The food and Drug Administration during the obama presidency. Moss from theliam Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public Health talks about the global effort to develop a vaccine. Good morning, this is washington journal for september 10. In the first hour we will take your comments about bob woodward about the early assessments of coronavirus. The president saying that initially he wanted to play it down. If you want us to let us know your thoughts on this release of the audiotapes from yesterday and the reaction to it. If you support the president and Vice President call into 2027488000. If you support joe biden and kamala harris, 2027488001. If you are undecided or supporting others, 2027488002. You can text us your thoughts at 2027488003. Wj and postcspan on our Facebook Page at facebook. Com cspan. The Washington Post headline from one of the excerpts from the audio releases from yesterday, i always wanted to play it down. This is coming from Bob Woodwards book say book rage. This are quoting from it is the Biggest National security threat. Thising the president that is going to be the roughest thing you have faced. It was 10 days later that the president called bob woodward and revealed that he thought the situation was more dire than what he had been saying publicly. One of the excerpts released was a conversation on february 7 of this year. This is between the president and bob woodward. What was president xi saying yesterday . Pres. Trump we were talking mostly about the virus, and i think he will have it in good shape, but it is a tricky situation. It goes through air, that is always tougher than touch. Touch, you do not have to touch things. With the air, you breathe the air, and it is past. That is a very tricky and delicate lawn and more deadly than even your strenuous flus. Losee do not realize we 25,000 or 30,000 people a year here. That is amazing. And then i say, is that the same thing . This is 5 e deadly, versus 1 and less than 1 . So, this is deadly stuff. Host that was the president from earlier in february of this year. Other audio excerpts were released, but it was the president yesterday at the white house talking about the release of the audio and making comments about the book. [video clip] can you address the concerns from the woodward book weather did you mislead the public by and downplaying the coronavirus and that you completed late you repeatedly did that. I think you said in order to reduce panic. The fact is that i am a cheerleader for this country, and i do not want people to betray frightened or create panic, as you say, and certainly i will not drive this country or the world into a frenzy. We want to show confidence, strength, strength as a nation, and that is what i have done and we have done well. We have done well from any standard view, look at our numbers compared to our country other countries. It has been an amazing job. Because thes sad incredible individuals working so hard including our Vice President , they have done this great job and have not been acknowledged by the news media, they should. Whether it is ventilators or you will see, soon with a vaccine and therapeutics. The job we have done is incredible. ,e do not want to instill panic we do not want to jump up and down and start shouting that we have a problem that is a tremendous problem and scare everybody. I will tell you the other thing we immediately started buying all over the world, masks, gowns, and everything else, and we do not want to cause pricing to go up to a level that becomes almost unaffordable. In that sense, i agree with it. Have you reassure the American PublicGoing Forward that they can trust what you are saying . That is a big part of trust, we have to show leadership in the last thing you want to do is create a panic. This was a horrible thing sent to us by china and should have never happened. This is a disgusting, terrible situation that was foisted upon us, and we have to show you the best word is panic, we do not want to show panic, and that is exactly what i did, i was very open, it is another political hit job. Whether it was woodward or anyone else, you cannot show a sense of panic or else you will have bigger problems. [end video clip] host call us on the phone lines or text us at 2027488003. Post your tweets at cspan wj and our Facebook Page too. Biden a supporter of joe starts us off. Go ahead. Is why yes, my question are we still listening to this man . He has been doing all of this lying. He was saying that he did not want us to panic but he was trying to get his supporters to panic a couple of days ago. It is just appalling that we have to listen to this, and the last thing i wanted to say is that if anybody looked at the rise of hitlers from 1933, we are on the same track. He is saying some of the same stuff and the people, i do not know where these people come from, because they have that same ideology and they will believe anything. Host al in texas. From columbia, maryland. A supporter of President Trump. Caller thank you for taking my call. Maybe this is a thing that will knock donald trump off. This is another situation where, i am a father of small children, and if there is a thunderstorm coming towards my house, do i look at the radar and say what is going on . Do i tell my kids it is going to be horrible tonight when you go to bed it is going to be awful and send them to bed that way, or do i say do not worry about it we will take care of it . As a father that is what i do. As a Business Owner do i do the same thing to my employees . Do i paint a picture of hope and trying to get onto the other side . Yes i do. Do i tell them the daytoday struggles to try and get everybody over the hurdle, no i do not. That is what was going on there. And, i know people do not face see that. I know that everything that that man does, everything the man in hyperspace,ed and if he were to have said, this is horrible and it will kill a whole bunch of people, people would have went crazy. ,e tried to calm things down and of course he is a human being and he will have a conversation with somebody and be real with them. Host that is chris in maryland. A supporter of joe biden in fort worth, texas. This is stephen. Caller i am a special Education Teacher and i wrote a book that explained his social communication issue, which comes into play here, and that talked about a pervasive develop mental order. It is a form of autism known for rigidity and a whole bunch of other issues that comes into play. Now, what is significant is that this is a form of Autism Spectrum Disorder and he does not understand a lot of things like logic. Host aside from your assessment that you offer, how does this relate to revelations from yesterday . Caller he doesnt have a cognitive filter. That is supposed to be developed around age seven or eight, and then, even though most on the spectrum habit by their early 20s. This explains why he does not hide things well. When he talked to woodward he was feeling comfortable. It is similar to all these other issues that we have had. This is a surprise to most people, but if you have worked with people on the spectrum, they will say and do things that are impulsive, socially, or politically hard. Host gordon, kansas city, kansas. A supporter of President Trump. Good morning. Caller i support my president s and always will. And one other thing, if they do not get the schools open there will be a bunch of grandparents walking on the streets like zombies. Host what did you think about the revelations from yesterday . Caller woodward is a hack that has been against trump since 20 15. He and the other guy at the Washington Post broke the nixon story, and they have been dire democrats their whole life, and people say things. Host it does not matter that the president was the one saying things . Caller it does not matter to me. Host why not . Caller all of these people will lie and distort the truth to make him look bad, that is all they are trying to do. They are pulling out all of the stops to beat him in november, and i hope they do not. Host that is gordon in kansas city. In maryland, we will hear next from may. Caller hello. You can listen to the previous caller and see how bad some things are in the way that peoples minds work and the fact that you can hear him say those words himself, and then they will turn it around to say someone else said it or someone is against him. If you listen to trump, he will indict himself. The only other thing i have to say is what we are looking for in this country is peace and civility. That is what everybody is looking for. We all have to Work Together. We are either going to float up or sink together. We just need peace and stability. Host that is may in maryland. Some of the calls coming from the interviews, a series of 18 that the president did with bob woodward. Some of those excerpts being released. From march 19, where the president was talking with bob woodward about the danger of the coronavirus. Pres. Trump it is turning out it is not just old people. Some startling facts came out. It is not just older people, plenty of young people. Give me a moment of talking to somebody, going through this who fauci or somebody caused a pivot in your mind, because it is clear from what is on the Public Record that you went through a pivot on this to all my god, the gravity oh my is inexplicable and unexplainable. Pres. Trump to be honest with you, i wanted to always play it down. I still like playing it down because i do not want to create a panic. Host again, that is some of the excerpt making news out of the release of this book. If you go back a couple of weeks to february 26, it was when the white house was hosting regular briefings. Here is some of the president from the briefing on the 26th of february. [video clip] u. S. Citizens coming into america from china, that was done early on. We have been screening people at a highlevel, screening people coming in from infected areas. We have quarantined those infected and at risk. We have a lot of great quarantine facilities, we are rapidly developing a vaccine. The professionals can speak to you about that. The vaccine is coming along well, and then speaking to the doctors, this is something that we can develop rapidly, a vaccine for the future, and, coordinate with the support of our partners. We have great relationships with all of the countries we are talking about. Number ofy large countries, some with one person and many countries have no problem whatsoever. We will see what happens. This, fordy for anything, whether it is going to be a breakout of larger proportions or whether or not we are at that very low level, and we want to keep it that way. As they get better we take them off the list so that we are going to be pretty soon it only five people, and we could be at one or two people over the next short period of time, so we have had good luck. [end video clip] host all of those Still Available at cspan. Org. State, arom washington supporter of President Trump. Caller good morning. I really do appreciate that trump was a calming voice in this. I anybody who was watching china and the sickness, we were already scared, and being in washington, we had the first case that put us on alert. We were at a 1 infection rate and it is good here. Understand why people were not watching. Worse, had panicked any i did not know what i was going to do. When they shut us down for months, we were so terrified as it was. We did not even see our kids for a month. And now, it is just odd. No i know no one who has been sick or has gotten the virus and i have not gone to my doctor or a hospital, i am afraid. There is a big fear. Voice and weing were watching the professional speak. Things changed so much with this virus. Who knows. I want to thank you and you have a good day. In pennsylvania, a supporter of joe biden. You are next. Caller a couple of items. First of all, like your previous and the last one who said that there was going to be a panic, i would like to know what the panic would have been. I know what it would be and it was the same thing i did, if people found out early on that that was going to be a problem and they would get sick if they did not if they didnt interact with other people. The first thing i said is i got my wife and we are going to buy everything we can from a supermarket, and costco, get it into my house and hunker down. That is what the panic wouldve been and that wouldve saved lives if trump had been honest and said this is what would be going on. Panic not want to cause a when a meteor will hit the earth and kill everybody. I think that is the panic that people will think about. People will tear their hair out and scream it in the streets, that is not the kind of panic that wouldve happened here. People wouldve bought out the supermarkets gone into their houses and close the door and said i am not coming out to the pandemic is over and that wouldve saved lives. Host franc, pennsylvania, who is not voting. Good morning. Caller good morning. So to make it very clear i have no agenda i am not voting for biden. People think when i talk about trump that i must be one of the others. At the end of the day this is a sick man, and he is out of his mind. I listen to all politicians and they all want to brainwash us and tell us what they want to hear, that is a reality, but he takes it to another extreme, and i live in Trump Country appear, and i just try to talk to people and say, everything out of his mouth is crazy. I have never seen anything like it. He takes it to another extreme. Regarding the virus, he was full of it from day one. He believes that it will miraculously go away, this whole panic thing, he is trying to save face and i need people to realize that. Host we will go to dennis in west virginia, a supporter of President Trump. Caller hello, how are you . Host well, thank you. Caller you say that i am on . Host yes. Caller this will go away just like the bob woodward deal. This will not faze him one bit. Host even if it is the president himself making these statements . Caller let me tell you what is on my mind. Like trumpnds talking to the guy how he feels. He knew bob would sell the stuff, and trump has rubbed elbows with all of