Over the next 60 minutes we are going to be traveling around the globe visiting some of todays most fragile states and hotspot regions as we discuss americans ary agencies to tackle these challenges. Luckily we are joined by an allstar lineup of experts who will serve as our tour guides. Stephen hadley serves as the National Security advisor to george bush and assistant secretary of defense for global strategic affairs. Today is the principal at one of the countrys leading consulting firms. Democratic former congresswoman from california and president of the Wilson Center which supports Research Driving the conversations on Foreign Policy and National Security. Is the president of the u. S. Institute of peace, a leading institute for solutions for preventing, mitigating, and resolving violent conflict around the world and previously served as the assistant administrator or democracy conflict and humanitarian affairs at usaid. Michaelnt general recently served as the director of the directorate of Strategic Operational planning at the National ChapterTerrorism Center after a career in the u. S. Army. Note is he is a brandnew grandfather. We should congratulate him for that. Moderating the conversation correspondent lela several who has earned reports for her reporting including coverage of the migrant crisis in Central America. Please join me in welcoming our panel list for a conversation on global hotspots and the state of fragility. [applause] thank you so much. Good afternoon. All right. Seated . Is can everyone hear me ok . Good afternoon and thank you for that introduction. If you are like me, you are fascinated by all of the panelists here today that have such incredible perspective on the world and where their jobs have taken them. My goal today and hope for you is that we are able to take a trip around the world through their experiences and able to understand the world, which may be complicated, and americas role in that. Where do we go from here . Lets sort of do an overview of where we are today. I work in the news world. If you think you are bombarded by headlines, welcome. We have a lot going on. I was in venezuela where i covered the conflict there. Or understand, much less explain. We have conflicts in syria, we have nearly 70 million displaced people in the world today. Perspective . The most since world war ii. Think about that. Displaced. People there are ups and downs. That is the way of the world. We also have a dramatic Economic Growth in progress in the world of health today. 17 million lives have been saved the aids program. Theres a lot going on. We can all agree on that. Theres a lot going on today in the world. I want to make sure we take a moment to talk to her office to make sense of this talk to our panelists to make sense of this. We will have questions from the audience. I will start with the congresswoman. [laughter] lets go to china for a minute. It is something that, when we talk about influence in the world, you will hear china. When i was living in mexico city i felt like we had a lot of diplomats in mexico constantly trying to fill a void. My question is, china has pledged a trillion dollars on its Road Initiative. That is going to be massive. It outdoes the marshall plan. What does that mean . What do you make of that . Let me say hello to everybody. I think the state and local level is where real things happen. Good for you. Keep doing real things. I also was thinking about the fact when i served in congress for nine terms, that is 100 years [laughter] when i served in congress for 100 years, global issues were very low on the radar screen when you asked people what they care about. It was the economy, stupid. Matter andat doesnt is affected by global issues. The oneught foreignpolicy issue that aerospacefolks in my center of Southern California was, foreign aid is too big. It is 50 of the budget. Guess what . It is less than 1 . They were energized about that. I am am happy you are here. The other issue that motivated people was china. It was universal misunderstanding of china, i would say, back in the day. Political parties in congress have demonized china for years. Policyw i would say the of the administration is more negative than it needs to be. Let me explain what i see. You asked about china and the Road Initiative. I think we spent almost all of our time since 9 11, which was a catastrophic event, focused on counterterrorism and we missed a couple of movies. One was chinas rise and the scholars of the Wilson Center say china has risen. I think, i am looking at steve nodding. He is so smart, i must be close. China has risen. Say, it is things to a strategic competitor, which is what our doctor now says, we care about strategic competitors. Russia and china. They are not the same thing. We care about each of them. It has a different economic model. We somehow thought it would adopt our model. It did not. This Road Initiative toward which they are devoting huge resources is part of their economic and security strategy. They are Building Infrastructure around the world, in europe, africa, latin america, everywhere. I was in a small caribbean infrastructure, the grocery stores, are being built by china. We studied the arctic act the Wilson Center. Part of the initiative is this new c channel in the arctic, part of their initiative, building icebreakers and so on. This is, i dont now how they certainlyne it, it is the defining aspect of their security policy, security and economic policy. We dont understand it. We dont have the focus and tools to respond to it. If we dont understand it and have the tools, how do we compete . We had better understand it and get the tools. We compete with china. Dont think we are a third world nation. We are not. We have done well. The new trade war we are engaged in with china maybe partially a response to that. To ank it is a response way to see trade deficits. I would dispute the way we see trade deficits. It misses the surplus we have and services. I think we should respond to it in a much more nuanced way. As china expands influence, it is not the right time for the u. S. To retreat. Ics doing that and i think we ,an lead in a variety of ways and we have, to establish the liberal world order. We are not leading now in protecting that order. Nancy, you spearheaded a report about fragile states where it says by 2030 2 billion people will live. You focused on the threats. Im going to take the same question, help us understand that and what are the tools needed