Travel, i am glad to welcome the. Eo of airbnb, brian thank you so much for joining us. I have questions about your business in the olden times, in the future times. I want to start with one big picture question about all the enterprises that have an affected by the enterprise, yours has to be most affected. You are about mobility, and people have not been mobile. What is the main lesson, surprise, or discovery that you personally have taken from the experience in the last eight months or so. Ourn we lost about 80 of business in eight weeks, that we had spent about a decade building. That was quite surprising. What may have been even more surprising what is what happened next. What happens next is people, no matter the circumstances, in the midst of the pandemic, still had the desire to travel. They did not want to get on planes, they were not necessarily traveling for business, they did not want to go to a hotel or crowded tourist district, but they did want to get in a car with a tank of gas and go to a community, and often some of them were getting homes with airbnb. So i think there is just a fundamental desire that people have to travel, to connect, the see the world, and i dont think that anything can stop it, let alone a pandemic. Obviously, people have to do it responsibly, but there is still a very strongwilled to see the world. It just has to be done in a much narrower context right now because of the health ramifications. James something that is fascinating about airbnb is it is a new way of doing something people have done for a very long time travel, lodging, seeing different parts of the world. Because it has been done for such a long time, theres a large structure of regulations and tax arrangements and other ways in which the lodging industry has been historically regulated. The fact that you are doing that in a new way has led to some tensions with, especially, city governments. I understand airbnb has a new way of approaching your relationship with city governments in particular. Can you tell me about your relationship with that . Brian one of our Guiding Principles is we want to strengthen the communities we serve. I started this company with my two friends when i was 26 years old. I had one job before this, and, you know, when i came to silicon wasey, the Culture Technology might be a cinema for the word good, and if you were in the technology industry, you felt like you are making the world a better place and what happened is our company got so big and something occurred to the industry and all of us that greater responsibility, that the culture of the web 1. 0, that the internet is an immune system, that if you give it to many tools to regulate itself, it probably is not enough, and you have to take more responsibility for the activity happening on your platform. So that is one of the things we started doing a number of years ago, antedate, and to date, we have partnerships with more than 400 cities, and we pay more than 200 billion in hotel tax. The problem is, we are in 100,000 cities, and every city is a relationship. It can be difficult to have these relationships on a total oneoff basis. In the pandemic, people are not just traveling to 20 or 30 cities anymore, because they are getting in cars, and they are going to small communities nearby. What we want to do is we want to scale these relationships and allow thousands of cities to know the activity happening on airbnb, get the information they need, be able to contact us, and have the compliance tools. Thehat we are trading is city portal. The city portal is basically a onestop shop for a city, a small town, or even a Rural Community to be able to partner with airbnb. So you get three things data and information about the nature of the airbnb activity in your city. They would know how to contact us and who to contact for which problem. And the third thing is we are building some compliance tools so that they can essentially help administer the activity happening in the city. James and what stage is that at . Is it being rolled out . Brian we are now launching that, and we are launching that now in, i think, about 15 cities. We partnered with about 15 cities to work, and we want to design it with these cities. We do not want to just drop it on the city. But our vision is to roll this out and thousands of cities and communities, anyone who wants to partner up. James theres one other longstanding challenge of the United States through the centuries of its history and especially america of this year, of reckoning with Racial Justice and racial injustice. Because you are dealing with millions of people, some of the people you are exposed to are being discriminatory, whether they are guests or hosts. How is airbnb dealing with this part of the american challenge . Brian certainly. The whole idea of airbnb was a people to people platform. The ideas give people the power, and they can do great things, and so that is mostly true. The unfortunate thing is so long as discrimination exists in the world, it also exists on our platform. A number of years ago, in 2016, this was brought to our attention that there was some systemic racism happening on our platform. And so we worked really closely with civil Rights Groups. We have done a lot of work. We make every Single Person who joins airbnb assigned the Airbnb Community commitment, which essentially means you will pledge not to discriminate against others. Believe it or not, 1. 3 Million People chose not to sign that commitment, and they left our platform, thankfully they have left our platform, given they are not committed to the values we are committed to. More recently, we took a bigger step. We worked with rishaad robertson and color of change, the largest civilrights product in the United States, and we created something called project lighthouse. The idea of project lighthouses to measure how much discriminate is actually happening on airbnb and to work with color of change, privacy Rights Groups, to create a first of its Kind Partnership and technology. The idea is this we are basically going to collect, you know, anonymized perceived race information, and we have worked with civil Rights Groups and other groups to do this in a responsible way, and we are doing this to measure how much systemic discrimination people are expressing in airbnb, and once we can measure it, we can improve and design our product to reduce the amount of bias happening in our platform. I think this will be a long come along challenge. This is not something i am expecting to change overnight. As long as there is determination and the world, it will affect airbnb. But our challenge is to make airbnb more inclusive and you have a more sense of belonging than places outside of airbnb, and hopefully we can lead the way forward, and if we learn something and make improvements, maybe we can open source some of those learnings to other companies. That is essentially the idea. James one followup. You mentioned earlier the change in consciousness of your peers in the Tech Industry, that there were downsides of your ways of doing things, in addition to pluses. Do you have a sense that most of your peers to share your awareness, that they have to think about the racial effects of their tools among the literally divisive brian well, the Tech Industry is thousands and thousands of companies, so it would be hard for me to generalize too much, but i will say that i think there has been a broad reckoning and awakening in the Tech Industry, and i do think that i cant speak for everyone i cannot say where they all are, but i think the general mindset of the culture is totally different than it was more than a decade ago when i came here. I think it is a very serious topic that comes up in numerous conversations, and i do see leaders taking it seriously. I say we are not doing enough. I often ask myself, years from now, when we look back on ourselves today, will we say we did enough, or will we feel like we should have done more sooner . Ableery rarely will you be to look yourself in the mirror and you are not going to say, or i wastoo bold doing just enough. I think we can do more, and i think history is watching. James thank you for that. Back to the travel question, you mentioned people want to travel, or they are doing it in different ways. They are drying as opposed to flying. They are traveling domestically. When deb and i were traveling, we were going to allentown, pa, duluth, minnesota, or bend, oregon, that people would sooner or later recognize the virtuous of operating from smaller, less expensive areas as opposed to the big areas new york city or l. A. Are you seeing analog to that in travel to rural areas, small towns. . Do you think it will be a lasting change . Brian yeah. Inare seeing two big trends travel. The first is what i would call travel redistribution. It used to be that hundreds of millions of people would go to just a few big cities. In the united state, that would be los angeles, new york city, las vegas, miami, chicago. And they would go to the tourist district and visit really popular landmarks. What you had is something people would label overt tourism, a lot of people concentrated in a small area. Because people do not want to be flying and crowded and lines, mostly for health reasons, they are dispersing. They are not going to any one community, so what is happening is they are being much more spread out. Now 50 of our business on airbnb eight are people