts until that time had completely invalidated the order placed on the press. Even though the later cord had reduced the breath and depth of the nature of the gag order, they still left in place and is still prevented the press from publishing certain information they felt they had every right to publish. The case ultimately made its way to the full Supreme Court for review. At the time the Nebraska Press appeal they asked the Supreme Court to handle in an expedited manner in a shortcut manner. That request was denied. To answer the question when it was heard before the United States to prove in court in the spring 1976. The judicial standards it is going quickly. We are still talking six seven months later. That is still pretty quick on judicial time. For the press every day that got order remained in effect was another constitutional deprivation. A unanimous decision to invalidate the gag order judge stewart had placed on the press. Was addressing the gag order of judge stewart not exactly accurate even though judge stewart was the main responded in the case he himself pointed out shouldve been the Supreme Court because it was their order which was the third incarnation that was the final before the quarter. At any rate, the decision was the order as it had been modified with still overly broad obsessive and constitutionally overturned. The precedent set with the case is for all intents and purposes there have been very few if any further attempts by local courts at any level anyway for gags onto the press depending what they can or cannot publish relating to criminal proceedings. More specifically decision made clear that any such efforts to stifle press are unconstitutional and not have to make an overwhelmingly High Standard to withstand judicial scrutiny. The standards that were set for permissible gag orders are so high they pretty much eliminates them for all time. That is the most important aspect at the precedent. Its what i believe on the sixth amendment. Other parties involved did their best to represent them in good faith with the constitutional interest they represented. It is a story that mixes human and personality dimensions with constitutional history and 611 history and its a story that brings the issues and what i hope is a relatable sort of way. Marvin brown was a care bear a woman who cared. She was a major eric. You ask someone and they would say is synonymous with the newspaper. It is a black newspaper. It is technically second graders, thirdgraders fourthgraders and should not have sent. Gotten a doctorate where dr. Delay in the 1900 make a period and moved to chicago. And then they ended up in sioux city and she was kind of the superintendent for the church she was attending. Her minister i think maybe you could do a better job. I knew nothing about newspapers. Is just like a twopage sheet nothing exciting. Eventually someone in omaha heard about it. Her name was cc galloway. She came out to sioux city enough to help them and if they would relocate it would work at his news paper. It was made in 38 and omaha was a pretty racist town. Less than 20 years before they moved their fake out there in 1937 with a really brutal lynching down at the courthouse. Oddly enough that the class name is found. But she still racist town. Sioux city was a fairly racist town. So she kind of mail what she was going to be facing. She realized her strength was people skills. She kind of left it to him at the beginning to the right the story. He was eventually pretty radical. They werent really sure what kind of elements were going into the newspaper. Said they were very political. A lot of family outreach and positive news. It was started much what is going on nationally. They didnt have as much omaha coverage but when she was divorced in 1943 and she took over the newspaper and he left the city the knows all about the family and making people in the black community prominent. It wasnt as referred in the mainstream newspaper which unfortunately if he didnt know better you wouldnt realize theres the black community other than the omaha starr reporting about it. She had a lot Different Things going on. And the third is it was probably housing. The government came in during the Great Depression until some projects. Her has been was registering people and the affairs she was so excited and said this is fantastic. Fairly equal to the White Community for housing. Her main goal in the newspaper today shes been gone for over 20 years. She always has positive news because she thought it want to put a Positive Side of the black community. Instead of focusing on disaggregating what she did have segregation and maybe the support of various things they were doing to change discrimination of the city she would say lets focus on the family celebration of Something Else. So it was sandwiching the news. Very forward thinking. She thought it was important to show the positive aspects of the community because it was a way of uplifting. It was a way of showing people reading. Theres a lot of negativity negativity. And not only was returned within her the rest of her life. And she did that numerous times in various eventually recognize. If youre unhappy such as unemployment and businesses people refuse to hire people of color dont buy anything there. She ran a Huge Campaign for years. She had a list of companies that she boldly put them on the front page. Do not buy any products and tell your friends dont go there. Its pretty nervy when a lot of a lot of advertising is from white businesses. She sometimes had to juggle things a little bit because there are times im sure she was digging into what is left over saving trying to make sure it to be continued. One thing she was proud of a she never missed an issue and over 50 years. She started the newspaper january 9 1938 bride at the tail