to deal with that . Thank you. I will join jane in welcoming everybody and congratulating you as a Global Leadership coalition for having this extraordinary event. Fragility, let me start with the definition. People have and its a broken relationship. Basically the state is unwilling or unable to take care of its citizens. What you get our communities or that are fragmented. A lot of grievances and a sense of injustice. The common denominator that runs through some of the gravest threats we face, whether it is countries consumed by civil war, countries that are the largest sources of refugees or migrants. Countries that are susceptible to pandemics like ebola as well as countries that have the largest number of violent extremist incidents. Theu. S. Congress asked institute of peace, a national nonpartisan independent howitute to take a look at the u. S. Can address the conditions of fragility that have enabled violent extremism to spread since 9 11. Trillion1 we spent 6 and the number of incidents have exponentially increased around the world. We need a different strategy. The idea is to have a preventive approach that looks at the conditions that enable extremist to take root. One of our Task Force Members briefed the group. The recommendations are that the on theeds to focus more upstream. More on the prevention. Not only waiting until extremism has broken out. That is true whether you are looking at conflict or pandemics or violent extremism. How do we prevent these kinds of occurrences more effectively . Severalody who spent decades working in the humanitarian world, i can tell increased the amount of humanitarian assistance that goes to victims of conflict. 20 years ago 20 of our assistance went to victims of natural disaster. Now that is flipped. 80 goes to victims of conflict. It used to be 80 two natural disaster. The task force recommended three big things that enable us to be more effective. The first is to have a Clear Strategy across the u. S. Strategy across the u. S. Government that enables people to share objectives and timelines, to work on a more preventive approach to fragility, understanding that it takes generations. We need to understand that and we need to partner with local leaders, change happens locally. And we need to do so in concert with our International Partners. Second is all the ways we can unleash our development and our diplomacy actors to be able to work more flexibly, to be able to work over longer time horizons. Us toird is enabling partner with our International Partners and create a compact model where we have an agreement with the fragile state on how to proceed forward with their context. Is a bill that just passed in the house that takes those recommendations forward, called the global fragility act, and a bill that is now moving through the senate. It is difficult to sell prevention. We know, whether it is our own personal health care, or looking at the worlds stage that prevention is essential and we need to get better at it, and we need to enable our Development Actors and diplomats to be more agile as they pursue a vegan strategy. A prevention strategy. Over to you. As i have been on the border myself, i have traveled with these caravans through mexico, and you see women and children and men, families making their way through mexico to get to our border, you understand they are coming through the northern triangle, guatemala, el salvador , honduras. How do you get to the root cause , the prevention method she is speaking of in the northern triangle of the u. S. . Think we have to stage it in some sense, that is to say i think we have to find a way to, mexicoshort term, help and those countries harden their border and help mexico hard and help mexico hardened their southern border. So you dont have these undisciplined caravans coming up and knocking on the door in large numbers, creating what has now become a crisis on the border. A way thatdo it in leaves some space for the longer run solution. Tocut off aid and assistance Central America, to free up money to harden the border is a classic case of letting the short run solution defeat the longer run solution. It is the fragile state problem, it is a crisis in governance, it is governments that have lost confidence in their people, cannot offer their people a prospect for a secure and prosperous future, to give them an incentive to stay home. They are desperate and they are leaving. We have to deal with the problem of the migration in the short run, but we need to invest in working with those governments, those that are willing, those , so thesea plan governments can begin to offer hope to their people, so they will stay at home and build their own future in their own home. Its one of these cases where you have to have a short run strategy and a long run strategy, and make sure your short run strategy doesnt feed your long run strategy and actually perpetuate the problem. With theactually october, the caravan that was moving north in october when the administration announced it was cutting foreign aid. I asked the migrants, what does this mean to you . Saying,them responded, it doesnt matter to me, we are not getting it anyway. So you hear them say that. Yet i make a phone call to a bunch of the ngos, and they are telling you, we are seeing the difference, we are making a difference in these communities. How do you bridge that gap . Exactly what is nancy had talked about, which is people have lost confidence in their government. And if money goes to the government, they have no confidence, it ends up helping them. Between social contract government and the population that is broken. That is what has got to be restored. It is hard work, it takes a long time. We are learning in the process, we have been at this kind of thing for 17 years. There are some things that work, there are some things that dont work. What we know you have to start with is local governments that are committed to provide uncorrupted governance to their people that meets their need and need, some hope deliver services, and offer some hope. Andou can develop a plan support and enable that plan, you can lay the foundation for givel give people hope, them some incentive to stay home and build their own societies. When you say some things dont work, what doesnt work . We knowf the things that doesnt work is if you give money to deal with other interests we have, which might be proliferation, which might be theorism, without regard to government tothe these things on the longer