We are fortunate to draw on a network. Who has taughton at jackson for a number of years , retired army officer who served for 38 years, including as commander of the field army. He is a renowned expert on planning, andisis counterinsurgency. He served in iraq and afghanistan alongside the u. S. Further cementing that special bond that connects the United States and united kingdom. I am a dear friend and grateful he has taken the time, along with your friends over your right shoulder to join us. We are delighted today to be joined by general jim mattis. General mattis over four decades was commander of u. S. Central while all of that is well known, what might not be well known is that when he was teaching at yale, he ask our students to lay out their strategy for afghanistan, and he told the students he would send the best essays to general mattis to grade, which he did. Thank you so much for joining us. Thank you for your service to our country, and thank you for grading those papers. At this time, i would like to hand it back to the person who will run our conversation today. Thank you. Being with us this afternoon or this evening. Start by asking you to reflect for a moment on the significance of the covid19 event. Youbig a magnitude do . Ssess this from a perspective what are the key historical parallels that come to mind as you think about your career, service, and security challenges, large and small . What concerns you most about what we are seeing right now. We are interested in your perspectives to kick off the conversation. Thank you for having me here. Careful about making predictions, especially about the future. Degree blind to a right now. No matter how authoritative some people sound, they are using assumptions to give predictions that will be proven or disproven in the weeks and months ahead as more data about this virus becomes known and we see how people respond in our scientific medical community response. Without a doubt, you can make some broad generalizations. If we go back in our own history , including young students, certainly the impact will be greater than 9 11. Quantifiedt can be at this point. The impact on the global order, economics, social order, and i bynk that the denial of this certain government figures anywhere in the world is very unwise. I think a recession is very likely, and the depression, global, is a possible outcome. We will have to see on how we do on reopening, but i will also say the fragilitys being exposed to the International People who thought a supply chain with single sources was economically wise, that will be shaken. More importantly, leadership competence will be evaluated differently. Enter into some kind of social contract that they will pay taxes and give authority to people who will take care of us, make sure the prosperity, safety, and security of the when yous there, and see the social cohesion breaking down under populism, it has gained some strength to a breakdown of cohesion. What is underpinning social cohesion, the social contract is being washed away to a degree. That is not true everywhere. Where wenational order had come to give respect and support, the united nations, the eu, the who, they have been tested, and in many cases rejected as part of the solution or even part of the problem. That they were already under a certain amount of stress has given them a test. As we go forward, we will have to see if the sovereignty of the far, fromoo sequestering medical supplies, closing borders, turning off or doesof information this drive us together . These are questions that will rely heavily on the Political Leadership for answers. Governance effectiveness will be people this time and will be scared and scarred by this for years to come. We have seen good Political Leadership in countries in historical times like this, bring them out stronger. We have also seen regimes and political structures in countries collapse, so it will be interesting to see how we respond. In world war ii, the trauma of that, the great depression, we did a lot of things together. I think it is to be determined if we would become interrelated, integrated, interdependent, or try to go our own way, which would be a horrible outcome. Let me pass that over to graeme lame. Hate following someone like that . It is set up for failure here. Tohas been my good fortune people likeime with reinforce whatld general mattis said. Probablydanger is we individually as nations can deal with the symptoms, the results of this virus. We can contain, control it. If you want to deal with the sars, the flu come of your bubonic plague, this is coming back around again , the next time at the wheel, if you do not address the cause of these pandemics, then we will be attacked in a way that could be of greater magnitude than the one we are facing right now. , it is quite simple. Our responsibilities are to protect our people, prosperity, and way of life. 9 11 hit all three. This pandemic has hit all three. It byent seen the end of any manner or means, and differ not careful, the outcome of prosperity, the global economy, will affect our children and wetdrens children, so markets in asia, whether it is bushmeat markets in africa, south america, all of these things can only be addressed as a collective, as part of an deal withse to something which will rip our ourts out and take away future and our childrens future if we dont address it. The importance of reaffirming aat it is to be an ally, not convenience, not comfortable, not tangible. To be in ally requires