Are we grade. Good evening, everyone. I treasurer of the Supreme CourtHistorical Society. This room with some frequency but im usually faced in that direction sot pace to be looking out there. I am a please turn off all cell phones, tabls, x apple watches even if they are in silent mode they can cause interferencesound system r assistance. This has been a long time coming. B 1991 with Justice Kennedy talking about thelant ae privilege of doing it again to e marshalls 50th anniversary on the court, so its fitting that we are here■ again after the pandemic. Its nice to be back in the courtroom for the 70 at the White House Historical association into the u. S. Capital society and we appreciate very much our partnership in that ever. Id like to express the societies gratitude th evening tous first event we had the privilege of having her pa with the society and shes doing double duty tonight. First she will be a host and also participant. Speaks, she wl join in conversation■n discuss. As i suspect you all know it is of the court, so we thank her for taking the time away from her many duties and we are honored by■j her presence. It is cliche to say that if soentroduction, but its absolutely true in this context nonetheless j to introduce so i will fulfill my she was born in washington, d. C. On september 14, 1970. Its interesting that also as the same date, not the exact date, but the same day that the justice was born and most of you probably know she was the arguee United StatesSupreme Court, first black federa and argued tn the Supreme Court and 19 of t ne near. Obviously she played a significant role in litigation with Thurgood Marshall. Florida and attended private schools and radcliffe graduatedn 96 and after law the you get to Steven Breyer here at the court and in addition to the professional experience in private practice she forms of Public Service and worked in the Sentencing Commission for three years returned to the commission in 2010. E District Court from 2013 President Biden appointed her to the dc circuit in 2021. Long enough to get cup of coffee basically and then was nominated to the s and she was confirmed in 2022 oe 2022. And grateful. Thank you for being here evening. Tha very much for that kind introdu the invitation to be with you this my colleague and i support the important work of thepey and ofe society is doing preserve the court, the constitution and thed Educational Outreach to the public about the Supreme Courts history. Pleasure to host the program thisni here. Tonights lecture and conversation as you heard comes just days after the 70th annirsary of the courts decision in brown v board of hie meaningful for us to be in the courtroom tonight toak part in the commemoration of brown. In a few moments we the privilege of hearing how hee in Charleston South Carolina where the judge o served. You will learn a gat deal about him tonight. Judge richard is a native of and grandson of russian and polish and jewish ihe is a graduate of Duke University and the duke univerzezsity school of law. He practiced law in columbia South Carolina specializing in complex civil litigation before president obama nominated him as he wasst confirmed by the senate by unanimous consent in august 2010. Shortly after the confirmation, he his maternal grandparents had been sworn in asitizens in the courtrooms to which he was assigned. A fact that he has shared with naturalization ceremonies. D in l courthouse since and has handled a number of significant cases includi8,a who killed nine people attednes. He is the author of numerous articles and boo w particular focus on american legal history. With hisife, us tonight, a retired historian the author of in pursuit of thee early columbia South Carolina. His most recent books talk is dn exampleourage, the blinding of sergeant and the harry trumad judge. Its been referred to by the new york timess riveting, remarkable. By professor Henry Louis Gates as a timely book a monumental they have two sons both of whom are with usr tonight, richie who practices law in charleston and joseph graduated yesterday from the law school. I could go on but i wont because like you, im anxious to friends, so please join m3pen george gurgle. [app Justice Jackson for that kind introduction. We have been, initially we we sort of reconstructing our relationship. Ive been confirmed about a year. Justice jackson was on the Sentencing Commission nominated for the distri District Court, t yet confirmed. We were at a senncing Commission Conference and had wonderful conversations and we had been friends and colleagues since, so we are so proud of her and im truly honored to be h with her onhis event. December 9, 1952, thurgood legef counsel of the naacpteppedp to the podium in this the argume courts longstanding president oflessy overturned. Davis himself a living legend. They argued that he remains good law. The two titans met at the crossroads of history with the outcome of this case to define what type of nation america would rigidly segregated in which mand in a twilight world between slavery and freedom. Would this country live up to its promise of equal justice guaranteed by the american constitution . Then he would assume the case for this between Thurgood Marshall and john w dis education. That assumption would be wrong. The case argued that day and continued into the■p next day involved a chage to the racially segregated Public School system of claritin countj South Carolina. The case would later be with three others under the tit b education. Thurgood marshall exclusively ie first round of argumentslievingt important of the School Segregation cases pending on the Supreme Courts dockets. Th was filed where the groundbreaking evidence of the studies was offered and thee in which a dissent had