term, you are building in a longterm problem. If you talk to paris, one of the number one motivation for people to go over to extremism is local Security Forces that abused their own people. With the cooperating government and providing assistance to their Security Forces, and also not working with those Security Forces about how to do community policing, how they are dealing with communities in a way to build support for the security services, rather than turn the Security Forces into an adversary, we are building on sand. We are in the short run thinking we are providing security, and in the long run we are laying the foundation for extremism. And that goes into what is in the fragility bill, just having a shared understanding among our defense, our diplomacy and our Development Actors, so you cant harmonize that agenda. If i could add one more thing on this subject, or two things, one is the business community, there was a conference in miami a couple of years ago sponsored by Vice President pence and john kelly, who became chief of staff but at the time was the secretary for homeland security. It was about not just strengthening the governments in the northern triangle, but improving a climates there would be climate so there would be business investment. Its true if there is a Strong Economy and people are working, that reduces the push factor. That is one point. The other point, that i think is way long overdue, way need to do comprehensive Immigration Reform in this country so we have a revised modernized asylum system and we also keep the doors open on a realistic basis to those who want to lawfully come here, not just seeking asylum. Roll up the barricades and close off this country, i think we lose the creativity and diversity that made this great country. [applause] lets go to the middle east. Lieutenant general, thanks for being with us. Secretary of defense bob gates once said, we cannot kill or capture our way to victory. We dont see isis right now on the battlefield the way we once did. Haveet 9 Million People yet to return to their home. The group recently claimed response ability for the Violent Attacks in sri lanka in april. Responsibility for the Violent Attacks in tree longer in april. In sri lankatacks in april. What are the tools we need to keep this country safe . Hosts ofyou to the this Coalition Conference for inviting me to be here, i am particularly glad to be talking to a bunch of people who do not live in washington, d. C. You are probably more reasonable than the people i talked to talk to. [laughter] hes right. The tools that im going to elaborate on, and i will try to do this briefly, i doubt will surprise anyone. Let me stipulate up front that tended, since 9 11, as a government, to rely on one set of tools and not on another set. The one we have focused on, for very good reasons im not try to suggest the focus we have put on these tools was misplaced but it was the use of Law Enforcement intelligence and military power to deal with the fact that we were attacked so horrifically on 9 11. And then of course when isis arose in 2014, we had another very significant terrorist threat that we and the rest of the world had to deal with. We have developed extraordinary abilities to use our intelligence, our Law Enforcement, and our military instruments to use physical force against terrorists. It has saved thousands of lives, it has presented prevented another 9 11 attack on our own soil. It has done a great deal of good. It has not reduced the scale or scope of terrorism around the world. In fact, those of you who may have possibly noted in october, a new National Counterterrorism strategy was approved by the Administration Last october. And in the opening sentences of the new strategy, it makes it a very important acknowledgment that despite all of our efforts as americans im not talking about the rest of the world as much as im talking about americans here despite our best efforts, the problem of terrorism is more widespread and complex than when we began. If we have proved anything in the last 18 years, these military Law Enforcement iselligence instruments necessary but is strategic really strategically insufficient if i tell you we have more terrorists today than when we began 18 years ago. The things that prevent the creation of new terrorists. Judgment unless, in my and for the last three years i have been the street been the senior strategist at the national counterTerrorism Center the only way we are going to prevent the not only continuing growth of terrorism, but actually turn the tide back to where over the years we have fewer and fewer terrorists in wouldrld is to do what i argue any Preventive Medicine or Public Health official would tell you. The best way to deal with an infectious, contagious disease is to prevent the emergence of the disease to begin with. But the tools we used to to do these things, their efforts to contest a radical ideology, deal with extremist views of the internet, change with the conditions that far lesseductive attractive than today. We are not going to do that for that through use of force. That is a challenge for the future. We understandk extremism and radicalization . Notn my judgment, we do understand it as well as we should. Is, as an example, a very widely held belief in government circles that the principal driver and, in many cases, the initial cause for someone to become a terrorist is radical ideology. Over many years we have collected enough. Biographic information about terrorists enough biographic information about terrorists. Introducedoften only to a person just before they conduct an act of violence. For most of their journey, as i suggested earlier, radicalization, and they become much more vulnerable to be mobilized to violence, that ideology doesnt play a role. What does play a role . We dont know. I doubt it is anything that would surprise anyone in this room, Mental Health problems, a history of trauma, some sort of grievance against their community, family, ethnic group, government. Is a complex caught tail complex cocktail. I dont think we understand as well as we should. I heard somebody in the audience going, yes, yes. Lets take a second round here. Former congresswoman, i want to go to you. You said Climate Change is a top National Security issue. I am currently on the 2020 campaign trail. The pentagon has called it a threat multiplier. You believe Climate Change is a National Security threat . I think it is pretty obvious before, thatsnt extreme