Map. Was a modest town and a railroad stop. Divorce en the first came. The media started to focus on reno and that was the publicity they didnt have to try to get. People were fast nayed by this little western town where these people were coming and getting divorces. So that was the beginning of kind of tourist trade for reno. The state of nevada legalized gambling in 1931 and depam bling was on the pooks before then but they said depampling is legal and we mean it and open clubs and casinos and that then became the heart of the tourist industry through the 1970s and 1980s. So it was the combination of being the divorce capital of the world where wideopen gambling was possible that made reno an International Tourist destination. Vertent. Ort of inadd reenoove has laws on the books but it wasnt intentional. They had transient. They were working on mining or the railroad. And then at the same time, nevada had a lot of grounds for divorce. There was no differences at that time. You had to sue on the grounds of something to get a divorce. And a lot of states have few grounds. New york state had adultery. Vada had seven grounds for divorce like cruelty, desertion and lack of support. And people came toll sue and only took six months which was unbelievely short. The first really celebrated case happened in 1905, a woman arrived and wife of the president of the u. S. Steel. And she was a very wealthy socialite. A lot of other wealthy people from other Eastern States came here for divorces, too. They came to reno, it was right on the railroad. Divorce was an incredible economic boom to the state of nevada, because people had to find a place to stay, like guest ranches where the more welltodo wanted a divorce in private. They needed to go out and eat and buy things. Divorce was incrud apply lucrative for the state of nevada and reno. Legislators tried to ensure that time that you had to live here to be shorter. They were successful in 1927. In 1931, they reduced it to six weeks which was the fastest divorce. And so we had an enormous amount of people. It was a whowho. Name a familiarous family got divorced. The vanderbilts, the roosevelts, the rock fellers, carol lombard, a lot of writers got divorced here. So it was something that people from every walk of life from the most famous to people who needed to get a divorce came here. The process for the divorce was very formal. They took it seriously because they knew that people were counting on this divorce being final. The process was very straightforward. Someone would arrive and meet with their attorney. A spouse who did not come would have to have an attorney, but a person who is accomplishing their residency where a witness could testify they seen them, they hadnt left the state and been here the whole duration and when the period was up, six weeks, they would come to this courthouse and this courtroom and stand in front of the judge and witness would testify they seep them the whole time and explain the reasons they were getting a divorce and hit the depaffell and they would be off. The doris industry is a such a unique part of renos heritage and having the ability for people to come and get divorced t a time in the early 20th century was something that was an important contribution to american culture. A lot of other states started to loosen their divorce laws you understanding that womens rights were demanding that there are more ways to get out of marriage. And that is an important cultural role. And the divorce industry influenced the landscape of reno. We owe what is here to that very unexpected and unique trade. Up next, more from reno as we sit the items from the american gaming archives. The history of gaming in nevada, you could say in a sense begins here. The northern part of the state is predominant up to 1950s. Las vegas wasnt incorporated until 1905, there was little gaming in the state initially and gaming in the northern part of the state continued to develop along the cities and towns bordering along the Railroad Lines or mining camps such as va city or manhattan towns. And the union continued to operate in nevada until 1910 when there was a Strong Social movement that won a referendum in the state and made gaming illegal in 1910. Train. People got on the n 1919, the attorney germ said poker was legal by the statutes and by 1923 they were licensing 23, machines and 1931, marr 1931, they legalized all forms of gambling. The only form of gaming that isnt performed is state lottery. The the gaming collection puts gaming not only here in the state of nevada but throughout the United States and the way it occurred, i was fortunate enough between 1995 and 2005 to acquire the major gaming manufacturing companies, many of them were chicago. One of them was also out of l. A. And we put those records together along with artifacts hey had and it they reflected gaming throughout nevada but throughout the United States and we have the largest gaming records to my knowledge. You have to remember when gaming started, it was kind of a contest between the person operating the game and the various players and if you couldnt control the game in the early days of gaming in things like that, you were probably going to lose your money. And the ability of the gambler tore basically cheat ensured him a win. This has actually changed and cleaned up a lot. We have some items that reflect the earlier games days of gaming. A oneman tub. It could be operated by a single dealer. F this were in a small club or like a Basement Club or prohibition, a game like this was easy