commitment. It takes time and trust. It does all that, but it is over a huge amount of time. This, i camen for upon what i think is probably the most accurate articulation of what an ally is, and it was the secretary of state, 1949, when they went to sign the nato treaty in washington. His line was simply this, the reality which is set down here is not created here, the reality is the unity of belief, of , of theof interests community of nations represented here is the product of many centuries of common thought in the blood of many simple and brave men and women, and it is well that these truths be known. That is what it is to be an ally. That is what it takes to deal with something. Dont throw blame. In the 1930s, the blame was on us to allow germany to rearm, how we the englishspeaking people through our good nature allows the wicked to be rearmed. Germany, the with blame lay with us. Now, do not recognize that and that is across government, across all political parties, the social contract, it is the great work being done by commerce, business this is bill gates. What a fantastic effort he has put into trying to grapple with this problem and bring those parts together in an allied cause, no different than the Marshall Plan. If we do that, we might just have a chance. Thee dont, the answer is future will be challenged. We will be ok alone, you absolutely will not. Thank you. I want to give general mattis an opportunity to respond to that, who has written passionately about the importance of allies and alliances to u. S. Interests in the world order. Your service in nato and other leadership roles, working closely with allies. General mattis, what would a greater allied approach look like in the current covid19 context . It is not a traditional military military,t are there defense leadership planning lessons you might apply to how you would approach this broader Global Challenge . Hasust the fact that yale , i used toight now remind my american officers that not all the good ideas come from the nations with the most aircraft carriers. Has neverb, who received public acclaim for it, is the one who broke the enemys logic in iraq that led to the shift in our tactics and approach, for which some american generals have been given credit. In fact, it came from allies. The three things i learned about the data dependent america from any threat over 40allied years of you paying my tuition were allies, allies, allies. I do not know how to construct, whether covid or fascism or communism or militarism, i do not know how to defend america, because we dont just defend a geographic realm, although i could not defend that without allies either, but the realm of ideas that grew out of the reformation, the enlightenment, and those are passed to us as George Washington put it for our safekeeping. We will see if the idea of a. Epublic like this can survive what with the Lessons Learned from history, to answer your question directly, what would they look like . Clearly you need intelligence. You need to see Something Like this early, or see it coming, so the person you would do is have something, maybe the world health organization. We would be honest in our reporting, and the urgent. We would report quickly. It would go into some sort of international loop, whether in one location are connected by the internet, as we have the capability to do today, and the best minds in the world would be working together to shortstop this thing, and people with warning could use it. Political leaders would be guided by science and medicine, not narcissism, and quickly decide to start taking action that would be based on a compilation of scientific and medical opinions of what are the most effective ways to stop this, reverse it, safe life. This is something that begs the human problemsolving approach of collaboration, of getting. Ogether our species has been dependent on this, and it is as if we have lives of long, fat, dumb, happy, we think we dont need allies, things like the Marshall Plan or nato to defend its idea of democracy. When you get to that point, then you have really strayed from what we call the greatest generations view of how you live on this planet. They came back from world war ii and said a depression that left 20 of the boys draft into the army had to be fattened up before training because malnutrition was so bad. They came back from a war where hundreds of thousands of their buddies died and said, it is a crummy world and we are part of it whether we like it or not. They are called the greatest generation, not just because they stop fascism in its tracks, but because as truman put it, if we not only with fascism, we welcome the japanese, german, and italian people back into the community of nations because they recognize that we needed to band together if we werent going to just keep revisiting this. How do we get to a point today where we are closing borders, shutting off the sharing of information, now penalizing people who want to work more broadly in the best interests of humanity, and so i think what you want to do is read your history and understand why did the greatest generation come home and put the imf and world bank in place . Who lost ourle economic hope for prosperity and a good life for their children did not have to turn to a fascist for hope. There was a lender of last resort out there. Lastere is the lender of resort right now in this world for hope against covid . We are all scrambling to put it together, and thank god for the nongovernmental organizations, plus some