Shipping and handling. For the next hour, a book tv exclusive, our citys four views new poor, rhode island. We have traveled the u. S. Cities ringing the book seem to our viewers. You can watch more of our tours tiestour. Org ci we are here at the library in newport, rhode island. We have been here since 1747. We were founded and the library was built in 1750. We have a correction ranging from the earliest period up to donations from of rare books from the present about 16,000 volumes. My coworker and i have pulled up some of the treasures of the Redwood Library and aetheneum, from our oldest holdings into our original founding collection. Variousumenting at the foundation of the redwood abraham redwood, the founder, asked for books to be brought back from england that were useful in everyday life and would be useful to the members, in addition to adjust being intellectually stimulating. Sterling,at 500 pound the agents for the library were sent to london with a list of books that the members would like to see as a part of the library. He purchased those books. They are organized here in at this catalog, which was handwritten in 1750, at the same time the Library Building was completed. The books are arranged by size. It started with the largest and as you go into through here, some of the things that the members were interested in. There is a lot of history. There is a translated karate qumran. Some of the original members of the library. John thompson was given an honorary membership to the library. Religion was one of the funding sounding interests of many members of the library. As just for personal use but a means of setting the world and different parts of the world. And , the library rianary and libra government together to donate money to purchase a particular version of the bible. On the front page we have the names of the men who gave money, including abraham redwood. It was a bible that was printed in antwerp. It was christopher plantains bible. There is hebrew and greek. The greek is a translation of the hebrew. Each of these languages have their own latin translation. At the bottom is an aramaic translation of the bible. On the opposite side is a latin translation of the aramaic. Just on one page the variety of different languages that are here. Ezra stiles was learning hebrew at the time from the leader of the local synagogue and a friend of his was helping him learn. Studying. Erested in early libraryw members were interested in forming a community of study and collaboration to bring new books to newport and to Work Together to study. Some of the earliest colonial rhodes of long island island were leaving the Massachusetts Bay colony. It was it it was heavily. 10. Heavily puritan. They formed to be settlements in rhode island that they hoped would be more open to different religions. The was a large quaker settlement, a large jewish population. Island becameode places of religious tolerance for the 18th century. For the 18th century. Newport was a thriving port city. It had international trade. This is a beautiful and rich example of such a useful book. Astrological and matchesical chart that very nicely with some of the sea charts, that were also bought. This is a beautiful record of the kind of book that would be both a mark of status for wealthy merchants and have utility in their work and in making navigation possible. Here, there are extensive instructions for how twodimensional representation of the heavens and turn it into a threedimensional model for navigation. These three diaries are part of a collection of diaries. Thomas Benjamin Hazzard was a man who lived in kingston, rhode island, just outside of newport. He was the grandson of our founder. He documented his daily life in these diaries. They range from 17781830. Theyre just a fraction of our collection. They have been digitized online. 17781782st one from includes a note about somebody who visited newport. On march 6 of 1781. Wind, went tot tell oak hill, general washington went to newport today, the town was eliminated. You can see how something that was a big event for a lot of people was just a note in his diary. The weather,uments the wind patterns, births, deaths, minor offense, town gossip he mentions over 6000 people in the collective diaries. They are all slightly different. This one is bound in a sail cloth. Than leather. They are all written in a similar form. Our collection is not only about the most valuable people pieces are the men who brought them here. It is about revealing different pieces of newport life through the centuries that we have existed here. It was possible through the mapsals, the army letters, and many scripts and photos and whatever has found its way to the red word Redwood Library. This building is essentially the first purpose built Library Structure in america. We often talk about franklin and his Library Company in philadelphia. Freestanding, purpose built Library Structure. That is very important. The others, we are still operating as a lending library. People have been coming through the door for 270 years. Besides the church, the Redwood Library is the only Cultural Institution that is unbroken to the colonial program. Period. Ial newport