end of the Great Depression and she actually and midbeen in charge of the newspaper on november 2nd 1989 because she passed away at. A true newspaper won a hard the newspaper with tomato certain day of the week. She had just signed off in two hours later she passed away. It is turning you think youve seen them on their still coming. Start with the newspaper. The newspaper is still being printed right now. So many people have been reading it since 1938. That is a huge legacy and i could say maybe it was all at the people she accepted in the community, the white and black community who desegregated, who understood what she was doing to improve the community. The biggest legacy is all the people she attached. I never met her. I kind of feel like i did with all the research that i would have really liked to have spent five minutes with her. She has that kind of person. We continue our visit with trans man whose but perimeters of democracy discovers the use of internment camps during world war ii. Internment in various forms has gone on since the creation of the first indian reservation melee. When i started this study i became really intrigued with how many people were living in these hastily built cities, camps, and closures in world war ii. It turned out there were 367,000 people moved into the west during world war ii. I looked at how is that they came up with the idea the government could simply move people in a place they wanted him to be, create a community that made them adopt lifeways that would make them more american although most are quite american and doing quite well to begin with and release people when the government decided they didnt want them there. Going back to things that the japanese internment camp, the people who organize and develop those are borrowed from the Indian Bureau because the reservation system was the first to is created in close communities that did regiment the way people would live in order to make a more american. I focus for various communities of different types in the first one i looked at was dance for city right between Portland Oregon and vancouver washington, hence the creative name which has workers during world war ii. From there i looked at the Relocation Center which is one of the 10 euphemistically named Relocation Centers. It was decided incarceration for japanese americans and people of japanese ancestry mostly from california. Third was the los alamos site in new mexico. One of the reasons for the kidnap that was it was another one of these cities that materialized out of nowhere. Topaz was utahs fifth largest city. Los alamos for second or third in new mexico. Its a gigantic wartime effort mostly for cities that have subsequently disappeared or become Something Else. I was interested in the range of people that live in this confined spaces because they might imagine naturally given the racial anxiety at the time that perhaps the structure for africanamericans and japanese americans. What about welltodo celebrated scientist coming from universities and laboratories across the u. S. And the world. The First Community in my study was also in Southern Oregon because i started to realize the more i look at the communities i was examining the more the expertise and model for communities had come from the Indian Bureau. No one was reinventing the wheel. The government had persisting concerns in their base in something that might be fairly real. Often trying to respond to the existing communitys anxieties. A lot of the purpose for incarcerating people are containing him with it was a tangible way for the federal government to show the surrounding communities they were managing a seemingly unmanageable problem. If we are fearful of people bombing the west coast and taken over its not those japaneseamerican people have anything to do whatsoever with the pearl harbor bombing. As much look enough was done by the fbi and other surveillance there was no evidence anyone had anything to do with the bombing. The government can show we are doing something. Is a barbed wire the government taking care of this. Shipyards and poor than much the same thing. Tremendous concern if we did not have the ships and more material we needed the United States is pretty far behind in the game. Detroit in 1942 43 have been very large racial unrest that threatened the war effort and became great material for propaganda. The United States is making claims it was freedom and democracy globally and in the United States africanamericans are struggling for equal treatment within the defense centers. This is a propaganda problem. But that was okay for portlanders with racial anxiety we will create a city of 40,000 people within a matter of if you wont showed up in house about 40,000 people. And this kind of presented as an integrated city but it was also very clear it was a life that there concludes that are for africanamericans. Administration of anxiety about the same time with the moment within inclusiveness. A lot of ballots by forests and not the greatest. It would consider forming a community. There is not a lot of decisions to be done about this. The u. S. Initially in the aftermath of the bombing a week invitation for people to abandon their homes and belongings to move into the interior west voluntarily. A lot of people couldnt do that. It is an expensive and difficult proposition. This is an executive order from the president that said you are now in a Military Area going to be evacuated but they like it or you dont. People could go back. People with all kinds of things were arrested and treated as criminals. Then theres an interesting case here. But its not a place people were compelled to go to. They didnt have barb wire. It did have internal security, lots of plainclothes fbi, lots of people looking for communist looking for problems like