these people for years. Publict sounds like the are lighting their hair on fire, just like the guy says. Host if he knew this stuff, should he have said something along the lines about the seriousness early on . Said march 30k he is the last time he heard somebody say anything, march 30 he said it. Host he knew about the seriousness by early february, should he have said something then . Caller i thought maybe that pelosi, i hate to bring this up going to, when i heard pelosi and a few more politicians downplay this and joe biden did too, i felt like they did not want people to panic, they did not think it was serious, going to chinatown and partying. I think i a lot of them had things to say, they did not know what they were talking about. Thenhing this big, and when the president found out more, he went along with it and tried to do more. I wasre thing, yesterday a little disappointed. Host we are not going to revisit yesterday, we will keep to the topic at hand. Hillside, new jersey, a supporter of jill joe biden. Hello. Caller i am appalled at the last caller making up stories about how democrats were downplaying the virus. End oped an op on january 26 where he talked about the virus and the pandemic and what trump needs to do. Article,know the exact i am angry as an american citizen. We are americans, we are used to knowing what is going on. Te,re was panic at shop ri and how much tissue that we need to buy for the lockdown. They would not be people screaming in the streets. Look at the word panic. Trump says panic and now everyone is using the word. He wasly, this july, telling people not to wear masks. He told a person a reporter to not have his mask on because he could not hear him. He was so against the masks and finally he wore the masks. This guy wanted us to open up, he was worried about the economy and not the health of the American People. If anybody does not see that, i do not know what is wrong with the Trump Supporters. Why do they have to make stories up to support the man. Host if you go to the Washington Post website, their medium media columnist talked with bob woodward about the timing of the release and the issues connected with that. She writes this, and you can read it online saying ward ward woodward told me that he did not have a formal embargo arrangement with the president and the white house to hold back their conversations. I told them it was for the book as far as paul promising not to publish, i do not do that. The aim was to provide a fuller context that could occur in a new story. I knew i could tell the second draft of history and i knew i could tell it before the election. More, there were two problems he heard from february that kept them from putting in a newspaper, first he did not know the source of information and he learned that it came from a high level intelligence briefing that was described in wednesdays reporting, and second, the biggest problem i had was that i did not know if it was true. The president spoke with woodward in a dozen cases and in some cases it he put he called me a knot. It took months to put together the process. There is plenty more if you want to read it from Bob Woodwards perspective, from the book rage which is forthcoming. We go to chicago, illinois and a supporter of President Trump. Kimberly, go ahead. Caller i am in support of President Trump and my daughter has her own business. She is trying to keep them calm. Every day she would come home and say i do not know what i am going to do, i am scared, that i cannot let my employees know that i am scared. I am in support of him trying to keep us calm he started ordering supplies. A lot of the democrats are running around calling him a xenophobe and saying that they go to chinese town to eat. Maryland. From a supporter of joe biden. Hello. Caller good morning, thank you for having me. Brainwashed the Republican Party with a thimbleful of water and had half of half a thimble left over. He wants everybody to believe that he did not want to panic the country or the people, but when it came down the escalator, he was talking about the people coming over the border are going to rape, myrtle murder, and kill the whole country. That is a guy who did not want to panic the whole country. Whatepublicans believe they want to believe. I have good friends that are republicans and i cannot believe the things that they want to believe. They have to know the truth. Host stephen and connecticut, in connecticut, a supporter of President Trump. Caller hello. You are doing a great job. This is a complete hit job. If this was all true, he couldve released this months ago. He just wants to make millions on his book, as everyone else wanted to make millions. I think there are about 13 books that came out. He person to blame is fauci, never broadcasted or announced to the people to wear masks, that this is urgent and important, and it is our doctor system. Doctors never took an urgency at all. Prompted a fine job, and we as americans do not listen and we are not adapted to wear masks. Host the president talking to bob woodward was an initial problem in itself . Caller i am in the business of recording people also. Marchas definitely not in or february, and it is a twisted live. You can easily edit things and modify things. Host i was gonna ask you, how do you know that those recordings did not take place on the day specified . Caller this is true. The dashes in the editing world. Dates, wesily change have tools today that you can make a recording, take a few yess and nos and turn it into a full conversation. Host are you saying what is happening that is what has happened . Caller i have no trust in woodward. Look at all the people who came out with books. How many stories and how badly the president has done the greatest things for this nation. We as a country were not ready for this manufactured virus. Host that is stephen and, connecticut. Speaking of dr. Fauci, the hill reporting that yesterday he said that he did not think the president was publicly distorting the impact. He said it was during an interview that he says that the president s public press conferences echoed what members of the press force was telling him in private. I did not see decrypt test discrepancies between what he told us and what we told him when he came out and said things. He did not say anything different than what we discussed when we were with him. More of that if you want to read that. Maryland, ao ken in supporter of joe biden. Three we are suffering pandemics, one is coronavirus, two is inequality, and three as the door distortion. A calm voice will let you know what is going on and the remedies that you will put in resolve or solve what the problem is, or get through the problem. Truthg voice distorts the and withholds the truth from a person to mislead people to hoaxthat things are a and not real, and continues to go down the street that will cause further harm to people, yourself, or people around you. Host if youre saying that the president called it a hoax, he has talked about that including the politics of the situation. There other factcheck sites that parse the words. Caller i do not understand i love cspan, but cspan puts the ignorance on this country and exhibits it to the world. Host the callers that call into the program are invited to do so by us and we take them in every single day. We appreciate the fact that they can engage. We will go on to jim, norton ville, kentucky. A supporter of President Trump, go ahead. Caller i am calling to make a comment about they talk about killednt trumps 190,000, but nothing is ever said about the democrats and their support of abortion. They want to call it planned parenthood now because it does not sound bad. 60 million kids have been killed. Host our topic is from comments yesterday about the status of coronavirus. What did you think about those comments . Caller that is what i am saying. The press is talking about he killed so many people because they did not tell anybody and kept it a secret and all of that. And that is so untrue. The president the press is so against him that nothing is fair everybody isse against him. Orm not saying he is perfect says the right things, but i am saying that he cares for this country and our military, and they can say what they want on cnn or wherever. Millionsou can kill and millions of babies, and think it is ok, it is not ok. Host charlie, in new york. Undecided. Go ahead. Caller yes. Not for mr. Ely trump, but in new york as the Electoral College doesnt mean anything, trump can actually get the vote. So i will vote for a Green Party Candidate or someone else. Whoknow, the gentleman called a couple of times ago said he was an editor. He says one thing he is indicating that i know because i do this business that it was probably false. Thing,ight about one donald trump in my opinion does not know right from wrong. I think he is a really disturbed man. Host specifically to the comments that he made yesterday, what do you think about that specifically . Caller my biggest reaction is the fact that no major news because other than fox they are going a different direction, the socalled liberal networks are not mentioning how awful that bob woodward, who looked like he will new right from wrong he knows right from wrong, i do not think donald trump does. And bob woodward for the sake of americans who are going to die out months agome and said this. The guy who really thinks that this could have been recorded three days ago or whenever, come on. This is the thing host we will stop you there, and if you want to read the Margaret Sullivan piece where she interviews bob woodward about how he revealed it. I did not get the whole chance to read that to you, but you can read it yourself. For the next half hour or so we will continue in taking your calls about the release of this information related to Bob Woodwards book and the reaction to it. 2027488000 if you support President Trump. 2027488001 if you support joe biden. If you are undecided or supporting another party, you can call at 2027488002. Text us at 2027488003. Nick from sarasota, florida. A support of the president. Go ahead. Caller thank you, i want to answer the question from the lady of new jersey, what is up with Trump Supporters . He is saying. He had tried to do everything. Have you already forgotten that you went to the store and there was no sanitizer or alcohol or could not buy meat. That was at the level he was at. Should he do will like biden was saying. He is lying he did not tell us how it wasnt all this kind of stuff. It came from china, he did the best he could do and do the best that biden could think about doing. He has done the right thing. There is nothing wrong with what he said. People have to understand that the people in charge or not they to create panic and we are going to have a couple of different vaccines by the end of the year. They have all of the supplies built up. Biden in his campaign ads, it is laughable. He said we will get more supplies and have masks, and that is the stuff that trump is doing. It sounds like he is doing a campaign for him. Host here is joe biden from yesterday in michigan talking about the jobs in the economy, the topic of the book coming up. [video clip] meanwhile, on the day that we hit 190,000 dead in the United States because of covid19, we learn from the Washington Post columnist, bob woodward that the president of the United States admitted that he knew about covid19 as it passed through the air. He knew how deadly it was and more deadly than the flu. He knew and purposely played it down. Worst, he lied to the American People. He willingly lied about the threat it posed to the country for months. He had the information, he knew how dangerous it was. And while this deadly disease ripped through this nation, he failed to do his job on purpose. It was a lifeanddeath betrayal. Experts say if he had acted just one week sooner, 36 thousand people would have been saved. Sooner,ted two weeks 54,000 lives would have been spared in march and april alone. His failure has not only cost lives, it sent our economy into a tailspin. It costs millions more in american livelihoods. This is a recession created by Donald Trumps negligence and he is unfit for this job as a consequence of it. How many schools are not open, how many kids are starting a new school year the same way the ended the last one, at home . How many parents feel abandoned and overwhelmed . How many frontline workers are pushed to the limits . How many families are missing loved ones at their dinner table tonight because of his failures . It is beyond despicable. Duty, adereliction of disgrace. [end video clip] host that full event also available on cspan. Org. Texted us as harry truman said the buck stops here. The president is the only one everyone looks to from their answer, stop blaming others. Bill said i do not support him but i think he is right. Fear and panic are more deadly than the virus but we need to move away from fear and breathe again. Marshall, it is funny whose leaders leveled with and all the countries whose leaders leveled with them did not panic, the fact that the American Public would have panicked is just choosing to side with panic. President nkful the are divisiveocrats all of the time. You can text us at 2027488003. Biden, a supporter joe you are next from maryland. Hello. Caller hello. Stopnow, i wish they would insulting our intelligence. We are adults, so we are not going to panic. Panic would ensue when President Trump was talking about these cures or socalled cures that were out. The hydrochloric when and hydro hydroxychloroquine and things of that nature when physicians were not advocating. That is where the panic would ensue. We are adults, we want to be told the truth, and those who may panic just need to not listen to him. Calm voiceim being a , that is a laugh to me. First he was calling it the wuhan virus, a hoax, it will wash away. I do not see where that was a calming influence for the public. Host comments from our Facebook Page. Donna saying he did what any good leader would have done, he did not create mass panic. He took action and close down travel. Find someone else to pick on. Toodward has been trying become relevant, his book will not become number one and all of will be over. It is not it has gotten to the point where there is no point in reading the stories. In california, a supporter of President Trump. Caller i worked for cosco and the panic shopping happened in march and april. It is still happening. People were not getting food. We ran out of everything. And now there is limits on everything, back then, people were panic shopping and it would have been way more serious if that happened because i worked there and we ran out of everything. People could not have gotten stuff and they are still hoarding. Host a sheaporter a supporter of joe biden, chuck from nebraska. Caller good morning. I am just amazed at my not really, my fellow americans who have been for centuries listening to lies every sunday being told to them. I cannot believe that the liar they cannot believe that the liar in the white house is lying to them now about everything to make himself look good. He is a con man, and it is disgusting that these people are still backing him. You cannot use that language. From michigan, a supporter of President Trump. Go ahead. Caller i am in michigan, and we need help very bad. We have a government a governor who is a psychopath and puts covid positive patients in nursing homes. I know through a fat for a fact all throughout your toroid. She is making the children in sports wear masks. That relate to the comments from yesterday . Caller it relates that the man is telling the truth. Leaders lead by standing, not kneeling. It is the right thing to do. Survivable. S 99. 