to operate. In order to control a game like this, they would use various forms they would use special equipment which was loaded dice that could be controlled put into a game to ensure a specific outcome. There are other ways to cheat. We have a vest where they could take a card, hold a card for you, up your sleeve and take a deep pregnant and activate the mechanism. This would be for a dmp ice cheater and take the d inch ce off a club table and substitute and could be loaded or tops from things like that. It is a complete setup and you wonder why someone would go to the amount of work to have all this equipment when they could get a normal job make as much money. This was a normal way of cheating read we talked about how early days of gambling, gamblers wanted to have an advantage. One way would be to purchase the for cheating through a number of distributors and manufacturers, many from the chicago area. They put out gaming devices such as crooked dice and cards. They had a catalog of them. One of the more famous was the kansas city blue book. This display we have here has portions or information relative to that. These are original illustrations, drawings used for the catalogs. You have samples of various types of dice and paraphernalia they offered. If you come over to this next case, grab some information that pertains to how these products were made. We have a page out of the kansas city blue book. Lot of the card marking was done by women because they have the ability to hold a very small brush, put very small marks on cards. One of the ways they had consistently marked cards, was that they created a master card to show all cards in a contrasting color that they would use when they marked a deck of cards. Deck that shows the marks on the cards. We also have edge work. The card on the left has appointed image which indicates that is an ace. The card next to it has a slight bump on the design by the upper lefthand corner. That indicates it is a king. If you go down these cards you have ace, queen, king, jack, 10. We have card cover, a traditional device for marking cards, shortening aside of a card. We also have a corner rounder. Once you trim a card, the rounded edge of the card is destroyed, so you have to put around cornerback on a card. Differentnumber of things, including one of the last 1961 blue books in the kansas city blue book company. Cheating in gaming was largely resolved the beginning of the 1940s when the state of nevada became much more active in the control of gambling. One of the issues they had is they had to clean up gaming. There was tremendous concerned by the state of nevada federal authorities. If they found it cheating in gaming, they would institute federal legislation. The state took it upon themselves to develop rules for gaming that would prevent cheating. Today when you really think operation, casino or it is put millions of dollars invested into a casino, it is not going to go out and cheat and risk their license. They still have problems today with regards to customers cheating. Gamingte of nevadas control officers are constantly trying to Police Gaming to make sure there is no cheating involved. Here, we havewn one of the first control Board Officers badge. A smallsitting next to display with regard to the black book. The nevada black book is a listing of what they call undesirable individuals who are not allowed access to a casino. You could lose your license of one of these individuals is found in your casino. Showsarticular display giancana. And sam rules for gaming institution, it allows the state to control it. They ask questions, like where is this coming from, who is supporting you . Initially it was very hard for casinos to develop in the 1950s because regular banks were very reluctant to loan the money for development so the gaming industry went through various things such as the Teamsters Pension fund and obtained funding for a lot of casinos. By 1967 Howard Hughes came to the state of nevada. In of the effects of hughes the state of nevada, it legitimized gaming operations. On1974 they had gone public the Stock Exchange not heralded the new era of gaming throughout nevada and eventually the United States. Here are things from our educational collection which allow people to look at things, physically hold them, handle them, like this. The purpose of the aga is to gather, protect and present the history of gaming. This allows us to give demonstrations with various types of things that are considered to be special work, cheating devices. If you see, i take a magnet here. You have a dice cube, it is what dice, magnetic ice. It also works in an opposite direction. This is a magnetized ball that will stick to the magnet. This is an unprocessed dice cube out of the 20s 1920s. This cube is interesting because it is what i call a tap die. This has not been spotted, but you can see the mechanical device in the cuba itself. By tapping the dice against the table, it will shift the center part, making it special. You can tap the opposite side and bring it back to here. Dose records allow us to research into various clubs and casinos operating throughout the United States. Were illegal. A lot of these companies at one time in 1949 were forced by the u. S. Senate to reveal their records. They were investigating interstate racketeering and gambling and things of that nature. Also another committee of the u. S. Senate. The records represented where gaming was occurring. Not only in the state of nevada, but throughout the United States. I started researching reno because