was one of the key five commercial ports of colonial america. It was on par with philadelphia and new york and others. In many ways, the Redwood Library is a culminating civil structure that represents the ambitions and aspirations of city, it is not just a mercantile powerhouse but also an intellectual center. That was the conception. Then and now, money and permit us commerce is always tainted with a certain kind of creed grteed. It was a strategic decision to civilize newport and its mercantile operations and make it, not only a financial hub, but also a learning hub, so to speak. Between 17 was built of 15 it is the fruit years of discussion among the newport intelligence. It is the forerunner of the Redwood Library as it library. He had a host of gathering his thoughts and resources to create a college in bermuda. He waited for the check from england, it never came. Friendships, he created a group that would meet weekly and , pressingilosophy issues of the day. Over time and that became a sort of core group, including abraham redwood, the pooled their resources and conceived of the library. It opened in march of 1750. Abraham redwood was a plantation owner in the caribbean. He owned a sugar plantation in antigua. He was a slave owner. As you can imagine, america was englandd culturally to and the continents. Continent. T trade centered in paris and london. Agentm redwood had an that was sent over to london with a book list. It is important to think about redwood was a quicker. They were very practical. They had pressing needs for knowledge and learning. The kernel of the collection is , 18th century additions both in the original language and in translation of important texts, there is also a more practical strand of the original collection which is include such things as beekeeping, animal husbandry, carpentry, all of that kind of thing. It is very democratic in that sense. It wasnt because it is 46 of redwoods friends. They held a certain class. White males of the commercial class. It was tor intent, provide a forum where interested citizens could come and get basic learning on anything. It is important to note that literacy in colonial america picked up in 1760. The Redwood Library is a part of that movement. It was open to everyone, but with a tacit understanding that it was men of a certain stature. It was opened on thursday afternoon for two hours and you would come in and put a deposit down on of the books. You can only borrow one book at a time. In that way, a it was a community resource. What was public then is not what is public now. That has always been the critique of the public sphere. It was exclusive in a lot of ways. Years, there has been renewed cycles of attention on maintaining the library. That is an important point. The Redwood Library has undeniable historic importance. It is the oldest continuously the oldest classic structure. It has enormous symbolic value today. We are besieged with fake news, tweets, soundbites it stands for intellectual pursuit, lifelong learning, curiosity, and ultimately for an educated citizenry as the basis of democracy. That is what redwood intended. That is what we try to continue in the mission that we are pushing currently. Particularly for an economy like we have, the middle class has been the centerpiece. It is our dna. It has become our Central Nervous system. When it prospers, the whole rest of the economy prospers. When it does not, it tends to create a barbell affect. A few people get really rich and the poor get really poor. The balance between these two, the key fulcrum position is the middle class. Any questions about the size of the middle class i made chicken because it is almost impossible to identify now. 50s, beginning, in the the middle class was a chunk of granite. It was largely white. It could be defined easily by what people earned. Where they lived, and what they spent. With you can say, here is the middle class. The face of america has changed so dramatically in the intervening years that all of out thempts to map middle class have gotten much more fat confounding. Some people do it on earnings power. That is an imperfect guy. What you learn in new york is different than what you might need in montana. Some people say, what can you learn plus borrow . Availability of credit comes and goes. I think the most effective definition came from a task force that president obama and Vice President biden set up. Waystook a look at all the you can imagine looking at the middle class. The Heritage Foundation says break them into quintiles, fits. Cannot the top bid and the bottom fifth and everyone else is the middle class. I get that but it is not terribly worked on. What the biden panel came up with was a very useful way to answer the question. Aspiration as a way to define this group. What did they aspire to . What are the aspirational elements of the middle class . House, a car, education for you and your children, great health retirement, and one more thing, the satisfaction of knowing there is a likelihood that your kids will be better than you are. I like that. I think that is a much more useful definition. Most people who are watching this will be or have been members of the