interracial dances. Shoot taxes were a problem because it would seem to perpetuate africanamerican culture and music and this could be disruptive. But it wasnt made clear surveillance structure. This is the first opportunity as stable housing a good job. A pretty great place to live on the whole. You would here make stories about this. The problem was it was pretty fabricated and cut off from being to participate in the community. They didnt have Voting Rights in portland unless they were from there. A lot of resistance to things that polling stations. It also meant people were going to the shipyard, put it in a coffee can under their mattress and with the flood came and the federal government told people stay in your homes there is no danger and they were wrong about that peoples earnings washed away. The gains they got from the Great Depression didnt pan out. In that case the sale was reasonable. Theyre free to come and go. It is really interesting because most of the scientists dare come in nearly all were really given the full picture of what it does they were going to work on. They knew from a couple of scientists who is not allowed in the project because he was considered too radical too jewish into Great Potential for subversion include the Roosevelt Administration into the fact germany had some project going to westernize Atomic Energy in some way and they now had the uranium story to potentially do it. We dont know what its going to be that youve got to get people in there, build it and make sure nobody knows its happening. Scientists took what was based on commitment to their discipline saying youre going to desert. Your address is p. O. Box 1663. When children are born if you have children in the compound the first place is p. O. Box 1663. The big confession as family members were allowed to, now say they can and because there is concern about the more people to might have to manage them. Most of those people as i say put it this scientists hollywood. What a lot of scientists didnt know is even their own bodyguards were there to watch their every move. They have more private information on scientists in the Manhattan Project and anyone could ever want to know. We know where they would get their hair cut prior to being brought to the Manhattan Project and whether that indicated they were jewish and potentially more of a political tendency to be subversive. So there sections of both confinement in surveillance of something wonderfully american about your participation in the community. I think one of the things they would take away from the book is to realize their story as americans what the standard narratives we been given theres a lot of hidden histories and hit next. Does. It has a unique and interesting history but it doesnt end the last time they reached the pacific shore. If we had onto the history too long, some very important issues that we are still contending with get lost. If you really want to understand in the west tower neighbors came to be here and what histories they bring and maybe let difficulties from my pastor difficulties from their pastor that they might have overcome really look more closely beyond everybody coming to the west because they were seeking freedom in their part of this great march of progress to a much richer in deeper and more textured it really is. It is not a great story but tail at the aggregate of a lot of complex experiences that include the hand of the federal government. A lot its been here a lot of different ways. You are watching but tv and cspan2 in new york city. One of the things we do in new york is talk with authors and get previews of the books coming out in the fall. Joining us now Pulitzer Prizewinning oscar stacy sent to. Her new book coming out in the fall is the witches salem 1962. We are now about the same on which trial. What do we know thats incorrect . Thats pretty much where it started. There was no good to come in no way an underwriter. Not entirely about planning. Many of the dems are men so it is not a man on my minivan. Its a whole political account last history. Its one of those moments because we all read the crucible and we all forget its a work of fiction and has rather liberties and essentially it was actually home. Thats actually a little propaganda that comes later from the south in the 19th century. Pretty much all the basic facts. Salem, massachusetts 1692. This is a little confusing to start. The town where the trials occur Alpine Community nextdoor is where the first begin to crumble sunrise and show what we think are symptoms of witchcraft. Its very isolated outpost of farmers still in town is somewhat more sophisticated congenial community on the water. Slightly more elaborate homes. Wealthier and the farmers. The first families will rise to the witchcraft charges and these girls begin. Before we talk i should say derek and primitive and frightening place when you live in a massachusetts out post in 1692 youre fairly certain the indians will come barreling down on you in a moment and there are rumors in the air the french are about to arrive. You feel the frontier you feel pretty vulnerable. Was the population and how far apart . Salem village was about british people. Salem is about a thousand. Salem is the two urban centers and a wealthy bustling port town. They look to salem town to adjudicate legal disputes. They look to the church problems so theres a certain tension already between town and village. Is their religious aspect . Hard to say. Were talking about a society in which everyone is a godfearing puritans whether he goes to meeting our macros to meeting. Is very senseless then enable this somehow a rats with ms. Grossi to act out. Some of its gross intra sermon which is unthinkable to do. Is there some kind of said of shame during that. The guys there certainly possible. As