i was very interested in this idea of how a city that became a tourist town very early had that relationship with what outsiders wanted the place to be and what the residents wanted the place to be. I wrote a book about how reno dealt with fame and what became notoriety for many years and how it played out on the landscape. Happens to trace what when the city decides to turn their Central Business district into tourist space. This is what reno did. For a while that works very well. A big gamble i write about the gamble, the risk you take, when you cater more to outsiders than maintaining a vision, and identity of what your city will be. It was an interesting struggle reno had, its fame, notoriety, catering to the divorce trade, legalizing gambling, and having casinos take up more and more space in a traditional downtown, which worked very well when it was something unique to it to nevada. In the 1980s you have the legalization of tribal casinos, riverboat casinos, casinos in colorado mining towns. Suddenly it was not that unique an asset. That started to play out in the landscape of renos downtown. What has happened in the decades where we had competition, reno has started to diversify. Not only its tourism industry, where there is focus on outdoor recreation, but also diversification of the economy for the kinds of businesses that are encouraged to establish here and are nourished, including small businesses. The cspan cities tour is in reno, nevada to highlight his history. Next, we hear about the importance mining played in the statess development. Nevada is one of the few states were the first single american industry here was mining. It was not agricultural. There has been mining as early in nevada as 19 for 1850. 1868 as partded in of the railroad, we were a hub for the Pacific Railroad and connected with Virginia City through the virginia truckee railroad. Reno grew up as being the last stop before the desert and the mountains. On the the main rail hub way to San Francisco. Largemstock load was a deposit of silver in the Virginia City on the virginia range. It was mined in earnest from 1860 to 1866, with boom and bust periods. One of the largest discovery was the big bonanza of 1873, when they struck one of the largest silver deposits we know about. By james was owned mackey, the namesake of this building. He was born in the early 1830s in dublin, ireland. He and his family grew up in new york, the five points area. When he was old enough he left new york, took a boat to panama, then another ship, then landed in the goldfields of california. He was part of the California Gold rush around 1850. He worked in the goldfields, but did not find his fortune. 60 he walked to Virginia City and entered penniless. Because of his experience in the ofds of california mines california, he worked his way up and became the superintendent of a mine and was able to buy in and purchase the mines by the early 1870s. He was the owner when most people thought it was defunct. They kept it open a few more weeks and it struck a huge bonanza. Mines weres his averaging 300,000 a month. Dollars. In 1870s he was a big part until they shot out the pumps of the combination shaft, which signaled the end of mining, the golden age of mining, in 1886. He went on to invest in telecommunications. His first was the transatlantic telegraph cable. By 1902 when he passed away, the mackeys were known as telecommunications barons and owned a telegraph and telephone company. His son, clarence mackey, took over the business, and build a relationship with the university in 1907 that led to the creation of the Mackey School. One of the unique aspects of nevada, according to the 1864 institution, the Land Grant Institution has to teach mining. That is the landgrant university here in nevada. It was founded in 1874. Elco experiment was considered a failure. They moved the university to hall was morrow completed, the first at unr. The first class graduated from unr in 1891. Wasng education here at unr a lot of stops and starts. There were semesters where no mining classes were offered. , in thoseays, unr days called the university of nevada, was just a few buildings on the south end of the evans alfalfa ranch. As the university moved north, they bought it up. 907, several politicians in nevada thought it would be a good idea to honor john mackey by having a statue of him on the grounds of the capital building. They approached john mackeys heir, clarence, about funding the statute. Clarence mackey agreed and reached out to the artist, goldblum, who would later implement mount rushmore, to complete the statute. Here was a lot of statue there was a lot of politics. A lot of people remembered john mackey. They did not want one person honored on the capitol grounds. Ande was a bit of a debate dr. Stubbs, president of the university of the time, said, we will take it. That is how the statue of john mackey arrived. Clarence mackey wanted to beautify the campus. Donated elm trees and in 1908 donated 100,000 to build the Mackey School of mines. 