9 skewedbers have been incorrectly, lies from the beginning. Believe theer do we lies that have been been told. Host if the president himself said that it was more deadly than your strenuous flu on february the seventh, should he have been more forthright about it . Caller he close the borders while nancy pelosi was going to china time. Chinatown. He close the borders and they were against it and now he is a liar. Some people came through even after the borders were closed. Finish your thought finish your thought. Caller the lies are how many people have died. People die in Car Accidents and are being said that they died of covid. Elderly are being put in harms way, and they are dying alone. This governor is insane. There. E will stop you from cleveland, ohio, a supportive joe biden. Larry is next. Let me push the button first. My apologies for that. Caller good morning. Us a lot of people compare President Trump towards Winston Churchill and franklin roosevelt. These men took responsibility and told people the truth. To bringmade plans people together and attack the problems. He was not a calm voice, he was a voice confusing. Responsibility, he left everything to the governors and criticized them. Doesde no plans, he still not have a plan. Host that is larry in cleveland, ohio. As a Campaign Issue there is the super back the the by the super pac american bridge which is a supporter of joe biden and based off of the allegations that come from the book. Heres the ad. [video clip] i wanted to always play it down, i still like playing it down. Initial response has cost american lives. Trump ignored warnings making the u. S. Load to advise to add to act. Anthony found that the government cost american lives. There is a lot of pushback about shutting things down. To be honest with you, i wanted to always play it down, i still like playing it down. [end video clip] host that was that just out in relation to the president s comments. It was the president himself yesterday talking about the various issues. He did so from the white house. That event is on cspan. Org if you want to take a look at some of the things he said. We showed you a portion of that from earlier. Arizona, a supportive for President Trump. Go ahead. Caller hello, how are you doing . Host well. Caller i support donald trump. And also a native american in support of my president. President vajo nation not president , representative supportive of our president. Host how does that relate from the revelations from yesterday . Caller yesterday. Not onlynplaying it there is a lot of elderlyt go around the that get sick, and yet positive for so yet positive get positive for soandso and what is. Every year, people die, i am sorry, i have got to say that. Host when it comes to covid cases itself, the wall street journal talking about a drop being experienced in portions of the United States. Some metrics are improving. The seven day average of new daily covid19 deaths in the United States has remained below 1000 for more than two weeks according to data tracked and compiled by Johns Hopkins university after an average topped 1100 in late july and early august. A lot more there if you want to read it there. A supportive joe biden in pennsylvania, we will hear from donna. ,aller hello, and my thing is he knew february 7 that this was airborne. Airborne, in the air. He would not tell people to put a mask on. This country would not be in the shape it is and where 190,000 people have died if he would have said put a mask on and been honest with us. Into theroked fear American People. I called into congress about the old lady and the burglar coming in with a i have seen an add about the old lady and a burglar coming in with a crowbar and i was so upset because why would you try and scare elderly people. In 2019 andaravan showed people running across the border like animals. Puttingold you about people with low income inot roar into rural areas and you will pick on me that he did not want people to panic . This man has put panic and peoples lives every ever since he became president. Host a couple of other stories related to the president. A list of Supreme Court nominees being released if the president wins a second term. Three names coming out of that all senators. Senator ted cruz, josh hawley, and senator cotton. A lot of them pushing back against the idea of wanting to become Supreme Court justices. If you go to the wall street journal, the Justice Department took up the allegation of rape by the author in new york. Saying about the dojs role in saying the Justice Department followed a brief saying that mr. Trump was acting within the scope of his office of president in the publicly denied the allegation. It asked the court to substitute the u. S. Instead of mr. Trump and said to move it to a court thatanhattan adding government officials cannot be sued for defamation. If a federal judge signs off on the procedural maneuvers it would effectively end the case and she could appeal the decision, but if she does not prevail she could not continue her suit as written. If you go to the new york times, this out of the department of Homeland Security nicolas saying that it was brian murphy that put in the complaint that he was ordered this spring by chad wolf , the acting secretary to stop producing assessments on russian interference and focus on iran and china. That he said was to Robert Obrien the white house National Security adviser. It was the president himself as part of the response for the releases from yesterday going on fox news and talking about the subject. [video clip] first of all on the book itself, he called i did not participate in this last one and he does hit jobs with everybody and on obama. Constant hit jobs on bush, they did three books and they were all terrible. I said, let us give it a shot, i would speak to him and i do not know if the book is good or bad. Probably, almost definitely i will not have time to read it because i do not have time. It sounds like it will not be good. But if i look like if you look at what you said, i said do not panic. I am a cheerleader for this country, and i do not want to see panic. Wasought what matt said fantastic because we wouldve lost 2. 5 million lives instead of the number we are talking about. Anything above one is no good. It was chinas fault, they sent it to us. I thought i would give the bob woodward some time, and i gave him some time. As usual with the book he writes, it did not work out too well. Maybe it is good, who knows . [end video clip] host we will hear from wesley, a supportive joe biden. Good morning. Caller i just want to make a statement that these people that are voting for President Trump, they are going to call to be called lawless voters, because he has made four infractions, and people should be aware of their constitution. Host how does that relate to yesterday . Caller what do you mean how does it relate to yesterday . Host the news coming out from Bob Woodwards book, how does it relate. Caller it has a relation because the man did not do what he was supposed to do in january when he should have put the federal government on these cases where these people are dying by the thousands. It does not make sense. Like i said, these people in history will say that these unlawful for voting for this man who made four infractions against the constitutional the constant dutch constitution. The first was Stormy Daniels and then the next was the attorney general. Host in north carolina, a supportive for President Trump. Goahead. Caller good morning, i do support the president. It does not bother me that he said that he did not want to panic the country, or cause congress did panic. Our house of representatives has been closed for six months. And, they took away three quarters of the vote for the house when nancy pelosi just closes it. That is panic, and that is what our president tried to prevent. We are not being represented anymore. Thank you. Host from frederick, boston massachusetts, a supporter of joe biden. Virus, he knew about the he did not care about the people, especially people down south. The people down south are about the stupidest people down in the country and listening to the stupid idiot. Host how does that relate to yesterday . Caller i just said that on that telling people not to wear when they was got half the country wearing a mask and the other half not wearing a mask. City,michael in oklahoma a supporter of joe biden. You are next. Caller good morning. It seems like he is going to defend himself by saying he was protecting us from panic, and i think the panic he was referring to was a stock market panic and crash because he was going to ride that through the election. He told his friends in february that this was coming and they arrange their portfolios, everything got arranged. If you are not in a panic, you are not paying attention. We will have to put up with this unfit president until january 20 when he loses and calls out his military and his police andrtments, and his bikers, nra friends and fifth amendment solution. We have until january 20 to do something about this unfit man in the office. Please, america. Host that is michael in oklahoma city. One of the other topics that came up with those conversations and we did not deal with it on this hour. When it comes to the issues of race and those issues, the Washington Post highlights when they spoke about Race Relations on june 22 when woodward asked if there is systematic or institutional racism in this country . I think there is everywhere, i think less here than most places or in many places. Asked by whether racism is here in the United States in a way that affects peoples lives, the president responded i think it is and it is unfortunate, but i think it is. That is one of the other things coming out of that conversation. The Washington Post writes it all up. From an undecided voter in missouri, deb. Caller hello. I am concerned because this article that they say joe biden wrote in january, i tried to get it from usa today, it did not come out until april. And, back in january, biden was anding rally is rallies into march. He had praised President Trump on his handling of the coronavirus. So, i am kind of confused. It seems like he was behind everything that trump was doing until just the last couple of weeks. So, it confuses me and i am wondering about how they got the date of january on an article that did not come out until april. Randy in wisconsin, a supporter of President Trump. Caller thank you for taking my call. Does a hit job on all the president s. If not for that he would fade away. Day,your question of the the mainstream media, including cspan, are mad because our great president did not put this country into a panic. For goodness sakes, you are making a mountain out of a mole hill. Host do you think he should have been more forthright with the information he had . Caller he could have been more forthright, but who knew how bad it was. Look at joe biden, what he said, and what dr. Fauci did. Maybe the president did, but he did not want to put the country into a panic and you are doing everything you can every did every day to not this president down. Host i would disagree, but go ahead. Caller President Trump is doing a great job, he is doing a great job. For him saying that to bob woodward and bob woodward printing it, you picked up on it and President Trump is playing the news media. Host President Trump gave the interviews in the first place, you think that was a mistake . Caller i love his tweets and everything about it, he is letting us know everything on his mind that is what a great president he should do. Case, andhat is the he described the coronavirus he used the deadly stuff he knew it was deadly stuff. And this was back in february. Caller and when did he shut the country down . He knew how bad it was but he did not want to put the country into a panic. Thank you President Trump. Host let us go to mindy in new york, a supporter of joe biden. Hello. Caller i kind of want to talk about the world panic. His ammo for panic his talking about caravans and invading the suburbs and voter mail fraud, he loves panics. Saying i did not want to cause the country the panic is just completely ridiculous. What hes talking about when he says i did not want to put the country in panic, thats what he didntller said want to put the stock market in a panic. He wanted the stock market to be steady. Host what convinces you of that . Caller that way you could say the stock market is great, because the economy is great. The stock market is not the economy. If people see that the stock market is doing well, people think the economy is