democracies have done well, taiwan, israel, new zealand, australia, the republic of korea, everyone is stressed by it, but this is not the failure of some of the democracies to deal with this well. It is not a given. That was a choice. When you have bad strategies, whether war or peace, people died. Those would be some of the lessons i would bring up to expand on what graeme brought up about the allies. I dont know how you do this without allies. I served this country for 40 years and fought against enemies. I dont know how you fight this intimate without allies, and i alonethought those fights before. It was always alongside allies. Something has gone wrong here. Nations combined to go after ice is, an international coalition. Largest11, we had the Wartime Coalition in modern history because new york city had been attacked, fighting in afghanistan, grew to 50 nations. Look where we are today, the austrian ambassador when they the me that america made single most sacrificial pledge in World History after world war ii. Mean thenking, you Marshall Plan . No, not the Marshall Plan. Is when you set up nato. After world war ii you couldve have said europe, that is it, twice in 25 years you have dragged us into one of your silly wars. We are through, turning to latin america, asia, africa, and the middle east. You are on your own with the soviet forces in germany. Instead he said urination pledged 100 million dead americans in a nuclear war to protect democracy in europe. I question if we could make the pledge today. That,ant your reaction to in particular this question of leadership in the current crisis. General mattis referenced a number of countries performing reasonably well, allied nations that are performing perhaps better than the United States and the u. K. In confronting covid. Leaderse any particular that have impressed you, or more generally what are some of the qualities in a crisis like this that leaders need to nationally convey . I think there was an anything, myif experience is that in a time of think we hadpeople 2008, and these were serious events, a crisis is defined by unpredictability, uncertainty. Is a classic example. We are scrambling even now to understand the nature of this virus. To franklin roosevelt, 1933, the one thing we have to fear is fear itself,. O you get this enormous energy lecture roosevelt great in 1910, later on in that speech when he talks about journalism , youeing a force for good get a great deal of speaking to people, who then say this is not working. It is broken. The impression is it is happening everywhere, but it is not. My entire life has been about that, but getting it right. When you look at character, character is exposed in times of great crisis. , he waschurchill complicated, complex, but that never turn his back, press ward, never fight. E to churchill spent his entire life falling down and failing, getting up and getting on. , keepou are in hell going. Character is more often defined by the experiences a person has not had, then by the experiences he has. What we find in our leadership is a lot of people who have been very successful, their life has. Een pretty easy ,t hasnt been presented with trulyese people in chaotic situations, great uncertainty, lifeanddeath have recognized the responsibility and have leaders theygrown within that so are fit for their time, fit for their moment. What you want is to make sure that people look at our leadership and do ask that it, isnt fit for purpose . Are the individuals or collectives leading and demonstrating a level of thoughtfulness in this crisis . Take for instance, i think it was benjamin franklin, the first american, he had 13 virtues. What were they, sincerity, industry,moderation, these were the things the defined somebody, one of your founding fathers. These are the things we look for in many ways in our leaders, and if they are not there, we should ask why they are not. If an individual cannot better themselves, than they ought to bring people in who can measure up to this crisis. You for those comments on leadership. A reaction to it. There are a number of countries that are offering different leadership models in this crisis, hiding data, using crisis to enhance authoritarian control. How do you assess how some other nations in the world are responding to what is happening . Is this an event that will create lots of different crises of stability or legitimacy . How do you view the response of other actors, particularly china and how that relates to Global Affairs . If you look at how nations respond to these things, they do have lyrical cultures, their own societal cultures, and i have been surprised this was a complete surprise, life is not fair. This should not have happened. Surprise, legitimate surprise usually comes from a legitimate lacks one, or it comes from a comesmate black swan, or from things you could not anticipate happening at once. This is neither of those. This is part of the human condition for the last couple of thousand years. Isorance, while it widespread, we should not enthrone it. This was seen coming. This was something we read about , have had legislation about it in our own congress, and so when you look at the character of what we have rewarded with Political Leadership in our democracy, you have to look at it and say, why did we find this such a surprise . Why have we seen some stumbling around . Do you accept it or deny reality . Churchill got very frustrated when a reporter said these are dark times and these are terrible times, and they