climate leads to drought, which leads to climate refugees leaving places, events like climate hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis, we see them everywhere and they are all covered on our 24 7 television sets, cause huge damage, including in the midwest the base ofwhere somebodys support is. And denying the science of Climate Change makes no sense. Understanding the science of Climate Change and understanding the effects on our security and Environmental Policies makes all the sense in the world. And then coming up with effective strategies, which we havent yet, which are fairly ambitious and bold is what the goal is. Just a couple more points. Climate change is not confined to nationstates. We ought to get it that even if u. S. Does all perfectly does it all perfectly, we are going to be invaded by toxic air from other places. Perfectly is impossible if other places are contributing to the problem. That thenteresting is coalitions we can make are useful in every other respect for other issues. Chinabviously obviously cares about Climate Change p at how many of you have been to beijing Climate Change. How many of you have been to beijing . How many of you have been there during one of their air emergencies . They have to do what they can to clean up air quality in beijing, taking drastic measures against transportation sources and call processing. Coal processing we have common cause with china on this issue. We should make the most of it, not withdraw from a Global Climate agreement, where we were in partnership with them. My bottom line is, it took a while for us, for congress to pay attention. I remember being in the group that says, the Intelligence Community has to include climate as one of the indicators of failed states and terrorism, and a bunch of people said, thats crazy, you cant do that. We did it, and we are learning a lot more. In terms of global engagement, lets take a look at the economic aspect of this. Trade, one ins to five jobs is tied to global trade. Tot should the u. S. Be doing make sure that we are keeping the global interests, the Global Economic interests in mind in strengthening that . I think it is a piece of a larger problem. If you step back with the pressure on the International System we have had for 70 years, the rise in power competition, the struggle between authoritarians and democrats, we have probably as challenging a situation as we have had since we ended the cold war. Noty judgment, we are particularly well positioned to deal with it. It really starts at home. We need to have an economy that is an inclusive economy, that produces inclusive Economic Growth. We have to fix that problem. Secondly, we need to fix our own politics. Have known fore 20 years how to fix the immigration system. You have to harden the border, you have to have a guest worker program, and a path to legalization for people that are here. It is not that hard. Know y, all we similarly, we know a lot about what we need to do about, change. As a consequence, people are losing confidence in our economic institutions. Brand problem internationally, because we dont look so good internationally compared to china, for example. Do isf what we need to fix our self at home, send people to washington who are committed to working across the aisle to solve these problems, and tell them that if they dont year, they are out. [applause] here here. We could do that, if we could start restoring faith of the American People in our institutions, in our economic institution, in our political institutions, they will join us to provide the Global Leadership that is required if we are going to deal with these problems, if we are going to have inclusive global Economic Growth, if we are going to have a trading system that is fair and produces the kind of Economic Growth it can. Thats where we have to start, weve got to fix it at home, then we have to lead internationally and fix the economic and political issues of the rest. Andhe ps to that is state local governments work, it is the federal government that is broken. A number of states are moving ahead on the climate issue. As an example, my state of california surely is. That is going to be a patchwork of this state does of, if this state does this and that state does that, wouldnt the country be better if we worked in a bipartisan basis . To global pandemics. Around the world we have seen zika,aks from ebola to the list goes on. U. S. Can we do here in the to make sure that is not showing up here . Globalwe take that approach on issues of outbreak . Are seeing is where you have pandemics run away, where they proliferate and turn into Global Threats are the same states that are most fragile . Out for just laid International Goals is Community States to be more resilient in the face of shock, whether it is the climate shock, and thatmic shock, a conflict needs to be managed and a pandemic. It is no mystery that the republic of congo is experiencing this terrible epidemic, as did west africa. These are fragile regions that byve been plagued conflict. I heard the secretary speak the breakdown of trust between the community and government has contributed greatly to their inability to get in and create greater responses. Ebola is a pretty wimpy virus at the end of the day. If you dont have contact, you wont catch it. It is the airborne we need to be concerned about. What can and should we do . We really need to think about these fragility issues, the terrible governance that causes these countries to fall into crisis over and over again. Our investments in agriculture are stronger, last longer when they are in a system where it will not fall into conflict. I would also note that the u. S. Has been an essential leader in mobilizing responses during the west africa ebola crisis, when it jumped into urban areas and started really exponentially proliferating and going across internationally. It was the u. S. That mobilized the rest of the world. We need to be prepared to continue to play that role, whether it is mobilizing other countries, militaries, ensuring that the u. N. System is working at full capacity. Country, put critical investment into the development of two vaccines, which are in use now, and helping to protect the workers on the front line of the crisis. Ofalso put enormous amount investment into strengthening the Global Health system. We saw, as ebola jumped into uganda, uganda was able to set up a screening system that caught the case and most likely will keep it from