doing well which is why President Trump is up on the economy. Host one more call, this is rodney. Caller thank you for taking my call. He should have waited so that he did not put the country in a panic, because what would have happened . A run on the banks, a run on the stores, i used to be a meatpacker and you would have them all locked out. This all started with china. Rodney, and we will now change topics to the final portion, we will talk to two experts on the topic of vaccines, specifically related to the coronavirus, dr. Jesse goodman from Georgetown University about the fdas role in approving and safety. That conversation and your questions coming up. Bidens record is a shameful is a catastrophic blunder. Yes spent his entire career on the wrong side of history. Our current president has failed in his most basic duty to the nation. He has failed to protect us, he has failed to protect america. My fellow americans, thats unforgivable. The first president ial debate between President Trump and joe is tuesday, september 29. You can watch live on cspan, or listen to the free cspan radio app. Youre watching cspan, your unfiltered view of government created as a Public Service and brought to you by your television provider. Washington journal continues. With our guest is , he was a University Former scientist at the food and Drug Administration. Dr. Jesse goodman is joining us. Guest good morning. Host could you talk about, in a broad sense, your work at the fda . ,articularly as chief scientist particularly when it comes to vaccines. The science of vaccines is quite complex. The fda ensures that any vaccine going into clinical studies is. Afe ultimately it goes through the approval process. This is why we have such a reduction in childhood illness, we can count on the safety of the vaccines. And even after they are approved , they can be monitored for safety. To specific scientists work directly with these medical companies throughout the process . Is it a team effort . There is a particular center, the center for biologics and the office of vaccines research. Those are experts on the whole range of issues around vaccines, from their chemistry to manufacturing and Clinical Trials. They have review teams with these different scientific disciplines. They interact a lot with manufacturers during the process. When it comes to, you are on the board of glaxosmithkline as head of the Science Committee. Can you talk about what that entails. Guest on the Science Committee we work at opportunities to. Evelop new products host are you personally involved in the development . Guest not at present. There are two candidates fda isudy, the , a lot of the u. S. The developments are being funded directly by the government through operation warp speed. That includes two of the three current candidates in the late phase clinical trial. Thats out of the early trials dose,ety, establishing a and having these large trials with 30,000 individuals each, which are clerical critical for vaccine safety. Does itop of that, work . Is it effective . Are the numbers are coronavirus reduced and the people who get the vaccine . By how much . These studies are critical. We have the studies in humans. What data do they need to . Ook at guest they look at the data to see if it was effective, are the calculations and this is very , the entire process of manufacturing can be quite complex, they need to make sure that they can make a vaccine that is consistent with high quality and safety. At, makingot to look sure people are safe and highquality. Host dr. Goodman will be with us until 9 00. You can call us at 202 7488000 for eastern and central time zones, 202 7488001for mountain and pacific time zones. You can submit questions via at 202 7488002 202 7488002 host at 202 7488003. We have a question on twitter, does it help . Guest its working in two ways with substantial funding in biotech technologies with it ising candidates helping to manage the process that it creates so that he can speed along. It will be able to speed up the manufacturing so that there will not be a long period before it is available. This is what we call the investing risk. Essentially, funding is going into being ready to manufacture s. Ccine this is being done on a large scale. We are taking steps to make sure the vaccine can be made more. Uickly host so is there a difference between what was done with h1n1 and coronavirus . Guest its a very different situation. We know less about the withavirus, we are also the challenge and the fact that that are new technologies have been in development over many years, like rna vaccines and vaccine where a coronavirus back coronavirus protein is put into the backbone of the virus. Another reason why the fdas evaluation realistic is a timeline for vaccine normally . Whats realistic when it comes to the coronavirus . Aret typically, vaccines developed in nonemergency settings over several years. Pandemicavirus, or the , or ebola, there were tremendous efforts to accelerate the development. These new technologies let us go to aa virus gene sequence potential vaccine candidate that inld be studied in animals weeks as opposed to months and years. That has really helped accelerate the process. Coming behind that, we have those traditional technologies with a long history of use. Host should be mandatory for people to have . As a child i recall having a polio shot and i dont think i had a choice. Guest is a controversial containing childhood diseases, particularly measles, most states mandate vaccination except under certain conditions, medical and sometimes religious exemptions. Its really up to the American People, i think what is important is that people have confidence in any vaccine that comes along. They know the fda has reviewed it free of pressure. Host we are now taking some callers, rick, go ahead. Caller dr. Goodman, a question. I know for over 20 years or more, scientists around the world and in this country specially have been working on an hiv vaccination. Im wondering, if taken well over 20 years for that vaccine. Whats making it possible to study this virus and come up with a vaccine now in such a short period of time visavis the hiv vaccine . Question. Ts a great , we have thet know cine that has been work the jury still out on if we have a vaccine that is working and safe. Its very difficult to take care of because our immune system does not know how to handle hiv. If you get hiv your immune system, the t cells in your body do not get rid of it. Theres a rare case here and a couple of people out of and a couple that do not get sick. That virus attacks the immune system itself. But many other vaccines that are have aful are able to body that does affect a good immune response. Bill is joining us from syracuse, new york. Good morning. Caller good morning. I have a couple of comments if im going to die anyway, i would be willing to take a chance on a that was somewhat approved but not fully approved. And how will he be distributed . On a random basis, people paying for it. Guest on the distribution point, there are two groups of , some with public input that are looking at particularly when a vaccine becomes available earlier. There may not be enough for everyone and not everyone will get it at once. We have groups of the National Academy of sciences and a Public Advisory Committee with the cdc. These groups have been looking whohis on the basis of needs the vaccine most immediately and who will have the most potential benefit. This really comes down to protecting Frontline Health care workers and other workers at high risk from exposure. And also individuals with underlying medical conditions that make it more like that hospitalization is needed. Older individuals in particular may be at higher risk. So we need a very transparent priority setting system that gets the first dose to those necessary individuals. And there are people who say im take the risk on a therapy or vaccine that is not yet approved. There may be circumstances where the fda has certain provision to expand access before they are approved. Those discussions are under. Onsideration jim, at lake gadsden, wants to have you explain the stages of development when it comes to those trials. Guest sure. Manufacturersans, which could be part of the University System in the u. S. , need to apply to the fda for permission to do a clinical trial. We need to look at if this if the safetyund, data and manufacturing data looks good, so we can advance. Sequence hrough sequence of phase one, phase two, and phase three trials through the phase one trial is typically a small number of individuals phase three trials. The phase one trial is typically a small number of individuals. It checks as the product is safe , is your body making the kind this is an 100 or thatpatience patients it is safe to proceed to larger studies. Question the next phase two studies. Thats typically a few hundred to maybe a thousand individuals. This is for safety data and also looks at the dose in response to the vaccine or drug. We usually set does from this which you then use in the larger studies. ,hen it gets moved to phase 3 wills when the company take a look at thousands of individuals with a placebo, looking also at safety and unexpected serious risks, and is it effective in reducing incidents of the disease . And there are two ongoing studies in 30,000 individuals , is theg the vaccine. Accine effective, host lets go to california, justin is next. Caller can your guest discussed challenge studies . Where they inoculate people with the vaccine, wait a period of time, and intentionally subject get to the virus, you quicker results rather than having to wait many months to see how many people catch the virus and how well the vaccine works. Guest you explained that really well. Essentially he can use a vaccine vaccine toople people. E we need to know how to administer the virus to mimic , we alsoal disease want to do this in a way that is safe, we dont want so much of the dose that your challenge injected buts were then wound up in the hospital with serious illness. So you need to have worked out a system of what is the actual virus and how we can be administered. This has worked out for inluenza, and even studies several areas. Monitoring toly see more accurate test. You can monitor this and see the time it takes to work this out. You can also monitor for safety data with a relatively small. Umber of people you dont get the safety data that for example we are getting now. There is a side effect that has put one vaccine on hold just now. Host lets talk to jim, in missouri. Who,r starting with the this administration has cast expertsn our suppose it. Defunding the who, the fda fast tracked testing. Andot tests that were worse so inaccurate that you are better off not taking a test. The cdc should have been running and shouldesponse have been pointing it from the getgo. We did not like pyeongchang fauchi, so we will find someone else. Done, whyis said and would anybody trust a vaccine coming out of this administration . , we gon it is available back to the people who are antivaccine to begin with. Thank you. Guest the caller raises a number of important points. There has been a lot of conflicting messages throughout the pandemic. Theres a lot of concerns about the response, many which i share. I think some of the things that have concerned me quite a bit have been pressure on the fda and other scientific agencies. Been announcements about getting a vaccine quickly. We all want that and thats correct. That the fda, for those with confidence, they need to be able to trust the toentific experts at the fda act independently and make those decisions based on the science. Thats important and any pressure on the fda from outside needs to stop if people want to trust the vaccines. I am very sympathetic to getting it quickly, everybody wants that. But as polling has shown, the ableity people want to be to have that process be done in that ensures that vaccines are is this as safed and effective as safe and effective as could be. If we want to vaccine, which we all want to help and the pandemic, people need to be able. O trust the recommendations the fda has said it will stick to the science. When theres pressure people become skeptical. This is important to address in the upcoming month. The fda need to be really transparent about the data it and it any approvals and aergency authorizations to Public Advisory Committee. That will help. But i think some damage has been done to the public trust. Host once a vaccine is available, will it be cost prohibitive for some people . I think thats an important thing, there would be tremendous injustice for people that some people can afford to be protected and others do not. Is vaccine will be it believed that any vaccine will be free to the American People due to the funding through operation warp speed, but there may be administration costs, whether its pharmacies, physicians, Public Health to , many people are hurting right now and have to choose between health care and food. Its going to be critical that it could be administered and received by anyone who wants it in that administration. Thats really important. Taking this to another level, what about the rest of the world . India, brazil, we are seeing a horrible toll that this virus takes. It really needs to be beyond the u. S. , a concerted Global Global effort to again get access to the vaccine for those people who are worse off than we are in the u. S. Host with us is dr. Jesse goodman joining us for a conversation on vaccines. I want to show a Senate Hearing on the topic of vaccines, featuring dr. Collins, and they talked about the pause reported from a vaccine trial at astrazeneca. [video clip] the reason we are investing in six different vaccines is because of the expectation that they will not all work, although it would be lovely if they did. The pause is not unprecedented. This happens in any largescale trial where you have tens of thousands of people invested in taking part in, some of them may get ill, and you try to figure out if it is because of the vaccine or were they going to get that illness anyway. So you investigate carefully to see if anybody else he received ae vaccine