if some people were in some kind of spiritual distress at this moment. Pretty much religions permeate every aspect of new england life at this point. Who are some of the main characters . You have to tear down girls. One of the ministers daughter in Salem Village who disappears from the scene which is very convenient. The other is one of the most mysterious witch hunters in a way. She identifies many intends to accuse people freely. Shes the one that out in the meeting house. They named some of the obvious prospects. The first three suspects are of dubious character if you have to vote someone out of town. But then they reach out and the accusers grow larger and reach out towards the next community over. The juvenile delinquent is not very nice to her parents. They reject to her and thats one of the more interesting carrots tears because he accused of witchcraft. At that moment hes brought back to trial and he actually will be hung. Would get this reaching out prepared by their ideas have found that her death ordered their parents have grudges against. Many people accused earlier by themselves on trial this time around with my diet result than the first time around. One of the most fascinating characters to me at one point have a motherdaughter grandmother always together coming each of them accusing each other of having introduced her to the devil it made her a witch. Is which either force the air the entire area . To a large extent, yes. Its important to remember how dark it was and how frightening it was somehow the smudges on the wall could turn and mutate into Something Else especially when you heard which is living on the road. Its an easy idea. Connecticut will very soon suffer a witchcraft outbreak of the own. The community most severely it is actually in dover. Another story suggest this to be called the essex county witch trials rather than the same month which trials. Doing research on this, whether relative records, court proceedings, et cetera . The records are fabulous. Unfortunately the child records have disappeared. Conveniently no one is sure what is happening. The deposition and testimony, much of, much about the attorney general is trying to figure out on the piece of paper survived. Many charges press with early hearings. We have two death warrants and the documents are chilling because you get a sense of what is going on inside the courtrooms. Very nice a trial. Everyone in the room and never once allowed to speak at one. They are accused in the 17th century as is trying to exonerate themselves. The evidence against them and against the accused is not allowed to swear for himself as a slightly uneven playing field. You have these really chilling document and once you walk into the courtroom that case is very heavily weighted as do. Its a dramatic set of papers to read through. Stacy sabatino, what is the importance of the salem witch trials as were further his jury . I realized its convenient to have a disgrace in your past because it puts you in line. I think we hassle sale amount whenever we are suspicious of our neighbors. Expense of civil liberties. But i think whats interesting is how we misinterpreting the weekend to each other. The reason we have turned the witches into victims of burning or hanging is very much a position in the more it by saying yes we may have slaves that you all have witches. You wont earn witches. Thats where we get the idea that massachusetts earn witches. I think the idea of what missteps and i cannot keep ourselves better in mind as a National Disgrace which serves the purpose going forward. How many people were home . 19 of which there were real but dems overall. When he refuses to enter a fully to whether hes guilty or not. Theyll attend a medieval torture is used in north america. Cleopatra at the great improvisation france and france and the birth of america. Portrait of mrs. Vladimir nava costs. Dont does seem obvious to you . Im not sure ive ever been able to see it. I was coming off of cleopatra and the ideas of women in power and what is so threatening on what women do with their power and why are men so ruffled by female power. And the curious idea of an adolescent with power were things that i kept feeling i had a point for doubt. This is the ability to take a topic we feel we are wellversed in an show in fact we know little about it and what we do know is largely mythological. A typical book in the sense we have documentation that we have no documentation but you work with what you have. You in the Pulitzer Prize for cleopatra . Its about marriage and can you pry apart the lives of two people who spend their entire lives in a closed room together. Its interesting because much of what he writes she added that and writes for him in terms of correspondence. You have this real melding of the two personalipersonali ties and attempt to see if i can pry them apart. Host where we race . A small town in massachusetts which i couldnt wait to get out of the nonfascinated by smalltown massachusetts. Cannot tell you for many years. Into book publishing. Do you consider yourself in his origin . Am a writer and a sense by emphasis is usually on the narrative. It is immensely important but i want the reader to turn the page. Im not interested in covering the field in terms of every detail. I am interested in a coherent narrative to look into the nuances of the story while making you feel as if you read something you cannot put down. What are the topics he covered in the new yorker . Was a piece about wikipedia. The encyclopedia was mindboggling. The question at the beginning were you calling a dictionary off the shelf are beginning to check wikipedia. Now it seems like a quaint idea. Who are the real experts. It has come into play as well. One of the interesting things is you have no price and theres no newspapers. Everything