spreading, just like in the 2014 west africa outbreak as it jumped into nigeria, which could have been a terrible disaster. They caught it because of the investments the u. S. Had made in , a healthcapacity system that worked. It underscores how inextricably thate linked together, and the essential leadership role of the United States and the way we can play that preventive agenda. I think we would be a lot worse in the drc if some of those vaccines and Health Systems havent been made. And it will not get better as long as the conflict rages in drc. They have recurring outbreaks. We are lucky that it is confined to this conflict rural area, but when it jumps into capitals, thats when it gets serious, and we need the u. S. To mobilize the global response. I dont want to over simple fight any of these issues, as the Lieutenant General said, these are complex problems that maybe dont have one solution. What stood out to me as you said trust. We need to get trust. How do we do that in the u. S. And around the world . That seems like a big task. If that is at the root of so many issues, what what this adjust and be that we could do more or less of . Thet is the trust of community with its leadership, with the people and its government. That is what is often missing in a lot of these environments. A lot of that means there is some way for people to participate or for their voice to be heard. Let me give you one simple example that came up when we were doing the task force. Two communities that were nearing each other in the Southern Area of tunisia. Both of them had preachers that were more radical come into their local mosques. One sent dozens of fighters to syria. The other community sent only one fighter. The difference was that the one that only sent one fighter had a very Strong Civil Society community, they had labor unions, they had ways in which people engaged in the civil fabric of their lives. That enabled them to be resilient to the ideology when it came to their community. Whereas the other communities did not. We dont know about how these things happen, but there are examples that tell us that trust and the participation in the economy and political system make a big difference. Raise one word, it is a dirty word in washington, it is called bipartisanship. Just imagine if the parties worked with each other to put the Country First rather than working against each other to get reelected. Priority is, the making sure you when your primary, which means you are focused on your own party, and the challenges within your party, and you are not focused on working with the other side, because then you are bipartisan, and it has that outcome. I think the trust nancy is , which can be asieved outside our country it has in our country just imagine. Go ahead andto take questions from the audience. We have a few microphones set up area if you could just set up. If you could just walk right over. Theuld ask you to keep questions short so we can get through as many of them as possible and you can get what you need from these experts here. We will go ahead and start on the side. Yes maam. Thank you very much, and thank you so much to these esteemed panelists for this compelling discussion. Im with the International Rescue committee. We are working on the front lines of the crises in fragile states all around the world. Presently we are in 37 countries and we are growing, unfortunately. We have seen a lot of messaging from u. S but we are also seeing this administration use back channels to block that. For example, one of our programs in zaire and congo is on help , but wetrengthening, have been advised to not work with the government because of a back channel for this administration to lock, using thein the trafficking of persons of status act. How can we know this administration is not going to block our strategies you have presented here . Someone can take that one. [laughter] the finger is being pointed over here. You know, you cant the administration, in terms of the president , has a view about military power and the military instrument, and of its import. And i think in some sense he has not learned the lesson that general nagata talked about that we have learned over the last 17 years, that the military instrument alone is not going to solve the problem on a permanent basis. But there are people in the administration who do get it, and who understand that, and there are people in the congress who get it and understand it. One of the things nancy has talked about this the report which dealt with preventing extremism in the fragile states in the middle east, north africa , and the horn of africa we briefed it far and wide within the administration and on the hill. I think what has surprised us is how much support it has gotten at sort of middle levels in the administration and in the congress. Two bills are moving forward, putting this forward as policy and operation of the United States. I think in these difficult times you have got to focus on the key issues. You have got to come up with solutions. And you have to work with those who are willing to work with you to bring those solutions forward. That is what we have to do. Secondly, i think the other thing that is important is the American People do get a voice, and i think the American People do get it after 17 years since 9 11, that the military instrument is not enough. I would hope the American People would send that message to both the American People and those who represent them in congress, that we need these other instruments. I think congress is listening. Efforts the administration has we can talk in great detail about this, efforts the administration has done to cut the nonmilitary elements of National Security. They have been defeated consistently in the congress. I think that is because the congress is listening to the American People, and the American People get it. Dont give up hope. Keep working with those who will work with you. Over time we will win this argument. We will win this argument. I would like to add my voice to what steve just talked about. Since i am still in active duty i cannot comment on it is the administration policies, but i have served in this town under three different administrations, and i have seen policy positions change. Sometimes, they changed because policymakers change their minds. But it happens just as frequently when people in civil society, people in the congress, people in the International Community make a persuasive case. It does not always