might have had similar finding of a spinal cord problem. This ought to be reassuring when we say we will focus first on safety and make no compromises, this is exhibit a about how that is happening. If it is a real consequence of this vaccine and can be shown to because and effect, all low doses for that will be thrown away, because we do not want to issue something not safe. Host that was the statement from yesterday from dr. Collins. What is your take . Guest we do not yet know enough details. And in fact, the company developing the vaccine may not know it all yet because event isg what this believed to be, transfer some be, aghters to spinal cord inflammation, we do not have enough information to say if it was related to the vaccine or not, but it is concerning. It is good to hear that the individual is recovering. , that isis an illness some people can lead to neurological deficits. So it is serious. We need to wait and see what the results of the investigation are. I have also seen reporting that there was an earlier patient in the study who may have had similar side effects, again, we do not know if it is a side effect of the vaccine, but may have had a similar event, but in that case it was believed that person had multiple sclerosis. We need more data to assess this. And even with more data it is complex. In a way,at this is, the system working. We are detecting these things because, whether they are related to a vaccine or coincidental, we have the opportunity to work carefully at this because these are larger trials done with thousands of individuals. That is critical. That is why the process must be allowed to go forward. Why the fda needs to play a critical role. And why nobody should assume we have a vaccine until these studies are done. Host we saw a host of companies, including the one that you are associated with, sign a safety pledge for the vaccine. Is the unusual that unusual . Itst it is unusual, but shows, i think, that there is a concern that people have confidence in a vaccine that is produced. And confidence around covid orcines, if it is lost, confidence and the fda or even manufacturers, could affect peoples confidence in vaccines more generally. We do not want to have a country where we have measles outbreaks because people do not trust vaccines. I think it is a good thing that they have pledged to follow normal processes. It is unusual. And i think it shows they were sensitized to some of the same things that one of the callers was, the concern that if people feel like a process is rushed, not a fair umpire in terms of the fda, and if people have questions about those things it could jeopardize our response to the pandemic. Host glenn in california. Caller god bless our president , donald trump, for working hard for american citizens. Working on a vaccine with so many different medical providers and that. Disease, whereod i have the third case in california. It was valley fever and he gave me arthritis through my whole body and i almost lost one of my lungs. I had it at 18 months. I went down to 42 pounds. I was at the ucla medical center. And i went all through the kaiser facilities. All this all these other things, we have no representation at they were house of representatives with it,democrats pushing past to see what is in it and all this other stuff, but here is the thing the president is working so hard. And he has got no help from the Democratic Party or the never trumpers. Throughrking so hard our medical systems, but what about all of the side effects on every drug that we take . Host lets let our guest tae ake that up. It soundsst of all, take careactually did of many patients at the ucla. And i am glad you recovered from that terrible disease. It is still a disease that is ravaging many parts of our country. I do appreciate the efforts of operation warp speed and the funding going into vaccines. Know, i think we need to support that. I think what we are hearing is we also need to be sure, because vaccines are given to Healthy People, that people have confidence in them. But i appreciate the efforts of has,overnment in that he as well as countless people in medical schools, the patients who are contributing under the trials to develop these vaccines. As you said, treatments, everything has risks and benefits. Nothing will ever be completely riskfree. But even if you had a side effect that was serious, and only one and 100,000 people, that sounds like nothing. Thatf you suddenly amplify to a population of millions, you could have hundreds of people with serious side effects. We need a balance. And we need to make sure that we tonot do damage in trying protect people from the coronavirus. Host tina in virginia. Caller as a mother, i want to know questions from a childhood point of view, are the children included in the clinical studies . Are they able to because of their age . They cannot sign and estate, and say, i can do this. If not, how do they know vaccines will not have children develop that rare inflammatory disease, like they do as a result of having the virus . How are they going to test that part of safety . Guest that is a great question, because as you said, even though a group that do not commonly get the biblical adult the typical adult coronavirus able toen, um, they are spread the disease. Them,ey do good, some of this extremely challenging, systemicvere inflammatory syndrome that we do not understand very much about. So it will be really important to have a vaccine to also protect children. What is usually done, what is song done in this case, more in this case given the unusual disease in children, is to get the data in adults first. And when we see the vaccine is safe and adults, then in adults, then begin studies in children. I im not aware of the status of all the pediatrics. They may not have to wait until everything is complete, but unleased at least until the fda has a sense it is safe to proceed with studies in children. Children are often neglected in these processes. Our wish to protect them. But in this case, we want to make sure they can get the potential benefit and that we have a safe vaccine. We do not want to have to wait years for children to be protected from it. Thats an excellent question and i and others have been advocating that the childhood studies, that the vaccine trials and children be done as soon as it is safe. Highly text, im allergic to eggs. Are all the vaccine for covid19 also made with eggs . Guest none of the ones i am aware of, none that are being studied in large numbers of patients are made with eggs. Taht is that is kind of ancient. It has been used in most influenza vaccines, but it is not being used for these. Youru should certainly ask physician, have them know about think it iswill not a problem for the Covid Vaccine. Re some influenza vaccines that are made in cells, not eggs, that are just fine. So you should be able to access those. I would ask your provider about them. Amt another viewer, i wondering what the definition is of an effective vaccine. I have heard it is 57 protection. Like his is kind of 50 protection. Guest this is kind of like a subjective thing. But when the fda provided guidance, it said for it to approve a Covid Vaccine they would want to see at least 50 reduction. That is the standard that they have put out. We would all like to see something much higher than that. The flu vaccine is over 90 effective, so is the polio vaccine. But from what we know about coronavirus, and thinking about the earliest vaccines we were developing in a time when people did not fully understand the disease, we do not know how the host is protected. Is it the antibodies, the t cells, etcetera. Earlypossible that an vaccine may not be hardly effective. The fda set the bar at 50 . We would like to see more. And we are just going to have to see what the studies show us. Host new jersey, we are hearing from maria. You are on with dr. Jesse goodman. Caller i have three points to discuss. First, the sourcing of the carrier material and other materials for the manufacturing of the vaccine. I understand that the vast majority comes from india or china, where inspectors get to inspect may be every 10 or 12 years, and use interpreters that are hired by the companys. And if somebody wanted to move every nine years, they do not get inspected, so what is the sourcing for the tests for the vaccines and what did they resort to if that is approved . The second thing i wanted to get into was the safety pledge. On to it ironic that this be basic ethics. Could you have dr. Harvey rich from the school of Public Health on . He has reviewed all the studies on hydroxychloroquine and zinc. And it is amazing how effective that is in the first stages of the disease. Getrather than hurrying to something 50 effective, why dont we explore honestly what is available now . Host give me the name again. Caller dr. Harvey rich. He has been on the Laura Ingraham show and the joe banks show. It is the yale school of Public Health. He has done studies on hydroxychloroquine. Host thank you for the suggestion. We will go back to the doctor. Guest i am trying to remember some of those points, but one of them was the pledge. I agree with you that that is more expected behavior, something we should expect from companies, governments and the scientists. I think that people were emphasizing that they are following normal procedures here. I think it is very important that the public and the fda are there to make sure that happens and to make sure that political pressures do not affect thi ngs. That is my main comment. Host she asked about the sourcing material. Guest yeah. I do not personally know the details about the sourcing material of these candidate vaccines, but i believe most of them will not be sourced in china or india because of the nature of them, but these are questions that can be asked and discussed, and should be able to for example, at the Public Advisory Committee. Host you talked about the fda being a fair umpire. Talk about the reason that the current administrator has, his oversight for his oversight of this. Guest it is a mixed assessment. Im fairly pleased and impressed, because he seems to be a decent person. Stated, to be has clearly, that he intends for the fda to follow the science on any vaccine. And he and the other scientists at the agency have said that they will bring the decisions to an advisory committee. However, i think it is really important that he clearly stands andor the career scientists normal processes of the fda, to reassure the public that the agency will not be pressured. , for was so much pressure example, around hydrochloric and hydroxychloroquine that it raised questions about the authorization of those drugs. Pressure may continue, and more from the white house on vaccines. So i think it is important that dr. Hahn reassure the public and take the steps and make it clear that there will not be political interference in the fda. That the head of the division saidreviews these vaccines he would resign if he was forced to do something he thought was wrong. In addition, the director has said that too. I hope we do not come to that. The process needs to be respected. Not just the process, but the limbions and the bases for should be transparently explained to the public when they are made. Host since the viewer brought it up, what is your personal take on the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine or blood plasmas as treatment . Guest i think on hydroxychloroquine i have a different view of science. Work but i have not seen any convincing signs that it works. Just as we saw with the recent trial detecting an adverse event, we need data from the control studies and control ntrol trials. Those for hydroxychloroquine have not supported efficacy. Is room forere scientific debate, but i think that the evidence is pretty clear and i would not want people to think that taking that drug would be able to prevent them from getting the virus. There are studies going on, but it does not look promising. On convalescent plasma, you know, there are hints of efficacy and a large, uncontrolled use of the product. Its what we call biologically plausible. If you give people antibodies that react against the virus, give it early enough, there is reason to think it might be helpful, but even from a study that was used to support the emergency authorization, the benefits seem fairly small. So we need control trials. I think it is unconscionable, in the case of hydroxychloroquine and in convalescent plasma, that we have all this uncontrolled use, which in the case of hydroxychloroquine did raise safety questions. The we started months ago control trials we needed to settle the question. If something works well, we need to know and we can offer it to everyone. At when they are used in nonscientific way, we do not and up with an answer. Host we will go to tennessee. Hello. Caller how are you doing . Be puttion is what will into place to make sure there is tosecrecy as it relates africanamericans being part of the faxing process. People are of the vaccine process. People are hesitant because of the issue that came out, that we do not end up and we know mostanamericans and minorities have conditions that lend themselves to not having a positive outcome. Guest an important question and issue. Of some a history striking episodes of abuse of africanamerican populations in medicine and in Clinical Trials. Thats very important. And there is a trust gap. To addressiety needs that. Aen we talk about covid, for variety of reasons this disease has a disproportionately affected nonwhite communities, both in terms of the incidents, how often they are getting infected and their risk of getting infected, and in terms of outcomes being more severe. So there is disproportionate factors. So it is important that whether it is a treatment or a vaccine, that we address that population. One of the things that is going on that the nih and others have said, is that they want to try to enroll substantial diverse populations, including africanamericans, in the clinical studies. Wantnow, it takes trust to to be in a study, but it is important to reach out and have those patients, so that the thatnts patients know the candidate