1908,seum was founded in one of the official fixtures of the mackey mine buildings. Still displaying and storing items as it would have in 1908. Founded as a research museum, it endeavored to bring the world to the mackey student. We have collections from all over the world. Many of the collections are from famous mining districts, some have been closed for over 100 years. These samples were taken at depth. In many cases we know the actual shaft and depth the ore sample was taken from. The minerals on display and the objects on display show less than 5 of the collection. The majority is still in storage. Our three collecting areas are rocks and minerals, with special focus on ores, paleontology and mining history. In the last 15 years we have tightened our scope to focus on nevada. Not only is that what we are are extremelyhey interested from a geological perspective with over 35 Minerals Discovered here in the state of nevada. We are now in the lower level of me is the and next to silver collection. Mary louise and john mackey owned several mines in Virginia City, the site of the comstock load. 1873, the source of the big bonanza. The 1870s, mary louise asked john to make her something from all the silver being pulled out of their mines. Boxcars of sent four Silver Bullion from the mine in Virginia City and most likely went through reno on the way to new york. From there they went to tiffany and company. Two years0 artisans to make. These are only 58 of the original 1200 pieces in the collection, which originally sat 24 people. They would have use this daily. All the way up into the turnofthecentury. Mackey familythe donated this Silver Service to the university. The impractical pieces, like the candelabras, cigar stands and celery vases. They kept the silver for many years. The service has been on display here for about 20 years. Many of the items in the Service Really show the opulence of dining culture in the gilded age. There are many pieces here we would not normally find in a normal dinner service. We have everything from crumb trays so the footmen can brush up crumbs between courses. We also have melon eaters, used to eat melons like cantaloupe. You slice with one side and use the fork on the other cited pick up the morsel. Wine siphons and olive forks, champagne holders. My personal favorite, a pair of hand holders. Serving, footmen were Service Style was called everything would be held by a servant and carved by a servant at the table and then served. Hamfootmen could hold the without getting his white gloves sullied. I am glad that when visitors come to the keck museum they can see pieces like the marielouise and john mackey silver collection. It showed not only the wealth of in Virginia City, but also that this is owned by the people of nevada and on display for people to enjoy. Their earths science seriously and is hardpressed to find in abaddon who does not claim they are a rock hound. They love their geology. Mining has always been an important part of nevadan statehood. A this salt the son of basque sheepherder 1906. Regionher dominic left a of europe in hopes of making a better life for himself. Men a lot of young basque at the time, started working as a sheep herder. 1922. Axalt was born in city,w up in carson attended carson high school. Got a large degree. Served as District Attorney for the county, which is now carson city. First instance of being in political office. From there he worked his way wrongs, becoming Lieutenant Governor in 1960 two. Became governor in 1967. That is an important point when he was running for governor. Ronald reagan was also running for governor of california. Men met in 1964 at a Barry Goldwater rally in california where reagan had been speaking. Being was notable due to a newbie. Ronald reagan, respective governors of their neighboring states, california nevada. ,n initiative they worked on conservation of the lake tahoe basin. They formed the tahoe Regional Planning agency. That was to stymie developments, try to make better Water Quality and that created a friendship that lasted basically for the rest of their lives, careers. , the president ial election was coming up. You have gerald ford running as the incumbent of the Republican Party, you have jimmy carter running for the democratic party. Said, aalt, like i minority within a minority. Thought it would be a good idea for Ronald Reagan maybe to run for president , to run the primaries. He tried to get some support from his colleagues on capitol hill. Nobody was interested, nobody thought Ronald Reagan would be a good president. Paul laxalt was the sole supporter of this notion that Ronald Reagan should run for president in 1976. People liked Ronald Reagan, they gravitated towards him. They knew who he was because he was a national figure. He had been popular as californias governor. He had a good campaign. Did not think it was possible he would even stand a chance. They were right, he did not win. But, his insurgency against the ford campaign, probably contributed to gerald ford not winning for the republican, probably attributed to jimmy carter winning for democrat in 1976. Served as thet chairperson of that campaign in 1976. They realized they had set the foundation for the upcoming election in 1980. They had established something, they had thrust Ronald Reagan into the national spotlight, which consequently thrust paul laxalt into the spotlight as well. They double down and in 1978 started planning for their next campaign. Is really a giant of nevada politics. Laxalt made the decision he wanted to give his personal political papers to the university of nevada reno. The first shipment started coming in 1983. Memoranda,es briefings,nce, anything you would have in a political office. You name it, it will be in those papers. So we are in the reading room now, but we will go to the workroom, which is where all the processing happens for the archives at the university. , on through. Come on through. You can see this is a portion of paul laxalts materials. Which is arofilm, lot of the constituency correspondents, stuff