are. There are tragedies in the human condition all the time, but churchill rejected it and said these are stern times and they call for us to do not just our best, but do what is necessary, and if you dont have people who take it on like that, it doesnt matter if the model is authoritarian, democratic, a monarch, or whatever. They are going to have to come to grips with this reality, whether you enjoy sitting on the couch and washing your hands four times a day or not, this is the reality. This is our battle of the bulge, the battle of britain. This is the way its going to be. Leadership is going to take a combination of competence and ,ill need empathy, compassion and empathy in this case will be one of the leadership tools. When you look at how this is handled around the world, competence is absolutely required. The competence to do something. I think that right now in some es, the populace movements populists movements have spawned to some degree, the american myth, isaac asimov said my ignorance is every bit as valid as your intelligence. That is simply not true. It has to be addressed as a big con game when it comes up. When you look at Something Like china now, where you have an authoritarian party in power that prioritizes staying in power and expanding that power more than anything else, then we should not be surprised at the challenges we have had getting Accurate Information since it is seen is what is good for the party survival. That has beena threatening us in the south china sea, the young people in hong kong, the democracy in taiwan, so this is a continuation. We even see chinese and Russian Federation military activities as apparently starting to pick up tempo right now, which is something we have to look at as consistent, but disappointing with countries where democracies still have some hope bringing it inside the community of nations in a responsible way. Can you bring it up imagine if those countries . Conducting Cyber Attacks why up . Bring it can you imagine if they were to switch on a cyber attack the midst of this. Now think about what is accumulative effect. This is why we have to get back to the rules of the road, internet organizations having penalties for countries that that misbehave, not war. There are millions of different ways to deal with the country misbehaving, but i think china right now will come out of this damaged in its credibility that it had built up on the hope of western democracies, and i think russia is going to go that way. Unfortunately there are some democracies starting to take on more power, and we even have to look ourselves in the mirror and sayin legal circles, they that bad cases make bad law, so this is a bad case of a flu, and if we make longterm policy based on this, will governments be willing to give up their influence over the economy, the influence over the movement of people, this sort of thing . It is something we have to look at. We cant think we are immune to this. We have to be looking closely at this realm that sir graeme brought up, this community of ideas, beliefs, interests, spirits. Nows all under attack right and the authoritarians can give the appearance to the control of information of actually being more capable than the over toies peered back you. Thank you, general mattis. I would like to get general graemes reaction to this question of china, other authoritarian regimes, if you put on your old military hat for wherent, is this a moment strategic surprise in other areas is possible . Could you see russia or china or ton or other actors wishing take advantage of the situation . How do you view this instability and inward focus that is creating avoid globally . Thank you. Pleasure to listen to general mattis. , you might say covid19 has created a moment. Ismany ways, defense synonymous with military. It is a euphemism for military, and that is not the case. We defend our people. Prosperity and our way of life. Defend our people, prosperity, and our way of the life. Department of defense, defense budget, all this is the language of defense, but not the language of military. Conventional capabilities are a pillar to have strength of deterrence. Have the moral will , the intent to commit that isce, then your deterrent words that have no substance to it. Is cause may well do us to rethink defense in a wider sense, both the military aspect, a conversation in its own right, because america is a classic example. You are absolutely, you have nailed the conventional superiority position, but youre being undone, as we are, elsewhere. In many ways what we have done is spent three centuries applying a concept of force on force and how the military operates, and that makes good sense. I think it was 1920, the of the International Red cross wrote to the league of , thens, and basically said Committee Considers it very desirable that war should resume its former character. That is to say it should be a struggle between armies and not between populations. We have for the last 70, 80 years, we have been drifting into this space below the threshold of four, but we have as nations in the democracies in particular, been under attack, constantly across economic, commercial, social, information, propaganda. Attack not seen it as an on nations. General mattis talked about cyber. Right now, the Health Facilities in the u. S. And britain, we have of attackhigher rates into medical facilities at this time because theyre going to steal identity, go for ransomware, or take data. So crime and criminal activity represents part