been filed assertg that plessy should be overturned, that dissent by then included in all mandated Public School segregation violated the equal proton of the 14th amendment and was unconstitutional. When the Supreme Court issued its unanimous decision the stane centerpiece of what is regarded as the most American History. It is altogether fitti program h anniversary of the decision we turn our attention to the into the remarkable dissent which helped this country on thai the l noted that the issue Supreme Court did not to simply begin with the filing of the suit were the citizens petition that made the simple request of the black children of the claritin School District asked to ride the bus just like white children. It was a long forgotten incident world war ii veteran that would set off■l a cascading series of events leading to the eventful day of 1952 when Thurgood Marshall stepped up to the podium in this courtroom to argue Plessy V Ferguson should be overturned. As world war ii came to an■ 900,000 africanamericans, most from the south v. Returning the veterans expected l treatment once they returned. Instead of old practices of the diseras who resisted acquiescence to the customs were often viewed as a threat to the racial status quon veterans wanted their own newal. Late in the afternoon february 1 194 Sergeant Isaac watered, a soldier boarded a Greyhound Bus in georgia after discharging hours earlier gordon and was traveling to columbia hometown of winnsboro where he was the rendezvous with his subrogation occasioned by his fo service. He struck an impressive figure in his uni■fform with sergeant stripes on his soldiers and battlefield decorations on his chest. During one of the frequent stops along the way, he approached the could step off the bus at the next relieve himself. At that time interstate buses did notms and greyhound drivers were instructed to accommodate such requests by their passengers. Instead the bus driver snapped i aint got time to wait and ordered him to return to seat at the back of the bus. To the apparent astthe bus drivd back telling talk to me like im talking to you. I am a man just like you. The stunned bus driver told watered to go ahead but at the next stop in South Carolina the bu driver now no longer concerned with staying on schedule d partarch of a policeo have ordered removed froe and a. Watered soon found himself bates berg who to woodards effort to explain himself and they escorted him off to the town jail. On the with a blackjack and ultimately driving the end of the baton into both of his eyes. The sergeant was then a semi conscious state into a jail cell for the night. When next morning he realized he could not see. Ds transferred to the Veterans Hospital in columbia wheree to e irreversibly blinded. Accounts of the woodard beating and blinding were reported in theeived nationwide attention when orson welles focused on the incident ineekly National Radio program on abc successive weeks. Mass meetings were soon organize and black communities across the treatment. Meanwhile other black veterans returning to their homes in the rural south confronted other incidents of racial violence including racially inspired murders. No state prosecuted those involved in on september 1946 a delegation h president truman at the whiteise of racial violencemans staff ad him to respond and theres little he could do to address these. Civil rights leaders urged him to Call Congress back into to ae spreading violence. He expressed sympathy but there was little he could do because it wasnt public support for the civil rights legislation. Leading the group was water by the executive secretary of the and prominent supporters in the civil rights community. It was apparent tt the president did not appreciate the gravity of the situation. He changed the discussion by sharing in detail the blinding of isaac ketanji. As the tragic story unfolded, he sat riveted and became agitated with the idea that a uniformed decorated american soldier had ■r■÷fl■3 so cruelly treated. Abandoning the advice of his sao idea that it was as terrible as that. Weve got to do something. At the following day he wrote his attorney general andim the e blinding noting that thea Police Officer deliberately put out the sergeants eyes. Trumt clear that the time for federal action had now arrived. Three Business Days after president trumans Letter Department of justice the attorney general made the unprecedented announcement that the department of justice would prosecute the police chief for the deprivation of the civil rights of woodard. For violating the civil rights of a black citizen in the south they face daunting challenges. Jury rosters were dravoter listd africanamericans were almost entirely disenfranched allwhite juries and grand juries were generally hostile to any civil rights claims and prosecutors wanted nothing to do with civil rights cases. Indeed, a decision by the Justice Department to charge the police chief with a misdemeanor is it was doubted that he South Carolina federal grand jury would return an indictment. Is the eighth generation and his father, and his father a confederate veteran. Judge was initially skeptical of the several prosecutions. When the blinded sergeant took the stand detailed his vicious e chief, judge or wearing a new a grave he was equally aware his all white jury it would not convict the obviously culpable officer. He was right 28 minutes after deliberation commence the jury announce the acquittal of linwood shawl. Shawl supporters cheered his acquittal notice judge warings a wife, elizabeth who attended theud left the back of the courtroom in t. His wife later t evening both were traumatized by the trial over which you just presided. Th trout force the judge and his wife to stare directly