that came into the office. They microfilmed everything. These are the cartridges. Millions and millions of pages of correspondence. You can see the breadth and depth of this. We have paper versions as well. Digitization. The best thing you could hope for here. There are more remnants of laxalt. Studio quality two inch tapes and other two inch film. Some are probably Campaign Commercials or speeches. If you come on back here to the this is our mars system mathewson automatic retrieval system. Fouru can see, it is stories high. It starts on the ground floor and goes up wait a minute. This is the third floor. It goes up three floors. We have how many . Six aisles. Special collection archives has access to aisles two and three. It is proprietary. After we use it, he goes back to where it came from. Stuff cannot be pulled from downstairs that belongs in archive, which is good. It runs off a barcode system. Everything is scanned in and out with a scanner. The system was adopted from the Automotive Parts industry for pulling parts and warehouses. That was adopted by libraries. Were onem in 2008, we of the first universities to have this. Especially at this scale. Due to the seismic activity here in nevada, the floor is reinforced. At the time it was the longest r of cement in the state. You can see i just started to pull a box out of here. I am pulling a box from the western shoshone defense project. It deals with issues of northernty and land in nevada by the western shoshone tribe. This is box number three. I was able to type in the box number on the screen and pull it. Because it knows, knows which boxes are in it. Then it will deliver it to me right here at the workstation. To thisbe able will tell me in just a second, as soon as it populates, which item number i am looking for. Look at the barcodes. I can see this is the appropriate box here. I will scan it out. That means i can take it. I will show you as an example. That is a finished box, part of this collection. It looks really pretty when it is in these folders. Not sure how many collections are in m. A. R. S. , as far as manuscript collections, but this can hold almost 800,000 items. It is a little bit over half full right now. As the library makes more room for workspace, more books and stax go to the system. To us this is a great way put manuscript collections in an house large collections, like the paul laxalt collection. In addition to the thousands of other collections that are housed here. One of these bins can hold approximately four linear feet of material. Then may be smaller boxes along the back rows. When i would be done with this, i would scan the box back in and tell the machine to go ahead and take it. That will go ahead and drive back to its location. It puts the bin back on the shelf. A number of pulled materials from the paul laxalt papers. This includes an array of the manuscript portion as well as scrapbooks. It has part of his guestbook from his Senate Office in d. C. First thing on the table here is one of the many, many scrapbooks paul laxalts staff put together for everything has to do with Ronald Reagan starting with a thank you letter from 1981. After reagan won the 1980 election and it tells paul thanks a lot for all your support and your exemplary assistance as a speaker on my behalf and it is signed by Ronald Reagan. I am assuming that is a original signature because there is squiggly with the g that you might not get with an auto pen. Photographseries of and other notes from the kept,ent that paul axel automobile checks from inauguration, you can see that at this luncheon they are having gazpacho. Things like that. The invitations on all of these, you run through thousands of invitations and political papers. When you get one from the president , obviously, youre going to go. Of course youre going to say yes to the president. What is interesting and i will show you more of this, paul often wrote laxalt in Luvelle Kennon but this is black felt pen. That is how i know it is his handwriting. A blue felt pen and you run across it a lot. Photographseries of , they are in the oval office talking. I want to see my can find a picture of them wearing like all western senators, you can see his cowboy boots are prominent in this image right here. The feature of being a western senator, i guess. Here is another one of them in the oval office with an inscription from Ronald Reagan and it is signed ron. Paul, i think it is that. It was discussing the summit. This is great. I wont say there is almost 200 scrapbooks. This one obviously has all the maintenance. This is my go to scrapbook for showing people because it has so many great photos and notes in it. You can see the relationship into math these photos. This is an inside joke but it looks like they are having a blast. This guy shows up in a lot of the photos. He never looks like he is having as much fun as these guys. Here is from empire magazine and isis a spread and this one titled reagans sidekick. Ingrid president s best friend has paid off. On it is an entire article paul and his office and that is the kind of National Press that you see pretty frequently during his tenure in the senate. Another thing that i pulled out that is interesting, we ended up and i found it scattered across boxes. This was folded up in a big moving box. Underneath the memorabilia. He would record guests. They still do this. This one goes back to 1974, this ittion is 1984 and i can see is february 2, 1984 but you can see the first two names on here as Ronald Reagan and george bush. It and a