of that space which is defense, but which sits in the military, but not always. You have to have the unconventional aspects of special operations, green berets , and all the rest, but you need to understand contemporary environments in which we are being undone by subversion, propaganda, fake news, which brings down our nations, the credibility of our ability to stand individually as nations, as an alliedether crew. Lens backwiden the out to what defense is come and redefined that a narrative, both what nations can afford, wish to do, and we put the tools in defendnot to merely someone could turn up in salisbury until a british citizen with a nerve agent, that sucks. You can cut it anyway you like. What does words this look like . ,ou need to look at the ability we have let the policies operate against us. The whole range needs to be rebrought into. China is a really good example. William hayes the other day on another webinar i locked into with policy exchange in london said heres the two realities. China will not play by our rules. These problems without china. Put a reach out and you have this conversation. It might suit you to have an economic, commercial, who to blame enemy out there right now. Chinauth of the matter is is a global architecture. Of the cause part of this problem and they recognize that we need to help them and they need to help us. Involvedneral jim was before. , what we mustnt do is just accept their word. They were days late coming in with the data. We all suffered because of that. Bye on that. T a they have the wherewithal and together to bring that , bring in expert systems. Use the incredible technological tools we have now, especially in america to get a better feeling of exactly how we might be able to contain it, how we might be able to control this crisis and covid19 ofntly that and beyond. Mattist to get general reaction to that. All of you could submit questions using the question and answer function on zoom. What do you think about what general lam was saying about redefining the concept of defense . We have a number of questions and answers about the conception of broader security we need to adopt. Should we think about the china poses in a broader way . When you were secretary of the didonal defense strategy, it herald a shift towards greater trade power competition as opposed to the earlier focus on terrorism . If you think back now on defense planning in the Current Situation doing a wider lens, why would you think about that . In defense you always have to marry your time. If this was 100 years ago we would not be concerned with nuclear defense. It would not be that. The most important thing is it became a very clear view of what is the reality . Foreign default oops, others, they did nothing to stop covid. I mean more than just american people. The conception of defense has got to incorporate Cyber Defense. We have to find a way to protect our country from Cyber Attacks. Ask estonia what happens when you are unable to do that. Our traditional tools for how you deal with this sort of thing, i think in many ways, i have said this before publicly. I think the americans militarize their Foreign Policy in the 1990s. This is not a political statement. There have been republican and democrat administrations that did it following the berlin wall. We have to get back to something more than regime change or economic sanctions where we weaponize the rules reserve currency. Theres a lot more to deal with the people in the world that we dont agree with than just those two options. We will have to find ways again to find likeminded nations. The response of government whether they be monarchies, governments, whatever. They are ones we could work with, we will have to work with them. We restrain those nations that would support terrorism. Currency manipulation, this sort of thing. If you get enough nations if you get together with other nations, you know the European Union is deathly concerned with what china has been doing with them. I got over enjoying humiliation in public by the second grade. If we want allies we will have to Work Together and move this needle on Great Power Competition more towards great power deterrence and to great power peace. That is what we want. We dont want it to go towards Great Power Competition or great power conflict. In compellingthat or persuasive away as a as one nation versus one nation as you can by setting the rules. So nations out of their own interest Work Together. That is a way to persuade nations that may not like the idea of having rules and International Order. Beijing obviously thinks in the tradition of some chinese history they want tribute states. We are going to have to deal with that. You will not attack them. You will not withhold medicines when they need them. If you do, there will be longterm consequences that are not your best interest. It is a recognition that the western democracy thought for several decades, i think with theely tried community of nations. By 1948, really 1947 to a degree, we are already trying to bring the former nazi germany back inside the community of nations. Blame the clinton administration, the two bush obamastration, or the administration to bring chiming in from the American Point of view. We have to confront that reality and outplaying the ball as it lies. Thank you general mattis. Of great powern deterrence we have a number of questions about the fracturing of europe as well. , risingit is brags it populism and rightwing parties across europe, great power deterrence