middle class. It is most of us. It has become a much more dynamic organism. There is much more flowing in and out of the middle class. Everybody knows there are Something Like 4050 million poor people in the United States. It is entirely too many. That justhanged is above the seam of the poverty line, there are a number 40 Million People who are hovering poor. Listre just a whisker, a of life away from an experience in poverty. One of the leading causes of bankruptcy in the lower middle class is a cancer diagnosis. It can be a car accident or illness of your child. Is, the middleng class has gone from being an under chunk of granite to a very dynamic molecule with people coming in and out of the middle class. There are charities and public want to take people and push them above the poverty line and then we can say our job is done. That no longer is sufficient. These hovering poor will find havingople in our nation this experience of poverty. 40 of our children will come in some part of the life, be on food stamps or supplemental nutrition assistance programs. That volatility, that moving in and out, makes working with the middle class a lot more difficult. One of the things you asked is, how does the middle class happen . One of the great things i discovered in researching this book is that i have had in my own mind a notion that the middle class and america is so entwined that it must be a natural thing. Nothing could be further from the truth. , when 60d war ii million american men and women return from various theaters of , suddenly everybody came back. When they came back they faced something extra ordinary. The rest of the World Manufacturing was largely in ruins. They were bombed. All of mainland sittings remained intact. Mainland our manufacturing remained intact. Everyone had a sense that we needed to do something special. Out of respect and a sense of duty to the 60 million men and women. Extraordinary expression of unity, we all pulled together. Everyone had a feeling that we wanted to welcome these people home and give them a chance. We invested in their education, all across the board. Many ways to help them build, create, buy homes. We did a lot of things to help these people start out. What did the American People do . They rose to the occasion. As we saw our Economic Growth from just after the war through the next several decades, we to afrom a 200 million gdp hundred billion gdp in 30 years. We kept rolling. By the 1950s, we were the number one power in the world. Nobody had more agricultural produce. We were the number one manufacturing power in the world. By the late 1950s, we were the Number One Service provider in the world. By 1958, most of the people who went to work in the United States were whitecollar. These are middleclass jobs. People educated and worked and found their way out with lots of support from the government. It was anything but a natural, organic thing. This was a self designed and created attempt to bring these men and women, their children, into the flour of the middle class. It was created. That is important we look at what the world is doing now. Today, we are letting are middleclass founder flounder for itself. You hear a lot of vocalization of tax cuts for the middle class. Tax cuts alone will not begin to satisfy the needs of this middle class that i have described. The first cracks in the facade of the middle class happened in the 60s. It began with social unrest. The were a lot of people who were uninvited to the middle class. It was an africanamerican issue at first and then it became a youth issue as people began to divide along the lines of vietnam and the ways that racial and other kinds of inequality equality were being embrace. You cannot have a chunk of people who were supported by all to be in the middle class and a whole lot of other people with their noses pressed against the glass. What happened at that time was our economy started to falter, just as other economies in the world were coming on strain. We did not adjust very well. Happened thathing shivered all of our tempers. The arab oil embargo. Suddenly we found ourselves locked in a battle with the three uglies. Earlyhe 70s up to the 80s, we faced doubledigit unemployment, doubledigit Interest Rates, and doubledigit inflation. ,hose three uglies conspired along with the social unrest, to bring the middleclass miracle to a grinding halt. An example. You we are 30 years after the big crash of 87. We are very good at analyzing crosses that happen in one or two days. A broaderk at it from context, which is how i like to read my books and think about these things, from 1966 until the early 80s, the stock market lost 25 of its value. That is a big number and it is pretty tough. You factor in doubledigit inflation and you look at it in , a dollar invested in 1966 had lost more than half of its value by 1982. That was an agonizing crash will not see widely reported because it happens an inch at a time. Here you have an economy that is stuck. You have wages and inflation and a whole lot of other things taking off. Economists were totally bewildered. What we call list . This . They called it stagflation. Economys document even as inflation and other things