who used to be mostly urban it used to be 80 urban any years ago, is now 60 nonurban. So even most of airbnb is not are livinguse people in less defined areas. The other trend we are seeing is traveling and labeling starting living starting to blur together. It used to be for many people, they would live one place, and they would travel a couple nights here and there for business if they were so fortunate and if they were privilegednoug an enough to take a vacation, they would take a one week or two week vacation. But for many people, it is blurring. They are leaving their area and they want to get a house somewhere else. Maybe they are in the city, and they want to get to the country. Maybe they are college kids, and they dont want to live at home with mom and dad, so they get an airbnb. Maybe they want to get closer the family, so they dont want to live with her family, so they get a home nearby. Stay isgth of increasing to a week, a month, a gear at a time. That is something that did not exist in a big way before the pandemic like it does today. James of course none of us can tell which things are phenomenon and which are longterm trends, but what is airbnbs business bet about what the new normal is going to be like a couple of years from now . Brian great question. You know, nobody knows, so you are asking me to try to predict the future, so that is always a fuzzy, precarious proposition. Let me tell you what seems to might play out clearly what we are living in today is not the rest of history. That is clear. But we also know that the world is not going back to the way it was. I know travel is not going back to the way it was in january. Change goes forward. Change does not go backward. Just because the world and travel is not going back to the way it was in january does not mean the travel industry is doomed or the people participating in it are doomed. I think what will happen is the genie is out of the bottle on a small communities, small destinations, on people visiting national parks. The average american is a take away from a national and has never visited one. Theres a whole new part of the world people are discovering. Rural america, smalltown america, national parks. And it is not like people did not know these places exist, they just did not travel there. In fact, there are often not hotels in these areas. I think there will be a bit of a democratization of travel, and people will go back to cities. They will go back to tourist districts, its just that when they go back, it would be more of a concentrated balance. They are not going to just go back to urban areas. They are not going to just go back to resorts. I think that is probably almost all communities. James here is a final, quick question. Airbnb has been in the news about a possible ipo. It was going to happen this year. It was going to happen before or after the election. How should we think what should we watch for in the news . Brian well, you know, we fire f1our filed our paperwork with the administration, and i cannot say much about it, but we were planning to go public before the pandemic, then suddenly, obviously covid19 hit. Butut the f1 on the shelf, recently we dusted it off, we filed it, and when the markets are ready, we will be ready. James great. Brian chesky, thank you so much for being here. Brian thank you very much. Here is atlantic live contributor and the host of all of it, allison stewart. Will debutnth, hbo the story that showtime will debut the good lord bird, based on a book of the same name. The idea was to end slavery. Brown, playedjohn by ethan hawke, is fired up and ready to take on his opponent with this ragtag group, a person named onion, who john thanks is a girl but he who is not. Captain, this is john brown, here on behalf of the emancipation of all gods creations. Stop it. , your salvation is in doubt lest you surrender my sign. My son. Go to hell, you loon. You and your man are lying in the heart of slavery. Him. Ap them up and take you take your men left them i will take my men right. You stay here and guard the horse. Happy to guard the horse. Happy he gave away our position. By actors am joined author jamesnd mcbride. Thanks for being with us. Thanks for having us. Allison james them i know you were a big fan of this novel. When you wrote it, how do you apply it to your portrayal of john brown . I think there was something about the good lord bird that let me into history. Onion is so lovable as a character. The idea of choosing to tell the story from a point of view of a young man pretending to be a have any does not political agenda but to stay alive somehow lets in humor and light and love and it makes you see all of these painful things in a way that you can look at. Making it about gender and making it about race, it stops being about either one and it starts being about humanity. Why. Hard to say i just wanted everyone in the world to read it. I wanted to give it to every friend. Online tovery section have a book there. It is such a difficult time to talk about race and talking about our past. It is so hurtful and so scary. And this book is like a bazooka of love and it lets you talk about it. It lets you go man, this stuff happens. I just wanted to share it. Saidon james, when you thinking about slavery in this country, we need to think about it as a web and the interconnectedness of it all. How so . I like the bazooka metaphor better, actually. Allison [laughter] james we are all connected. History connects us. Slavery was part of American Life that was part of the economic engine of life. Similar to the way where we drive cars now, we are committing to kind of ecological genocide. It simply has to stop. Slavery had to end. John brown was the agent that had an enormous amount to do with it. Telling the story through the eyes of a kid a boy who had to act like he was a girl in order to stay alive adds a certain sense of innocence to it and innocence in terms of this young mans ability to see the web of relationships that existed and how intertwined they were. Thesehard to unravel racial stereotypes and relationships that we have all been privy to an been victim of. All of us. Usand been victim of, all of for centuries. Joshua, john brown this , assumes onion is a girl. Onion goes with it as a choice. Throughout the entire series, your character has to make a lot of choices. When you think about the motivates onion in his or her churches . Choices . Joshua onions motivation throughout most of the series is to survive. That is why he goes with what john brown says. He does not know what would happen if he tells john brown his true nature and that he is a boy. I think later on in the series, he is motivated about doing what is right by the captain. Feels almost a sense of responsibility and accountable to what happens to them. He makes his choices according to that. Brown doesnt have choices. He has to do it, it is god telling him he has to do it. It is why he is put on this earth. It can make him seem a little unhinged at times even if he is right about big picture things. That, the ideay that he is unhinged but he is correct . I dont know about you are other people but i have met a few dogooders in my life. I have had a few people in my life that, if you really want to do well for people, you have to not think like society thinks. You have to have the courage of your own convictions. That makes you seem crazy. You know, society wants us all to live in a box and eat anythings and not ask and buys much as possible. The real radical wants to break. He box people call john brown crazy all the time because he killed people. Slavery has killed hundreds of thousands of people and children. The society says me doing something about that is insane. Then i want to be insane. I dont believe in that as a definition of sanity. It takes a strong person. Whether we are talking just or unjust laws, these are big, complicated ideas. We are talking about rewriting what the parameters are. It takes real courage to do that. It, you have to be a little bit crazy. If you are normal, you want other people to like you. Most of us want to eat and have other people like us. Allison how did you want to use humor in this story . James i want to eat and have most people like me. Allison [laughter] just laid it out. These stories are hard to tell. This kind of history is difficult to relate to a viewer or reader. We do funny things. Humor allows a lot of room for someone to say i made a mistake or im stupid or i did something wrong. Hook. Mor takes us off the and it also lets us see the that givesreal way us room to say maybe im not bright here. Even if we agree to disagree, at least humor allows reason and discourse into the room. That is why i think humor is effective and i try very hard to put as much in this book and in very series is funny. People will find a lot of humor in it. Allison you have a unique take on Frederick Douglass. He is a dandy. Didnt have to take any liberties with the humor in Frederick Douglass life because the truth is he was married to a black woman and he had a map white mistress living with him. That doesnt work now. David said it very well and his portrayal of Frederick Douglass was extraordinary. He said he doesnt like idols. He has played them a lot and his career. He think the best way to show them is to show the full breadth withat person we did that Frederick Douglass. Of course we love and admire him for what he was and what he did. And he and