is very difficult if allied nations are acting in concert of fashion. As potentiallyd being unifying for europe . Im not a european expert by any manner or means. It has been an interesting project. Time forwas ever a europe to be together, it is now. It is a hard call, i dont think it is going to happen. Amongst the 28 nations, a view from france which was absolutely endearing with the rich history and all the way, the idea of political unity. For us, europe was all about trade. When the going was good, that all work very well. With greece a few years ago, you saw panic. Greece has its problems but it willbit like china, you not change greece culture. They were being told to be very germanic and how to address waslems in a way that culturally breast culturally ways theyof the solve problems. As a grandink republic will never happen. Think the financial pressures based upon it by covid, you will get a northsouth and eastwest divide. Is it a place where i would really wish to be to go back to the early discussion to go back to the early conversation about allies . , weof these things absolutely have it. What we have to do is reaffirm that rather than make it what france, germany, britain and that together we are stronger. The Union Britain is out i get that, that is not a problem to me. That is part of a wakeup call for europe, too. Brussels needs to change. I dont see change anytime soon. We got a lot of questions about the role of the military specifically in the covid crisis. Moreyou think about what could be u. S. Or allied militaries be doing internally within their countries or overseas . Do you see a bigger role potentially for the Defense Department in sort of bringing National Power to bear on this . Challenge that a lies in the health and scientific and economic sears . In america we have the department of homeland security. Americanso me that while we have a great deal of trust and by and large a high degree of respect for your military, we have to be careful about turning to the military. I think that hurts us with Foreign Policy. I think it creates a situation where diplomats, our Education Systems are on the leading edge of this radical idea that people could govern themselves. I dont think that is good because the military necessarily has to put things into black and white terms and operate. When you think about putting a this, i in charge of have no problem with testing the doing anything underneath health and human services, fema, underneath the department of homeland security. Ii nearly halfr running civilian conservation corps camps taking off the streets and sending moneys home giving them jobs because of the depression. Thedont want to put military into the decisionmaking role and on think. That if to give them you give them the responsibility. They would have to have the authority to direct. State that u. S. Congress in parts of the cabinet designed to be leading this, if they need to move medicine or protective equipment from florida to Washington State or they need to get doctors out to guam or puerto rico or new york assuming we didnt have it every year that the military would be eager to fly them, certainly they could do that area even i am still amazed at what we could do. The you say bring in medical facilities, they are made to operate under the worst conditions. I think it really needs to be. Een as responsive onher than falling back because they are Mission Oriented, lets plug the military in. The government into the Mission Oriented roles, not just keep falling back on the military. End ofre reaching the the time so i will pose a question to general lamb and then come back to you. Opportunity or Silver Lining you could envision coming out of a crisis of this magnitude . Of thatny sort were not possible before when referencedattis this in the International Order after world war ii . Is there any opportunities or areas you think might be possible to move the needle given what has happened here . I do. Work with a cyber group called c5. It is part of the cyber alliance. To the british nhs system and weo america saying what could do on the Cyber Defense side, just ask. Think bill gates worked on turning his entire foundation saying we will smash it . We would say that is fantastic. Rather than saying this is a genuine what i call partnership, for coming outes , the general recognizes too if you dont know where you are going what is it . You need to do is say this is where we are going to go. Based upon the information you start to drop in behind you. , i will seeis right people dropping in behind. I could see some real energy where people will turn around thesay not only is it market and all the rest here. Smashed up some of the habitat space which has brought species who never were or in fact just the needs of people to say that is what we want. To be together brought in it together, you have to move now. The world is connected, not informed. Some of theance movements, look at how the Vegan Movement has gone from nothing to really quite active as it goes out there. Benjamin franklin was a vegetarian. Opportunitye an maybe not to be led by the politicians but the politicians to recognize the votes come from people and their the popularity, all of that so paying attention to that voice of the people coming through will be something with all of this great work ,eing done by the host of ngos it may well be that they could start to drive. If it is popular, politics will follow it. It has to be done. This is the only way we will deal with the