work. It does not work for everything. But this is so important my advice is to keep trying. Amen. There is no guarantee you will succeed, what if nobody tries, i guarantee you it will not change. And it is a fight worth fighting. Gentleman in the middle. [indiscernible] iraq. Riginally from i live in lincoln, nebraska. I wonder what can we do as a faithbased organization or an organization from another country to get the attention of the u. S. Government, about the warning signs of the rising of another terrorist group or the outbreak of another disease . For example, in 2014, when we flood in an bar, we knew we were in trouble, but nobody was listening. What is the strategy here . Thank you so much. Gethat is the strategy to attention when they know things are coming like these outbreaks, these rides, etc. . You just have to keep trying. As i said in my earlier answer, prevention is a really hard sell. We are hardwired to be reactive. We are very generous as a country and as a people in reacting after a crisis with humanitarian assistance, with military action. But we have to be we have to get better at the prevention strategy, whether it is preventing violent extremism or preventing weather, Climate Change impacts, from devastating countries. You have got to keep trying. It is everything from talking to your members of congress to putting information out there. Just keep trying. I think we are at a point again in iraq where we need to raise the alarm bells that isis is still very much a present danger, and it requires continued u. S. Engagement to help the iraqis address the problems that could arise if left unchecked. To our to add that point moderator, our very effective moderator we have 20 47 media socialial media 24 7 media in this world, and getting these stories on media and social media not just coverage of one person in the world will increase awareness of real problems. [applause] but also showing the story of when prevention worked. That is the biggest missing part of the storytelling. Gen. Nagata can i add steve can i add one thing . I remember teachers when i was very small giving me this advice, and i did not listen back then, so maybe you wont listen to me now. But specific to the problem of isis arising in 2014, the whole world claims to be surprised. It should have been the least surprising thing on the planet, because none of the things that led to the creation of its original version, al qaeda iraq, and fundamentally changed. What the International Community engaged in many nations engaged. Any populations, including weulations like this very engaged in wishful teaching wishful thinking. My teachers told me, focus on the facts, not what you want or believe to be true. Here is what i offer you. If you see any government engaging in wishful thinking, if you have the ability, call it out, because it usually does not end well. [applause] gentleman over here. I am the chairman of the World Affairs council, south carolina. I have a quick thing. If you want trust in the world, diplomacy. Ng do diplomacy, real diplomacy. The question general i would like to ask you. Talking about global change, Climate Change, i know the military has made lots of facedons about the issues with that, with loss of possible land, where we are going to have affectsrations, that bangladesh, ports, things like that why is in the military more actively involved in talking . You guys have so much credibility across the board. It seems like that would be a great way to bring this out. Gen. Nagata that is a good question. I can only give you a partial answer. I am a Career Special forces officer by trade, so Climate Change is not one of my areas of expertise. But i think the answer is found that in every administration there is a National Security strategy. Subsequent to that, there is a National Defense strategy that is specific to the department of defense. I doubt it will surprise you that even in the last two years, as has already been mentioned, where Climate Change has become a more prominent feature of how we plan and prepare and train inside the u. S. Military it is not priority number one. It is not priority number two. Unsurprisingly, the new National Security strategy and National Defense strategy make competitors like russia, china, north korea, and iran, and or difficulties with terrorism, as the imminent priorities. The answer, although it is general because it is not something i studied, is the problem of Climate Change is much farther down on the priority list. That is the answer. Group inith in equity new york and virginia. Education was not brought up as much, which surprised me. That touches a lot, between International Students to advancement toward entrepreneurship. I was curious. I know two of the organizations , the Wilson Center and the other organization, talk about that a lot. Can you discuss that a little bit, the global perspective . Data all caps of illustrates that when particularly girls are educated, they contribute to a more peaceful, more successful country and economy. Particularhave a crisis right now with the 70 Million People who are out of their homes with violent conflict, getting them education. If these displacements become more and more prolonged, their inability to access education creates a spiral of difficulty. It is absolutely key. We need to think about it when we provide assistance in the country as part of the overall analysis about what is missing. How can we help that and its people move forward to a more stable pathway . Concessionh martin, consortium of universities of Global Health. We know if you are in a hole, stop digging. Would two proposals i like to submit. In Central America, we know that guns have flooded Central America. There is only one gun shop in mexico. The question i have for you is, how can we stop the egress of weapons flooding from the United States into Central America and mexico . That is completely destroying the situation, the conditions on the ground, resulting in the migration we are seeing today. The second point we get into debates about oda for government, but that is not the issue. Click the credits are ruling where state instability exists. 1. 5 1. 