john brown were close friends. When it came time to fighting for real physically, he was not the man to do that. That does not make him any less man. Hero or it just provided fodder for us. Want to talkid not about this project. This is what he said. He gave me a copy and he said i if youre into it. I want to make sure you love the story. There is a particular take on Frederick Douglass and i want to make sure youre ok with it. The next few days i read it and it was so funny. Joshua, who plays onion, was a fantastic young actor. A couple of things there. Joshua, this is a big, big role for you. What is something you learned that you think you will take with you for the rest of your career . Joshua i think being able to work with so many veteran actors and being able to work on the set every single day. I learned so much not just about acting but how to conduct myself on the set. And working ethan with people like orlando jones, the taught me so much about indepth and little hints and tricks on how to really make your character go from here to the next level. Think i learned more in five months then an average person would learn in 10 years about acting. Allison ethan, i have a question for you, how did you take care of your boys . You have to do a lot of projecting and a lot of screaming. Your voice . You have to do a lot of projecting and a lot of screaming. How did you come up with john browns voice . Say, this job, i like to it took me 50 years of life to be ready to play this part. Haved every thing i learned about performance in some aspect, it was required for this role. I called james up. I drove up to lake placid to visit john browns grave. If you will stand in somebodys shoes, you have to take off your hat. Not, i dont know if it makes sense to you, there can be a sense of inadequacy if you try to step and pretend to be a great human being. So you have to kind of honor it. I went there and i was looking around and i kept saying what does this man sound like . I looked at his tombstone and iu can read his writing and went to the part of mcbrides book where he talked about what he sounded like and i called james like and asked what did he sound like . I could not make it come out of my voice. He said i think i got that wrong. I am paraphrasing. I think maybe he has a deeper town. When he gave me permission to do that, i heard my grandfather. My grandfather was a civil rights activist in west texas when it was not cool. Would notieved and shut up about it. He talked about it and he shouted at you all the time. I dont know who jimmy carter is, i dont know what a poll tax is and he would just shout at you. He lived through the depression and had seen some really bad things. He was upset and he shouted at people. Especially young people. I just found his words. I also had trouble with my voice with performance. Shape shift you to out of your comfort zone. You try to find a characters voice. This one was right in the pocket for me. I just love him. Allison james, before i let you curious, how do you think the past year, what the country has gone through, how could that affect the way someone takes it in . Is simple. Answer john brown spent the last half at war withlife american society, ending with his attack on harpers ferry. He was in jail for six weeks before he was hanged. John brown, when he was in jail, he wrote letters to his friends and associates and newspaper editors about the business of slavery. And he did more with his pen in those six weeks, while he was imprisoned prison, than he ever did with a gun or a knife. , you know, the blood has already been shed. The path has already been cut. We simply need to just put our hats on and walked down the road. And that is really the purpose of the good lord bird. I feel john brown would be dismayed to see we are at each others throats now because of what has happened in the election four years ago. I think he would be delighted to see what these young people have done and are doing now to make things to bring us in the right direction. We really need to write ourselves quickly. This is one anecdote to pass things up patch things up a bit. We have to get ourselves together. That is the point of the book, has beenas it done already. The wars over lets move ahead peacefully. The lives have been lost or there is no need to sacrifice more. Allison thank you so much for being with us. Bird will debut on showtime on september 4. The atlantic festival is brought to you through the generous support of face effect facebook. Allstate, eli lilly, u. S. Bank, aarp, bill and Melinda Gates foundation, exxon mobil, john d t Macarthure Foundation and paypal. Next, derek thompson, a staff writer at the atlantic. Are nearly 3000 billionaires in the world and they hang on to all of their riches or do they share it for the greater good . Can the wealthiest people in the world put an end to extreme poverty . Joining me to help answer these questions is hugh evans and priyanka. Thank you both for being here. Hugh, lets start with you. What is Global Citizen and what are you trying to do . Atlanticnk you to the festival for having priyanka and i with you. Global citizen is a Worldwide Movement committed to the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030. Our movement is focused on people who self identify, not as citizens of a state or a tribe or a nation but as members of the human race and people who are prepared to act on that belief to tackle the worlds greatest challenges. So far, we have over 10 million Members Around the world, people who take action for the eradication of extreme property poverty. Over 50 million has been announced on global stages in efforts,f alleviation whether that is the empowerment of goals and women. Water and sanitation, Food Security or environmental sustainability, this is at the heart of Global Citizens missions. Mobilizing citizens to call on World Leaders to make multibilliondollar pledges to achieve the end of extreme poverty by 2030. You have a busy career outside of the work youre doing with Global Citizen. What drew you to this endeavor . Priyanka the fact that, first of all, hi derek. Thank you for having us. That every Single Person around the world can create a movement and anyone who feels responsible for the rest of the world can do something. Can be part of something which is so large and mobilizing and do so much more. Thats been said before with power comes responsibility. These important that people build and create larger tables for those who have not had a c on that table. That will require mobilizing people with privilege, mom used to tell me when i was a kid that no matter where you are in the world, somebody is worse off than you. When you think about people who lived in extreme poverty, that is unimaginable. The basic rights of food, clean water and just education does not exist around the world. Derek thank you. Hugh, back to you. This platformes enable people to participate in a global effort to get billionaires to donate their money or to help eradicate global poverty . How exactly are people using this platform and this movement . Of our most important initiatives that we launched together with priyanka is called give while you live. This is a campaign that we launched in partnership with the magazine. It is focused on encouraging the world ultrahigh network community. You mentioned almost 3000 billionaires on the planet with overlected net worth of 10 trillion to actually give their wealth while they are still alive. What we have seen in the past based on wealth rankings over 40 years is the Gold Standard measuring. We have seen many ultrahigh net worth individuals pledge their money to a fund or foundation. And it sits there, stagnant, earning interest. It does not actually have an impact. When we launched this campaign, we said we want to change the way we measure philanthropy as not just dollars that have been pledged to a foundation. That just makes the foundation wealthy. Is it getting to the end recipient. That, you cansure change the world. That is why we work with forms this year to change the way the philanthropic ranking works. We are starting to see more and more Wealth Managers consider the new forbes ranking as the Gold Standard of what they should be doing when they consider their philanthropy in the future, with the ultimate goal being that people will give to tackle the worlds biggest problems right now. I am interested in persuasion. Derek how have you found, as a Global Citizen ambassador, how have you found success in pushing people to change their minds about this issue . What works to get people to see the scale of this problem and the way that they can participate in solving extreme poverty in the world . Priyanka i think the biggest thing i have seen is that there is power in numbers. When you have a sheer amount of people around the world arriving into heads of state or leadership or heads of knowledge conglomerates to be able to give large amounts of money, donate large amounts of money to the worlds most pressing problems, we need it more now than ever. Through a health and education crisis, job crisis, Climate Crisis. Racial justice crisis. It is at this moment that we need to make sure that we get so much more to be able to end the worlds problems or at least contribute in trying to fix them for the next generation. The urgency is so pressing that the only way to do it is to have people mobilized in large numbers, which Global Citizen