cause. It is part of a great and larger alliance. This stuff has to come idea of howf, the we look at the rest with some of the fragile space. Ensure that we have in place the wherewithal within our own nations. In many ways to turn around and say this has been a real hit. Hopefully it will not happen in africa. How we will how will we be able to help in scale and with speed . Mattis, we have a final question here from one of our jackson students whose a military officer in a downing scholar here who was asking about the internal crisis of leadership, the crisis of citizenship that you were alluding to earlier. The significant divisions within our country. The lack of social cohesion. How do we bridge that populous nationalist abide and grow in our own country, the United States if we are realizing some of the brighter broader Global Opportunities the general was just alluding to . Thats a great question. I think it takes leadership. Trying to understand after i got out of the military while i am now more concerned with what we are doing to ourselves internally is destroying the country then the russian daily navy settling onto the shores of connecticut and settling the university of connecticut or the chinese airports bombing alaska. Finland under manheim back in 19151920. The reds versus the white. It was a terrible turn for the country, some on both sides. Time,e did in the second 1940 41946. Some signed up in support of the germans, they had been attacked before and that part of the war by the russians in boston percent. E did a second time i read about mandela and what he inherited and how he was able to bring a country through it. It takes leadership. I would say that danger and discomfort that the secretariat , youngdealt with soldiers how they get the name. We have seen them stripped bare by the danger and discomfort. I think there is something steinbeck wrote in the grapes of will that a sad spirit destroy you faster than a germ. As we make time decisions. Here is no decision number one, they will not work, we will find that out. Say we havehing to to take bad decisions at this point. We will be defined by how we handle the worst thing that happens in our life. For people who are in positions of leadership, we will judge them as we should judge them with how they handle this. Good oldbe what give a winston called our finest hour. You can put others first and the communities, schools, states, country internationally. What are we going to do with what we did with ebola and all the things we got models for how to do this. I think what we are going to have to do is rediscover what our values really mean. Do they do, those previous generations . Theyou could hear about greatest generations. I was raised by them. Im not so sure the current generation of leaders have educated themselves, implicated the values we owe the young people today to turn over this world in as good of condition as we got it, or better. A very mixed role right now. It will take leadership, that is the bottom line. We will have to select the right leaders and democracies. I hope the authoritarians do the right thing and eventually let their people have a say. The leadership of make all the difference in the world. History is very compelling on this. You can go to the third century a. D. And see what he did. There are examples in history of leaders who are able to turn these situations around. This is a choice. I hope and pray we make the right choice. Thanks again for having me on. I dont forget my debt to you. All of the democracies with the leadership you have in some very difficult times when not many stood bios. Thank you. Back to you. Thank you. Secretary mattis, general lam, thank you so very much. This has been fantastic. To the hundreds of members of the Jackson Community who have been watching this, thank you everybody, stay well. Goodbye. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] bush centere w. Tweeted a message from the former president , heres a good look. This is a challenging time in the world. Invisible threat to the elderly among us. A disease that could take breath in life. We are deeply grateful. Officials at every level are setting out the requirements of Public Health that protect us all. We all need to do our part. The disease threatens broader damage, harm to our sense of safety, security, and community. The larger challenge we share is to confront an outbreak. It is frustrating many of the normal tools of compassion can bring the opposite of the good and the intent. In this case, we serve our neighbor by separating from them. We cannot allow principal separation to become emotional isolation. Onlyrequires us to be not compassionate but creative in our outreach. People across the nation are using the tools of technology in the cause of solidarity. We need to remember a few things. Let us remember we have faced times of testing before. Following 9 11 i saw a great nation rise as one to honor the grieving,grieve the and embrace unavoidable new duties. The service and sacrifice is alive and well in america. Kindness is with powerful tools. With appropriate social distance, we could find ways to be present in the lives of others to ease anxiety and share burdens. The suffering we experienced as a nation does not fall evenly. In the days to come it will be especially important to care in practical ways for the elderly, ill, and unemployed. Small ourember how differences are in the face of this shared threat. Analysis, we are not partisan combatants. We are human beings, equ