into the southern racial abyss of youthat would foreverns them. Later described the trial as his fire. Baptism they returned home to charleston held in columbia resolved to learn more about tustice. A subject which that g it frankly little thought to it prior to the trial. These are n could be openly discussed among White Charlestonians of the wearing society to undertake their own selfdirected study each evening after dinner elizabeth would read out loud a portion of a selected work to allow the judge to rest his eyes after a day of■tjudicial duties. The cutting edge work by gunnar my would later be footnote 11 in versus board of education. Notice judgeviews race and justd George Elmore alaed suit in the federal District Court in 947 challenging the Democratic Partys all white rey Thurgood Marshall of the naacp o was already reputation of Almost Legendary proportion. Skilled litigator and legal olitical leaders were united in their determination to preservehe white primary notwithstanding■s right holding a white primary is unconstitutional. They dont always listen to what you all say, right customer judge waring understood that any right of minority citizens to vote would produce an intensely■a ant public reaction. He was assigned the case told elizabeth up to now been doing this privately but if i ruled rule forthe plaintiffs in this r lives will never be the same word elizabeth, now a convert to the cause says i am from start to finish. Warings conclude as he later shared with a historian after he choice was either quote to be entirely governed by the doctrine of whiwere to be ae inside the law f , 47 judge waring issued his decisiog South Carolina white primary unconstitutional. Waring ended his order by stating for South Carolina to rejoin the union and to adopthe conducting elections. The groundbreaking elmore decision was immediately appreciated by the leadership of in a private note the Thurgood Marshall hastings would later be appointed judge in American History wrote thurgood, i read South Carolina decision the times i still do not believe it. Respects i think ths is your greatest legalould not give up. Soon a new party rule was blacke in the priority primary so long as they pledge their support to racial segregation. No Surprising New lawsuit was filed. Thurgood marshall. Judge warings summoned an emergency hearing in hisurtroom3 members of the Democratic Party executive committee to be present. These were the political powerse their efforts to defy his ■yearlier ruling faced withcoe r jail sentence. He wanted those present and if they violate his orders again n. Think about that one. There after africanamericans by the thousands registed carolina. The response of was thunderous. Death threats written and oral or conant arosslcas burned at the warings residence bricks were thrown to the living room window. The order of attorney general was provided 24 hour u. S. Marshal s magazine described ast man they love to hate. Also was proving to be a person of courage. The purpose of the vilification was intended to he did not work he his study and reflection on race, injustice and america convinced the foundation of jim crow segregation, the0 s court 1896 in plessy v ferlegally, hiy wrong. Ruled with the plaintiff0 and civil rights cases issued in june 19501 involving a separate but not equal Texas Law School a graduate school for anan studens required to sit in the hall outside the classroomn mclaurin versus oklahoma board of regents. Urt was ready to reverse plessy f a proper School Segregation case can be placed on its docket. Judge noted on his docket inon h carolina sought totricts in of black and white schools. Time, l rights cases in the southvery tp lawyers. Strategy of using plessy as a sword. They were not challenging segregation they were challenging the lack of equality. This was legal strategy they were winning their cases. It was a brilliant kind of strategy it avoided challenging segregation. The original but has. Z controvey because every time plessy was used to hold the rights of africanamerican citizens it was in another wayhe inferior legal the original complaint did not explicitly allege segregated Public Schools were unconstitutional. That was on axle and they were not asserting that at the time. Marshall pio at the charleston courthouse on november 17■ , 50 pretrial conference on the friday before the trial was to he was advised the judge wanted to see him in after being ushered into the judges offe without opposing counsel present he told do not r separate but equal case and bring me a frontal attack on segregation. Marshall responded judge, it is on our agenda it is just not tonight we dont thinksthe case. We dont think this is the time at they will kill my plaintiffs in South Carolina if do this for judge was unpersuaded telling marshall this is the case. This is the time. Think practically noting any decision by him overturning appeal by the fourth circuit. Since the challenge of Public School segregation contested the constitutionality of the state law he would request the panel the appeal wouldjudge automatically go into the of the United StatesSupreme Court up to this point naacp sty had been carefully buildn top o. Never trying to get aad Supreme Court. The path waring was a bold and g attack on segregation branch. A few minutes after this can be in the pretrial conference publicly pressed marshall for the use challenging the constitutionality of Public School segregation. Marshall stated he was and agreed to the pending lawsuit a new complaint the first frontal attack on Public School sregation history. Newly filed case was tried in the Charleston Federal Courthouse in may 1951 threejudge panel concluded judge waring. Right cases in the south were sparsely attended by members ofhe