are taking off. We do not know what to do about it. How does it show itself . It show itself in a really pointy way. Pointed way. Wages gear after year and decade after decade are flat. You have this incredible gap that is created where all the things you want to buy cost more upey, their prices are going over 8 a month, and your wages stay essentially flat for three decades. Dge came home to roost on the heads of the middle class. That was the big issue that brought us into the position of what we do now in the early 80s. One of the things that Ronald Reagan figured out when he got into office is that you cannot have wages stagnant. And unemployment of double digits. And Interest Rates at double digits. And inflation at double digits. And hope to do anything other than pontificate from your bully pulpit. He said, what we have to do is take very difficult, austere medicine. Team decided that the first and ugliest of the three uglies he had to take on was inflation. You cannot have prices going up a percent a month is that builds in an expectation that my income has to go up like that. You have to figure out another way around it. He said, we have to do what every whatever we can to slow the economy down. How do you do that . You spike inc. Interest rates. The prime rate went to 21. 5 . Most people do not even borrow prime. If you are borrowing to buy a house right car, your interest context, in todays went up 2 per month payment. If you bought a house, you had to pay 25 of the value of that house every year. What it did was kill any business that required borrowing to prosper. The Automotive Industry went right to help. Chrysler ultimately failed. The housing industry came to a screeching halt. People were horrified at the impact. , reaganaordinary thing gets maligned for a lot of things, inflation went from a 13 . By 1983 it slowed to 3 . People were saying, what can we do . We have no one else to send to work. Junior may be working at mcdonalds but we do not have a way to create more income. How can we possibly come as into the 90s, how can we sustain our middleclass lifestyle . Like a son on a clear day, yet it came to them. Borrow. In 1957, there was only a handful of credit cards. A hundredhere were million. By 2007, the were a billion credit cards. By 2008, Consumer Debt was at 12 point eight 5 trillion. 12. 85 trillion. We are talking about 13 trillion of Consumer Debt. Every american owes well over 50 grants. Some obviously owe a great deal more than that. They borrowed their way out. That worked pretty well. You can continue to sustain your lifestyle. If you add the virtue of owning a home, the value on your home was such that he could refinance. As your house got worth more you could breathe borrow. Reborrow. That was fine until 2008. The bottom fella. That was the most single devastating thing that happened to the middle class. Crushed were incredibly before and even more crushed afterward. The real agony that people felt after 2008 was the middleclass. And dissected it by some of the numbers the middleclass is a lot more amorphous, more like a molecule. Wealthst a generations creation with no apparent signs yet of their return. The hispanic middleclass, 50 million in this country, 60 would qualify by any of the measures we would qualify as members of the middle class. They were traced as well. The recruitment of power cooprativet re measure some are still struggling. People talk about the middleclass like it is one big block that behaves the same. Nothing could be further from the truth. One of the great frustrations when people talk about jobs, they do not do it from a sophisticated perspective. No one is less sophisticated than some of the people were talking and running for office. I used to go all the time on the friday jobs report. People would ask me about it. I have stopped doing it because it is such a meaningless number. The most important ingredient in the jobs report has been left out, which is the market value of a job. We have been exceptionally good at creating lowwage, low opportunity jobs. Very little with benefits. We have created a lot of those. We have not created as many of the really high paying jobs. We have been pretty good at that, to be honest. The notion of matching people with a higher paying jobs is not a skill that we have gotten down very well. Growth,k about which but wage growth is still under enormous pressure. It is frustrating a lot of people at the Federal Reserve because economy has expanded but the wages are not. Productivity and technology play a very big role and people are not willing to face it. Inwe were growing up youngstown, ohio or somewhere, you and i would have said, our grandfather worked in steel and her father worked in steel that i do not see them in point nearly as many people. I think im going to get a different degree if i go to college or junior college, or if i get trained im going to train for different skill. The steel mill and the plants does not seem to provide the same robust opportunity at once did. Gomake our plans, we might move to austin, texas or somewhere else where there are different kinds of jobs in created. We had a generation to figure it out. We landed on our feet. The