variety of other people from new york city. A lot of people from reno, older and, nevada, carson city, carsonville south of city which is a small ranching community. To get a lot of interested nevadans coming into his office. I think it is still the case with any of our members of congress. It is neat to see the president and Vice President are up there on top. This is a finished folder from collectionmanuscript and these markers are just for my reference so i can find something in here. This is an acidfree folder. It has the title of what is in here, it is the file from july of 1980. And this is the part of the collection that is fully processed, the reagan process. Portion. So if i open up this folder, you you can see there are some newspaper clippings, some election laws, some memoranda, and then if i get back here, i run into paul laxalts nominating speech for Ronald Reagan for 1980, and thats in his hand there in the black felt pen. Oftentimes he would write ideas down, bring people together, moderate women is who he is targeting. I dont know what that says, something about minorities and laxalt declare the oval office. Anyway, so this is yeah, this this is just an example. I always like running across the stuff that is not the official memorandum or any of the typed stuff because i like to see it from his hand and then i know he he actually wrote this, which is kind of neat. So i will take this back in this stick this back in this folder here. Oh. There we go. This is interesting. So what Ronald Reagan was running on in 1980 was making america number one again. Sounds familiar. This says this is number one. Ron reagan will help make us feel better about ourselves again. Years of democratic rule are over. Thats what this says. Anyway, i think we focused pretty heavily initially when we were processing on the campaigns are where a lot of this material for Ronald Reagan came from, so theres a lot of the behind the scenes planning also for the political action, citizens for the republic, you sew a lot of you see a lot of stuff from the r. N. C. Because paul laxalt was the chair of the r. N. C. In 1983, so i like seeing a lot of this material how are we going to raise the money, how are we going to get the message out . Which states will we focus on . Iowa is always number one in these campaigns i noticed. I do get a kick out of seeing some of these speeches. It gives me an idea of what paul laxalt was thinking, and a lot of these ideas didnt go out in these speeches. I like to see a polished draft of the nominating speeches. They usually are as they are here in their rough form. Id like people to get a glimpse of how the political process in our country works. Thats what the most important of these political collections is. I think what you can gather from paul laxalt, you can get a feel for the committees he was involved in. You do see the inner workings of them trying to revitalize the Republican Party at a time when it was not popular. I would say Ronald Reagan, love him or hate him, hes still one of the most notable president s we had in the United States. Welcome. The center was created in 1967. It is now 52 years old and it was created here because originally it was part of the institute in order to study immigration. After that, slowly it progressed until what we have today, a center for studies which main goal is to study the basque in the u. S. , specifically in nevada and in other states of the union. Most of us people are located in the American West from wyoming to arizona and california. It is located in the bay in the border between the mainland europe and the peninsula. More or less 80 of the country s south of the pyrenees. South ofs say in the inland. The bay of biscayne is between the Basque Country and england. We know more or less 60,000 people in the u. S. Call themselves basque. This is based on central data. At the center there is a large population. We know that also because they have more basque that participate in basque clubs. The Largest Community in the u. S. Is in the San Francisco bay the bay area. The second largest one is in boise, idaho, and we are in the Third Largest area. Nevada has what is called the basque of nevada and then we have here also a Strong Community of basque. That is what i found here. One of the most interesting parts of our basque collection is the photograph collection. We host around 35,000 items in that collection, covering all kind of activities of the people both here in the diaspora and in the original country. Around 5,000 are now available online. So anyone can take a look through those. Here we have a selection that covers some of the activities or actions or that are more related basque in the west. The First Arriving to the west were the altuve brothers. We have bernardo and his brother who arrived to the west through argentina. The first group were closely connected to sheep herding. So sheep herding was the main activity for a long time in the west, even the last basque arriving in the 1960s and 1970s worked as sheep herders. So we have here some pictures related to that activity which they have the sheep and taking care of the sheep with the help of the dog. The dogs are quite famous in the area. The landscape is more complicated for sheep. They arent in so open landscape. Landscapes there were more mountains so sheep need more help. Sheep herder dogs helped in the late 1980s, a group of people here in reno decided that it was important to keep the memory of sheep herding alive. It was an activity disappearing for the community. As we