vaccine has been tested in those populations and appears to perform well there, as with others. Knowing that could possibly help build trust and the product. But i think that this is also a much bigger project. It is a project that does not just pertain to vaccines or medical products, it pertains to trust in the Health Care System and we have a lot of work to do to earn and rebuild that. Host a few more minutes with dr. Jesse goodman, the former chief scientist at the food and Drug Administration, from 20092014. Philip in kentucky. Caller kudos for dr. Goodman. He seems like a straight shooter. And 100,000 Adverse Reactions was good. Lets talk about death. Gardasil killed thousands of little girls. Aimed andmed and mi made barren 10,000. Yet they say it is a safe drug. How many people are allowed to die with this vaccine for the coronavirus . There are a saying not that many dead at the 200,000 mark, that it is 20,000, less than because i know somebody who got killed on a motorcycle who had covid. So this guy seems like a straight shooter. Guest let me be share i was not misunderstanding. I do not think that one in 100,000 is a serious adverse event, something that could be lifethreatening or lead to permanent disability is something that we want. That is not in my mind acceptable. Obviously, it depends on the disease you are trying to prevent and how effective the vaccine is, balancing that with the side effects. But in general, that is something that could be concerning. In 1976, there was a swine flu virus break at fort dix. Neurologiced a syndrome that was not detected in the early trials in about 1000 individuals, and several million were inoculated. In fact, the upright has and it wass passed, clear that that risk was not outweighing the benefit of the vaccine, so it was stopped. Even 30,000 people, we need a system to monitor safety after the vaccine is rolled out. Make sure that there are not side effects commit to change how we do the safety of that vaccine. So i will restrict my comments thatvid, but i will say with gardasil, i believe all these issues with safety have been raised and most have supported the study of the human papilloma vaccine and that has prevented thousands of cases of cervical cancer. So i appreciate your concern. Its important that those be publicly discussed. Host brad is in minnesota. Caller good morning. I have a comment, then a question. Vaccinated, 40 million to 60 Million People get vaccinated every year for the flu, and we still get tens of thousands dying. My, question is my question is, if we start taking these vaccines, is it because for why we are seeing such an autoimmune disease with all these people that we are filling up with all these antibodies, because we all know that the best to fighting is your own virus immune system. Ok, the immune system is the one that that we have to, there is no explanation for why or how. We understand how it works, but why it works the way it does, so wire we going down this path when we should be protecting the elderly and the people with underlying issues . And we are causing something that is going to, in a longterm effect, that we are having more autoimmune systems falling because of the vaccinations, the vaccinations that are given today to people. That is my question. Host thank you. Guest thank you for that question. It gives me an opportunity to say that lots of scientists have had that question, and about longterm side effects, and the issue of autoimmune disease. Theres not evidence and that vaccines have a role in increasing incidents of autoimmune disease. What i would like to stress is point, whichortant is in the immunity to a natural infection, if you survive, is what is effective. The vaccine is a controlled attempt at the same thing. For example, for coronavirus it takes what is believed to be the most important protein of the immuneand it trains your system to recognize it and find it. So it is simpler, less likely to more all kinds of things, so than the normal infection. If you look at pneumonia and meningitis, yes, you could say if you survive, you are fine, but you would have been better off not getting meningitis to begin with. But it all goes to the riskbenefit calculation. Id to one of your comments, agree that the First Priority fora safe vaccine will be the people with the highest risk. But essentially what you vaccine ends up doing is helping to make us all immune to the actual infection. And then stopping the outbreak. I would like to add, as you commented, flu vaccines are one of our less effective vaccines. In a good year it might be 70 effective at reducing infection, other times it is much lower, sometimes only 30 or 20 , if it is a bad match for the flu. Of thealso prevents some bad outcomes, even in those who get infected. If we have a first coronavirus vaccine, we do not have that yet, but if there is one, it may not be 100 effective. And we will need to keep doing it. We cannot just declare victory unless we have a 100 effective vaccine. And if it is not 100 effective, then we will keep needing to Pay Attention to these things like social distancing and the Public Health things that can reduce the spread of infection. As more people get vaccinated, if we have a safe vaccine, we can change our behavior and help our economy. Host dr. Jesse goodman is formally of the fda and currently with the Georgetown University medical center. Thank you for your time. Guest my pleasure. Host we will continue on in our conversation about vaccines. We will look at the International Process with dr. Of johnsoss, the head Hopkins Bloomberg school of Public HealthInternational Vaccines center. That conversation is coming up on washington journal. Announcer book tv has top nonfiction books and authors every weekend. On saturday at 8 40 p. M. , carter page, former policy advisor for President Trumps president ial campaign, on his book on how an innocent american was framed in an attempted coup on the president. Then a chief media correspondent donalds book, hoax, trump, fox news and the dangerous distortion of truth. And at 9 00 p. M. , Sarah Huckabee book, speaking for myself. She is interviewed by Bloomberg NewsWhite House Reporter jennifer jacobs. Watch book tv on cspan2 this weekend. Announcer in American History tv on cspan3, exploiting the people and events that tell the american story every weekend. Coming up on saturday at 9 05 p. M. , a look at world war i and the environment with the coeditor of environmental histories of world war i. He will discuss the diverse ecological impacts the First World War had across the globe and how it went beyond physical changes to the european battlefields, shifts in Agricultural Production and at displacement of wildlife and humans. On sunday, here about yales first female students after the university opened its doors to women in 1969 for the first time in its 268 year history with ms. Perkins. And then explore the newly located near the u. S. Capitol and set for a september 17. And then watch the 1960 president ial debate between john f. Kennedy and richard nixon. Watch American History tv this weekend on cspan3. Washington journal continues. Dr. we are joined by william moss, a professor at Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public HealthInternational Vaccines center. Thank you for joining us. Guest thank you for having me. Host a little bit about your work at the Vaccine Access center, talk about that and in the international aspect. Guest yes, so the international Vaccine Access center, we celebrated our 10th anniversary just last year. And our main focus has been to increase access to lifesaving vaccines throughout the world. Traditionally, we have focused on childhood vaccines, particularly making sure that there is access in africa and asia, and that the vaccines are reaching the most vulnerable children, but then we have been very involved in thinking about covid19 vaccines, particularly how such a vaccine might be distributed, how we will ensure its safety and efficacy, and how we will get equitable distribution of the vaccine around the world. Host how does that apply to the current efforts going on with the coronavirus . Guest there are a number of initiatives, both at national levels, and here in the u. S. , and at the global level led by the World Health Organization, in trying to think about how we are going to distribute a safe and effective vaccine to those people who most need it, particularly given that we will not have a sufficient number of doses, initially, to cover all people who are interested in getting the vaccine. So, we are working on thinking vaccineways in which a should be allocated. We are thinking about how to build trust in communities, this will be an important issue for the vaccine because many of the most vulnerable populations actually have mistrust, some about vaccines in general, others about this vaccine. Host you wrote in a piece, you wrote this about the topic of the coronavirus the success of the vaccine hinges on trust of vaccine scientists, which should have honest communication of potential harms. Can you expand on that . Guest yes, as everyone knows, and as the listeners will know, these efforts to develop and evaluate and approve a vaccine thesars coronavirus ii, or disease that causes covid19, have been accelerated. And we want to accelerate that process. We are in the midst of a tragic pandemic and we need ways to shorten the traditional timeline in order to have a safe and effective vaccine that will be available to those that need it. So, but part of this is part of having a vaccine work, other people have said this, just having a vaccine is not good enough, people have to be willing to take the vaccine. So we need to build trust in the process. Acceleratere ways to Vaccine Development. And we are seeing that in full force. But that does not mean that safety and our knowledge of vaccine efficacy needs to be compromised. This is a really important point to get to listeners, that there are ways to move a vaccine forward more quickly than has traditionally been done in a pandemic, yet maintaining the integrity of the science, maintaining the ethical standards that are required. We can talk more about these, but some of them are combining early things in the vaccine, the testing, particularly phases one and two, we can define those more. And with the covid19 vaccine, we are seeing the large investment, th large amount of fundse to build the manufacturing capacity while the trials are going on. That will expedite the access to a vaccine. Host 2027488000 for eastern and central time zones, 2027488001 for the mountain and pacific time zones. The matter of trust, when uc astrazeneca putting a pause on testing, how should the public take that . Guest that is a very good question. What we need to reassure the public is that this is actually how the process should work. A vaccinea is testing that was developed at Oxford University and it is what we call a vector vaccine. We can talk about the different types of covid19 vaccines. And they are conducting large phase three trials in a number of countries. Combined phase two and three trials that are ongoing. What they identified was an adverse event, and that is exactly what these trials are meant to detect. We heard through the news that one individual who received at their vaccine developed a an inflammation of can beinal cord that triggered by autoimmune diseases, immune system disorders, and possibly by prior infections and even vaccines, although we really do not understand, in detail, how this disease comes about. But it is some type of immune reaction of the body against a part of the spinal cord. So this was detected. Thethey rightfully paused trial. What they will try to do is a see if there is any reasonable evidence to even suggest that this adverse event might have been related to the vaccine, but i want to point out that that is very difficult, very difficult to determine whether a vaccine actually causes this type of rare, yet serious event. But the first thing the public should know about this is this is the process as it should work. Identified,vent is the study is paused. They look carefully at the all the and there is trials have independent data safety and monitoring boards, which is a group of independent scientists who are not invested in the vaccine, not part of the research team, and they look carefully at the evidence. And they will make a determination on if or when the trial should restart. Host since you talked about the International Nature of the Vaccine Development and who gets the vaccine, a majority of cases in the u. S. , does that suggest that those in the u. S. Will be the first ones to get the vaccine . Guest it is going to depend on where the vaccine is developed and which country has put the Financial Investment in. There is no doubt that we are going to have a limited supply of a vaccine early on. And and they will have to be there will have to be decisions made prioritizing who gets it. Because of the large investments from the u. S. Government, it is highly likely that citizens of the United States could be one of the first to get a covid19 vaccine. We already know that the vaccines being administered, perhaps prematurely we can talk about this in russia and china. They have granted limited to beals for vaccines used. This received criticism, justifiably, because they had not sufficiently completed a large phase three trial, which really demonstrates efficacy. But i think it is likely that of aargescale rollout vaccine may happen first in the u. S. , because of the large investment of the u. S. Government into Vaccine Development. And the commitment of several pharmaceutical companies and vaccine manufacturers, to provide vaccines to the United States. But we will face a challenging set of decisions about who in the United States gets prioritized for a vaccine early. There are a number of groups thinking through that process. Host dr. William moss is our guest here to talk about Vaccine Development with the Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public HealthInternational Vaccines center. The first call is from washington, d. C. Go ahead. Caller thank you. Priored to speak to the doctor, but i have