around these people is coming to them orally and its a really interesting way. It gets very convoluted. A lot of remind little facts. You can see where that ends up which to me when you have chatter and dont necessarily have someone waiting and pain that rumor is just rumor. That is not a fact. Even though the book does not come until october 2015, what is your next project . I havent been able to look much beyond the book to her. Im not done with the subject which is a great way to feel. Theres something about it. Chanting and so many angles to it that i may want to play with another piece of it still. Stacy schiff, the witches salem, 1962. This is booktv on cspan2. The Omaha Deporres Club was a phenomenal story of an Unlikely Group of people in an unlikely place at an improbable time in history that faced Racial Discrimination in omaha, nebraska and i was in the late 40s and early 50s, predating other solaris activities if not by decades, at least by year. It was a group that defy the stereotype when you think about civil rights. Young people and old people, black and white led by two white men. It is a very wonderful story that has all of these amazing connections in an unlikely place. The birmingham at the north was the quote i found by John Howard Griffin who is the author of lack like me and John Howard Griffin used the quote to describe omaha within the 60s omaha a reputation in omaha in the United States as a city that when you came in if you are black you needed to keep your head down and be aware you were going to be served in restaurants. You werent going to give it a stay in hotels and like many cities around the country there was an informal industry i stayed in homes in the black community. Even if you were an africanamerican part of a day on in the white hotel are part of a play being put on in a mostly white attended theater and thats not a quote that omaha shares proudly but it is a quote i found repeated it was known in the description of birmingham was an apt description if you are an africanamerican. The club started in 1947 by two gentlemen. One was a Catholic Priest who is the just do it about a mile and a half. The other founder is a gentleman named Danny Holland which was a gentleman who is actually my father. A 20yearold student named adam talked about social justice and decided to start a group to talk about it. He thinks you join a prayer group they were going to sit around and talk about the moral and theological implications were and they had some different ideas father marco was the core center of the group as they move then picketing and challenging and doing things that scared him spit list. When they began their operation they use the term social justice because civil rights wasnt part of the national lexicon at that time. The idea of civil rights was so far removed from the idea of the Greater Community of omaha or the United States that they were operating in a vacuum. I like to say they were operating without a net. They were not prior experiences to challenge Racial Discrimination and segregation. In some cases they were making up strategies techniques they use because there wasnt an educator i do this for middle and High School Students and i say its not like you can shoot someone in email someone in email for how did the protests go. They were sitting down thing will challenge the business and hand out leaflets but not yet because we are sure if its legal. Theres things like waiting on the protest because we will check to find out will check to find out if we can legally hand out flyers in front of the business. There were that far ahead of what became the norm later. It was started strong in north omaha. Whitney young ended up being a National Leader of the urban league during the 60s. A Strong Branch of the naacp and the Omaha Deporres Club operating out that the bound of the established rules of how you got done and it created a tension in the black community. In fact one of the first love of the tensions created was because they were racially mixed. There were black men and white women meeting together having a in north omaha and that created a stir because people in north omaha saw that as a problem. They didnt need any attention drawn because early on the dating center is used and there is the attention of black men and white women meeting in england not the problem. That was one of the first problems they came up against in the community. Once people understood what they were trying to do that garners support over the years from the urban league, the naacp. They ended up working with local churches as they saw the Deporres Club was about challenging and changing the institutional racism in omaha. Once they understood what that was about, he once gave a speech that thought the club had other motivations and he stood up and quickly set the goal is to kick jim crow out of omaha and then he sat back down. They went there for anything else. When people understood that they tended to get on board or at least not resist the efforts. It is a block down the street. Now its a coowner that was a white owned business to do anything. Even though it was located in the black community almost all the customers wouldnt hire anyone to work in the office. They wouldnt allow any black employees to drive the vans. 1950 after a couple years of doing as my dad said went to the business and said we think this isnt fair and the business as why are you here. Weve been doing this for years and nobody has ever complained. So i caused a big stir. They decided to organize a boycott. The black community is going to cause problems beyond always wanted to. They started a boycott in the business sold to another laundry and eventually hired a black clerk announced that happened in a lot of disasters the Ripple Effect to avoid a challenge by the