does so well. Each and everyone of us as citizens of the world has a responsibility. We can use our voices to make sure that we hold people accountable. Derek no billionaire can conceivably spend all of his or her money in their lifetime. That would lead me to think that it would be relatively straightforward to persuade them to give a lot of their money away. Argumentthere about an that you have heard on the part of billionaires that there are other ways their money can be more useful . Yes, maybe donating money to charity and trying to and extreme property is a priority but they say there are other priorities and i want to invest in those . A stubby point that some ultrahigh Network Individuals dont want to give any money away to anyone. Their argument is often that they believe either they earned it or that they have created enough jobs for people and that job creation alone is their contribution. That is the strongest argument i have ever heard. My view is that when you are with worth tens of billions of dollars and you cannot possibly buy another for ari, island, lamborghini or you have a moral responsibility to give back. I think the moral responsibility, most people would agree, particularly americans who are some of the most generous people on the planet, that everyone should be giving something to their neighbor. Whether that means you are giving support to your local college or alma mater or you are giving the support to a hospital or supporting the most vulnerable, wherever they may be on this planet, everyone i think believes you cannot ignore the immense suffering. I think priyanka put it so well earlier when she said the world is facing some parallel crises at once. When you have not just a Health Crisis with covid but an Enormous Economic crisis with so many people out of work, coupled with an education crisis and the Climate Crisis that we are seeing in Northern California with the bushfires, there is so much need on the planet right now. When it is accentuated, it gives people the opportunity to step into that and provide leadership. I think people looking for leadership, whether it is from government or the private sector from ultrahighe, Network Individuals who can step in and say you know what, i will use the immense wealth i have been given for good and i will apply it and make a real impact in this world right now. Derek priyanka, i wonder when you are having conversations at organizations and places like novels, i wonder if people come up to you and say the problems you are trying to solve like extreme poverty are not just problems of money. They are matters of institutions. We cannot end global poverty by having rich people give more money to charity. It is more complicated. We have to look at the problem of reforming institutions in low income countries. How do you carry on with that conversation when they are complex of fine this argument ing this argument for giving money away . Priyanka it is complicated. They would be right in saying that. Just because it is a complex problem, do we not even take one step in that direction . Do we let it become located . I think getting large amounts of money will help alleviate the problem at least. There are convocations and reforms that need to be created. People work for that. We are working toward that for sure. We have pushed governments to change laws. We have pushed rule makers and lawmakers to be able to create opportunities. Everything has to go handinhand. Because the need is so urgent right now, i think it is important to implore people who are high Network Individuals to impart with a little bit of their wealth depart with a little bit of their wealth. I am not a billionaire. Every Single Person who has the privilege to have a home and be able to see their families and have the luxury of having in a time where it is so unprecedented, i think it is the privilege to take care of someone. That recognition is a social in a big way. You went to the heart of global capitalism at the World Economic forum in doubles to davos to pitch make that pitch. How was that pitch received . I have to say, you can corroborate, but we got a lot of feedback positive feedback. We got a lot of contributions. I think it was overall and extremely successful trip, even though it could always get better. I think priyanka is exactly right. We have seen enormous response from ultrahigh Network Individuals. The World Global Fund decided to be part of this campaign and announce they will give away 27 big quarters. It is the first time they have done so. We heard an interesting story the other way. We had a phone call from a wealth manager who said one of ,is ultrahigh Network Clients this particular client said he never wants to score a one ever again. If he scores a one next year, he will be extremely does what it may fire that disappointed and may fire that rm. That is what we hoped would happen. We are seeing great billionaires like Mckinsey Bezos Scott step up. She made a bunch of anonymous gifts which will show up in the rankings next year. We saw a great article yesterday, chuck feeney, the billionaire founder who officially filed for bankruptcy this week because he wanted to be one of the first billionaires that gave away all of his money by the time he died and he officially succeeded in that this past week, which is an extraordinary example of generosity. We are not expecting every billionaire to be as generous as chuck feeney. Even someone like Warren Buffett scored a five ranking because he has given so much away. If everyone gave like Warren Buffett or chuck feeney, we would solve extreme poverty 10 times over. You can actually invest money in institutions. If you want to fight covid, the best way is to strengthen the is anh system which institution or reform it politically. We encourage people to advocate for political reform because it is a great way to strengthen democracy. All these things work handinhand. Derek hugh evans and priyanka, thank you so much for being here. Priyanka thank you for having us. Hugh thank you. Ideal now, and atlantic file with danielle alice. Why do i love the u. S. Constitution . Instrument article one, section two of the constitution determined that representation in congress and ation excluding indians. My great great grandfather was among the enslaved. Given the crimes against humanity written into the constitution, compromise was necessary to form a union. Much can be said about the compromises regarding slavery that help the Constitutional Convention achieve an enemy. Wrongwho knew slavery was like Benjamin Franklin and james wilson but accepted the compromises believed they were leading a path that would be incrementally to freedom for all. They chose freedom for some over freedom for none. So, why then do i love the constitution . For its tactical leadership. I love it because it is the and oneeatest document part of the story of freedom. Citizensand equal protect themselves from domination by one another and mutual protections from external forces that might seek their domination. It is the story of how ambition can be made to check ambition. Our modernday global space race. Dr. Go with haley. Terror scale, soon we will have access scale. The next frontier. The 18th. S 10 to that is one with 18 zeros after it. You get to an access scale. Once you have the ability to simulate at that level, then you can find more answers to questions because you have not had the ability to model at that level. Other countries are working on the same research. Whoever gets there first has the key to innovation and discovery. A patient who might have cancer who has been saying get tissue samples and the dna sequence, all that gets pushed into a system that would be able to match your genome profile to hundreds of thousands of other peoples profiles. The doctor would be able to tell you the best outcome is to go with this specific treatment. Another great application is at the area of weather forecasting and prediction. A far more precise whether model can significantly track catastrophic events. It is one of the most exciting ones we have. With model simulations of worlds that we cannot see visibly, coupling back in with what we can see, you can start to get a better sense of how the universe is born. Humankind has an insatiable curiosity to understand how things work, how we were, how our world around us works. The point where technology could make a breakthrough. Race itn a space is the space race of this century. Good evening and thank you for joining us. I am the publisher of the atlantic. Thank you for joining me. Welcome. Thank you, haley. Thank you for having me. We are excited to have you and talk about supercomputing and everything that we just saw. The Role Technology is playing cannot be overstated. Can you tell us what exactly supercomputing is . Imagine a room tens of thousands of square feet big, full of computers. The key difference is all of these computers are bound together by a highperformance network. The goal is to be able to solve one problem across all of those computers so that we can take a complex problem that typically takes weeks to solve and hope to bring it down to minutes. Sometimes even seconds. Haley there are so many urgent issues we are dealing with as a society right now. Covid19 being chief among them and finding a vaccine, specifically. I think the whole world is watching closely. We have been talking about it during the atlantic festival. I am curious, what