government did not need to do much to protect us. That dynamism of having a generation to figure it out is gone. It is obliterated from the landscape. This is a cold reality you are not going to hear talked about on television. , job disruption, job interruption, job change, is moving for faster then this generation to figure it out. I will give you one example. There are 2 Million People who earn their living driving trucks. It is a great middleclass job. You can afford a lot of the elements of middleclass life if you are a hardworking, productive driver of trucks. Those men and women face a near certain threat, driverless trucks. There are a Dozen Companies around the world doing extra mentation right now with driverless trucks. I do not know if it is going to be five or 10 years. I know it is not going to be a generation. Many of those Truck Drivers are going to see the risk of disruption. Once the disruption occurs in one part, particularly in longhaul trucking, what that always does is puts wage pressure on the others who have not been disrupted yet. What you see in this one a little slice of her market, it is not insignificant. There are many states where among the league leave it job categories are Truck Drivers. Jim is trying to expand it with self driving vehicles. We are going to see this disruption caused the rumination of certain kinds of jobs and the creation of other kinds, in a very short. Of time. Time. Rt period of when researching this book i talked to Senior Executives of retailers. Man after woman after man said the same thing. Moby need is more stores, more square footage, more choice, more merchandise, greater merchandising, greater malls,sing, and more more coverage. In category after category, that is what they said was the answer. Gosh,ear they said, oh my that is not right. That is a hundred 80 degrees wrong. Amazon and ebay and others have figured out ways to deliver Similar Services cheaper, faster, better. Where this matters is one out of 10 americans work in the retail industry. Some major group of them is going to be disrupted. Already about a hundred thousand have lost jobs in the last year or so. Probably 8000 stores have closed. That is just the beginning. As it turns out, retailing is determined. A dozen stores have closed. Over the next year or so, Something Like 8000 new stores are going to be opened. Theyre determined to find another way through bricks and mortar. Im not think this is the end. Two,e space of the year or a hundred thousand jobs have been lost in retail. But that in context, President Trump said we have to save the coal industry and the minors. I understand that feeling. There are not a hundred thousand people who live on the coal industry in the United States. The many jobs have been lost in retailing in the last 12 months. That is just getting warmed up. This kind of disruption is occurring everywhere. There are all kinds of extraordinary new Job Opportunities being created. To put a number on it, there are roughly four and 5 million great high benefit middleclass jobs that are available and open in the United States. They do not require the genius of job creation. What they require is getting skills and matching talents and skills with open jobs. Place want the number one where politicians have failed us, President Trump speaks with great business fluency. This is not a democrat or republican problem. This is the problem of talent management. What do i mean . Over the next decade, were going to create a million and a half Computer Science jobs in this country. There is no country in the world that is going to create that kind of extraordinary opportunity. Betterre great job, and than just being a great job for you or me to have. They carry another element which you will never hear mentioned in these job reports. These are multiplier jobs. Hired, in one of these Computer Science slots, you are going to need to hire me and somebody else to do that job effectively. It is a pebble in the water job. If we are creating a million and a half of these jobs, how are we coming on the pounds management side . Look across our universe of college graduates. Were going to graduate 40,000 Computer Science majors. The next 10t for years, and we increase a little bit, we are still going to get to for 500,000 Computer Science professionals that were graduating over that. Of years. We are going to be a Million People sure. Were going to create a million more great jobs that are the quintessential middleclass job. If you fill them they create other middleclass opportunities. By design, going to be a Million People sure. Where are they going to come from . Kindr visa holders of some or theyre going to go on sale. Unfilled. I talked to the people in micro scoffed microsoft. They do not have the luxury of saying, usa, you did not have all the Computer Science jobs we need. Were going to stay here. We like the United States. Ift theyre going to say, the United States cannot provide as those jobs with the skilled workers we need, we have the job open and available for years. We are to have to take that job and move it elsewhere. And yet, china, europe, japan. Thatoing to have to use job elsewhere because i cannot leave