a general comment about trust and building trust. And the United States. I think the key is to get politics out of medicine. Large a roplays too le. It is a rare cancer, concourse in the and i would like to thank President Trump for getting a drug approved that has prolonged my life. It is not a cure, but it certainly has kept me alive. Ludicera. This drug was available in europe for decades. And we didnt bring it to this because it hadk to do with money. To me,es not make sense but anyway the fda would not approve this drug. In it had been discovered the netherlands at a university, and so Much Research had been done, and so much scientific documentation. And the fda could have clinicalmped the trials and all of the research and approved this drug. Host ok, thank you. Go ahead. Ller makes an interesting point. It is the role of the fda to ensure that drugs and vaccines, approved in the u. S. , are safe and effective. That is their main role. The public has to have trust in that process. I agree with the caller that if politics is even perceived to be involved in that process, that results in or can result in serious mistrust in the public. Unfortunately, there have been a number of incidents in the past few months, within the pandemic, where decisions by the fda have been questioned related to the emergency use authorization of hydroxychloroquine and some of the statements around convalescent plasma. So, that kind of mistrust of the decisionmaking process and approval process at the fda has serious implications, potentially, for the approval process for the vaccine. We have been assured the process will be free of politics. We have seen nine vaccine manufacturers pledge that that process will uphold scientific integrity. Even theg politics, perception of politics, interfering with the approval process undermines trust in vaccines. I will also point out that i think it is important for listeners to be aware that we need to be much more rigorousin the approval more rigorous in the approval process for vaccines than we are for drugs for diseases. This is because, one, vaccines are given to Healthy People rather than people with disease, so that riskbenefit ratio is different for vaccines. They are given two huge numbers of people, rather than to huge numbers of people, rather than drugs for individuals with diseases. A covid19 vaccine could potentially be given to hundreds of millions, if not billions of people in the world. There is mistrust of a covid19 vaccine, there is potential for a spillover effect, where that leads to mistrust of other vaccines and could undermine our immunization system that has been so successful in preventing many lifethreatening diseases in the United States and globally. Host barbara in massachusetts. Caller i have an idea for confidence building. We have seen months of video of emergency doctors, nurses and respiratory therapists treating people, and it makes sense that those people should be the front line people to get the vaccine. But what it also shows is they are the most highly educated in medical and scientific fields. So if those emergency room doctors have a professional association, through which they can communicate the fact that they have reviewed the data and they trust it, and that they are taking it, and just to have a simple website that shows the names of the nurse or person who administered the vaccine to dr. A and they both go public and it,y, and say, i took that would be a confidence builder to me. If my doctor took it and considers it safe, that would go a huge weight in Building Confidence for me. The last thing, on the astrazeneca trial, did the person that got the negative effect, himself or herself have the meningitis vaccine . That would be fascinating to know. Host ok, thank you. Guest yes, barbara makes a really good point about addressing the issue of how do we build trust among the general public and then in specific communities. And she is raising the point that one of the most trusted be emergencys may room doctors and people who are on the front lines fighting and working to save patients with covid19. There has been, and there are ongoing efforts, to try to think through what that allocation process would be. One came out of the center for health security, which is at my own institution, the Johns Hopkins school of Public Health, the National Academy of medicine also has a High Level Committee thinking through these issues. Raised, Frontline Health care workers, in addition to people who are most vulnerable, from severe disease or dying from disease, essential workers in the economy those are the people who will be prioritized for a vaccine. Yet, i agree, that of those people can come out and say, t hat they have reviewed the data and they feel like the vaccine is likely to be safe and effective, and that they accepted the vaccine, that could be a powerful voice in the community. But we also need to go beyond that and have other community leaders, celebrities, people with influence, come out, when the data is available and when the experts agree that we have a safe vaccine, and build the trust within the communities. I want to highlight the fact that we need to build trust in communities of color. These communities justifiably have had mistrust of the the government and of science. And scientific experiments, because of some of the history, but these are the communities that have been most affected by the pandemic. And working through community leaders, whether these are religious leaders or other Leaders Within the community that can help build trust, this is really important. I want to clarify one point, that the adverse event that was meningitis, and it is not due to the bacterial which of meningitis for we have a vaccines. Host reviewer says when a trial is paused, do they tweak to thecine in reaction event or is the entire thing stopped . Guest the process stops in order for the data safety and monitoring board, this group of independent investigators, as well as the investigators engaged in the the Vaccine Development and testing, can do their best to try to understand isther that adverse event likely related to the vaccine. As i said, from one single instance it is impossible to directly say that the vaccine was the cause. So, it is a judgment call of a probability. And it is its important that review oferation and the evidence go forward as rigorously as possible. I think it is unlikely after a single adverse event like this, that there would be any modifications made to the vaccine. Betainly, one would have to or have a better understanding of whether the adverse event was related to the vaccine and what the actual pathogenesis or pathology might be. Speculation is that they are not making changes to the vaccine, but they are doing their best to try to understand whether it is possible this event was related to the vaccine. They will look at the timing, when did this occur . Or two daysed one after the vaccine, it is probably less likely, actually, that is due to the vaccine because it is too early for the body to develop this autoimmune phenomenon. That is one example of something that the investigators will be looking at. Host lori, hello. You are on. Caller i would like to say that i appreciate dr. William moss acknowledging the vaccine history here in america. It has notey, that been a good one. And i would like to ask about people with preexisting conditions taking this vaccine. There were numerous gulf war veterans that took experimental vaccines, who have had Adverse Reactions. And how this new vaccine would interact with vaccines that have already been administered to them, contraindications. And i would also like to have dr. Moss address Robert F Kennedy juniors lawsuit against the government over vaccines. Of not doingyears any kind of studies on some of these vaccines. And i would like to get his comments on all of those. Thank you. First, let me say een, andcines have b continue to be, one of our, if not the most Important Health intervention. Saved hundredsve of millions of lives around the world. There have been adverse events. There have been various adverse events following some vaccines. And some vaccines have been withdrawn because of that. But the vast majority of vaccines have been well studied and they have been shown to be safe and effective. So, i am a big vaccine proponent. And do not want to give listeners the indication that, ant vaccines are not important part of our toolkit in fighting diseases. In the United States and around the world. That said, the purpose of the , that haveials enrolled in an number of individuals, are designed to detect adverse events and to make sure that the vaccine is both safe and efficacious against the disease of interest. That is the process that we are going through. Comorbidities, i do not think there is a likelihood that any prior vaccine will have any impact on a covid19 vaccine. But the caller raises an important point about, this a new covid19 vaccine being effective in people with comorbidities. And the particular interest is with those people, does we know for example that individuals with asthma, or individuals with diabetes are at higher risk of severe disease. Risklderly are at a higher of severe disease. We want to make sure that he knew covid19 vaccine that a new covid19 vaccine is effective with the populations most vulnerable to severe disease. What happens with aging is the immune system changes it weakens. Vaccines that might effective with young, Healthy People might not be effective with the elderly, or older adults. Maybe the elderly or older adults need more doses. They might need a boost in immune response. The caller makes a very important point we need to understand how this vaccine works in individuals with comorbidities and the elderly. We need to ensure those people are participating in these phase three trials so we can have a better understanding before a vaccine becomes approved. Host earlier, you spoke about in thes and chinas role process. Can you clarify that . Guest both china and russia have worked on covid19 vaccines. There are a number of vaccines in development in china of different types. There are Chinese Companies different vaccines. My understanding is the Chinese Government has approved the use of these vaccines in limited populations. For example, military populations. Fanfare, too much Vladimir Putin announced the approval of a vaccine after some very early small phase i, phase ii studies. The results of those trials were recently published in a premier medical journal. Used twohowed was they different types of vaccines, one called adenovirus 26 and one called adenovirus 25. By oxforde developed university is a chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine. From early publications the phase i, phase ii trials show the vaccine was at least safe in the short term, and we can come back to this how do we assess safety . And induced enemy response that was potentially protective, but we dont know for sure whether a vaccine will be protective until the large phase iii trials. Ofse trials on the order 30,000, 40,000 people, where we can really look to see whether a vaccine protects individuals against covid19 disease. Host you might have c s, but there is a story today you aght have seen this, there is shortage. Can you expand and what that means for the Testing Process . All vaccinesif not i will say all before the enter into humans undergo frequent clinical testing, this means the vaccine is being tested outside of humans. Very Early Research on vaccines can involve cells growing on a plate in a laboratory. Then what happens is the next phase that looks promising is that vaccines move into animal studies. They often begin with a small rodents studies, studies in mice , but monkeys provide what is called nonhuman primate studies, provide a better glimpse into what might happen in humans than in mouse studies, because the immune system, the immune response to a vaccine is much more similar in a monkey to a human than a mouses immune system is. A shortage of monkeys might impact that preclinical testing stage. Than 130e have more potential covid19 vaccines in development, with at least nine in later stage trials and humans. There is a very large pipeline, already, of potential vaccines. I have no doubt we will have multiple vaccines against covid19, eventually. Host enid, oklahoma, this is matt. Caller thank you for taking my call. Speaking about the trust in vaccines, a good example with the explanation, you start to talk about monkey trials, i will give you a few questions that spell out the apprehension people have. Have there ever been any more vaccines for any of the other coronavirus is . Most people are under the impression that you cant cure the common cold. The common cold can, if im correct, because my other coronaviruses. My second question is, in the elderly population, when they start passing away, how many people who passed away from Natural Causes at any given time in the last or years will test positive for a virus period. What is to keep another dna sequence popping out and for us to discover that sequence in a Large Population . Thank you. Guest thank you. Two interesting questions. Regard to the second question, around detecting , the caller raises the point that in our nose, in our nasal passage, we can have viruses, such as coronaviruses or rhino viruses that cause these viruses can persist for some time. That is true. Viruses canm persist in the body for some time after the acute infection. It is not entirely clear whether these are just fragments of acid in the virus, or actual complete viral particles. They could very well be causents of acid that can that cant cause disease or be transmitted. I dont think that is a big problem in estimating the number of covid19 deaths. I think that is the implication of the callers questions. On what we might call a postmortem study, after death, if we look for potential pathogens, we can look for it is notf acids and always clear, and i think that caller is correct, it is not always clear if that is what caused the death or not. I think we have good evidence about the excess number of deaths and the deaths due to covid19. My guess is we are probably