role are supercomputers playing in the Vaccine Research for covid19 . Dr. Goh very much so. It is a personal problem for us. Two areas. Supercomputers have been brought together to try and work on covid19. One is drug discovery. What supercomputers do their is go through the different kinds of drugs and test them digitally. Themreselect them, filter and those that are selected are sent to preclinical trials. Areaaccine is the other the they are using gene expression data. We use an ai to predict ahead of time the efficacy of the vaccine. Haley it is fascinating to hear how supercomputers are being put to work for a vaccine. Of course, we are facing so many other issues today. So many other urgent issues including the Climate Crisis. Hurricanes and the southern United States, recently. How are supercomputers being put to work to develop some of those challenges . Dr. Goh that is another great question. Be applieders should to the problems facing us. Prediction,urricane especially the landfall of hurricanes, where the destruction mostly occurs, we have been working on it for decades. The goal is to use supercomputers with all of the maps and features being put in the calculations to predict landfall of at the hurricane center. Supercomputing we are talking about today. In the video that we saw, we are talking about getting to the next phase of supercomputing. For us laymen, can you explain why this is important and where we are on the journey . Dr. Goh lets use the example of the hurricane. In the 1970s, we were predicting hurricane landfall to the accuracy of about 200 miles. By the year 2000, 30 years on, to 100 miles. T 20 years later to today, we are predicting about 50 miles accuracy. We need to keep tightening that so that we get better and better predictions two areas for the hurricane will be. Will be landing. This is where xo scale comes in. Every time we tighten it to become more accurate, we have more features into the models. In order for the models to run fast enough, we need to back it up with the supercomputer. It takes two days to calculate something. Haley that is great. When exactly will we achieve xo scale . Dr. Goh very soon. We have been contracted by the department of energy for the supercomputer to be delivered by the year 2021. Haley supercomputing is not simply one company or one country. This is a worldwide event. There is a day for it. Tell us when that day is so we can look out and celebrate. Dr. Goh it is october 18. The reason for that is because xo scale is 10 to the power of 18. It is when the industry can come forther in anticipation when we cross the 18 zero mark. We have marked that day as october 18 to get the industry onether and start working the masks and calculations and algorithms. Haley going back to the video, it said that whoever gets there first will hold the keys to what innovation and discovery looks like in the future. It seems as though that is really true. Thank you so much for joining us. Dr. Goh thank you, great questions. Thank you. Atlanticsthe editor in chief, jeffrey goldberg. Wellr next guest knows too that the fight for womens equality is not complete. She wrote a piece about the struggle of womens equality in the atlantic. You can find in the lead position of the atlantics homepage. As the first woman nominated as a major Party Candidate for secretary of state and first lady she is the first to say there is more work on this front. It is my pleasure to welcome Hillary Rodham clinton back. That evening, secretary, nice to see you. Good evening. It is great to be with you. We are happy to have you back. It is all digital. We hope it is the last all digital festival we are doing. We will see. Lets hope so. Jeffrey lets turn first to the subject of the passing of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Anyone on thest planet, you are responsible for the fact that we know who she is and that she has become this legendary figure. I was wondering if you could talk a little bit about what you saw all of those years ago that made you think this is a person that your husband should nominate to serve on the supreme court. Maybe you could share some recollections about her from that period. Sec. Clinton jeff, i followed her on groundbreaking legal work as a lawyer and a law professor. And i was really impressed with how carefully she built her arguments to tear down barriers to womens equality, as many of your viewers probably know, her first groundbreaking case was representing a man who was denied the right to take a Tax Deduction for the care of his widowed mother. Something that would have been available to him if he had been a woman. So, ruth understood early on that she needed to make the case , primarily, to judges who were white and male in the federal court system and the state system, and so she was so deliberative in building her case and making clear that her interpretation of the 14th amendment applied to sex as well as race. And that therefore courts should be looking at any kind of disadvantage or disfavor in the for women or men based solely by sex with a high degree of scrutiny. When she was appointed by president carter to the circuit courts in d. C. , she was an incredibly effective judge in working with colleagues like then judge scalia. Litigationl work and and judicial experience suggested to me that when of vacancy opens up when bill was starting his first term, that he should take a hard look at judge ginsburg. It was, as you might have imagined, a heavily contested position. There were many people who were putting forth other very qualified potential candidates. I arranged for the judge to come see bill on a sunday afternoon at the white house. Raises snuck in, not to any unnecessary attention. From the moment they sat down and started talking about the law and the constitution, i could tell that they had hit it off. Certainly after that conversation, bill said i get what you are talking about. She would be incredible on the supreme court. At the end, after all of his consideration, he appointed her. Let me ask you this. I ask you this as a former senator, is this is there anything your democratic colleagues in the senate can stop what seems to be happening or is this fate . Will donald trump manage to get his nominee through . Sec. Clinton i think it depends on who the nominee is. All nominees, as we know, go through a gauntlet of examination and questioning. Obviously, the votes seem to be there for whoever is nominated. Unpredictable things have happened in the past. My point to my former colleagues and others who have asked me is that we need to make it very clear what is at stake in this choice. I dont want it to be seen just as a partisan fight, trump versus the democrats in the senate and all of the drama that goes with that. I want people to understand what is at stake for them and their foremost, st and and now are reporting about heart problems and fatigue and other things. So, if you just take that one issue and there are so many more , regulating the environment and our clean air and our water and the Climate Crisis and so much else, obviously saying nothing about Corporate Power and womens choice and money and politics, all which i think have really set our country on the wrong track, that is going to affect every american. One or more of those issues will. So, i think the democrats in the senate have an opportunity to try to educate the public. Jeffrey let me ask you one other question on this. If the shoe were on the other foot, publicans argued the democrats would do the same exact thing. Beo you believe that to true . If democrats had the power, they would try to ram through their nominee . Sec. Clinton you know, i dont believe that. Here is why. I think that the democrats were so shocked and, understandably theat the blatant abuse of senate rules and processes when they refused president obama to appoint a replacement for Justice Scalia 10 months before the next election, that there is within the Democratic Caucus and the senate, a real fear that all bets are off. That there is no rule of law. There is no due process. Re are no principal principles governing anything anymore under the President TrumpMitch Mcconnell regime. I think there would be a significant discussion within the Democratic Caucus as to whether it was good for the country to throw it into another partisan fight 40 days before such a consequential election. I cannot predict how that would come out. I think i know my former colleagues and others who are now serving well enough to know that it would have given them pause. They would not be demonstrating the lust for power and domination that we have seen from macconnell to the point said even colleagues who absolutely we would not do this if it were to happen again have toarly caved to the pressure nominate and try to confirm someone quickly. Jeffrey i want to turn to your now legendary beijing speech from 25 years ago. I have to ask one more question on politics. You mentioned 40 days out. I have to. I get paid to do that. Yes. It is interesting to me. You have hard earned experience running against donald trump. What advice have you given joe biden about the oncoming upcoming debate and the next 40 days . My. Clinton i have given best advice about dealing with will lieho literally about anything and everything with a straight face. Ath impunity, who has presence on the stage unlike anything that former Vice President or any of us have ever dealt