it unfilled. In my competitive dynamic, i i cannot be apple, naked. I cannot be without filling those jobs. Here is one where the United States is literally creating the job. This is not something that is measured in the monthly job report. Town, everyone has these jobs. Every mayor out there, every governor, do you have a list of the jobs . The high skilled, wellpaid, well benefited jobs in your community, your municipality, your state. Do you have a list of those . Do know the companies and the job openings . If not, you have not done your job. Those jobs are in your backyard. They could pay your tax base. They can help your real estate values. They can help the people were running businesses will feed the needs of that family. Instead youre going to mayor after mayor. They cant tell you. They have not a clue. How can we possibly solve the problem i have hired a lot of people. Discussed just in broad brush. Point to point, persontoperson relationship. That is how this happens. Until corporations, colleges and universities, and local orchestrate the filling of these unfilled jobs and the creations of new ones, we will not solve the middleclass problem in this country. Different people think of military colleges. They think of places that are very much identified with american patriotism, american nationalism, these allamerican institutions that are supposed to attract the best and brightest among the and people in the United States. Institutions that are very much devoted to service, that are very historic and are landmarks that millions of people go to visit every year. That has not always been the case. Going back to the earliest decades of the countrys existence after the american revolution, you had a majority of americans believing that institutions like military academies were inherently unamerican or inappropriate for the type of countries that the United States was supposed to be. The concept of military colleges goes back to the american revolution. Both for the army and the navy. There are various individuals who were either politicians in the Continental Congress are served in the Continental Army or navy believed that academies were important institutions to establish for military effectiveness during the revolution. Probably the most notable proponents of it would be henry of artillery in the Continental Army. He drove a plan for it. John paul jones, the father of the american navy, a great naval hero coming out of the revolutionary war. Jones himself advocated establishing Naval Academys in americans should be arts during the war to educate the officers of the continental navy. John was very much an early advocate of academies for both the army and the navy. The idea goes back to the countrys founding. Built was the United States military academy in west point. He was a series of fortifications during the revolutionary war. For the academy was established, it was most famous for being the site of Benedict Arnold treason against the United States. He was the commander of the fortifications at west point and actually plotted with the british to hand those fortifications over. He was not able to do that. He was discovered. The academy was established at west point by Thomas Jefferson in 1802 to educate the engineers in the u. S. Army. When was established it was the first school of science, mathematics, and engineering in the United States at the time. The reaction was kind of mixed in its early years. It was a small school. It did not have many cadets, not a standardized curriculum or a standard discipline code. The cadets married in age quite a bit. Point will start to come into its own after the war of 1812. The most significant superintendent was there from 18171833. The fatherred to as of the military academy. He turned west point into a procedures institution. Prestigious institution. He made west point something that americans were familiar with and took pride in. Even after the reforms and reputation, there is a slice of the population who wonders if military education is appropriate in a republic. , especiallyians ones who decide that americans are natural warriors, they do not necessarily need a great deal of formal military education to be successful, some politicians also have this idea that west point was elitist, aristocratic, and not an appropriate institution in a republic that was supposed to be defined by the democracy. Idea of a Naval Academy has been with the country since the revolutionary war. At the time the jefferson establish west point he took some action to try to establish a Naval Academy as well. He decided it was not worth spending the Political Capital with congress. He dropped the issue. Academy still goes on. You have very his people in various points of history advocating for one. John quincy adams when he was president made the establishment of a Naval Academy one of the centerpieces of his agenda for the United States. He came pretty close to being able to establish and. Hell smelly fail. Its. He mostly failed. There is an attitude in the navy that is different than the army. There is an attitude that when it comes to naval officers and their education, being on a ship at sea was the best way to educate