say earlier in the 1970s, the last sheep herder in the west. So they decided to build a National Monument to the basque sheep herder. One of the first businesses outside sheep herding was boarding houses. These hotels were the place where newcomers who arrived would have the First Contact with a new society around them and provide all kind of services obviously they would provide breakfast and food. But then they would provide Services Like writing letters in english or opening a bank account or what they werent able to do when they first arrived. Voting houses were near the railways and stations. Why . It was the new place where they were arriving. They were there trying to attract newcomers to this place. Usually they knew when they arriving with someone or going to a boarding house. But they were near railways for newcomers. Another wellknown basque acttivity were the festivals. Every summer they will host Basque Festival. Here in reno we have the basque club. We have seven regions in the country so it is to stay together. Him and they have unusual names for basque clubs. So they organize the Basque Festival here in reno every july. This here is one of the items from our from our poster collection. And it is for the Basque Festival in 1989. We host around 5,000 basque posters. Basque sports are another component of basque culture. Most is related to working on farms, and so our what are called strong support and strongrelated, strengthrelated sports. There are others that are related to it and theres this is what we have some items in our collection that are related to to those sports, and basque sports was well known in the u. S. Because a lot of these were built inside casinos in the u. S. This is one of the types. Sport for betting. Here, it is the kind that was played here in the casinos for betting. Were eveney dangerous. Traveling at 180 miles per hour. Fastest sports in the world. Elements to bee secure. Important because aboutthe main reason basque culture and history in all around the world. That is his interest in learning about basques. Reportrary provides this ourdoing that research with poster collections and providing access to the main collections. The first reno arch was established in 1926. It was put there over virginia street to advertise an event. It was the exposition that was celebrating the completion of the victory of lincoln highway which converged here we know. They said come to this exposition in 1927 and when the party was over, they decided to keep that arch. They put the big word reno on it and in 1928 they had a slogan competition for what could renos slogan be and someone submitted Biggest Little city in the world. They put that on the arch and that was the first reno arch. And we hadn in 1934 that arch until 1963. City leaders thought it looked dated. We like that neon noun now but it was about backlit plastic. In 1987 they replace that one with the arts that we have today. We had an arch in the same spot since 1926 but not the same arch. In 1970, president Richard Nixon develop the latest National Policy toward native americans. Tribal selfdetermination. This gave economy to tribes by allowing indians to control their own affairs and be independent of federal oversight without being cut off from federal support. The chairman of the renos barks indian colony in renault talks about the account colonies economic independence, health care for native americans and their relationship with federal, state, and tribal governments. Many tribes have large land bases but here you will find most of the tribes have small land bases. Most are referred to as colonies. In california they are referred to as rancheria does. And in nevada there are a lot of colonies but they have the same status of as reservations. There is no difference, they are smaller. That when917, before the paiute and the washer people , thisre in this valley whole turkey meadows valley, these two camp along the truckee river. There were historic camps along the river where the pirates and hoe campsiute and was where were. A moment to support an indian reservation. Indianslly wanted camped up at different locations. The kind of got in the way. The idea was to put them in a certain place, you can know where they are at and they would have a reservation so it was supported. Some of the in this area, many people came to reno sparks for washoe people came, the paiute tribe came to work. The woman did housework mothers of the jobs for some people here. Mostly the men did agricultural and work, working at haying agricultural work, picking vegetables are that type of work. That is how our tribe was economicecause of Economic Economic opportunities. Our governing body which was first established under the indian reorganization act of 1934, 1935, basically allowed us to have a constitution, a tribal constitution which was basically written by not the tribe itself but many tribes received the same constitution. Improvements with a number of amendments. That document lays out the role of the Tribal Council, our duties, oath of office, how many members we have. And also has a certain basic rights, basic civil rights tour members. But also has a section that tells us who the tribal members are. Howd you become a tribal member, by degree of indian blood. Washoe,three tribes, paiute, and shoshone. We recognize the federal government has trust responsibility to Indian Tribes as was defined that were dependent sovereign nations defined by chief Justice Marshall in the 1830s. We held the federal government accountable for trust