underestimating those deaths for a number of reasons. In regard to the first question about other vaccines against coronaviruses, the listeners will remember that sars i was an epidemic around 2003 that affected a number of countries around the world. There was work to develop a vaccine against sars coronavirus epidemic went away before we had an opportunity to really test the vaccine. Another coronavirus is called mers, that has resulted in some sporadic cases largely in the middle east, largely due to contact with camels. Isis not a pathogen that directly passed from human to human. Able we were not able to do the large trials for that. Some of the laboratories that worked on sars coronavirus 1 vaccine, theymers had a jumpstart in developing a vaccine against sars coronavirus 2. There are many different types of rhinoviruses that can affect humans. That is a challenge in creating a vaccine against rhinoviruses. Host florida, barbara. Caller i am so glad you are taking my call put i put my number in many mornings and this is the first time you ever answered. I appreciate the washington thesel and meeting all of wonderful people and being able to speak. I am 92. I would be willing to set myself thetake the virus injection, but my children would not want me to do that. I am glad we have these doctorsl scientists, and everybody working on this virus. Host now that you are on with one of those people, do you want to ask him a question . Caller the question is, how long do you think it will be before we get the virus the injection the average person . Host thanks, barbara. Guest thank you, barbara, and god bless you. Makeuestion about when we it a vaccine, and particularly for the general public, is an important one and it is asked over and over again. Maybe i can try to give listeners a sense of why there is some uncertainty about that. I will just give barbara my guess, i think for the general public, we are probably waiting until midtolate 2021 until the real manufacturing is scaled up and we have enough doses, perhaps it could be earlier than that. Here is what determines the timeline, at least from the phase iii Clinical Trials first, we want to ensure the vaccine is efficacious, it protects against disease. Wayweighty face i the these phase iii trials work to figure and who gets the vaccine and who gets a placebo, they are called randomized Clinical Trials to determine if a vaccine is effective. Volunteers ins these studies are randomized, who gets the vaccine and who does not, and they are followed over time to see who gets the disease. If the vaccine is effective, what will happen is there will be fewer cases of covid19 in the group that got the vaccine then in the group that did not get the vaccine. Accumulateme to arme cases in the vaccine we use the term arm compared to the placebo arm. In a pandemic, that will happen thanearlier, much faster perhaps for other vaccines, where we are not in a pandemic and we have to wait much longer for enough cases to accumulate in the two arms. One thing that determines that timeline is just how fast people are getting infected who are participating in these trials. Manufacturers and investigators running these trials try to set these trials up in places where there is a large number of infections, but sometimes other factors may play in. Sometimes there are changes in behavior, more mask wearing, more social distancing which is a good thing from a Public Health point of view, and we want that to happen but it can slow down the number of take in each arm and just longer to get definitive results from a phase iii trial. We want to be sure about the safety of the vaccine. What we can determine early on in a phase iii trial as people get the vaccine is shortterm side effects. Orally, people get pain soreness at the site of infection, do they have muscle aches . Those are what we can see early on in a phase iii trial. Later, even after a vaccine is approved, that we have the ability to detect rare adverse events. Rare adverse events are impossible or very difficult to detect in very large phase iii trials. It is important countries that introduce a new covid19 vaccine have a Surveillance System set up so they can detect any rare adverse events. Host new york, good morning. Caller good morning. I wanted to say i have lost my trust in vaccines and therapeutics largely because of money. 1980s, a very dear friend of mine had aids and friends of his were dying from pneumonia and were waiting from this trial. There were things that were working for that were discouraged. It concerns me. And also that there are so many natural medicines print i am in my 60s, i dont take a flu shot, i am healthier than other people my age because i go through the hard work of having a Healthy Lifestyle and keeping things in my household at the first time of any problem, i wash my hands, face, nostrils when i come home during flu season and corona. I am worried about mask wearing and germs, if they are going to make me sick. Back in the 1980s, the cdc was saying i could not feed my friend any food that was left over, his own germs would multiply and certainly with his poor immune system could kill him. Shot. T intend to take the i would like to know if you have any comments on that or anything that could convince me otherwise . Guest thank you. I know there are many people in the United States who feel similarly. First off, there is no doubt that a Healthy Lifestyle, good frequent, exercise, washing of hands, are very important Public Health measures. People who practice healthy risk ofes are at lower severe disease and death from covid19, likely. Public healtha practitioner and researcher, and value ofbelieve in the vaccines. Vaccines are not perfect, and i think part of the problem in the United States is that some people may want the perfect vaccine, the vaccine the protects everyone, and the vaccine that has no side effects. Unfortunately, we live in an imperfect world and we have imperfect vaccines, but the benefit of vaccines far from a publicrisk health point of view. There are diseases in the united many, that used to kill many children smallpox, measles, polio and we dont have those problems anymore in the United States because of vaccines. We do not have to worry about our children dying of measles because of vaccines. salso understand the caller concern, i will say, about a new covid19 vaccine. We are in unprecedented times with this for number of reasons for we talked earlier, the vaccine pipeline has been accelerated. That i donthasize think that has compromised our assessment of safety and efficacy. Where we have some of these vaccines that are moving forward, they are novel vaccine platforms, vaccine platforms for which we dont have a licensed vaccine. Vaccines, the first one was licensed in july of this year for ebola. These are new vaccines and i can concernsd people have and i think rightly so. We want to make sure science drives this process, communication around his vaccines is transparent, open and telling the truth, and if aboutare concerns adverse effects, that those are communicated to the public and the public knows. People will have a choice about this vaccine. I dont foresee there will be any kind of government mandates about this vaccine, there could be employers that require their employees get vaccines, particularly healthcare workers that are dealing with patients, there could be some requirements around that, but people have a choice, and it is up to the Public Health community to communicate very clearly and transparently about the benefits of the vaccine and the safety of the vaccine. Toms from james, he is in river, new jersey. Good morning. Caller good morning. Old, i am as healthy man. Allears ago, i was tired the time so my doctor sent me to. Blood cancer doctor i had a virus. He said you are immune from hiv aids. Id ever get the flu, i do get codes and headaches. I do get colds and headaches. Could i be immune from the coronavirus . A i am, could my blood help person who is infected with coronavirus . That is my question. By the way, Rolling Stones gather no moss. Thank you. Raises ae caller number of questions. First of all, it is a very common viral infection, but it it is a fascinating virus that can cause mononucleosis or mono. It is associated with the number of different cancers, including a cancer in africa and a number of others. Virus that wast known to cause cancer. We know of others, including the human papilloma virus. I am not sure about the callers statements about resistance or immunity to hiv. Coronaviruses are very different types of viruses. I would not imagine any cross activity, but the caller makes an important point about, whether infection with other coronaviruses and we alluded to this earlier there are a number of coronaviruses that cause a common cold type of illness in people. It is unclear if there is any kind of cross protection across the different coronaviruses, that is an important area of research. Blood can helps someone else with coronavirus, that is an issue about plasma. It is an old idea going back to the late 19th century, whether plasma take blood the from individuals who recover from an infection, that plasma has antibodies to that pathogen, or in this case sars coronavirus 2, and whether administering those antibodies from the plasma of someone who recovered from covid19 to someone else can help them is a really important, Ongoing Research question. There is some evidence, although it is little controversial right now, but there is some evidence that might be valuable in some patients, particularly when given early. Idaho, joe, hello. Caller i have a question. Are they still using a certain monkey . You talked about the efficacy. Whehter efficacy vary it is stage ii or iii . Does the efficacy vary with a common ailment like asthma . Guest there are a number of interesting questions. Of first one around the use animals to study vaccines, the answer is yes. Theyre one of the most commonly used monkey in biomedical research. Second question is around trials and iii measuring efficacy. Assessed inonly phase iii trials. And is assessed in phase i ii does the vaccine induced a measurable immune response . Whether thatell immune response is protective. Efficacy really only comes out trial. Phase iii host you were talking about the international efforts, is there a combination of countries that Work Together on various stages of trials . Guest yes. First of all, i will answer that question that there is an effort it is called covax. It is a large, global effort to coordinate the development, distribution and allocation of covid19 vaccines. It is a Coalition Led by three large and very important a vaccineons alliance, a really important Global Institution that gets vaccines to those, particularly children, in low income countries, and the World Health Organization the develops the policies around who should be prioritized. There is this global effort to coordinate responses. For individual vaccines, like lets say a vaccine we have been talking about, they will conduct their phase iii trials in multiple countries brazil, for example and the United States. Vaccinendividual manufacturer level, there is coordination. What i really want to emphasize is this Covax Initiative that is a coordinated global effort. Host in a matter of politics, the president of the United States is speaking out against the World Health Organization as far as pulling funds. Does that affect the work on a vaccine . Guest i am very troubled by that. With the World Health Organization, many of my friends are there. These are the most dedicated, committed people to Public Health i know of. To hear them disparaged like that really pains me. The United States not being part of this global effort, i see it as a real tragedy. They will move forward, other countries will step up, but this really should be an effort in which the United States is fully engaged. Host dr. William moss, he is director, heonal is also professor at the Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public Health. He has been talking to us about vaccines and covid19. Thank you for your time. Guest thank you. Host that is it for our program. Be sure to join us tomorrow for washington journal, which starts at 7 00. We will see you then. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] announcer live coverage today, nancy pelosi hold her Weekly Briefing this morning. We will take you to capitol hill at 10 45 a. M. At noon, a hearing with democratic governors on Financial Aid for states and territories to handle the pandemic. And the president travels to michigan this afternoon. We will have coverage as he speaks at 7 00 p. M. You can watch these events live online at cspan. Org or listen on the free cspan radio app. Votes thisnate morning on a republican covid19 relief package. The senators vote at 11 30 a. M. Eastern on nominations, then whether to advance the plan. We will watch to see how many 53 republican senators vote for it, but it also needs democratic support to get past the super majority it needs to proceed. The hospital passed a relief plan in may but the house has not considered it. Joe bidens record is a shameful roll call of the most catastrophic materials in our lifetime. He has spent his entire career on the wrong side of history. Our current president has failed in his most basic duty to the nation, he has failed to protect us, he has failed to protect america. And my fellow americans, that is unforgivable. Announcer the first president ial debate between President Trump and the former Vice President will be tuesday. Live coverage on cspan. On demand at cspan. Org. Or listen free on the cease ee cspan radio app. Announcer the cdc director Robert Redfield discussed of pandemic at a Virtual Event hosted by research america. He talked about covid19 vaccine trials, the viruss impact on minority communities, and issues with politicizing the cdc. This is 30 minutes. The released guidance about vaccine a and b. Pfizer said it was on track for a government review perhaps in october for its vaccine. Moderna talked about phase three trials, as are tenneco before this in phase three, so against this backdrop and what just happened with as her zeneca, what