t identified as members of the naacp. That you would get you fired if you are a schoolteacher itbe see racial status quo. On the morning of 1951, africanamericans line up at the federal courthouse down broad street this far as the eye could see. Hoping to observe what many thought might be the most important case in American History process Thurgood Marshall entered the charleston de he turned to his young assistant sa over. Gardner his youngss■fistant was mystified and said what did he mean . He said theyre not scared■k . Y. Those in attendance in the courtroom were not disappointed by the performance of thurgoo marshall. The trial court the testimony of doctor Kenneth Clark who had research and the effects of segregation on blackandwhite goals that crowd was Thurgood Marshall devastating crossex witness whose last nams crow . You cannot make it up, okay pathmark is judge warin■ig■4 anticipated the majority of the panel ruled self criminal laws mandated segregated schools were la u doctrine. But judge waring fully aware he was wring ages wrote an elegant and brilliant attackn segregation in america. He stated qte■ we must face without evasion or equivocationu the question as to whether schools is legal under then our 14th amendment. Judge waring discussed in smonyr Kenneth Clark regarding his demonstrated the humiliation of being set aside to associaterens has a damaging effect upon the mental pcesses of our young. The recent decisions of the Supreme Court striking down segregated schools of Higher Education judge waring concluded segregation in education could never produce aust be eradicatee state of South Carolina must go and go now. Segregation is per se w inequality. Judge waring noted in his dissent the targeted retaliation had experienced the result of their participation in the case which has included the loss of jobs calling in of farm loans the failure of the local department to respond to a fire that burned on the home of the r reverend joseph delayed for judge waring stated have shown d presenting this because the face of the longesbl life the stateh carolina■ h adopted, practice, lived in since and as a result of the institution ofum slavery. 1951 was the first challenge the government mandated segregation by federal judge justice harlans historic dissent and plessy 55 years earlier. In early 1952 some six months after briggs versus elliottdissd charleston moved to new york city. Owsely later se delaware, kansas all were consolidated for the United States supreme c under the name brown versus board of education. All the other School Desegregation ces invving 14 different judges the only way it segregation even if the facilities wer equal w violate e mate 171954 the Supreme Court handed down unanimously landmark decision in brown versus board of education the court Public School segregation of inferiority and children may affect the a way unlikely to ever be undone doctor clark. The court explicitly cast aside separate but equal adopted the per se rule all government mandated Public School segregation was unconstitutional. Waring in his briggs dissent on the night of decision the leadership to the small Upper East Side apartment to toast the man they viewed as father of brown. Judge waring both chief decision his admiration for the clearcut decision when you decide the case ive been pretty lonely up to that time. The chief justice respondent waring was the one to be you had to do it the hard way. About what he called the unpleasant repercussion decisiol history late in life waring observed taken the whole thing and balance not often in life of the opportunity to do something you really think i good. A great stroke of fortune came down my alley the dont amount to anything. Theyre offset by wha i contribn you. E history of our coury. Thank you. Our rates. Is this on . Could all hear me . That was really wonrf. We have a few followup questions and they will t requests that will be fine. Youention judge was alienated from the white political establishment. And South Carolina in particular. Do you have a sense of how he other judges . It was kind of interesting. And white primary care since they were unanimously affirmed s two decio parker had been nomind to the court at one point in the late 20s did not gf his perceivs on race. He wrote the decision affirming he was an admirer. Was greatly admired. He knew the justices of him. There was a Point Washington fof meetings. He wrote a letter later to Thurgood Marshall and said i have met with the chief he shares our views, isnt that interesting . They view it as he had resistant. Their discussion began with trumanay you know then judge of the blind nigro and he said mr. President i tried that say is kind of a figure in the late0s. Reporters would ask him fairly commonly what got into you . How did you change . And he would sail while on the bench i developed a passion for justice. That is a wonderful statement judges who apparently did not develop at that time a passion for justice. It wasring to follow him. Frank and the judges is later pretty started retired by the time they get on the bench their our appointees of the time is out there by himself. So i think what it had become probably the most reviled man in the white south he had■■t colleagues in some you talked a little bit about ■7president truman his knowledge of the story. Your book talks about incident motivated the president to make some changes. Could you tell us about that session in september 1946 Walter Wright shared with them watered r her r incidents in the south hit him in a way he would repeatedly tell the story of the blinding of isaac watered. Alst anye who would listen to him. In that sam let■ute the attorney general says basically prosecute the guy. He also says weve got to do more than