with. So be prepared. Talkepared not just to about what you are running on and why you believe your best position to move the country forward dealing with the crises from covid to the economy and racial injustice, to everything else, but know that you have to figure out, before you get on that stage, how you are going to deal with the showmanship, the entertainment value, the smirking, the eyebrow raising, the shrugging, the whole physical presence of your opponent. And i know that joe is well aware of these things because a number of the people who prepared me for my debates are helping him as well. Experience, any anybody whether you are on the republican or democratic side has had. It used to be that at some point in a process like debates, if you were engaging in just outright falsehoods, the moderator or your opponent would make that clear. When you are dealing with someone who lies with abandon and often does not even know what he is saying or the implications of it, you have to stay focused on the message you are trying to can fay convey to the tens of millions of americans who will be tuning in. It takes an enormous amount of preparation and concentration to pull that off. As i know very well. I think that joe has ofonstrated a real sense discipline and commitment in this campaign that i think will put him in very good position for the debates. Beijing, 25 years ago. Thed a minute talking about purpose of that speech and then we can talk a little bit about how far women have come and how far they have not come. I really do recommend everyone go on to the atlantic website and pick up the print copy of it and read the piece that secretary clinton has bro about this. Those of you who have not read this, set the stage on what you are trying to do 25 years ago. Sec. Clinton the conference was a fourth in was the fourth in a series of gatherings globally. Sponsored around womens issues. It was in beijing. And the idea behind it was to agreement among 189 countries about a platform for action that would try to clearly whatery forat stake for women frameworks and nations for the world at large to follow in making legislative and regulatory changes that would enhance the opportunity and participation of girls and women. I thought that that was a critical issue for the United States because, even 25 years ago, we understood that countries that value girls and women are more likely to be stable, more likely to be democracies. More likely to be prosperous, not posing National Security challenges to our country and our allies. We also believe that the united totes has an obligation stand up for human rights around the world and that we needed to make absolutely clear that when we talk about human rights, we were, of course talking about womens rights. That was not taken for granted 25 years ago. Jeffrey i want you to explain that to the youth. I really want you to explain that. It sounds obvious today. But why was that controversial . I ask that sincerely, why was that a controversy . Priyanka sec. Clinton human rights has primarilyn viewed as defending the freedom and the of what wed all think of as rights like freedom of expression, end of assembly against authoritarian regimes and war criminals. Of course, the United States has been at the forefront of standing up for those rights. That wasnthing really a topic of conversation that women were often subjected to other forms of discrimination and neglect and oppression that did not fit into preexisting categories. Women were denied education. Where did that fit into the human rights lexicon . Burroughs not girls not been permitted to go to school or being taken out of school after third or fourth grade. What about mothers dying in childbirth because trying to provide adequate medical care was not seen as a right . Tothought that it was time make the case that human rights and womens rights were the same so that it was no longer an thatlary conversation would be held on the margins of human rights conferences and conventions and the like. Invited me ton. Come, i was determined to go. There was a lot of opposition. There was opposition because, clearly china was a human rights abuser in our view. They often imprisoned people who were protesting for greater rights. They often absolutely cracked down on the press if there was any kind of effort to communicate more freely. You can go on and think about all of the problems that we were considering. Eventually, we were able to get agreement within the administration and disregard republican members who said no, dont go to this conference. It is antifamily. Anything that promotes women in their view is antifamily, as opposed to my view which is that promoting women is actually the way you strengthen families and communities. I was able to go. I wanted to do a quick segue to Ruth Bader Ginsburg because you say talk to young people. When i was a young woman, i could not even get a credit card in my own name. The fact that i could get a credit card by the time i became a little older in my midtolate 20s was because of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. And the cases she was bringing. I could not have gotten a mortgage without being allied to a husband or some other man. The kinds of rights we are talking about in our own country were limited for women, even when i was young in the 1960s and 1970s, coming up. Beijing was on a global stage. Because, of course, so many of the deprivations that we were concerned about were truly matters of life and death, not credit cards. The were on a continuum of ways in which families and communities and societies and governments really limited in the 30 seconds we have left, talk about the work you believe still needs to be done. You talk about the power deficit. Sec. Clinton right. I look back. Weve made progress in education and health care in particular. Not as much as we should have made. What ive concluded as i write in the article is naming and claiming rights is no longer enough. Power toto have the actually deliver on those rights. Be the next has to Real Movement as women around the world move into more positions of responsibility and figure out ways to open more letters,op down more change more laws, create more room, and have the power to actually implement those changes. If we are going to continue to see progress as i hope we will in the next 25 years. Again, you can find pillar he Rodham Clintons latest piece in the atlantic this month on our website, in our print magazine. Thank you very much for joining us tonight. Sec. Clinton thank you very much, its great to talk to you again. The atlantic festival is ,rought to you through facebook hewlettpackard enterprises, Walton Family foundation, aarp, theu. S. Bank, bill on the gates foundation, Nestle Waters north america. We welcome shirley lee. Shirley balancing parenting and work is difficult during the best of times. I cant pandemic introduces challenges none of us couldve expected. By theeased to be joined entrepreneur, philanthropist, bestselling author whose latest cookbook features recipes for parents helping to provide flavorful meals well juggling work with childcare. Thank you so much for being here with us. Thank you so much for having me. Have a lotknow you going on at the moment. Your book is on shelves this week. You Just Announced you are starting a production company. On life at home first. You have become parenting role models for so many. Biggest challenges of the parent during the pandemic. It right now. Our parenting style has been a little bit relaxed. Our kids are still young. We are leaning into just nurturing them. Lee merritt sure we take it one step at a time. Its more about leaving with our personalities. We want to make sure their Mental Health is right where it needs to be. We are checking in with them, making sure they are good people. Personally, you what keeps you going . Do you have moments where you feel tested by everything going on . Ayesha im not going to lie. I would say things are unpredictable right now. There are moments when you want to sigh and then you start laughing, what is actually happening. There are days when you are sad and days where you find the , that togetherness that a lot of us have been able to have. For me, its leaning into those questions. For me, its letting the moment happen. The full plate focuses on nurturing your family through food. It is packed with recipes that highlight how family dinners and courage happy and Strong Family life. What inspired this approach for this cookbook, especially after your first. Ayesha there are so many players of how this book came about in the meaning behind it and what i hope it brings to people. Its inception was around the chaos of life. Its been four years since my first cookbook. I didnt want to do a second one until i felt inspired or ready. Whats in the book is there forever. I wanted quality. Reflection of a life. Going back to my core values, im getting my family around the table and encouraging people to do the same. Its the boundary is set for healthy relationships. I feel like a good meal brings people together. Its a festival for communication and happiness. That in a waydo where i wasnt giving up on the quality of the meal, the flavor, i wanted something that could take 1530 minutes and everybodys happy. Thats how it came about. I wanted to be a reflection of that. Shirley what are your kids favorite meals from the book . I would suspect that they like the