responsibility through services. Mainly it was because of the taking of millions of acres of land that tribes gave up in exchange for federal government providing for health care and for a certain amount of funding for programs. Everything from Central Government services from Law Enforcement to tribal court systems, to social Service System so the government has a certain amount of responsibility, with a call trust responsibility to native american tribes. Over 570 tribes now that are federally recognized. Indian ribbon is asian, we were basically at that time what we you would term a federally recognized tribe. The government recognized us and tribes contend we dont have to werecognized by anyone, we here from time immemorial that we do not have to have someone else recognizes. , tribal peoplee have always met in tribal prior to the indian reorganization act so it wasnt anything new. You took on the european style of government. Time. E kind of grown over with the changing of time, we are in an era of what the term selfdetermination. In other words, one of the challenges to tribes was this paternalistic idea that the federal government had to do everything for tribes. Nixon, ine of richard the johnsonnexen era we came into the idea of selfdetermination and that was passed to give the tribes more responsibility rather than the federal government doing all these Different Things for us. That is what we saw this transition into empowerment of tribes to really live selfdetermined. We are in this era of selfgovernance meeting that were tribes basically contracted for the funding but they basically ran these programs themselves. Own people orir whoever they wanted to hire. They did not have to use indian , andh Service Employees to some tribes do that today. Our health care receives selfgovernance funding and we run the Health Center ourselves with a certain amount of federal funding that we do that. We have, long way. Our strength is we are located in a city. All we have to do is i property and bring the businesses into the tribe. Tonevada you may not be able lure businesses even if you were able to buy a piece of land. Recognized what are our strengths, do we have a toble government, they want know are you changing the chairman every year, some tribes do. So you can have a stable tribal leadership, a stable Tribal Council and some councilmen have been on a long time so you have some experience and some new people, they can learn from the people who are on there. So a stable tribal government would be another strength. What would it the the weaknesses be . Legislation that could change. Taxes, there was talk in nevada where we sell tangible products like automobile automobiles and tobacco. If the state goes to a different type of tax, something that has to deal with not tangible products, the, with these different taxing schemes. We will go and lower the sales tax from 7 to 5 . A couple Million Dollars if they did that and institute ao service tax. Meaning that that is why we dont do insurance companies. If we got an insurance instituta service tax. Meaning company, there would not be any tax because it is not selling a tangible product. When the state changes are taxing scheme we have to be at the table saying we had better oppose this. We will lose a bunch of money. Those are reasons we have lobbyists at the federal level. We have to have the same thing at the legislature which we do today because of what is going on. We look at bills that can be detrimental to us. The future looks pretty good. Even if i were not to continue, the tribe is in a good position good position. Our visit to reno is an American History tv exclusive and we showed it to you to introduce you to cspans city tour. Cities bringing and historicscene sites to our viewers and you can watch more of our visits at cspan. Org citiestour. Quick South Carolina congressman and Majority Whip Jim Clyburn will and Historic Sites to our viewers and you can watch more of our visits at hold the annual fish fry in colombia with more than 20 democratic president ial candidates meeting with voters. Coverage starts live at 9 p. M. Eastern and will be available on our website or you can listen on our free radio app. Ahead of the event, a local tv reporter tweeted no shortage of Campaign Signs in the parking lot outside this right locations. Several teams have pitched tents hold theand brought cardboard f their candidates. Quick sunday at 3 00 p. M. Eastern, senator Bernie Sanders hosts a town hall at Clinton College in rock hill, South Carolina. Watch it on cspan, cspan. Org or listen on the free cspan radio at. Quick sunday night on afterwards, in her latest book the target or, former analyst offers her insights into the inner workings of the agency and her work in tracking terrorists. She is interviewed by congressman andre carson of indiana. Of some aople never bin laden is. There was another figure that you had a connection to with your service. Tell us about your experience tracking him and those around him. Ati was charged with looking and evaluating whether or not iraq had anything to do with 9 11 and al qaeda. As an analyst, we had been writing products for policymakers and our bottom line was that iraq had nothing to do with 9 11 and al qaeda. It was not the connection. Invasiont, after the when i became a charging of us been attacking targets in iraq and joined al qaeda and created al qaeda in iraq. My job was to dismantle his network and leadership. Watch sunday night at 9 00 p. M. Eastern on book tv on cspan 2. Ruled Supreme Court sevento that of