Deporres Club and one brilliant businessmen open a business on north 24th street at employed only africanamericans including the manager and assistant manager. The boycott started in july 1950 and came to fruition in february 1951. Over a period of months after his, letters, leafleting that have been. They have a successful boycott and then they boycotted the Cocacola Bottling Company. They said you are located in the community and you dont hire any africanamericans. Cocacola said yeah, so. They never have. Why should we. They started a boycott and cocacola after the leaflet got a petition under 24 straight in at 45 businesses to say they wouldnt carry coke anymore. Cocacola finally hired a couple africanamericans in the plant. There was an ice cream plant six blocks north of here and when the club approached them the response was will go out of business before we hire black workers. The club said really thats interesting. They organized a boycott. This one took about a year and after a shoot off and is this the reason i finally hired africanamerican workers and the one that was ongoing probably the one that wouldve caused the mistress or a shame and most exhaustion was the Omaha Council bluffs Railway Company which was the Company Given the charter by the city to do the streetcar and bus service at the time. Unlike some places it wasnt about blacks being able to ride streetcars. It was about blacks being able to drive. 1948 members including my dad went to visit the leadership of the company to ask them where ask them why are too higher in africanamericans to work for your company to drive buses and streetcars through the leadership gave several examples but the one most vivid was the vice resident telling them you know if we have a black driver and become to the end of the line but the white women on the end of the line you know he will rape her. My dad wouldve been 22 at the time. I can see him at the meeting thinking my goodness, did he just say that . We went to the needed in this is what they told us. So anyway, go back out. He pushed him right back out the door. In 1948 the company wouldnt hire black drivers. 49, 50 51 52 53. Hulk rally and in 1954 the bus company hired black drivers because the city had the did take away their charter if they didnt change their hiring policy. Those are the four main efforts but at the same time they were helping a black world war ii veteran would than a tuskegee airman shot down and held in a pow camp. One block outside the bounds of the segregated neighborhood and his house was stoned by the neighborhood and they threatened to run the family out and but a young came said can you help this kind of thing. The Deporres Club helped in the van and protested a blackface act at a local high school. As they were doing those longterm boycott efforts against businesses there it dozens and dozens of other things going on. All of that was met with incredible resisting as part of the Deporres Club pushed against it, the resistance is just as forceful as the same period of time. As they did the exact dvds and after his, they were operating in a cone of silence and not the black community knew of it because of the black newspapers. But if you are white in omaha, this never happened. For all intents and purposes it was a nonevent because the greater the Mainstream Media never carried it. So if you are black and you didnt read the north omaha star for the omaha guide you didnt know what happened. People ask me what was the communitys response. The Community Response is nonexistent. With a newspaper wouldnt carry it. 1954 was a Television Program that carried an episode that talked about the club and that wouldve been the first time you wouldve been like who are these people appear to have never heard of them. The sense of pushing and not getting response did wear down my debt. In the fall of 1954 the montgomery bus boycott list for next year. If they had just sat to wait another year they mightve caught the draft and then part of the national movement. It really came down to they just ran out of steam. They retired. The support wasnt there. And the leadership my dad had been the president all seven years. He had married the Club Secretary in 1853. Their first child was dead in october 1954 which by coincidence or otherwise was in the club ended. My dad had to get a real job to support his family and he was no longer able to put in the hours. And really the numbers i interviewed said once that was no longer there to lay death there is nobody that stepped up to provide the ongoing leadership and the club went dormant basically for five or six years and the late 50s the number named Wilbur Philipp resurrected the club for a oneyear effort to get the omaha Public Schools to hire teachers unsuccessfully. After the Oneyear Campaign to club folded and it wouldve been the summer of 1960. The reason they ended after the sevenyear push if they had just run out of their resources, leadership that attack to keep the affair sustain all those years. This was in a sixmonth operation or to make protest. The group is that from 1947 until 1954 and the entire time they faced resistance from Civic Leaders, educational leaders and they never backed down and one of the analogy she said i always felt like we were both guys and Butch Cassidy and the sundance kid at the end when they are followed and they keep trying to boost these guys and they say they keep trying to solve these techniques and finally Butch Cassidy and sundance look at each other and say who are these guys . Congressional testimony and recently declassified fbi files. He traces the lives of key figures living up to the puerto rico revolution of 1950. He is interviewed by teresita levy assistant professor of latin american, caribbean and puerto rican studies at lehman college. Host its great to be with