sauce. Thats my secret sauce for the kids. Its super simple. My twoyearold loves that the most. That is perfect for him. Child,hter, our middle she really loves any pasta. The mommy mac cheese, she loves that. She really needs anything. Its an easy bet with her. Loves traditional meals, bread, protein. She loves it. Thats when i have a little bit more time. Love about my kids. They are not very picky. Abouty i wanted to talk a foundation that you and steph launched recently. One of the goals of the, learn, play is to stop child hunger in underserved communities. What steps have you and the foundation taken during the pandemic to carry out this objective . Watched it in 2019. Its been a little bit over a year. We were going to slow role it. Then the pandemic hit. Withd to learn on our feet boots on the ground. Dot weve always set out to alreadypeople who are helping to amplify it. What i found in the midst of the , ive never seen a Better Community in my life. Witnessed withve what community is. Circle created this full where restaurants have been able to reopen. They are providing for the families and the community. Opportunitiesjob in the oakland community. Is people will look at that intoand take their own communities. It really doesnt take a village. Theres nothing wrong with that. Are, now moreyou than ever people need the help. Helplad weve been able to. It doesnt seem like there is light right now at the end of the tunnel for when this thing is going to be over. Grateful that we are able to keep up with it. Shirley that leads me to my next question. Each learnd that play has been successful and youve delivered over 7 million meals and worked with 130 restaurants in the area. What are the Biggest Challenges to sustaining that success, especially now . Ayesha i would say the biggest is how the need is expanding. Numbers, wek at the dont need a pat on the back. Reflection are a that there is more work that needs to be done. There are more people that need help. Like this is a where we are able to keep a tight ship and run it. I would say the biggest making sures been that we are adhering to all of the covid rules while making sure that we are getting the things they need. Thats been the biggest hurdle. Shirley i want to talk to you about how the pandemic has helped expose the deep cultural inequalities. I understand that youve discussed the black lives Matter Movement with your children and that your oldest has been asking you questions about the protests. In such a close knit family, you like to be open with your children about big issues . How do you broach the subject with your little ones . Ayesha thats a great question. To tackle the conversation headon as parents. A lot of millennial parents are feeling the same way. I didnt want that. We are very open. I believe that not sugar is the first step. We are instilling our values in them. Has been really important. They understand whats going on. Shirley going back to the full plate, you incorporate flavors from your heritage. You consulted with your relatives on ingredients for a variety of recipes. Role infood play a teaching children about their culture . Why is it important to do so . Ayesha as my oldest runs out of is pandemicis living right here. I just think about myself right now. In the midst of everything thats going on, not being able to see certain family and not have those im use to being able to prepare the food i grew up with in my grandmother made for me. That has been everything. This will take you back to the happiest of moments. Me, i love having that knowledge of that background. Important toso make sure no matter what your background is that you are having that experience. Vessel in so many instances. I love how i am able to share that story of my culture. Shirley on that note, thank you so much for your time today. To need and, you can get a copy of the full plate along with books by our other festival speakers at the atlantic page on bookshop. Org. Ayesha dont forget to vote. Next, Atlantic Staff writer ed yong. Ed ive been reporting on the pandemic. Im pleased to introduce someone who is been thinking about the pandemic for a long time, bill gates. Thank you so much for being here. We last spoke about this in 2018. You described it was an area that shook your optimism about the trajectory of the world. How do you feel about the way the pandemic has played out this year . Think the most pessimistic view of how unprepared we were is played out, particularly in the United States. Something that can grow exponentially like infectious disease, a little bit of preparedness where you can act early makes such a difference. A few countries have distinguished themselves. Most countries have not. Looking at how the u. S. Has fared, what surprised you . Where have we gone wrong . Have a lot of assets going into this. We werent ground zero. China was ground zero and then it moved to europe. The u. S. Had more time to get ready. Machineshas more pcr than all the other countries per capita. We are blessed with an expensive medical infrastructure. Cdp. Ve groups like the u. S. Had done more to get ready than other countries in advance. There was some destaffing of these things under this administration. Even so, i wouldve expected us to get the commercial providers up and going like south korea or germany or australia did it. Was made harder by fda regulations. Somebody thought the Testing Capacity would have enough capacity. Its really insane, which speaks to just not getting the leadership to have a framework of what needed to be done. There were so me phone calls about weve got to get diagnostic capacity up. We have to get quick results. I participated in a lot of those calls. To this day, thats a complete mess. You are one of the few people who had direct contact with the president and the administration about the pandemic repaired this. You try to emphasize the importance of this. Oft is your assessment americas leadin and response to the pandemic . Bill you can look at the time sayre the epidemic hit and even though the u. S. Didnt do a very good job, most other countries didnt. A few had been hit by sars that had a little bit of practice. Countriesmong the that did the best. I give the u. S. A c minus. Worseountries would get a grade on how prepared they were before it hit. Atn it hits, we were looking respiratory viruses. Protocolhe study didnt include prone virus, we decided to look. We saw the First Community spread of coronavirus in the United States. Alarmsould have set up to get the domestic chess team of who got tested. The travel ban was some beneficial thing, thats not true. We didnt test those people. We did not quarantine those people. Starts, thereemic hasnt been any coherent. Funding, the purchase agreements, thats where the u. S. Does get the highest grade in the world. Europe hasnt funded nearly as much of that. We need to complement that with funding the factories and the procurement for the global response, where the u. S. Has been absent. Im hopeful if there is another supplemental bill, we will get 8 billion for International Activities in the bill. Do you think the pandemic should change the way we think about Global Health . There is the sense that rich and developed nations are helping out developing ones. Many of the richest countries have fared appallingly where ones have done well. A change in the approach . Bill humility is called for. Economice whether its , educational, Mental Health, is so large. Other than a world war, this is the worst thing thats happened in over a century. Understand asymptomatic. Even the medical profession, we havent we are understanding these diseases as seriously as we should. Everyone has lessons here. , weong as the pandemic should mostly focus on how do we them done and available to everyone. How do we get the vaccine done . Be reserved for when we break bring the thing to a close. The idea of which interventions work well, thats another area that has been such a mass with no leadership at all. We are still confused about plasma. There are probably some drugs to the been missed. Its the only thing we have of significance is the u. K. Trial the foundation helped fund that showed its have a good result. You would have expected the u. S. To get a lot going on to prove out different interventions. Why do you think the research on intervention has been so chaotic . Bill there is a question in the system of who is in charge of making sure that consistent trials get done. Say at is just there to the end you did this well. Instigateot there to trials. The cdc is public health. Actually, under that hhs umbrella, who was supposed to orchestrate these trials . Its unclear. Thatu had leadership of and seeing that as a priority itween the various groups, could have done it well. Although theyct have many things in this worse than theid they wereh is hard, the coherent and having patient recruitment mostly with negative results. Approved medicines. We have this library of medicines. We were disappointed that there are few antivirals in their. Two other antivirals are being pushed forward, thats been slow. Library ofigantic antivirals available for the next time and get trials that get very quick results on which of those have an impact. Agree that Better Research on things like medical intervention is important. Thats one of the things the , themic has highlighted relevance of social intervention. The pandemic has widened in equities. Hitas disproportionally