prosecute. He said i am going to appoint e commission on civil rights. That commission which was eightf issued a report within 11 months to secure these rights and offered four or five dozen suggestions of how to undo jim crow. Many of these are the basic blueprints for the johnson administration. Congress was not going tog withe harry truman had one thing he could d. He could issue executive order d seegated in the armed forces of the United States. And in july of 1948 he did j that in the middle of his es remarkable letter i found in the truman library, a friend of his from missouri wrote him and said harriet get off the civil rights then youre going to lose the youre going to lose the south. Truman wrote him said to his friend ernest robert, ernie you dont know what i know. He tells in the story of the said it might lose this election over this issue it will have been for a good cause. And trumans second term he fully desegregated the military. Strong resistance of the army he left office in early 195295 of american troops more in desegregated units. The first multi racial institution in american life. So here is the ironing. Heres the story about blinded veteran that no one remembered who influence, maybe the two seminole events of thevil righte desegregation of the armed forces in brown versus tell me how you came up on the sty . How did you do the research . You mention being in the truma library. First fault you remember thie at lands on you. You are kind of like oh my god it is the real thing. You are so burdened with the responsibility. Ianted■v to know i have a love of history. Want to wants to about the most fascinating member of our through all of those discussions andhe■jre been articles at the time theyve never been good work. Nobody reaywered this question. What what motivated this dramatic from being basically a mainstream Democratic Political to being a civil visionary, how did this happen . As i looked into it i found a letter he had written in 1945 in which he described himself as a graduate us which meant he did not want the federal courts or civil Rights Groups he thought it was necessary for a gradual evolution of sou which meant 10 years from nevero jail or white politicians for africanamericans. Something happened in the two year period and in dead and the middle of it is the trial for the blinding of isaac watered. I started■v hypothesis and that was it. Ayrch someone offered me an oral history, a tape of an oral history of a woman name rubi cornwell who is thateil rights she was very close. She is being interviewed was talking about judge wearingjj[■ in the middle of it i was sitting there listening with headphones she said she no sayst you knowchange them, dont shoo. [laughter] wow. Comes it was the blinded negro sgt he told me■3 it was hs baptism by fire. ■z had it now it the story i believe contributed mightily to the brown decision. Here was the story of a blinded africanamerican soldier. I asked how didprosecuted . In 1946 was not prosecuting white cops for blinding black men that just was not happening. I dug into the story i came acro letter from harry truman to tom clark i realize7 harry truman had ordered it. Now i had the story to two major events in the early civil right movement came from this event nobody remembered, inspired to these men to act in a courageous way. Were going to turn to the audience and when just one more question aboutng unusual historical facts. How did you find out about the conversation between Thurgood Marshallnd judge wearing . I wasnt there. Will start with that. There is a gentleman by the name of Alexander Rivera who was a reporter for the pittsburgh career as that was naacp he always had a camera around his neck he a photojournalisternity brotherl and a very close friend they traveled together when their covid trials. Marshall wa summons to warings Office Rivera was with him. He walked to the door and when he came out marshall told him what■ pened. After he passed■ need to tell is secret because i know a story. He told it twice oral history section at the department of duke and north carolina. Here i have a rather startli story of comni most important cn American History. And i was nervous about it. I onl source, this one guy. I was at aeeng judges there was Nathaniel Jones whod been a carter appointee on the sixth circuit he had been general counsel of the naacp a little he was on our mutual friendo nay he might know something about judge wearing. So i pulled him aside and set im working on this book. I was wondering mickey set a writing a biography of waring questioner said no, writing about a story i started telling him a little bit about it and hu ever heard about a conversation between waring question when he said yes, i know that story. Said who told you . He said walter the autobiography we mentioned for the same reason youre asking me about it. Autobiography. I went and read it. Saysnd brane are talking about . He said you need to publish until the whole story. I thought i had two sources. Rome audience would like to ask a question . Yes, maam. Thank you very much for your remarks. I am curious to know, judge, if you perceive a difference in how your book plays a role in theepy with regard to race. How you thought about it before 2020 and the National Conversation about race intoday . I hav g talready there befor. By 2020 theoo 2019. I get were frequently asked about the ruth case influenced me and itnt. Id mostly read the book by that point. Wando thanks it got to do this by the Supreme CourtHistorical Society are so important we got to remember our history. Is a lot of efforts to model that story. I think telling the story and a candid way in the opening of the book the first 40 or 5 pages are pretty tough read. They describe the blinding