5 trillion to 3 trillion a year is parked here and geneva and canada and the u. K. My question is, how can we engaged a bit of targeted sanctions against those kleptocratic that are thieving their countries blind and parking it in high income countries, profiteering on it, and hurting sanctions against those individuals, so we can influence their behavior in a more constructive way . Lets start with the first question, the guns to mexico. I would remind everyone when then secretary tillerson visited ico, that was secretar that was mexicos argument. I will start with you. What can be done to tackle that . While i think jane think there is awareness of the problem, efforts to tackle it have failed. There is a very strong lobbying organization in this country, in case you missed it, and they have been vocal about no restrictions on exports. No question that we contribute in a variety of ways. Getting drugs into this country from Central America and mexico, and if we could fix the push factor, we need to also push the full pull factor, and we need a sensible border policy, which is tough on folks. The corruption element is a big part of it. The coyotes and the others who profit off of these poor, defenseless people fleeing violence in their countries, not only caused by governments, but also caused by gangs, are despicable. We have tools we need to use better to prosecute them. The coyotes being the smugglers. The second one, we have gotten better at targeted sanctions that hit individuals. We need to continue to get better at that. We also need to support citizenled efforts to address kleptocracy and corruption in places like guatemala, where citizens organized to create a commission. We need to support that, not withdraw our support. Dick my name is dix what dick sweat. I had the honor of serving as the ambassador to denmark. I am doing what i was trying to do, and that is as an architect, building new communities in africa. In particular, i am working in sudan. I have been in sudan the last nine years and i have seen the transformation. Adan sits on the cusp of moment of change. I have seen little action from the administration. There has been complete confusion as to how to deal with this country. I would like to hear from you how we deal with these countries veryre in very fragile and imbalanced places, where we tremendous, important influence on taking them in the right direction. In the past, in my experience with sudan, we have not done the right thing. We have not given the attention the country needs, and we have forwardw them to bring the kind of governments and the kind of development that would change the whole nature of that particular country. Gen. Nagata i would say one thing. There is rightly a lot of focus on authoritarianism, the rise of authoritarianism, the efforts by russia and china to export that model and all the rest. But freedom is not dead in the world. At what is happening in algeria. You look at what is happening in sudan, in venezuela. You look at what is happening in moldova, in slovakia. People are trying to break free. In hongnd jane kong. Steve and in hong kong. You see it in sudan. The military is trying to regain its control, by those who led a movement, and the people are pushing back and trying to get a real opportunity to free themselves from authoritarianism , and build a democratic future. They are singing our song, and we ought to be standing up for these values and principles. We should do what we can from the outside to support their efforts, but without discrediting their efforts. In the end of the day, people have to write and when their own freedom. And we cannot delete that and armredit by having the big of the United States reaching him. It is a very difficult balance. Sudan is a huge opportunity. I grew with you. Nancy knows more. I think we are not paying the kind of attention we should, and shame on us, because there are a number of efforts around the globe where people are trying to be free, and we ought to be helping them. Nancy i would just add that i think this is another instance in which u. S. Leadership can be very useful. There was just an envoy to sudan appointed over the weekend. Our assistant secretary of state was just there. We need to make it very clear that we support this march towards a more open democratic to the not a reversion strong arm, militaristic leadership that is surfacing right now. Part of that is helping the gulf region get on board with that agenda. There are a lot of investments flowing from the gulf into khartoum that are going into the pocket of the military, that could be very, very damaging. It is part of the way these external forces can be the spoilers, as much as internal. We have a role, and i think an influence, that if we now pursue with greater clarity and a little bit more diplomatic muscle we have the opportunity to support an extraordinary, citizenled move. And could i just add was an enormously productive number of congress, and his fatherinlaw, tom lantos, is a human rights icon. And dick, congratulations on using your postcongress career in which a productive fashion. [applause] nancy and for raising sudan. Toi will remind you, try give your questions tight so we can get through as many as possible. I am from [indiscernible] in the United States, based in new hampshire. I am also [indiscernible] i am really concerned because [indiscernible] congo. Forole is to stand [indiscernible] because i was elected by the parents because i want the best for their kids in school. Politically, sometimes we vote something, but i am not there. I am saying, what is the best for the kids is to mark today, we are visiting parents. , the women all of those things go in the congo. The government, they are there. There is no security. It is secure for the population. Is a democracy, a country. Is ae talk about here government for the people. But over there, it is not the government for the people. It is the government for themselves, because they just the population suffers. It alk about what is the sickness over in the congo . Ebola. What was your question . My question is because people cannot go help, because there is security that will kill those people why are they going to let people killing people to help people to treat people . They cannot have a treatment. That is why the population is dying. There is that insecurity inside the country. People cannot speak. There is no human right. There is no womens rights. There is no dignity. What is our role as americans in this country . What is americas role in that country . Thank you so much for your question. I think that is a great way to sum up as we wrap up what is americas role . I will take a stab at this. To answer the question, why do they kill people it is in their interest. They believe they are better off by killing