them. Before the establishment of the Naval Academy, young man in the ony navy would go out active duty service at sea. Would get classroom instruction on the ship in subjects like mathematics, astronomy, foreign languages, and also practical training in navigation, seamanship, gunnery, subjects around those lines. It was meant to be a combination of the theoretical and practical. It did not work that well. Some people were slow to realize it did not work well. They would fall back on the argument that the British Royal navy, the most everyone in the world, educated their officers exclusively at sea. Not in an academy at that point. That is the argument. It is bring much the idea that part of the naval tradition to send young men out there as soon as possible to see if they can handle the rigors of naval life. An Academy Education would not that wouldn officers be skilled combat leaders. There are several things going on. The work 1812 is a dividing point in our countrys history. , youyou have before have Many Americans not feeling secure about the United States in the sense that the United States had several National Security threats around the world. Threats from the british, other fromean powers, threats pirates in the mediterranean sea, threats from native americans in north america. That navalis idea officers have to be wellsuited to be able to defend the country on the high seas and the need to be first and foremost skilled mariners and skilled combat leaders. 1812, which isf sort of seen by Many Americans and the rest of the world, it is seen as the end of the idea that the United States was not going to survive. American independence has been confirmed by americans performance in the war against the british. They feel much more secure in that regard. They start to look at other activities. Commercial expansion, scientific using diplomacy to increase the Economic Opportunities that the American People could enjoy, prosper from. In that context, the idea of what an expert naval officer in United States began to please change. They need officers were capable of conducting scientific exploration, diplomacy. To do those you cannot just learned that a barred a short ship on c. They need to study those subjects indepth. Into the 1840s, you see the rise of american middle class. Middle class becomes more prominent, politically influential. Of using in favor formal education as a means of character development. Andnavy, unfortunately, that going through a. Where a lot of reformers are examining the navy and various social problems going on within the navy, whether it is tooling or the environment that shipment , excessiveng drunkenness, gambling, things along those lines. Debate gets inmy this idea of middleclass reform and providing learning environments that were more engineered, more controllable, and marseille. More safe. The navy ends up having a public incident in 1842. A u. S. Navy shipment ended up being hanged from the yardarm of a Navy Training ship on the charge of mutiny. It received a huge amount of press. He was the son of the secretary of war. Into a trial of the mid19th century. The captain of the ships courtmartial. It brought the publics attention to the site of a bishop as he was not the best official learning environment for a shipment. The academy was established in 1845 by the secretary of the navy. George bancroft took a novel approach to establishing the Naval Academy. He actually used his own authority as secretary of the navy. He ordered all the shipment on short to go to maryland. Procured aned army fort that the army was not using anymore. He had that arranged with the army to have it transferred for the navy for the purpose of establishing a school there. He hired instructors for that academy. He put everything in place. The academy officially opened on october 10. Bancroft did not even Tell Congress of the schools existence for two months. At that point in his annual report, as secretary of the navy, he finally informed congress that he is together this school, that it was operating for well. Congress did appropriate funding to keep the school going. Want people toi learn from my book is that the image that we have of the just not theay is attitude that americans initially had towards the institutions. Some of that contradiction between how americans view the academy today, how americans viewed the academy during the countrys founding and the decades after, that was a very interesting contradiction to explore. That is what i hope people will get enjoyment from and learn a lot from. Regarding the role of the subjectthis has been a involving considerable debate, as perceptions of the role have shifted over time. Thinking about the role of police really goes back many many centuries. Greatccurs in platos work, the republic. The guardians are essentially a group of people fulfilling, in part, a policing function. In recent years, there has been ft in ann shi understanding of that role, a movement away from what was called professional law enforcement. The law was more narrowly of rest,s the making taking the book of law and enforcing it. , catchingests criminals, detective work and that sort of thing. A more narrowoth function but