of isaac watered its not a pretty sight. Its important f appreciate the brutality of jim crow segregation. It was not a benign thing everyone was happy to go along with. ■ the threat and use of violence were necessary. Isaac watered that day was viewed as a threat to the social order. Black veterans were viewed as a th back and wanted a better deal than they have had before. So i have got to say i think telling this history is really the george floyd episodeer genen knowledge of some of this history. But Police Violence has been an issue before how did sgt watered with about the during when tse roads isat became avery wellknown figure. He gave talks around the country. There is a benefit concert in new york which is 22000 people attended. Others perform, joe ls was a chairman of the its interesting memo around naacp wrote walter rightand said in 10 years no onl remember his name. She is worried about was going to happen to him. Black men had enough problems in 1946 being blind was pretty tough. V he initially really struggled. The military took the view he h was required until he got f said he was discharged five hours of reason blinded. He did not qualify ive got t cr years urging congres tothat in. Full benefits and backpay that tremendously changed his life in the 50s he was working as a blind man selling newspapers in lower manhattan. We have seen blind people do those things. At one time he had a social rk administration he wrote and pood a winter coat. After 1961 he becomes far more economically stable. Heat begins buying real estate. Kind of like that mr. Klein. The countries leading real estate lawyer. He funds the landlord. Got to know his nephew very card he is the guy who collected he said his uncle could make a nickel scream. He supported two sons his elderly parents, he felt very fulfilled. But in 1950 6aagazine wrote a story called americas most forgotten man so down and then sort of, here is the tragedy. He never knew his impact on harry truman and judge wearing he never knew that story. And his family which is very proud of all of this are very aware of the member at joe louis and have limousine to his concert and all of that. His courage of standing up felfe effect on American Civil Rights history. I want to jump in and ask one thing. As mentioned in your book about your traveling and meeting with lol leaders print this is a town where all this happened and people had no idea. An you say explains their lack of recall . Have they■t done anything to correct that . There is an interesting problem of amnesia relating to civil rights of violence. There just is. It was no exception. I go there[t i wanted to make se i knew were certain events took place. I thought i knew at the really t have a building it was a place wanted to make sure he knew where it was and i sorted the detail of night. I called the town attorney and said would you meet me there on a saturday morning and walk me thro there and help to meet with logistics and all of this. And so he meets me and with it is the mayor w last name was scholl. And so we are walking and we go to where he the bus. Go around the corner where he was beatenal up the street■ express a good the next day for unorderly conduct. Them by my ed pulls me aside. Im not related to the police chief i am from [laughter] quickly do question because i am a harry truman fan. So he says to meet what can we do to make this right . We have a series of discussion and the town attorney about what theyou of things. First they went into court asked for the unjust conviction to be overturned is blinded the day after. They erected a historicker, candidly telling the truth of the blinding of i by their police chief. They held a in which euncil and several hundred people walks the path from the o where he was blinded. And to the sites of the jail which is now a cleared area arec barker. They have now announc are turning that space into park animal title of thed unity park. New york timess atomic got it right they acknowledge their historhistory is kind of a wondl story tragic in the inception bu the town dealt with it. Question. None on this happened right after world war ii. I believe. [inaudible] they were inspired by jim crow laws for. That is correct but once what extent judge wearing was aware of that. What was happening in the answer is he did know about the nazis and the death camps. And actually, when he retired he became an active participant, a mbhe board of christians and jews. Heas t board which is kind of interesting. So he was aware the american fought for liberty and had thought for the end ohe police state and the whole nazi regime. Influenced him in his own views on race and justice. Could you all pleasein thanka wonderful presentation. [applause] if youve not done already and suggest you go right out and order the book o amazon. Its a fascinating read regrets myquestmy publisher would like. In retur■■n for the favorite you did earlier by that very, very nice complement or pledge of Historical Society be much. So please keep that in mind as we enjoy the rest of the evening pretty obvious when you think Justice Jackson and judge gergel for being here tonight by thought i knew a fair amount about brown versus board of education but i can tell you i learned a lot about the details that are extremely interesting i you. I also want to thank our■c< cosponsors in the White House Historical association, u. S. Capitol Historical Society, point out specifically we are joined by Matthew Costello and jane campbell. We look forward to the next you and we look forward to thate right out in the great hall right outside these doors we will enjoy the rest of the evening together. And hopefully if you have some civic questions yan raise them but the good judge. On that note we are adjourn