people, so they kill people. I think it is wrong. I think it is immoral. They think it is in their interest to kill, so they kill. That is true everywhere, not just the part of the world you are talking about. What is the role of the United States . To be better than that. We declared ourselves nobody gave us this tagline after world war ii. We declared ourselves, after 1945, the leader of the free world. However imperfectly we have tried to make that real, to a degree, we have made it real. Example, andetter if we are a powerful example, people will follow the example. Now, the United States is not perfect. [applause] statesgata the united has plenty of mistakes in its history. Which peoplee to around the world believe that countries like the United States are a good example to follow, there will be less of what you are lamenting. I cant think of a better way than to rap with that. Thank you. In thanking her palace today. Thank you. Nancy thank you, moderator. Standing ovation, you guys. [laughter] stick with us, because we have governor granholm and senator Rick Santorum coming up. It will be another cnn panel. They are on here all the time. Thank you guys so much. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2019] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] please look and senator norm coleman and secretary dan glickman. After that great panel, you have the frick and frack of the u. S. Glc i do not know who is frick and who is frack, but my name is dan glickman, and i am the proud cochair of the u. S. Glc board of directors, former secretary of agriculture and former congressman from candidate from kansas. With me is my culture, norm coleman, former senator from the i am of minnesota, and sure many other things as well. And both from the heartland. Both from farm and agriculture places where we feed the world and maybe save the world in the process. So anyway, just that i would mention that as long as i was here. [applause] former elected officials, we understand the critical importance of raising your voice on the issues that matter, and that is what 300 elected leaders did just this morning. That is right 300 current and former elected officials from all 50 states joined together around the importance of our International Affairs budget. They sent a letter to congress saying, and i quote, American Leadership around the world and investments in diplomacy help build a more prosperous and Peaceful World that benefits the American People. Some of these officials are in this room today, and it is my honor to present four of them with our globally matters locally awards. I will ask them to come up on stage and receive their awards from norm and myself. First is secretary john merrill, secretary of state of the state of alabama, known in the state as the hardest working man in alabama politics. He has been an integral part of s state Advisory Committee since its launch and is a strong and respected voice for u. S. Deployment and Development Programs in alabama and beyond. Second is alex singh, recently named a cochair of the Advisory Committee. As the former cfo of florida, she has been a fierce advocate for u. S. Engagement abroad as a way to strengthen america and floridas economy. Third is former governor mark schweiker, who served as the 44th governor of pennsylvania. Through his tenure, he has been an example of american Global Leadership. ,ourth, governor bob holden from my neck of the woods, served as missouri governor 2001 to 2005. Since taking on the role of u. S. Glcs missouri cochair, he has been an invaluable source in helping policymakers and Community Leaders understand the impact of americas Global Leadership and the country as a whole. Please join me in welcoming our four honorees that are here. [applause] norm thank you, such a great pleasure, governor. Dan governor, here you are. Governor, ive got one for you. [applause] dan you know iou a call. The pleasure to see you. Nice to see you. Thank you. Good luck. Thanks to you. Thank you so much. Video that is about to play. This is a period where america is facing a lot of international challenges. There needs to be a real effort to reach out to connect with leaders of and down the ballot. Impact 2020 is exactly that. A partnership,is reaching out to hundreds of congressional candidates, to those running for president , to discuss americas place in the world. Immunity leaders and the electorate have a full appreciation of what is at stake. Ande are spending time forming candidates about what is going on internationally, how it affects their constituents. It is what democracy is about. It is Business Leaders and communities, leaders in communities. Military leaders, veterans. Of whyging on issues america cannot be turning inward at this time, but it is now time to look out. Everyundfloor of election cycle for president involves early primaries. It means getting into iowa, into south carolina. Atiowa has the first look candidates that come into our living room. They come into our coffee shops. South carolina was the most diverse state of the first four. The candidates are reaching out to us. You want to win in the rural areas, you need to win in iowa. There are voices in iowa that say foreignpolicy matters. The domestic agenda is important, but a lot of us want to hear about the foreignpolicy. Whether it is economics, financial, trade it is important that candidate zero in on how they will create opportunities for us to succeed around the world. We are talking directly to the candidates. U. S. Glc is where we go to make sure that our voices are heard. We look to the 117th congress , to make sure they fully understand the importance of diplomacy overseas, of development overseas, because it all feeds back to the United States, in terms of security at home, our economy, and our interests and values. Work with the parties as they decide what their foreignpolicy planks ought to look like. We will be there in milwaukee at the democrat convention. We will be with the republicans in charlotte. Not a partisan effort, but american effort. It is writing up ads, opeds, using social media. Talking about why it is dangerous for america to withdraw. I cannot think of a time this initiative was more critical than now. That is a message we will send from now until election day in 2020. I am impact 2020. I am impact 2020. I am impact 2020. I am impact 2020. I am impact 2020. [applause] dan as a proud graduate of the university of iowa, i enjoy that. I was a mayor before i was