also a function that centered on their coercive powers. Paradigm in more recent years has come under criticism. Of thelarly as a result troubles within the urban centers. Role, conforming to that rather than solving the problem, contributed to that problem. Today,re to ask students or even the Police Officers, i have taught police in graduate courses over a couple of decades. I left them a couple of questions. How would you define the police . How do you define a law . There is the connection between police and law. They give me a certain answer. It is in terms of the familiar police we see on the street today and what they do. Will not get from them is the police are which is police, defined in terms of a certain social condition that they are responsible for. Preserving, maintaining, fostering. If you go backi will give you a religiously recent example in terms of the great expanse of the historical time. If you go back to the 19th , you would read edmund saying, the turks are a barbarous nation. They have a barbarous neglect of police. Fatal to the human race. But pc does not mean that they do not have officials or soldiers enforcing the turkish law. What he means is that they lack civilization itself. If you go back to the origin of the word police, in various italian it is policia. It has its origin in the aging greek term polis. Is that condition of life, the active civic life in which a human being participates and finds completion or flourishing. Basis of the greek litico. It becomes the basis of our word civilization. Look at it this way. What is the role of the police . Ancientng this description of it and seeing the etymology of the word, the police are to be agents of civilization. That is very different from a military force and a mechanical fashion using its coercive oppress people. It is a very different conception of it. I talked to contemporary police when i informed them of this earlier conception, they have no knowledge of it. The disorders within the cities, force or theuse of perceived need, coupled by a oppose uphold the rule of law and it meant a certain retreat of the police. It was a focusing of their attention on the incidence of crime and only being actively crimes are committed. Of not for filling any kind preventive role. That would enlarge the role in such a way as to threaten negative liberty, the freedom from interference from the police. Suburbs citizens do not expect or want the Police Officers be knocking on the door. That is too intrusive. When a particular crime is committed will make a call. In the urban centers where there where the troubles are more complicated, where there are decisions divisions within the community. I think the police are needed and often called to play a more preventive function. The danger is that they would exceed the Proper Authority and metal in the way that is more harmful than helpful. The delicate balance that needs to be struck. What i do not think would be helpful in the urban centers is to see the police as essentially focused on a militaristic role where they respond with force. Were they put down the problem as they see it. That is not going to be a solution. To expose theis officers to the philosophical texts, literary texts. And literature there is a lot that is very helpful. One could read merchant merchant of venice. Hugos writing is very helpful. Punishment. Theyre looking at the bigger picture. Is that please tend to lose sight of the bigger picture. They miss the forest for the trees. Confrontinges police today require that they be deeper figures, they be encouraged to be more philosophic. Are visiting the park, rhode island is a book tv exclusive. We showed it to you today to introduce you to cspans cities tour. We have brought the book seem to our viewers. You can watch more of our visits at our website. Announcer coming up in a moment, africanamerican women reporters talk about what it is like covering President Trump. Then a discussion on the congressional negotiations for a longterm budget deal. After that, a forum on how men can help in Sexual Assault against women. End Sexual Assault against women. As President Trump met with supporters in the oval office, he briefly commented on the resignation of white house staff secretary rob porter, who is been accused of Domestic Violence by his two exwives. Guest do you have a comment on mr. Porter . Pres. Trump we wish him well. He worked very hard. I found out about it recently and i was surprised, but we certainly wish him well. Obviously a tough time for him. He did a very good job when he was in the white house, and we hope he has a wonderful career, and hopefully you will have a great career ahead of him, but it was very sad when we heard about it, and certainly he is also very sad. Also, as you probably know, he has said he is innocent, and i think you have during that. He said very strongly yesterday that he is innocent, see you will have to talk to him about that, but we absolutely wish him well. He did a very good job iv was at the white house. Thank you very much everybody job while he was at the white house. Thank you very much everybody. Thank you. [indiscernible]
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