black and indigenous communities. How are you thinking about those disparities and what needs to be done to address them . Unbelievableind of that every dimension of inequity has been exacerbated here. That is done in the framework of these Sustainable Development goals, we do that every year around this u. N. General assembly. Thats been aar, positive story of progress. We get to say to the world, Pay Attention to that steady progress. Lets drive that even faster. Has delivered the news that if you only look at covid deaths, youre missing the scale of the setback. Malaria, hiv medicines, things are so disrupted that gathering the numbers is very difficult. Routineed our immunization levels by 14 . Weve spent the last 25 Years Holding that together. There has to be a stronger equity agenda when we get out of this. Haventloping countries had the resources like the United States. They dont have as much of their economy with Office Workers that can be done over the internet. Populationsyounger death rate has been below the rich countries. Of the results from report, it does make for galling reading. Various things, what is sticking out for you as a significant problem we need to put a lot of energy into trying to address . Bill its interesting how hard it was to gather the data. Fact that if we sample countries over time, they are all progressing down the same path. We have very different government policies. Our air bars were even larger than they normally are. That was very concerning. Things like the extreme poverty number where 37 Million People were driven into extreme poverty, the idealistic view is that is something we should get rid of altogether. That the pandemic did hit rich countries, their generosity might be less. Most of the time and we talked about infectious diseases, the world doesnt Pay Attention to malaria. Because people care so much about getting the vaccines, they maybe beg we should less generous. Not only does the pandemic last longer in developing countries, the kind of generosity that has helped might go down. Ed going back to some of the social inequities we talked about, one of my concerns is the group that has been disproportionally burdened by this pandemic and longstanding history of systemic discrimination will be last in mind to receive the vaccine. What can be done to reduce that inequity back home . Algorithm allocation is to have so much volume youre not making a hard tradeoffs. Vaccine expertise is trying to help with that. The volume could be quite large. We should look at the risk levels. You would say various innercity communities would have higher priority. , the cdc should be getting people to sign up and say i want the vaccine. Its the same way we wanted a cdc website for people seeking a test. We should have a website for people who are saying theyre willing to take the vaccine. Can take that and come up with the equitable priority ranking. Of not seeing that sense gathering the data to come up with those algorithms. Its bizarre that we have these overoptimistic productions that the vaccine will come soon. When you read the report about how its distributed, it doesnt identify the criteria or how the information will be gathered to do the prioritization. Everything with this vacuum of leadership and the unwillingness of people to step forward. It will say this thing is a mess. We need to fill in the answers here. Plan is moreia concrete than whats here in the u. S. It does seem like poor Data Collection is a problem that has plagued the u. S. Throughout the pandemic. There been questions about the information we are getting about what is happening within the country. Do you see that as a problem . Is that the nature of the data gathering . Bill the progress on Overall Health statistics, the global , weve beensease involved in her helping the team build that up. Health statistics are better today than theyve ever been. Ats fascinating to look gender differences and changes over time. Of the epidemic, we fallen behind a little bit. We dont have as many standards of how things are reported. With fromt interfered their normal function. The u. S. Can be an example are on this. Digitization, it helps to connect to telemedicine. Its gotten a big boost from the epidemic. Paper records are much harder to move around. The u. S. Onurely, the overall data and digital think willrds, i do be an example are. Exemplar. Has been created by other epidemiologists. Underestimating the toll it would take at the time, the model is heavily influential in the thinking about this. Do you have any thoughts about that contribution, given your foundation support of that group. Modeling has certain limitations. Websitele behind the had a cartoon thing to show a few parameters that can cause different results. The imperial model gave big numbers. It assumed people did not change their behavior at all. Get was kind of a way to politicians attention. I think that was valuable. Voluntarilyometimes or under mandate change their behavior. Models are not perfect. There are so many unknown parameters. Insidea Modeling Group the foundation. I do think those models have been helpful. Accuracy,k at their its been pretty good. Out, which is what you really want to know, its a lot harder. A virgins we have at between the models the do think this is a seasonal disease and that people will be more lax in their behavior. Tough fallst a very in the United States. They forecast the resurgence in notpe which the others did forecast. This is causing that rebound. We are not totally certain, it looks like we are headed for a tough fall. Its a little bit different than them gathering the data for the history. The u. S. Government didnt have a plan on which models to work with or how to work with them. The governor of new york called me and said how many ventilators do i need . Thank goodness the model gave him a much more realistic view than some of the other oversimplistic models he was dealing with. You have shaped a lot of the research and the funding base around local health. Looking at what has happened this year with the benefit of hindsight, which is to anything differently . What lessons can we learn from whats happened . Bill im hopeful the things that other people put forward clear way5, and a there was a post ebola discussion. Doing theabout equivalent of wargames, having the diagnostic people. Getting generic vaccine platforms like what the rna platform will become. It will have lowcost and high scalability. Its not ast, strong as some of the other platforms. The prescription is still the same as it was before the pandemic hit. Is in thef doing it tens of billions. Budget, to the defense this is not a gigantic burden. If its done appropriately, it will drive progress. Partner ispfizers doing vaccines for cancer. Thats their primary is this model. Partners aren helping with the equity agenda around infectious diseases. We can be ready for the next time so that something thats not much worse than this pits, the impact will be 5 of what its been here. For think we can use that making progress on other diseases. The tradeoff is pretty modest. Do you think we will learn that lesson . The last time we talked about this, these discussions have already heard. Will this translate into action . They didnt in large part. . O you think bill the lack of working on this was that people didnt think about it. Diseases, weve made so much progress that rich countries ignore them. Costse it has hit and trillions of dollars, were not talking about the preparedness as a percentage of the damage thats been done, its not close to 1 . Everyone inted every rich country. We are not so blind that this time its not just ebola, which it three countries in western africa. This is a tragedy if you care about education, Mental Health, gender, if you care about government budgets. Having money to do things that you want the government to do, this cost so much. Talk. 3 billion in my ted by the time this is done, we will be at over 20 trillion of total economic cost. It, even whenting that ishe term, gigantic. It takes rich people getting sick, it takes rich economies being affected. When that happens, the world gets together. The state of science is such building a pcr diagnostic that can be done at a mega testing level where you test 20 of the country, that can be done. The vaccine can be done. The tracking to see things earlier, that can be done. Thehis at hit 20 years ago, state of biology, digital infrastructure, you would have had to pray that it didnt come back. Now, we do have all the things we need so that a pathogen like this wouldnt be a big deal in the future. Ed i hope youre right. Thank you so much for taking the time to speak to us today. I really appreciate it. Tonight eric dolan talks about his book a furious guy, which looks at the history of hurricane destruction. We have this massive hurricane going into galveston. Away onushing before it the righthand side of the hurricane. There was an enormous mound of water. With the waves crashing and tumbling, it slammed into galveston that day. It turns galveston into a lake. Tonight at 8 00 on q a. Joe biden address the u. S. Conference of mayors about police reform, infrastructure, poverty, the coronavirus response. He talked remotely as part of the threeday conference. Joe biden its great to be back with all of you. Thank you for your friendship. Youve both been doing a great job. Ive had the privilege of speaking to this body many